TEDGlobal 2013
Greg Asner: Ecology from the air
Greg Asner: Ekologija iz vazduha
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Od čega su zapravo napravljene naše šume? Ekolog Greg Asner iz vazduha pomoću spektrometra i lasera visoke moći mapira prirodu u pedantnim kaleidoskopskim 3D detaljima – što naziva "veoma naprednim knjigovodstvenim sistemom" ugljenika. U ovom fascinantnom govoru Asner daje jasnu poruku: da bi spasili naše ekosisteme, potrebno nam je više podataka skupljenih na nove načine.
Greg Asner - Airborne ecologist
Greg Asner’s mapping technology produces detailed, complex pictures of how humans’ activities affect our ecosystems. Full bio
Greg Asner’s mapping technology produces detailed, complex pictures of how humans’ activities affect our ecosystems. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Technology can change our understanding of nature.
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Tehnologija može da promeni
naše razumevanje prirode.
naše razumevanje prirode.
00:16
Take for example the case of lions.
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Uzmimo primer lavova.
00:19
For centuries, it's been said that female lions
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Vekovima se govorilo da lavice
00:22
do all of the hunting out in the open savanna,
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obavljaju sav lov
u savanama na otvorenom,
u savanama na otvorenom,
00:24
and male lions do nothing until it's time for dinner.
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a da lavovi ne rade ništa
dok ne dođe vreme večere.
dok ne dođe vreme večere.
00:28
You've heard this too, I can tell.
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Rekao bih da ste to i vi čuli.
00:31
Well recently, I led an airborne mapping campaign
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Nedavno sam vodio kampanju
vazdušnog mapiranja
vazdušnog mapiranja
00:34
in the Kruger National Park in South Africa.
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u nacionalnom parku Kruger
u Južnoj Africi.
u Južnoj Africi.
00:36
Our colleagues put GPS tracking collars
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Naše kolege su stavile
GPS ogrlice za praćenje
GPS ogrlice za praćenje
00:39
on male and female lions,
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lavicama i lavovima
00:41
and we mapped their hunting behavior
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i preslikali smo njihovo ponašanje
00:42
from the air.
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pri lovu iz vazduha.
00:44
The lower left shows a lion sizing up
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Dole levo je prikazan lav koji osmatra
00:46
a herd of impala for a kill,
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krdo impala za ulov,
00:48
and the right shows what I call
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a desno je prikazano ono što nazivam
00:50
the lion viewshed.
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lavljim vidokrugom,
00:52
That's how far the lion can see in all directions
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ili koliko lav vidi u svim pravcima
00:54
until his or her view is obstructed by vegetation.
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dok njemu ili njoj
zelenilo ne zakloni pogled.
zelenilo ne zakloni pogled.
00:59
And what we found
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Otkrili smo
01:00
is that male lions are not the lazy hunters
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da lavovi mužjaci nisu lenji lovci
01:03
we thought them to be.
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kao što smo mislili.
01:04
They just use a different strategy.
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Oni samo koriste različitu strategiju.
01:06
Whereas the female lions hunt
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Dok lavice love
01:08
out in the open savanna
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u savani na otvorenom,
01:09
over long distances, usually during the day,
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na dugim relacijama,
obično tokom dana,
obično tokom dana,
01:12
male lions use an ambush strategy
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lavovi se služe strategijom zasede
01:15
in dense vegetation, and often at night.
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u gustoj vegetaciji
i to često noću.
i to često noću.
01:19
This video shows the actual hunting viewsheds
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Ovaj video prikazuje
stvarni vidokrug pri lovu
stvarni vidokrug pri lovu
01:22
of male lions on the left
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lavova na levoj strani
01:23
and females on the right.
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i lavica na desnoj.
01:25
Red and darker colors show more dense vegetation,
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Crvene i tamnije boje
prikazuju bujniju vegetaciju,
prikazuju bujniju vegetaciju,
01:28
and the white are wide open spaces.
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a bele otvorena prostranstva.
01:30
And this is the viewshed right literally at the eye level
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To je stvarno pogled u ravni očiju
01:33
of hunting male and female lions.
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lavova i lavica dok love.
01:36
All of a sudden, you get a very clear understanding
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Odjednom su vam sasvim razumljivi
01:38
of the very spooky conditions under which
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jezivi uslovi u kojima
01:41
male lions do their hunting.
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lavovi love.
01:43
I bring up this example to begin,
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Iznosim ovaj primer za početak,
01:44
because it emphasizes how little
we know about nature.
we know about nature.
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da bih naglasio koliko malo
znamo o prirodi.
znamo o prirodi.
01:49
There's been a huge amount of work done so far
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Do sada je mnogo učinjeno
01:52
to try to slow down our losses of tropical forests,
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na pokušaju usporavanja
gubitaka tropskih šuma,
gubitaka tropskih šuma,
01:55
and we are losing our forests at a rapid rate,
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no gubimo ih velikom brzinom,
01:57
as shown in red on the slide.
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kao što je prikazano
crvenom bojom na slajdu.
crvenom bojom na slajdu.
01:59
I find it ironic that we're doing so much,
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Čini mi se ironično da toliko radimo,
02:01
yet these areas are fairly unknown to science.
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a da su ipak ta područja
prilično nepoznata nauci.
prilično nepoznata nauci.
02:05
So how can we save what we don't understand?
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Kako možemo da spasemo
ono što ne razumemo?
ono što ne razumemo?
02:08
Now I'm a global ecologist and an Earth explorer
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Ja sam globalni ekolog
i istraživač Zemlje
i istraživač Zemlje
02:10
with a background in physics and chemistry
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sa temeljima u fizici, hemiji
02:12
and biology and a lot of other boring subjects,
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biologiji i mnogim drugim
dosadnim predmetima,
dosadnim predmetima,
02:15
but above all, I'm obsessed with what we don't know
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ali sam pre svega,
opsednut onim što ne znamo
opsednut onim što ne znamo
02:18
about our planet.
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o našoj planeti.
02:20
So I created this,
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Tako sam stvorio ovo,
02:22
the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, or CAO.
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Vazdušnu Karnegi opservatoriju,
ili VKO.
ili VKO.
02:25
It may look like a plane with a fancy paint job,
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Možda izgleda kao avion
sa elegantnim bojama,
sa elegantnim bojama,
02:27
but I packed it with over 1,000 kilos
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ali opremio sam ga
sa više od 1.000 kg
sa više od 1.000 kg
02:30
of high-tech sensors, computers,
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visoko tehnoloških senzora, kompjutera
02:32
and a very motivated staff
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i vrlo motivisanom posadom,
02:34
of Earth scientists and pilots.
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od stručnjaka za Zemlju do pilota.
02:37
Two of our instruments are very unique:
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Dva naša instrumenata su jedinstvena:
02:39
one is called an imaging spectrometer
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jedan se zove spektrometar za snimanje
02:40
that can actually measure the chemical composition
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koji može da meri hemijski sastav
02:42
of plants as we fly over them.
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biljaka dok ih nadlećemo.
02:45
Another one is a set of lasers,
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Drugi je skup lasera
02:47
very high-powered lasers,
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vrlo visoke moći
02:49
that fire out of the bottom of the plane,
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koji deluju sa dna aviona,
02:51
sweeping across the ecosystem
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brišući po ekosistemima
02:53
and measuring it at nearly 500,000 times per second
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i mereći približno
500.000 puta u sekundi
500.000 puta u sekundi
02:57
in high-resolution 3D.
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u visokoj 3D rezoluciji.
02:59
Here's an image of the Golden Gate Bridge
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Evo snimka mosta Golden Gejt
03:01
in San Francisco, not far from where I live.
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u San Francisku,
nedaleko od mesta gde živim.
nedaleko od mesta gde živim.
03:04
Although we flew straight over this bridge,
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Iako smo preleteli
tačno preko ovog mosta,
tačno preko ovog mosta,
03:05
we imaged it in 3D, captured its color
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snimili smo ga u 3D i
ulovili mu boju
ulovili mu boju
03:07
in just a few seconds.
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u samo nekoliko sekundi.
03:09
But the real power of the CAO
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No, stvarna moć VKO
03:11
is its ability to capture the actual building blocks
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je u sposobnosti da snimi
stvarne gradivne materijale
stvarne gradivne materijale
03:13
of ecosystems.
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ekosistema.
03:15
This is a small town in the Amazon,
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Ovo je mali grad u Amazoniji,
03:17
imaged with the CAO.
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snimljen sa VKO.
03:18
We can slice through our data
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Možemo rezati naše podatke
03:20
and see, for example, the 3D structure
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i videti, na primer, 3D strukture
03:22
of the vegetation and the buildings,
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vegetacije i zgrada
03:25
or we can use the chemical information
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ili možemo koristiti hemijske informacije
03:27
to actually figure out how fast the plants are growing
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da odredimo koliko brzo biljke rastu,
03:29
as we fly over them.
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dok ih prelećemo.
03:31
The hottest pinks are the fastest-growing plants.
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Najtoplije roza boje
su najbrže rastuće biljke.
su najbrže rastuće biljke.
03:34
And we can see biodiversity in ways
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Možemo da vidimo
biološku raznovrsnost
biološku raznovrsnost
03:36
that you never could have imagined.
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na načine na koje ne biste mogli
ni zamisliti.
ni zamisliti.
03:38
This is what a rainforest might look like
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Ovako bi prašuma izgledala
03:40
as you fly over it in a hot air balloon.
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kada biste je preletali u balonu.
03:42
This is how we see a rainforest,
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Ovo je kako mi vidimo prašumu,
03:44
in kaleidoscopic color that tells us
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u kaleidoskopskoj boji
koja nam govori
koja nam govori
03:46
that there are many species living with one another.
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da postoje mnoge vrste
koje žive jedne s drugima.
koje žive jedne s drugima.
03:49
But you have to remember that these trees
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Ipak zapamtite da su ova stabla
03:51
are literally bigger than whales,
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bukvalno veća od kitova,
03:54
and what that means is that
they're impossible to understand
they're impossible to understand
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što znači da ih je
nemoguće razumeti
nemoguće razumeti
03:57
just by walking on the ground below them.
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šetajući se ispod njih na tlu.
03:59
So our imagery is 3D, it's chemical, it's biological,
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Dakle, naša 3D slika
je hemijska, biološka,
je hemijska, biološka,
04:04
and this tells us not only the species
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a to nam govori ne samo o vrstama
04:06
that are living in the canopy,
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koje žive u krošnjama,
04:08
but it tells us a lot of information
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već nam daje i mnoge informacije
04:10
about the rest of the species
that occupy the rainforest.
that occupy the rainforest.
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o ostalim vrstama
koje su u prašumi.
koje su u prašumi.
04:13
Now I created the CAO
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Stvorio sam VKO
04:15
in order to answer questions that have proven
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da bih odgovorio na pitanja
koja su se pokazala
koja su se pokazala
04:18
extremely challenging to answer
from any other vantage point,
from any other vantage point,
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izuzetno zahtevnim
sa bilo koje druge točke gledišta,
sa bilo koje druge točke gledišta,
04:21
such as from the ground, or from satellite sensors.
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sa recimo zemlje
ili satelitskog senzora.
ili satelitskog senzora.
04:24
I want to share three of those
questions with you today.
questions with you today.
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Danas želim da podelim sa vama
tri pitanja.
tri pitanja.
04:27
The first questions is,
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Prvo pitanje je -
04:29
how do we manage our carbon reserves
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kako upravljamo
našim rezervama ugljenika
našim rezervama ugljenika
04:30
in tropical forests?
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u tropskim šumama?
04:33
Tropical forests contain a huge
amount of carbon in the trees,
amount of carbon in the trees,
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Tropske šume sadrže veliku količinu
ugljenika u drveću,
ugljenika u drveću,
04:37
and we need to keep that carbon in those forests
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a ugljenik moramo zadržati
u tim šumama
u tim šumama
04:39
if we're going to avoid any further global warming.
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ako hoćemo da izbegnemo
dalje globalno zagrevanje.
dalje globalno zagrevanje.
04:43
Unfortunately, global carbon emissions
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Globalne emisije ugljenika su nažalost,
04:45
from deforestation
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zbog krčenja šuma,
04:47
now equals the global transportation sector.
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sada jednake
globalnom transportnom sektoru.
globalnom transportnom sektoru.
04:50
That's all ships, airplanes, trains
and automobiles combined.
and automobiles combined.
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Tu spadaju svi brodovi, avioni,
vozovi i automobili zajedno.
vozovi i automobili zajedno.
04:54
So it's understandable that policy negotiators
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Zato je razumljivo
da su politički pregovarači
da su politički pregovarači
04:57
have been working hard to reduce deforestation,
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naporno radili da
smanje krčenje šuma,
smanje krčenje šuma,
05:00
but they're doing it on landscapes
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ali u predelima
05:01
that are hardly known to science.
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jedva poznatim nauci.
05:04
If you don't know where the carbon is exactly,
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Ako ne znate gde je ugljenik tačno,
05:06
in detail, how can you know what you're losing?
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do detalja, kako možete
znati šta gubite?
znati šta gubite?
05:09
Basically, we need a high-tech accounting system.
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Uglavnom, treba nam visoko tehnološki
knjigovodstveni sistem.
knjigovodstveni sistem.
05:13
With our system, we're able to see the carbon stocks
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U okviru našeg sistema
možemo da vidimo zalihe ugljenika
možemo da vidimo zalihe ugljenika
05:15
of tropical forests in utter detail.
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tropskih šuma do detalja.
05:18
The red shows, obviously,
closed-canopy tropical forest,
closed-canopy tropical forest,
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Crveno očito pokazuje
zatvorene krošnje tropskih šuma
zatvorene krošnje tropskih šuma
05:21
and then you see the cookie cutting,
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i onda vidite prerez
05:23
or the cutting of the forest in yellows and greens.
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ili rezanje šume
u žutim i zelenim bojama.
u žutim i zelenim bojama.
05:27
It's like cutting a cake except this cake
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To je kao rezanje torte,
osim što je ova torta
osim što je ova torta
05:30
is about whale deep.
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duboka kao jedan kit.
05:32
And yet, we can zoom in and see the forest
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A ipak, možemo da zumiramo
i da vidimo šumu
i da vidimo šumu
05:34
and the trees at the same time.
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i drveće istovremeno.
05:36
And what's amazing is, even though we flew
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Neverovatno je da iako smo leteli
05:38
very high above this forest,
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vrlo visoko iznad ove šume,
05:40
later on in analysis, we can go in
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kasnije u analizi, možemo ući
05:42
and actually experience the treetrops,
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i zapravo doživeti krošnje,
05:44
leaf by leaf, branch by branch,
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list po list, granu po granu,
05:47
just as the other species that live in this forest
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baš kao i ostale vrste
koje žive u ovoj šumi
koje žive u ovoj šumi
05:50
experience it along with the trees themselves.
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mogu da ih dožive
zajedno s drvećem.
zajedno s drvećem.
05:53
We've been using the technology to explore
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Koristimo tehnologiju da istražimo
05:55
and to actually put out the first carbon geographies
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i da zapravo postavimo prvi
ugljenikov zemljopis
ugljenikov zemljopis
05:58
in high resolution
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u visokoj rezoluciji
06:00
in faraway places like the Amazon Basin
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u udaljenim mestima
kao što je amazonski basen
kao što je amazonski basen
06:02
and not-so-faraway places like the United States
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i ne tako udaljenim mestima
kao što su SAD
kao što su SAD
06:04
and Central America.
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i Srednja Amerika.
06:06
What I'm going to do is I'm going to take you
on a high-resolution, first-time tour
on a high-resolution, first-time tour
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Odvešću vas na prvu turneju
u visokoj rezoluciji
u visokoj rezoluciji
06:09
of the carbon landscapes of Peru and then Panama.
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ugljenikovih predela
Perua i zatim Paname.
Perua i zatim Paname.
06:13
The colors are going to be going from red to blue.
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Boje će se menjati od crvene do plave.
06:16
Red is extremely high carbon stocks,
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Crvena je izuzetno visoka
zaliha ugljenika,
zaliha ugljenika,
06:18
your largest cathedral forests you can imagine,
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vaša najveća šumska katedrala
koju možete zamisliti,
koju možete zamisliti,
06:21
and blue are very low carbon stocks.
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a plava je vrlo niska zaliha ugljenika.
06:23
And let me tell you, Peru alone is an amazing place,
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I reći ću vam da je Peru
neverovatno mesto,
neverovatno mesto,
06:25
totally unknown in terms of its carbon geography
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potpuno nepoznato u smislu
ugljenikove geografije
ugljenikove geografije
06:28
until today.
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do danas.
06:29
We can fly to this area in northern Peru
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Možemo da odletimo do područja
na severu Perua
na severu Perua
06:31
and see super high carbon stocks in red,
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i da vidimo veoma visoke zalihe
ugljenika crvene boje,
ugljenika crvene boje,
06:33
and the Amazon River and floodplain
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i reku Amazon sa plavnom ravnicom
06:35
cutting right through it.
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kako se useca kroz njega.
06:37
We can go to an area of utter devastation
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Možemo ići do predela
potpunog uništenja
potpunog uništenja
06:38
caused by deforestation in blue,
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izazvanog krčenjem šuma,
u plavoj boji,
u plavoj boji,
06:40
and the virus of deforestation
spreading out in orange.
spreading out in orange.
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a virus krčenja šuma
se širi u narandžastoj.
se širi u narandžastoj.
06:44
We can also fly to the southern Andes
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Možemo odleteti na jug Anda
06:46
to see the tree line and see exactly how
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gde vidimo liniju drveća i tačno kako
06:48
the carbon geography ends
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se zemljopis ugljenika završava
06:50
as we go up into the mountain system.
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ako se popnemo gore u planinski sistem.
06:53
And we can go to the biggest swamp
in the western Amazon.
in the western Amazon.
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A možemo i da odemo do najveće močvare
u zapadnoj Amazoniji.
u zapadnoj Amazoniji.
06:56
It's a watery dreamworld
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To je vodenasta zemlja snova
06:57
akin to Jim Cameron's "Avatar."
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nalik na "Avatar" Džejmsa Kamerona.
07:00
We can go to one of the smallest tropical countries,
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Možemo da odemo i u jednu od najmanjih
tropskih zemalja,
tropskih zemalja,
07:03
Panama, and see also a huge range
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Panamu i da vidimo ogroman raspon
07:05
of carbon variation,
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ugljenikovih varijacija,
07:07
from high in red to low in blue.
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2001
od visokog u crvenoj
do niskog u plavoj boji.
do niskog u plavoj boji.
07:09
Unfortunately, most of the carbon
is lost in the lowlands,
is lost in the lowlands,
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Nažalost, većina ugljenika
se gubi u nizijama,
se gubi u nizijama,
07:12
but what you see that's left,
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a ono što vidite da je ostalo
07:13
in terms of high carbon stocks in greens and reds,
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od visokih zaliha ugljenika
u zelenom i crvenom,
u zelenom i crvenom,
07:16
is the stuff that's up in the mountains.
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to je, u stvari,
gore u planinama.
gore u planinama.
07:18
One interesting exception to this
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Od toga je zanimljiv izuzetak
07:20
is right in the middle of your screen.
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tačno u sredini ekrana.
07:22
You're seeing the buffer zone
around the Panama Canal.
around the Panama Canal.
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Vidite tampon zonu
oko Panamskog kanala,
oko Panamskog kanala,
07:25
That's in the reds and yellows.
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u crvenoj i žutoj boji.
07:27
The canal authorities are using force
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Vlasti kanala koriste silu
07:28
to protect their watershed and global commerce.
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da bi zaštitili svoj rečni sliv
i globalno poslovanje.
i globalno poslovanje.
07:31
This kind of carbon mapping
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Ova vrsta mapiranja ugljenika
07:33
has transformed conservation
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1918
je transformisala konzervaciju
07:35
and resource policy development.
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i razvojnu politiku resursa
07:36
It's really advancing our ability to save forests
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To je stvarno napredak
naših mogućnosti u spasavanju šuma
naših mogućnosti u spasavanju šuma
07:39
and to curb climate change.
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i u zaustavljanju klimatskih promena.
07:41
My second question: How do we
prepare for climate change
prepare for climate change
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Moje drugo pitanje: kako se
pripremamo za klimatske promene
pripremamo za klimatske promene
07:45
in a place like the Amazon rainforest?
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u mestu kao što su amazonske prašume?
07:47
Let me tell you, I spend a lot of time
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Znajte da sam proveo mnogo vremena
07:48
in these places, and we're seeing
the climate changing already.
the climate changing already.
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u tim mestima, i da već opažamo
promene klime.
promene klime.
07:52
Temperatures are increasing,
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Temperature su u porastu,
07:53
and what's really happening is
we're getting a lot of droughts,
we're getting a lot of droughts,
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i svedoci smo mnogih suša,
07:56
recurring droughts.
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koje se ponavljaju.
07:58
The 2010 mega-drought is shown here
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Ovde je crvenim označena
mega-suša iz 2010.
mega-suša iz 2010.
07:59
with red showing an area
about the size of Western Europe.
about the size of Western Europe.
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prikazujući predeo
veličine zapadne Evrope.
veličine zapadne Evrope.
08:03
The Amazon was so dry in 2010
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2010. je Amazon toliko presušio
08:05
that even the main stem of the Amazon river itself
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da se čak i sam
glavni tok reke Amazon
glavni tok reke Amazon
08:08
dried up partially, as you see in the photo
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delimično presušio,
kao što vidite na fotografiji
kao što vidite na fotografiji
08:10
in the lower portion of the slide.
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u donjem delu slajda.
08:13
What we found is that in very remote areas,
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Otkrili smo da u vrlo udaljenim
područjima
područjima
08:16
these droughts are having a big negative impact
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2746
ove suše imaju veliki negativni uticaj
08:19
on tropical forests.
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na tropske šume.
08:21
For example, these are all of the dead trees in red
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2720
Na primer, crvene boje
su sve mrtva stabla
su sve mrtva stabla
08:23
that suffered mortality following the 2010 drought.
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3061
koja su stradala posle suše 2010.
08:26
This area happens to be on the border
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1877
Ovo je područje na granici
08:28
of Peru and Brazil,
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Perua i Brazila,
08:30
totally unexplored,
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potpuno neistraženo,
08:31
almost totally unknown scientifically.
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skoro sasvim nepoznato nauci.
08:34
So what we think, as Earth scientists,
209
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Mislimo, kao naučnici Zemlje,
08:36
is species are going to have to migrate
210
504922
1959
da će se vrste morati seliti
08:38
with climate change from the east in Brazil
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2792
s klimatskim promenama
s istoka u Brazilu
s istoka u Brazilu
08:41
all the way west into the Andes
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2064
na zapad u Ande
08:43
and up into the mountains
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1473
i gore u planine
08:45
in order to minimize their
exposure to climate change.
exposure to climate change.
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3536
da bi se smanjila njihova
izloženost klimatskim promenama.
izloženost klimatskim promenama.
08:48
One of the problems with this is that humans
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516746
2008
Jedan od problema
je to da ljudi
je to da ljudi
08:50
are taking apart the western Amazon as we speak.
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3025
rasklapaju zapadnu Amazoniju
u ovom trenutku.
u ovom trenutku.
08:53
Look at this 100-square-kilometer gash
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2109
Pogledajte ovu posekotinu šume od
100 kvadratnih km
100 kvadratnih km
08:55
in the forest created by gold miners.
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2902
koju su napravili kopači zlata.
08:58
You see the forest in green in 3D,
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2278
Vidite šumu u zelenoj boji u 3D,
09:01
and you see the effects of gold mining
220
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1834
i videćete posledice iskopavanja zlata
09:02
down below the soil surface.
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2539
ispod zemljine površine.
09:05
Species have nowhere to migrate
in a system like this, obviously.
in a system like this, obviously.
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4459
Očito da vrste nemaju gde da se sele
u sistemu kao što je ovaj.
u sistemu kao što je ovaj.
09:09
If you haven't been to the Amazon, you should go.
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2652
Ako niste bili u Amazoniji,
trebalo bi da odete.
trebalo bi da odete.
09:12
It's an amazing experience every time,
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2038
To je svaki put neverovatno iskustvo,
09:14
no matter where you go.
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bez obzira gde idete.
09:16
You're going to probably see it this way, on a river.
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3396
Verovatno ćete je
videti ovako, na reci.
videti ovako, na reci.
09:19
But what happens is a lot of times
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1764
No, događa se mnogo puta
09:21
the rivers hide what's really going on
228
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1852
da reke sakriju ono
što se stvarno dešava
što se stvarno dešava
09:23
back in the forest itself.
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2765
u samoj šumi.
09:25
We flew over this same river,
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1714
Leteli smo nad ovom istom rekom,
09:27
imaged the system in 3D.
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1840
sistem je snimljen u 3D.
09:29
The forest is on the left.
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1816
Šuma je na levoj strani.
09:31
And then we can digitally remove the forest
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559280
1986
A onda možemo digitalno
da uklonimo šumu
da uklonimo šumu
09:33
and see what's going on below the canopy.
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2459
i da vidimo šta se dešava
ispod krošnje.
ispod krošnje.
09:35
And in this case, we found gold mining activity,
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2450
U ovom slučaju smo otkrili
aktivnosti iskopavanja zlata,
aktivnosti iskopavanja zlata,
09:38
all of it illegal,
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1237
sve su bile ilegalne,
09:39
set back away from the river's edge,
237
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2196
smeštene podalje od ruba reke,
09:41
as you'll see in those strange pockmarks
238
569608
1904
kao što ćete videti
u tim čudnim rošavim mrljama
u tim čudnim rošavim mrljama
09:43
coming up on your screen on the right.
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2027
koje se pojavljuju
na desnoj strani ekrana.
na desnoj strani ekrana.
09:45
Don't worry, we're working with the authorities
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2329
Ne brinite, mi radimo s vlastima
09:47
to deal with this and many, many other problems
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2451
koje se bave ovim
i mnogim drugim problemima
i mnogim drugim problemima
09:50
in the region.
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2610
u regionu.
09:52
So in order to put together a conservation plan
243
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3055
Da bi se sastavio
plan konzervacije
plan konzervacije
09:55
for these unique, important corridors
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1740
za ove jedinstvene, važne koridore
09:57
like the western Amazon
and the Andes Amazon corridor,
and the Andes Amazon corridor,
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2987
kao što je zapadna Amazonija
i koridor od Anda do Amazona,
i koridor od Anda do Amazona,
10:00
we have to start making
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2164
moramo početi već sada da pravimo
10:02
geographically explicit plans now.
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2406
geografski eksplicitne planove.
10:05
How do we do that if we don't know
the geography of biodiversity in the region,
the geography of biodiversity in the region,
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3975
Kako da to uradimo, ako ne znamo
geografiju biološke raznovrsnosti u regiji,
geografiju biološke raznovrsnosti u regiji,
10:09
if it's so unknown to science?
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1695
ako je to nauci nepoznato?
10:10
So what we've been doing is using
250
598953
1864
Zato smo koristili
10:12
the laser-guided spectroscopy from the CAO
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2973
VKO laserski vođenu spektroskopiju,
10:15
to map for the first time the biodiversity
252
603790
2224
da bismo po prvi put
mapirali biodiverzitet
mapirali biodiverzitet
10:18
of the Amazon rainforest.
253
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1579
amazonske prašume.
10:19
Here you see actual data showing
different species in different colors.
different species in different colors.
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3537
Ovde vidite stvarne podatke
različitih vrsta u različitim bojama.
različitih vrsta u različitim bojama.
10:23
Reds are one type of species, blues are another,
255
611130
2140
Crvene su jedna vrsta,
plave su druga,
plave su druga,
10:25
and greens are yet another.
256
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2345
a zelene su treća.
10:27
And when we take this together and scale up
257
615615
2163
Kad sve to uzmemo zajedno
i proporcionalno povećamo
i proporcionalno povećamo
10:29
to the regional level,
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1884
do regionalnog nivoa,
10:31
we get a completely new geography
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2569
dobijemo potpuno novu geografiju
10:34
of biodiversity unknown prior to this work.
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4388
biološke raznovrsnosti,
nepoznate do sada.
nepoznate do sada.
10:38
This tells us where the big biodiversity changes
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626619
2148
Iz ovog se vidi gde se pojavljuju
velike promene
velike promene
10:40
occur from habitat to habitat,
262
628767
2014
biološke raznovrsnosti
od staništa do staništa,
od staništa do staništa,
10:42
and that's really important because it tells us
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2183
što je jako važno jer pokazuje
10:44
a lot about where species may migrate to
264
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2895
gde i odakle bi vrste
mogle da migriraju
mogle da migriraju
10:47
and migrate from as the climate shifts.
265
635859
2883
kada se klima promeni.
10:50
And this is the pivotal information that's needed
266
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3222
To je ključna informacija
koja je potrebna
koja je potrebna
10:53
by decision makers to develop protected areas
267
641964
3508
donosiocima odluka
da razviju zaštićena područja
da razviju zaštićena područja
10:57
in the context of their regional development plans.
268
645472
3419
u kontekstu svojih
regionalnih razvojnih planova.
regionalnih razvojnih planova.
11:00
And third and final question is,
269
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1897
Treće i poslednje pitanje je -
11:02
how do we manage biodiversity on a planet
270
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2108
kako upravljamo
raznovrsnošću vrsta na planeti
raznovrsnošću vrsta na planeti
11:04
of protected ecosystems?
271
652896
1978
u zaštićenim ekosistemima?
11:06
The example I started out
with about lions hunting,
with about lions hunting,
272
654874
2751
Primer koji sam dao na početku
o lovu lavova,
o lovu lavova,
11:09
that was a study we did
273
657625
1855
bila je studija koju smo napravili
11:11
behind the fence line of a protected area
274
659480
1992
iza ograde na zaštićenom području
11:13
in South Africa.
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661472
1732
u Južnoj Africi.
11:15
And the truth is, much of Africa's nature
276
663204
1998
Istina je da će veliki deo
afričke prirode
afričke prirode
11:17
is going to persist into the future
277
665202
1915
opstati u budućnosti
11:19
in protected areas like I show in blue on the screen.
278
667117
3246
u zaštićenim područjima kao što sam
pokazao u plavoj boji na ekranu.
pokazao u plavoj boji na ekranu.
11:22
This puts incredible pressure and responsibility
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2476
Time se stvara neverovatan
pritisak i odgovornost
pritisak i odgovornost
11:24
on park management.
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1619
na upravu parka.
11:26
They need to do and make decisions
281
674458
2617
Oni moraju da donose odluke
11:29
that will benefit all of the species
that they're protecting.
that they're protecting.
282
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3291
u korist svih vrsta koje štite.
11:32
Some of their decisions have really big impacts.
283
680366
3069
Neke od njihovih odluka
imaju zaista velike posledice.
imaju zaista velike posledice.
11:35
For example, how much and where
284
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2076
Na primer, u kojoj meri i gde
11:37
to use fire as a management tool?
285
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2640
da koriste vatru
kao instrument upravljanja?
kao instrument upravljanja?
11:40
Or, how to deal with a large species like elephants,
286
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3225
Ili, kako da se ophode
sa velikim vrstama poput slonova,
sa velikim vrstama poput slonova,
11:43
which may, if their populations get too large,
287
691376
2453
koji mogu, ako njihova populacija
postane prevelika,
postane prevelika,
11:45
have a negative impact on the ecosystem
288
693829
2047
imati negativan uticaj na ekosistem
11:47
and on other species.
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1602
i na druge vrste.
11:49
And let me tell you, these types of dynamics
290
697478
2493
Dozvolite da dodam da
takve dinamike
takve dinamike
11:51
really play out on the landscape.
291
699971
1948
stvarno utiču na okolinu.
11:53
In the foreground is an area with lots of fire
292
701919
2461
U prvom planu je područje
s mnogo vatre
s mnogo vatre
11:56
and lots of elephants:
293
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1267
i slonova:
11:57
wide open savanna in blue, and just a few trees.
294
705647
3676
široko otvorene savane u plavom,
sa samo nekoliko stabala.
sa samo nekoliko stabala.
12:01
As we cross this fence line, now we're getting
295
709323
2181
Kad pređemo ovu ogradu,
stižemo
stižemo
12:03
into an area that has had protection from fire
296
711504
2324
u područje koje je zaštićeno od požara
12:05
and zero elephants:
297
713828
1857
i bez slonova:
12:07
dense vegetation, a radically different ecosystem.
298
715685
4158
guste vegetacije,
radikalno drugačiji ekosistem.
radikalno drugačiji ekosistem.
12:11
And in a place like Kruger,
299
719843
2390
U mestu kao što je Kruger,
12:14
the soaring elephant densities
300
722233
1741
sve gušća slonovska populacija
12:15
are a real problem.
301
723974
1743
je pravi problem.
12:17
I know it's a sensitive issue for many of you,
302
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2364
Znam da je to osetljivo pitanje
za mnoge od vas
za mnoge od vas
12:20
and there are no easy answers with this.
303
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2660
i tu nema jednostavnih odgovora.
12:22
But what's good is that
the technology we've developed
the technology we've developed
304
730741
2316
No, dobra je novost da nam
tehnologija koju smo razvili
tehnologija koju smo razvili
12:25
and we're working with in South Africa, for example,
305
733057
2472
i sa kojom radimo
u Južnoj Africi na primer,
u Južnoj Africi na primer,
12:27
is allowing us to map every
single tree in the savanna,
single tree in the savanna,
306
735529
3356
dopušta da mapiramo svako
stablo u savani,
stablo u savani,
12:30
and then through repeat flights
307
738885
1569
a zatim da putem ponovljenih letova
12:32
we're able to see which trees
308
740454
1746
možemo da uočimo koja stabla
12:34
are being pushed over by elephants,
309
742200
2030
slonovi uništavaju,
12:36
in the red as you see on the screen,
and how much that's happening
and how much that's happening
310
744230
3258
u crvenoj boji, kao što vidite na ekranu
i koliko se toga događa
i koliko se toga događa
12:39
in different types of landscapes in the savanna.
311
747488
2537
u različitim delovima savane.
12:42
That's giving park managers
312
750025
1641
To daje upravi parka
12:43
a very first opportunity to use
313
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2363
prvu priliku da upotrebi
12:46
tactical management strategies
that are more nuanced
that are more nuanced
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3342
taktičke strategije
suptilnijeg upravljanja
suptilnijeg upravljanja
12:49
and don't lead to those extremes
that I just showed you.
that I just showed you.
315
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3822
koje ne dovode do krajnosti
koje sam vam upravo pokazao.
koje sam vam upravo pokazao.
12:54
So really, the way we're looking
316
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2623
Danas razmišljamo
12:56
at protected areas nowadays
317
764905
2041
da u zaštićenim područjima
12:58
is to think of it as tending to a circle of life,
318
766946
2888
održimo krug života,
13:01
where we have fire management,
319
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2048
pomoću upravljanja požarom,
13:03
elephant management, those impacts on
the structure of the ecosystem,
the structure of the ecosystem,
320
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4134
slonovima, onim što utiče na
strukturu ekosistema
strukturu ekosistema
13:08
and then those impacts
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i posledično
13:10
affecting everything from insects
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na sve, od insekata
13:12
up to apex predators like lions.
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do vrhunskih grabljivaca
poput lavova.
poput lavova.
13:15
Going forward, I plan to greatly expand
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Dalje planiram da znatno proširim
13:16
the airborne observatory.
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opservatoriju u vazduhu.
13:18
I'm hoping to actually put the technology into orbit
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Nadam se postavljanju tehnologije
u orbitu
u orbitu
13:20
so we can manage the entire planet
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da bismo, tehnologijama
kao što je ova,
kao što je ova,
13:22
with technologies like this.
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mogli da upravljamo čitavom planetom.
13:24
Until then, you're going to find me flying
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Do tada ćete me pronaći kako letim
13:26
in some remote place that you've never heard of.
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nad nekim udaljenim mestom
za koje nikad niste čuli.
za koje nikad niste čuli.
13:28
I just want to end by saying that technology is
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Na kraju bih želeo reći
da je tehnologija
da je tehnologija
13:31
absolutely critical to managing our planet,
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apsolutno presudna
za upravljanje našom planetom,
za upravljanje našom planetom,
13:34
but even more important is the understanding
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ali je još važnije razumevanje
13:36
and wisdom to apply it.
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i mudrost pri njenoj primeni.
13:38
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
13:40
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Greg Asner - Airborne ecologistGreg Asner’s mapping technology produces detailed, complex pictures of how humans’ activities affect our ecosystems.
Why you should listen
The remote sensing techniques developed by Greg Asner and his team are viewed as among the most advanced in the world for exploring Earth’s changing ecosystems in unprecedented detail and richness. Using airborne and satellite technologies such as laser scanning and hyperspectral imaging, combined with field work and computer modeling, Asner measures and qualifies humans’ impact on regions from the American Southwest to the Brazilian Amazon.
“We’re able to see, if you will, the forest and the trees at the same time,” Asner says. “We’re able to now understand an image, map and measure huge expanses of the environment while maintaining the detail. Not just the spatial resolution, but the biological resolution—the actual organisms that live in these places.” For Asner, who is on the faculty at the Carnegie Institution and Stanford and leads the Carnegie Airborne Observatory project, this is science with a mission: to influence climate change treaties and save the forests he studies.
Greg Asner | Speaker | TED.com