TED2009
Jacqueline Novogratz: An escape from poverty
Žaklin Novograc o bekstvu iz siromaštva
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Žaklin Novograc (Jacqueline Novogratz) predstavlja dirljivu priču o susretu sa bivšom prostitutkom Džejn, u Najrobijskoj siromašnoj četvrti, čiji su se snovi o bekstvu iz siromaštva, o tome da postane lekar i da se uda, ostvarili na neočekivan način.
Jacqueline Novogratz - Investor and advocate for moral leadership
Jacqueline Novogratz works to enable human flourishing. Her organization, Acumen, invests in people, companies and ideas that see capital and networks as means, not ends, to solving the toughest issues of poverty. Full bio
Jacqueline Novogratz works to enable human flourishing. Her organization, Acumen, invests in people, companies and ideas that see capital and networks as means, not ends, to solving the toughest issues of poverty. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I've been working on issues of poverty for more than 20 years,
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Radim na problemima siromaštva više od 20 godina,
00:16
and so it's ironic that the problem that and question that I most grapple with
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i ironično je da su i problem i pitanje sa kojim se najviše borim
00:21
is how you actually define poverty. What does it mean?
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upravo definisanje pojma siromaštva. Šta to znači?
00:24
So often, we look at dollar terms --
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Vrlo često na to gledamo kroz novac -
00:26
people making less than a dollar or two or three a day.
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ljudi koji zarađuju manje od jednog, dva ili tri dolara na dan.
00:28
And yet the complexity of poverty really has to look at
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Ipak, složenost siromaštva kaže da je
00:33
income as only one variable.
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zarada samo jedan aspekt.
00:35
Because really, it's a condition about choice,
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Jer zapravo, to je uslov za mogućnost izbora
00:37
and the lack of freedom.
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i nedostatak slobode.
00:39
And I had an experience that really deepened and elucidated for me
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I imala sam iskustvo koje je zaista produbilo i razjasnilo
00:42
the understanding that I have.
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moje postojeće razumevanje.
00:44
It was in Kenya, and I want to share it with you.
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Bilo je to u Keniji i želim to da podelim sa vama.
00:46
I was with my friend Susan Meiselas, the photographer,
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Bila sam sa svojom prijateljicom Suzan Majzelas, fotografkinjom,
00:48
in the Mathare Valley slums.
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u siromašnoj četvrti Matari Veli.
00:50
Now, Mathare Valley is one of the oldest slums in Africa.
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Sada, Matari Veli je jedna od najstarijih siromašnih četvrti u Africi.
00:53
It's about three miles out of Nairobi,
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Udaljena je oko 5 kilometara od Najrobija,
00:55
and it's a mile long and about two-tenths of a mile wide,
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i duga je oko jednog i po kilometra, a široka oko dvesta metara,
00:58
where over half a million people
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gde više od pola miliona ljudi
01:00
live crammed in these little tin shacks,
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živi nagurano u ovim malim straćarama od kalaja,
01:02
generation after generation, renting them,
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iz generacije u generaciju, iznajmljujući ih,
01:05
often eight or 10 people to a room.
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često osam do 10 ljudi u jednoj sobi.
01:07
And it's known for prostitution, violence, drugs:
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I poznata je po prostituciji, nasilju, drogama.
01:13
a hard place to grow up.
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Teško mesto za odrastanje.
01:15
And when we were walking through the narrow alleys,
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I dok smo šetali kroz uske ulice,
01:17
it was literally impossible not to step in the
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bukvalno je bilo nemoguće ne zagaziti u
01:20
raw sewage and the garbage alongside the little homes.
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sirovu kanalizaciju i đubre pored malih domova.
01:24
But at the same time it was also
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Ali u isto vreme, bilo je
01:26
impossible not to see the human vitality,
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nemoguće ne videti ljudsku vitalnost,
01:29
the aspiration and the ambition of the people who live there:
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aspiraciju i ambiciju ljudi koji tamo žive.
01:32
women washing their babies, washing their clothes, hanging them out to dry.
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Žene kupaju svoju decu, peru odeću, kače ih da se suše.
01:35
I met this woman, Mama Rose,
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Upoznala sam tu ženu, Mamu Rouz,
01:37
who has rented that little tin shack for 32 years,
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koja iznajmljuje tu malenu straćaru već 32 godine,
01:40
where she lives with her seven children.
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u kojoj živi sa svoje sedmoro dece.
01:42
Four sleep in one twin bed,
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Četvoro spava u bračnom krevetu,
01:44
and three sleep on the mud and linoleum floor.
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a troje spava na podu od blata i linoleuma.
01:47
And she keeps them all in school by selling water from that kiosk,
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A ona ih sve održava u školi prodajući vodu sa tog kioska,
01:51
and from selling soap and bread from the little store inside.
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i prodajući sapun i hleb u toj malenoj prodavnici unutra.
01:55
It was also the day after the inauguration,
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Bio je to takođe dan posle inaguracije,
01:57
and I was reminded how Mathare is still connected to the globe.
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i podsetila sam se kako je Matari i dalje povezan sa svetom.
02:01
And I would see kids on the street corners,
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I videla bih decu po ćoškovima ulica,
02:03
and they'd say "Obama, he's our brother!"
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a ona bi rekla, " Obama, on je naš brat!"
02:05
And I'd say "Well, Obama's my brother, so that makes you my brother too."
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Odgovorila bih, "Pa, Obama je moj brat, što vas takođe čini mojom braćom."
02:08
And they would look quizzically, and then be like, "High five!"
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Upitno bi me pogledali, ali bi onda rekli, "Baci kosku!"
02:12
And it was here that I met Jane.
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I tu sam upoznala Džejn.
02:15
I was struck immediately by the kindness and the gentleness in her face,
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Odmah sam bila pogođena dobrotom i nežnošću na njenom licu,
02:18
and I asked her to tell me her story.
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i zamolila sam je da mi ispriča svoju priču.
02:21
She started off by telling me her dream. She said, "I had two.
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Počela je sa svojim snom. Rekla je, "Imala sam dva.
02:24
My first dream was to be a doctor,
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Prvi san je bio da postanem lekar
02:26
and the second was to marry a good man
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a drugi da se udam za dobrog čoveka
02:28
who would stay with me and my family,
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koji će ostati sa mnom i mojom porodicom.
02:30
because my mother was a single mom,
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Jer je moja majka bila samohrana,
02:32
and couldn't afford to pay for school fees.
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i nije mogla da priušti školovanje.
02:34
So I had to give up the first dream, and I focused on the second."
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Tako da sam morala da se odreknem prvog sna i fokusirala sam se na drugi."
02:38
She got married when she was 18, had a baby right away.
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Udala se sa 18, odmah rodila bebu.
02:41
And when she turned 20, found herself pregnant with a second child,
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I kada je napunila 20, čekala je drugo dete,
02:45
her mom died and her husband left her -- married another woman.
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njena majka je umrla, a muž je ostavio - oženio se drugom ženom.
02:49
So she was again in Mathare, with no income, no skill set, no money.
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Dakle, pnovo se našla u Matariju, bez prihoda, veština, novca.
02:53
And so she ultimately turned to prostitution.
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Tako da je na kraju počela sa prostituisanjem.
02:56
It wasn't organized in the way we often think of it.
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To nije bilo organizovano na način na koji često o tome mislimo.
02:58
She would go into the city at night with about 20 girls,
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Otišla bi noću u grad sa oko 20 devojaka,
03:01
look for work, and sometimes come back with a few shillings,
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u potrazi za poslom i ponekad se vraćala sa par šilinga,
03:04
or sometimes with nothing.
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ili nekad ni sa tim.
03:06
And she said, "You know, the poverty wasn't so bad. It was the humiliation
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Rekla je, "Znaš, siromaštvo nije bilo toliko loše. Već poniženje
03:09
and the embarrassment of it all."
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i sramota svega toga."
03:11
In 2001, her life changed.
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Tokom 2001. njen život se promenio.
03:15
She had a girlfriend who had heard about this organization, Jamii Bora,
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Imala je prijateljicu koja je čula za organizaciju "Džami Bora",
03:19
that would lend money to people no matter how poor you were,
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koja je pozajmljivala novac ljudima, bez obzira na to koliko su bili siromašni,
03:22
as long as you provided a commensurate amount in savings.
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sve dok obezbede proporcionalnu sumu u obliku štednje.
03:26
And so she spent a year to save 50 dollars,
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I tako je ona provela godinu dana pokušavajući da uštedi 50 dolara,
03:29
and started borrowing, and over time she was able to buy a sewing machine.
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i počela da pozajmljuje i tokom vremena uspela je da kupi mašinu za šivenje.
03:34
She started tailoring.
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Počela je da se bavi šivenjem.
03:35
And that turned into what she does now,
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I to se pretvorilo u ono čime se danas bavi,
03:38
which is to go into the secondhand clothing markets,
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a to je da odlazi u radnje sa robom iz druge ruke,
03:40
and for about three dollars and 25 cents she buys an old ball gown.
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i za otprilike tri dolara i 25 centi kupi staru balsku haljinu.
03:44
Some of them might be ones you gave.
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Neke od njih mogu biti one koje ste vi poklonili.
03:46
And she repurposes them with frills and ribbons,
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I onda im ona promeni svrhu, naborima i trakama,
03:50
and makes these frothy confections that she sells to women
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i pravi tu penušavu konfekciju koju prodaje ženama
03:54
for their daughter's Sweet 16 or first Holy Communion --
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koje ih kupuju svojim ćerkama za 16. rođendan ili svetu pričest -
03:58
those milestones in a life that people want to celebrate
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one prekretnice u životu koje ljudi žele da slave
04:01
all along the economic spectrum.
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širom ekonomskog spektra.
04:03
And she does really good business. In fact, I watched her
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I ona pravi stvarno dobar posao. Ustvari, posmatrala sam je
04:06
walk through the streets hawking. And before you knew it,
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kako šeta ulicama. I pre nego što shvatite,
04:08
there was a crowd of women around her, buying these dresses.
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gomila žena bi se stvorila oko nje i kupovala bi ove haljine.
04:12
And I reflected, as I was watching her sell the dresses,
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I shvatila sam, dok sam posmatrala kako prodaje te haljine
04:15
and also the jewelry that she makes,
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i nakit koji je napravila,
04:17
that now Jane makes more than four dollars a day.
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da sada Džejn zarađuje više od četiri dolara na dan.
04:20
And by many definitions she is no longer poor.
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I prema mnogim definicijama, ona više nije siromašna.
04:23
But she still lives in Mathare Valley.
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Ali i dalje živi u Matari Veliju.
04:25
And so she can't move out.
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I ne može da se odseli.
04:28
She lives with all of that insecurity,
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Živi sa svom nesigurnošću,
04:30
and in fact, in January, during the ethnic riots,
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i ustvari, u januaru, tokom etničkih nemira,
04:33
she was chased from her home and had to find a new shack
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bila je isterana iz svog doma i morala je da nađe novu straćaru
04:35
in which she would live.
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u kojoj bi živela.
04:37
Jamii Bora understands that and understands
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Jami Bora to razume. I razume
04:39
that when we're talking about poverty,
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da kada govorimo o siromaštvu,
04:41
we've got to look at people all along the economic spectrum.
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moramo da gledamo ljude iz celokupnog ekonomskog spektra.
04:44
And so with patient capital from Acumen and other organizations,
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I tako, sa strpljivim kapitalom Akumena i drugih organizacija,
04:47
loans and investments that will go the long term with them,
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pozajmicama i ulaganjima na duži rok,
04:50
they built a low-cost housing development,
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izgradili su jeftino socijalno naselje,
04:54
about an hour outside Nairobi central.
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oko sat vremena udaljeno od centralnog Najrobija.
04:58
And they designed it from the perspective of
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I dizajnirali su ga iz perspektive
05:00
customers like Jane herself,
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korisnika poput Džejn,
05:02
insisting on responsibility and accountability.
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insistirajući na odgovornosti.
05:04
So she has to give 10 percent of the mortgage --
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Tako da ona mora da da 10 posto od svoje hipoteke -
05:08
of the total value, or about 400 dollars in savings.
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od ukupne vrednosti ili oko 400 dolara ušteđevine.
05:12
And then they match her mortgage to what she paid in rent for her little shanty.
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I onda porede njenu hipoteku sa onim što je platila iznajmljujući svoju malu straćaru.
05:17
And in the next couple of weeks, she's going to be
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I u sledećih nekoliko nedelja biće među
05:19
among the first 200 families to move into this development.
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prvih 200 porodica koje će se useliti u ovo naselje.
05:22
When I asked her if she feared anything,
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Kada sam je upitala da li se nečega boji,
05:26
or whether she would miss anything from Mathare,
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ili da li će joj nešto iz Matarija nedostajati,
05:28
she said, "What would I fear
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rekla je, "Čega da se bojim,
05:30
that I haven't confronted already?
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a da se sa tim nisam već susrela?
05:32
I'm HIV positive. I've dealt with it all."
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Ja sam HIV pozitivna. Izborila sam se sa svim."
05:36
And she said, "What would I miss?
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I rekla je, "Šta da mi nedostaje?
05:39
You think I will miss the violence or the drugs? The lack of privacy?
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Misliš da će mi nedostajati nasilje ili droga? Nedostatak privatnosti?
05:42
Do you think I'll miss not knowing if my children are going to come home
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Misliš da će mi nedostajati činjenica da ne znam da li će se moja deca vratiti kući
05:44
at the end of the day?" She said "If you gave me 10 minutes
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na kraju dana?" Rekla je, "Da mi daš 10 minuta
05:46
my bags would be packed."
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moje torbe bi bile spakovane."
05:48
I said, "Well what about your dreams?"
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Rekla sam, "Ali šta je sa tvojim snovima?"
05:51
And she said, "Well, you know,
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i odgovorila je, "Pa, znaš,
05:53
my dreams don't look exactly like I thought they would when I was a little girl.
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moji snovi ne izgledaju tačno onako kako sam mislila kada sam bila mala.
05:57
But if I think about it, I thought I wanted a husband,
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Ali ako razmišljam o tome, mislila sam da želim muža,
06:01
but what I really wanted was a family
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ali ono što sam zapravo htela je porodica
06:04
that was loving. And I fiercely love my children, and they love me back."
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puna ljubavi. I strašno volim svoju decu i ona vole mene."
06:08
She said, "I thought that I wanted to be a doctor,
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Rekla je, "Mislila sam da želim da budem lekar,
06:11
but what I really wanted to be was somebody
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ali zapravo sam želela sa budem neko
06:13
who served and healed and cured.
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ko pomaže, leči i brine.
06:16
And so I feel so blessed with everything that I have,
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I osećam se balgosloveno sa svim što imam,
06:19
that two days a week I go and I counsel HIV patients.
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da dva puta nedeljno savetujem pacijente sa HIV-om.
06:23
And I say, 'Look at me. You are not dead.
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I kažem, "Pogledaj me. Nisi mrtav.
06:26
You are still alive. And if you are still alive you have to serve.'"
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Još uvek si živ. Ako si živ, moraš da služiš."
06:29
And she said, "I'm not a doctor who gives out pills.
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I još je rekla, "Nisam lekar koji daje pilule.
06:33
But maybe me, I give out something better
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Ali možda ja dajem nešto mnogo bolje
06:35
because I give them hope."
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jer im dajem nadu."
06:37
And in the middle of this economic crisis,
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I usred ove ekonomske krize,
06:41
where so many of us are inclined to pull in
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gde su mnogi od nas skloni da se povuku
06:44
with fear, I think we're well suited to
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u strahu, mislim da smo mi pogodni da
06:48
take a cue from Jane and reach out,
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poslušamo Džejnin savet i da krenemo,
06:51
recognizing that being poor doesn't mean being ordinary.
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i prepoznamo da biti siromašan ne znači biti običan.
06:55
Because when systems are broken,
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Jer kada su sistemi slomljeni,
06:57
like the ones that we're seeing around the world,
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poput onih koje viđamo širom sveta,
06:59
it's an opportunity for invention and for innovation.
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to je mogućnost za izume i inovacije.
07:02
It's an opportunity to truly build a world
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To je prilika da istinski izgradimo svet
07:05
where we can extend services and products
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gde možemo da proširimo usluge i proizvode
07:08
to all human beings, so that they can
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na sve ljude, tako da oni mogu
07:11
make decisions and choices for themselves.
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da donose odluke i da prave sopstvene izbore.
07:13
I truly believe it's where dignity starts.
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Istinski verujem da tu počinje dostojanstvo.
07:15
We owe it to the Janes of the world.
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Dugujemo to svim Džejnama ovog sveta.
07:18
And just as important, we owe it to ourselves.
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I podjednako važno, dugujemo to nama samima.
07:21
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
07:23
(Applause)
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(aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jacqueline Novogratz - Investor and advocate for moral leadershipJacqueline Novogratz works to enable human flourishing. Her organization, Acumen, invests in people, companies and ideas that see capital and networks as means, not ends, to solving the toughest issues of poverty.
Why you should listen
Jacqueline Novogratz writes: "I want to build a movement in which we define success based on the amount of human energy we release in the world.
"I started my career on Wall Street and soon discovered that markets are efficient, but by themselves they too often overlook or exploit the poor. So I moved to Rwanda in 1986 to help found the country’s first micro-finance bank. There I saw the humanitarian ethos of philanthropy, and also how often top-down solutions too often create dependency, the opposite of dignity. Through 30 years of working on solutions to poverty, I have come to redefine it for myself, seeing it not as how much income a person earns, but how free they are to make their own choices and decisions, how much agency they have over their own lives.
Acumen was founded to change the way the world tackles poverty in 2001. Our mission was simple – to raise philanthropy and invest it as patient capital – long-term investment in intrepid entrepreneurs willing to go where markets and government had failed the poor. We enable companies to experiment and fail, never wavering from a commitment to stand with the poor, yet understanding that profitability is necessary for sustainable solutions. We’ve invested more than $110M across South Asia, Africa, Latin America and the US, and have seen entire sectors disrupted and hundreds of millions served.
The work also taught that it was critical to invest in talent. To date, we’ve supported nearly 400 Acumen Fellows across lines of race, class, ethnicity, religion and ideology. They are a beautiful group, full of vision and grit, and a determination to do what is right, not easy. The group itself enables individual leaders to endure the loneliness that is part of the work.
And then we measure what matters rather than just what we can count. Take this all together and you see our mission to do what it takes to build a world in which all of us have the chance to dream and to flourish, not from a place of easy sentimentality but through a commitment to using the tools of capitalism and the attributes of moral leadership to focus on doing what it takes, and no less.
Jacqueline Novogratz | Speaker | TED.com