TED in the Field
Craig Venter: Watch me unveil "synthetic life"
Kreg Venter razotkriva "sintetički život"
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Kreg Venter (Craig Venter) i tim prave istorijsku objavu: napravili su prvu, u potpunosti funkcionalnu, reproduktivnu ćeliju kontrolisanu sintetičkim DNK proteinom. On objašnjava kako su uspeli u tome i zašto to otkriće predstavlja početak nove ere u nauci.
Craig Venter - Biologist, genetics pioneer
In 2001, Craig Venter made headlines for sequencing the human genome. In 2003, he started mapping the ocean's biodiversity. And now he's created the first synthetic lifeforms -- microorganisms that can produce alternative fuels. Full bio
In 2001, Craig Venter made headlines for sequencing the human genome. In 2003, he started mapping the ocean's biodiversity. And now he's created the first synthetic lifeforms -- microorganisms that can produce alternative fuels. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
We're here today to announce
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Ovde smo danas da objavimo
00:18
the first synthetic cell,
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prvu sintetičku ćeliju,
00:21
a cell made by
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ćeliju napravljenu
00:23
starting with the digital code in the computer,
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počevši od digitalnog koda u kompjuteru,
00:26
building the chromosome
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čiji je hromozom
00:29
from four bottles of chemicals,
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nastao iz bočice hemikalija,
00:32
assembling that chromosome in yeast,
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sakupljen u kvascu,
00:34
transplanting it into
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a potom prebačen u
00:37
a recipient bacterial cell
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primaoca - ćeliju bakterije
00:39
and transforming that cell
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koja je potom transformisala tu ćeliju
00:41
into a new bacterial species.
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u novu vrstu bakterija.
00:44
So this is the first self-replicating species
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Tako je ovo prva samo-reprodukujuća vrsta
00:47
that we've had on the planet
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koju smo ikada imali ma planeti
00:49
whose parent is a computer.
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a čiji je roditelj kompjuter.
00:52
It also is the first species
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To je takođe i prva vrsta
00:54
to have its own website
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koja ima sopstveni vebsajt
00:56
encoded in its genetic code.
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šifrovan u genetički kod.
00:59
But we'll talk more about
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Ali pričaćemo više o
01:01
the watermarks in a minute.
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vodenim žigovima za koji minut.
01:04
This is a project that had its inception
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Ovo je projekat koji je započet
01:06
15 years ago
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pre 15 godina
01:08
when our team then --
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kada je naš tim --
01:10
we called the institute TIGR --
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tada znan kao Institut TIGR --
01:12
was involved in sequencing
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bio uključen u sekvencioniranje
01:14
the first two genomes in history.
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prva dva genoma u istoriji.
01:16
We did Haemophilus influenzae
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Radili smo sa Haemophilus influenzae (vrsta aerobne bakterije)
01:18
and then the smallest genome of a self-replicating organism,
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i potom sa najmanjim genomom samo-reprodukujućeg organizma,
01:21
that of Mycoplasma genitalium.
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a to je Mycoplasma genitalium. (namanja poznata bakterija, od skoro razmatrana i kao organizam sa najamnjim genomom)
01:24
And as soon as
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I čim smo
01:26
we had these two sequences
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imali te dve sekvence,
01:28
we thought, if this is supposed to be the smallest genome
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pomislili smo, ako se za ovo pretpostavlja da je najmanji genom
01:31
of a self-replicating species,
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samo-reprodukujuće vrste,
01:33
could there be even a smaller genome?
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može li biti da postoji još i manji genom?
01:35
Could we understand the basis of cellular life
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Možemo li razumeti osnove ćelijskog života
01:38
at the genetic level?
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na genetičkom nivou?
01:40
It's been a 15-year quest
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Bilo je to petnaestogodišnje traganje
01:42
just to get to the starting point now
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samo da bismo stigli do startne pozicije,
01:44
to be able to answer those questions,
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da bismo bili u stanju da damo odgovore na ova pitanja.
01:47
because it's very difficult to eliminate
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Veoma je teško eliminisati
01:49
multiple genes from a cell.
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višestruke gene iz ćelije,
01:51
You can only do them one at a time.
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možete uraditi samo jedan po jedan.
01:54
We decided early on
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Na početku smo već odlučili
01:56
that we had to take a synthetic route,
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da moramo ići sintetičkom rutom,
01:58
even though nobody had been there before,
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iako niko na njoj do sada nije bio,
02:00
to see if we could synthesize
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kako vidimo da li je moguće sintetizovati
02:02
a bacterial chromosome
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bakterijski hromozom,
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so we could actually vary the gene content
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da bismo uopšte mogli varirati genetski sadržaj
02:06
to understand the essential genes for life.
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da bismo razumeli osnovu gena za život.
02:09
That started our 15-year quest
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Tako je krenulo naše petnaestogodišnje traganje
02:12
to get here.
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koje nas je dovelo ovde.
02:14
But before we did the first experiments,
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Pre nego što smo započeli prve eksperimente,
02:16
we actually asked
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zapitali smo
02:19
Art Caplan's team at the University of Pennsylvania
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tim Arta Kaplana, koji je tada bio na Univerzitetu Pensilvanija,
02:22
to undertake a review
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da preuzme proces revizije
02:24
of what the risks, the challenges,
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u pogledu rizika, izazova,
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the ethics around creating new
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etičke pozadine vezane za kreiranje nove
02:29
species in the laboratory were
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vrste u laboratoriji
02:31
because it hadn't been done before.
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jer do tada to nije bilo rađeno.
02:33
They spent about two years
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Proveli su oko dve godine
02:35
reviewing that independently
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nezavisno ispitujući to
02:37
and published their results in Science in 1999.
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i objavili rezultate u "Nauci" 1999.
02:40
Ham and I took two years off
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Hem i ja smo uzeli dve godine slobodno
02:42
as a side project to sequence the human genome,
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da bi smo sa strane radili na projektu sekvencioniranja ljudskih genoma,
02:44
but as soon as that was done
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ali čim je to bilo gotovo,
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we got back to the task at hand.
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vratili smo se na prvobitni zadatak.
02:50
In 2002, we started
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2002. godine, započeli smo
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a new institute,
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sa novom institucijom,
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the Institute for Biological Energy Alternatives,
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Institut za Biološke Energetske Alternative,
02:57
where we set out two goals:
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gde smo odredili dva cilja.
02:59
One, to understand
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Prvi, razumeti
03:01
the impact of our technology on the environment,
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uticaj naše tehnologije na sredinu,
03:04
and how to understand the environment better,
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i kako bolje razumeti sredinu.
03:06
and two, to start down this process
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I drugi, da započnemo ovaj proces
03:08
of making synthetic life
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kreiranja sintetičkog života
03:11
to understand basic life.
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kako bi se bolje razumele osnove života.
03:14
In 2003,
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2003. godine,
03:16
we published our first success.
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objavili smo prve uspehe.
03:18
So Ham Smith and Clyde Hutchison
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Tako su Hem Smit i Klajd Hačison
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developed some new methods
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razvili neke nove metode
03:22
for making error-free DNA
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pravljenja DNK čije su greške
03:25
at a small level.
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svedene na najniži nivo.
03:27
Our first task was
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Naš prvi zadatak je bio
03:29
a 5,000-letter code bacteriophage,
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bakteriofag koda veličine 5000 slova,
03:32
a virus that attacks only E. coli.
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virus koji napada samo E. coli.
03:36
So that was
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Tako da je to bila
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the phage phi X 174,
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faga "phi X 174",
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which was chosen for historical reasons.
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koja je izabrana iz istorijskih razloga.
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It was the first DNA phage,
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To je bila prva DNK faga,
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DNA virus, DNA genome
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DNK virus, DNK genom
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that was actually sequenced.
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koji je sekvencioniran.
03:50
So once we realized
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Tako da kada smo jednom shvatili
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that we could make 5,000-base pair
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da je moguće napraviti 5000 bazičnih parova
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viral-sized pieces,
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delova veličine virusa,
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we thought, we at least have the means
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pomislili smo, imamo makar sredstva
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then to try and make serially lots of these pieces
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da se trudimo i pravimo serijski mnogo ovakvih delova,
04:02
to be able to eventually assemble them together
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i da ćemo eventualno biti u mogućnosti da ih sakupimo
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to make this mega base chromosome.
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kako bi načinili mega-bazni hromozom.
04:09
So, substantially larger than
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Dakle, znatno veći nego
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we even thought we would go initially.
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što smo na početku mislili da će biti.
04:15
There were several steps to this. There were two sides:
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Postojalo je nekoliko koraka do ovoga. Postojale su dve strane.
04:18
We had to solve the chemistry
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Morali smo da rešimo hemijski deo
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for making large DNA molecules,
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pravljenje velikih DNK molekula,
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and we had to solve the biological side
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i morali smo da rešimo biološku stranu
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of how, if we had this new chemical entity,
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kako, ukoliko bismo imali taj novi hemijski entitet,
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how would we boot it up, activate it
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kako bismo to pokrenuli, aktivirali,
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in a recipient cell.
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u prijemnoj ćeliji.
04:33
We had two teams working in parallel:
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Tako smo imali dva tima koja su radila paralelno,
04:35
one team on the chemistry,
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jedan na hemiji,
04:37
and the other on trying to
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i druga dva koja su pokušavala
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be able to transplant
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da omoguće transplantaciju
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entire chromosomes
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čitavog hromozoma
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to get new cells.
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da bi se dobila nova ćelija.
04:47
When we started this out, we thought the synthesis would be the biggest problem,
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Kada smo započeli sa ovim, mislili smo da će nam sinteza biti najveći problem,
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which is why we chose the smallest genome.
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zbog čega smo izabrali najmanji genom.
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And some of you have noticed that we switched from the smallest genome
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I neki od vas su primetili da smo se prebacili sa najmanjeg genoma
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to a much larger one.
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na jedan prilično velik.
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And we can walk through the reasons for that,
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I možemo proći kroz razloge za to,
05:00
but basically the small cell
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ali u suštini, za malu ćeliju
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took on the order of
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je potrebno
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one to two months to get results from,
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jedan do dva meseca da bi se dobili rezultati,
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whereas the larger, faster-growing cell
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dok je velikoj, brže rastućoj ćeliji
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takes only two days.
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potrebno svega dva dana.
05:12
So there's only so many cycles we could go through
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Dakle postoji toliko ciklusa kroz koje je moguće proći
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in a year at six weeks per cycle.
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za godinu dana, sa šest nedelja po ciklusu.
05:18
And you should know that basically
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I trebalo bi da znate to,
05:20
99, probably 99 percent plus
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99, verovatno 99 procenata i više
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of our experiments failed.
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naših eksperimenata je bilo neuspešno.
05:25
So this was a debugging,
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Tako da je ovo bilo otklanjanje grešaka,
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problem-solving scenario from the beginning
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scenario rešavanja problema od početka
05:30
because there was no recipe
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zato što nije postojao recept
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of how to get there.
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kako stići do tamo.
05:34
So, one of the most important publications we had
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Jedan od najvažnijih publikacija koje smo imali
05:37
was in 2007.
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bila je 2007. godine.
05:39
Carole Lartigue led the effort
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Kerol Lartig je vodila napore
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to actually transplant a bacterial chromosome
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da se transplatuje bakterijski hromozom
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from one bacteria to another.
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iz jedne bakterije u drugu.
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I think philosophically, that was one of the most important papers
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Mislim, filozofski, da je jedna od najvažnijih objava
05:50
that we've ever done
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koje smo ikada uradili
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because it showed how dynamic life was.
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jer pokazuje koliko je život zapravo dinamičan.
05:55
And we knew, once that worked,
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I znali smo, jednom kada je to proradilo,
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that we actually had a chance
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da smo zapravo imali šansu,
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if we could make the synthetic chromosomes
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ukoliko bismo napravili sintetički hromozom
06:01
to do the same with those.
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da uradi isto to.
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We didn't know that it was going to take us
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Nismo znali da će nam trebati
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several years more to get there.
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više od nekoliko godina da stignemo do tamo.
06:08
In 2008,
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2008. godine,
06:10
we reported the complete synthesis
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snimili smo kompletnu sintezu
06:12
of the Mycoplasma genitalium genome,
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"Mycoplasma genitalium" genoma,
06:15
a little over 500,000 letters of genetic code,
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nešto preko 500 000 slova genetičkog koda,
06:19
but we have not yet succeeded in booting up that chromosome.
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ali još nismo uspeli da pokrenemo taj hromozom.
06:22
We think in part, because of its slow growth
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Mislimo, delimice, da je to zbog sporog rasta,
06:26
and, in part,
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i delom,
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cells have all kinds of unique defense mechanisms
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što ćelije imaju jedinstvene odbrambene mehanizme
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to keep these events from happening.
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koji sprečavaju da se ovakvi događaji dese.
06:33
It turned out the cell that we were trying to transplant into
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Ispostavilo se da je ćelija na kojoj je trebal izvršiti transplataciju
06:36
had a nuclease, an enzyme that chews up DNA on its surface,
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imala nukleozu, enzim koji izbacuje DNK na svoju površinu
06:39
and was happy to eat
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i bila je "srećna" što može pojesti
06:41
the synthetic DNA that we gave it
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sintetički DNK koji smo joj dali,
06:43
and never got transplantations.
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te tako transplataciju nismo ni dobili.
06:46
But at the time, that was the largest
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Ali u to vreme, to je bio najveći
06:48
molecule of a defined structure
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molekul definisane strukture
06:50
that had been made.
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koji je ikada bio napravljen.
06:52
And so both sides were progressing,
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Tako su obe strane napredovale,
06:54
but part of the synthesis
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ali deo sinteze
06:56
had to be accomplished or was able to be accomplished
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je morao biti postignut ili bar bio u stanju da bude ostvaren,
06:59
using yeast, putting the fragments in yeast
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kosristeći kvasac, stavljajući fragmente u njega,
07:02
and yeast would assemble these for us.
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i on bi izvršio prikupljanje umesto nas.
07:04
It's an amazing step forward,
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To je bio neverovatan korak napred,
07:07
but we had a problem because now we had
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ali imali smo problem jer smo imali
07:09
the bacterial chromosomes growing in yeast.
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bakterijski hromozom koji raste u kvascu.
07:12
So in addition to doing the transplant,
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U cilju izvođenja transplantacije,
07:15
we had to find out how to get a bacterial chromosome
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morali smo da otkrijemo kako da dobijemo bakterijski hromozom
07:17
out of the eukaryotic yeast
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iz eukariotskog kvasca,
07:19
into a form where we could transplant it
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u formi u kojoj bi ga mogli transplantovati
07:21
into a recipient cell.
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u prijemnu ćeliju.
07:25
So our team developed new techniques
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Tako je naš tim razvio nove tehnike
07:28
for actually growing, cloning
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za rast, kloniranje
07:30
entire bacterial chromosomes in yeast.
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celih bakterijskih hromozoma u kvascu.
07:32
So we took the same mycoides genome
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Uzeli smo iste mikoidne genome
07:35
that Carole had initially transplanted,
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koje je Kerol prvobitno transplantovala,
07:37
and we grew that in yeast
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i stavili smo ih u kvasac da rastu
07:39
as an artificial chromosome.
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kao veštački hromozom.
07:42
And we thought this would be a great test bed
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Smatrali smo da će ovo biti sjajan test
07:44
for learning how to get chromosomes out of yeast
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za otkrivanje kako izvaditi hromozome iz kvasca
07:46
and transplant them.
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i transplantovati ih.
07:48
When we did these experiments, though,
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Kada smo pak izveli ove eksperimente,
07:50
we could get the chromosome out of yeast
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mogli smo izvući hromozom iz kvasca
07:52
but it wouldn't transplant and boot up a cell.
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ali on se nije mogao transplantovati i pokrenuti ćeliju.
07:56
That little issue took the team two years to solve.
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Za rešenje te male stavke bile su potrebne dve godine.
07:59
It turns out, the DNA in the bacterial cell
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Ispostavilo se da je DNK bekterijske ćelije
08:02
was actually methylated,
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metilizovana (metilizacija - proces nadogradnje metil grupe na DNK spiralu)
08:04
and the methylation protects it from the restriction enzyme,
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a metilizacija štiti ćeliju od restrikcionog enzima,
08:08
from digesting the DNA.
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od proždiranja DNK.
08:11
So what we found is if we took the chromosome
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Ono što smo, dakle, otkrili je to da ako uzmemo hromozom
08:13
out of yeast and methylated it,
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iz kvasca i metilizujemo ga,
08:15
we could then transplant it.
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tada bismo ga mogli transplantovati.
08:17
Further advances came
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Dalji napredak je došao
08:19
when the team removed the restriction enzyme genes
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kada je tim odstranio restrikcione enzime
08:22
from the recipient capricolum cell.
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iz prijemne ćelije.
08:25
And once we had done that, now we can take
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I jednom kada smo to uradili, mogli smo uzeti
08:27
naked DNA out of yeast and transplant it.
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ogoljeni DNK iz kvasca i transplatovati ga.
08:30
So last fall
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Dakle, prošle jeseni,
08:32
when we published the results of that work in Science,
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kada smo objavili rezultate našeg rada u "Nauci",
08:35
we all became overconfident
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svi smo postali previše samopouzdani
08:37
and were sure we were only
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i bili uvereni da smo samo
08:39
a few weeks away
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nekoliko nedelja daleko
08:41
from being able to now boot up
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od toga da sada pokrenemo
08:43
a chromosome out of yeast.
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hromozom iz kvasca.
08:46
Because of the problems with
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Zbog problema sa
08:48
Mycoplasma genitalium and its slow growth
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Mycoplasma genitalium i njenim sporim rastom,
08:51
about a year and a half ago,
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pre oko godinu i po dana
08:54
we decided to synthesize
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odlučili smo da sintetizujemo
08:57
the much larger chromosome, the mycoides chromosome,
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mnogo veći hromozom, mikoidni hromozom,
09:00
knowing that we had the biology worked out on that
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znajući da imamo biologe koji rade na tome
09:03
for transplantation.
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za transplantaciju.
09:05
And Dan led the team for the synthesis
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Den je vodio tim za sintezu
09:07
of this over one-million-base pair chromosome.
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ovog hromozoma sa preko milion baznih parova.
09:12
But it turned out it wasn't going to be as simple in the end,
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Ali ispostavilo se da neće biti tako jednostavno na kraju.
09:15
and it set us back three months
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Vratili smo se tri meseca unazad
09:17
because we had one error
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jer smo imali jednu grešku
09:19
out of over a million base pairs in that sequence.
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u tih milion baznih parova.
09:22
So the team developed new debugging software,
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Tako je tim razvio novi softver za ispravljanje grešaka,
09:25
where we could test each synthetic fragment
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gde smo mogli testirati svaki sintetički fragment
09:28
to see if it would grow in a background
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da vidimo da li će rasti u pozadini
09:30
of wild type DNA.
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divljeg tipa DNK.
09:33
And we found that 10 out of the 11
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I pronašli smo da je 10 od 11
09:36
100,000-base pair pieces we synthesized
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delova 100 000 baznih parova koje smo sintetizovali
09:39
were completely accurate
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bilo potpuno ispravno
09:41
and compatible with
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i kompatibilno
09:43
a life-forming sequence.
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sa sekvencom za formiranje života.
09:47
We narrowed it down to one fragment;
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Suzili smo to na jedan fragment.
09:49
we sequenced it
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Sekvencionirali
09:51
and found just one base pair had been deleted
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i pronašli da je samo jedan bazni par bio izbrisan
09:53
in an essential gene.
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u osnovnom genu.
09:55
So accuracy is essential.
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Tako da je tačnost osnova.
09:58
There's parts of the genome
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Postoje delovi genoma
10:00
where it cannot tolerate even a single error,
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gde se ne može tolerisati niti najmanja greška,
10:03
and then there's parts of the genome
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i postoje delovi genoma
10:05
where we can put in large blocks of DNA,
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gde možemo postaviti velike blokove DNK,
10:07
as we did with the watermarks,
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kao što smo učinili sa vodenim žigovima,
10:09
and it can tolerate all kinds of errors.
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i tu se mogu tolerisati različite vrste grešaka.
10:12
So it took about three months to find that error
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Tako je nama bilo potrebno oko tri meseca da pronađemo tu grešku
10:15
and repair it.
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i popravimo je.
10:17
And then early one morning, at 6 a.m.
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I onda, rano jednog jutra, oko 6 sati,
10:20
we got a text from Dan
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dobili smo poruku od Dena
10:23
saying that, now, the first blue colonies existed.
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u kojoj je pisalo da su prve plave kolonije opstale.
10:26
So, it's been a long route to get here:
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Bio je to dug put da bi se stiglo do tamo --
10:29
15 years from the beginning.
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15 godina od kako smo počeli.
10:32
We felt
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Osećali smo se,
10:34
one of the tenets of this field
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jedno od načela ove oblasti
10:36
was to make absolutely certain
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je bilo da se uverimo
10:39
we could distinguish synthetic DNA
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da možemo razdvojiti sintetički DNK
10:42
from natural DNA.
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od prirodnog DNK.
10:44
Early on, when you're working in a new area of science,
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Na početku, ukoliko radite u novim oblastima nauke,
10:47
you have to think about all the pitfalls
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morate da mislite na sve zamke
10:50
and things that could lead you
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i stvari koje bi vas mogle navesti
10:52
to believe that you had done something when you hadn't,
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da poverujete da ste uradili nešto, a kada niste,
10:55
and, even worse, leading others to believe it.
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i što je još gore, da i drugi poveruju u to.
10:58
So, we thought the worst problem would be
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Tako smo mi mislili da će najgori problem biti
11:00
a single molecule contamination
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jednostruka molekularna kontaminacija
11:03
of the native chromosome,
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osnovnog hromozoma,
11:05
leading us to believe that we actually had
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koja bi učinila da poverujemo da smo zapravo
11:08
created a synthetic cell,
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stvorili sintetičku ćeliju,
11:10
when it would have been just a contaminant.
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a ono je bila samo kontaminacija.
11:12
So early on, we developed the notion
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Zbog toga smo ranije razvili ideju
11:14
of putting in watermarks in the DNA
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stavljanja vodenih žigova u DNK
11:16
to absolutely make clear
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da bismo sa sigurnošću raščistili
11:18
that the DNA was synthetic.
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da je DNK zbilja sintetička.
11:21
And the first chromosome we built
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I prvi hromozom koji smo stvorili,
11:24
in 2008 --
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2008. godine,
11:26
the 500,000-base pair one --
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onaj sa 500 000 baznih parova,
11:28
we simply assigned
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smo jednostavno označili
11:31
the names of the authors of the chromosome
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imenima tvoraca hromozoma
11:34
into the genetic code,
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u genetički kod.
11:37
but it was using just amino acid
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Ali to je bila upotreba samo amino kiseline
11:39
single letter translations,
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prevod od jednog slova,
11:41
which leaves out certain letters of the alphabet.
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što nam izostavlja određena slova alfabeta.
11:45
So the team actually developed a new code
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Tako je tim razvio novi kod
11:48
within the code within the code.
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unutar koda unutar koda.
11:51
So it's a new code
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Tako je to bio novi kod
11:53
for interpreting and writing messages in DNA.
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za interpretaciju i pisanje poruka unutar DNK.
11:56
Now, mathematicians have been hiding and writing
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Sada, matematičari su se krili i pisali
11:59
messages in the genetic code for a long time,
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poruke u genetičkom kodu dugo vremena,
12:02
but it's clear they were mathematicians and not biologists
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ali očito je da su oni ipak bili matematičari, a ne biolozi
12:05
because, if you write long messages
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jer, ukoliko pišete dugačku poruku
12:08
with the code that the mathematicians developed,
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kodom koji su razvili matematičari,
12:11
it would more than likely lead to
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više je nego očigledno da bi vas to odvelo
12:13
new proteins being synthesized
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sintezi novih proteina
12:16
with unknown functions.
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sa nepoznatim funkcijama.
12:19
So the code that Mike Montague and the team developed
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Kod koji su Majk Montegi i tim razvili
12:22
actually puts frequent stop codons,
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zapravo ubacuje učestale prekid - kodove.
12:24
so it's a different alphabet
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Tako da je to jedan drugačiji alfabet,
12:27
but allows us to use
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ali nam dozvoljava da koristimo
12:29
the entire English alphabet
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kompletnu englesku abecedu
12:32
with punctuation and numbers.
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sa interpunkcijama i brojevima.
12:34
So, there are four major watermarks
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Tako, postoje 4 ključna vodena žiga
12:36
all over 1,000 base pairs of genetic code.
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od svih hiljada baznih parova genetičkog koda.
12:39
The first one actually contains within it
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Prvi u sebi sadrži
12:42
this code for interpreting
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kod za interpretaciju
12:45
the rest of the genetic code.
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ostatka genetičkog koda.
12:49
So in the remaining information,
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U ostatku informacija,
12:51
in the watermarks,
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u vodenim žigovima
12:53
contain the names of, I think it's
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sadržana su imena, ja mislim,
12:56
46 different authors
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46 različitih autora
12:58
and key contributors
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i ključnih osoba koje su dale svoj doprinos
13:00
to getting the project to this stage.
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da bi se projekat doveo u ovu fazu.
13:04
And we also built in
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Takođe smo izradili
13:06
a website address
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vebsajt adresu,
13:09
so that if somebody decodes the code
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da bi, ukoliko neko dekodira kod,
13:11
within the code within the code,
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kod unutar koda,
13:13
they can send an email to that address.
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mogao poslati e-mail na tu adresu.
13:15
So it's clearly distinguishable
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Tako da je očigledno različit
13:18
from any other species,
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od bilo koje druge vrste,
13:20
having 46 names in it,
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i ima 46 imena u njemu,
13:23
its own web address.
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i svoju sopstvenu veb adresu.
13:27
And we added three quotations,
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I dodali smo tri citata
13:30
because with the first genome
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jer, sa prvim genomom,
13:32
we were criticized for not trying to say something more profound
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bili smo kritikovani da se ne trudimo da saopštimo nešto dubokoumno
13:35
than just signing the work.
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nego se samo potpisujemo.
13:37
So we won't give the rest of the code,
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Tako nećemo dati ostatak koda,
13:39
but we will give the three quotations.
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ali ćemo navesti ova tri citata.
13:41
The first is,
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Prvi je,
13:43
"To live, to err,
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"Živeti, grešiti,
13:45
to fall, to triumph
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pasti, trijumfovati,
13:47
and to recreate life out of life."
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i stvarati život iz života."
13:49
It's a James Joyce quote.
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To je citat Džejms Džojsa.
13:53
The second quotation is, "See things not as they are,
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Drugi citat je, "Videti stvari, ne kakve one jesu,
13:56
but as they might be."
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već kakve bi mogle biti."
13:58
It's a quote from the "American Prometheus"
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To je citat iz "Američkog Prometeja"
14:01
book on Robert Oppenheimer.
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knjige o Robertu Openhajmeru.
14:03
And the last one is a Richard Feynman quote:
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I poslednji citat je od Ričarda Fejnmana.
14:06
"What I cannot build,
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"Šta ne mogu napraviti,
14:08
I cannot understand."
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ja ne mogu razumeti."
14:13
So, because this is as much a philosophical advance
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Iz razloga što je ovo jednako filozofski napredak
14:16
as a technical advance in science,
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kao i tehnički u nauci,
14:19
we tried to deal with both the philosophical
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potrudili smo se da obuhvatimo i filozofsku
14:22
and the technical side.
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i tehničku stranu.
14:24
The last thing I want to say before turning it over to questions
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Poslednja stvar koju želim da kažem pre nego pređemo na pitanja
14:26
is that the extensive work
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jeste da ovaj obiman posao
14:29
that we've done --
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koji smo uradili,
14:31
asking for ethical review,
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traženje etičke provere,
14:33
pushing the envelope
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izlaženje iz okvira
14:35
on that side as well as the technical side --
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na toj strani jednako kao i na tehničkoj,
14:38
this has been broadly discussed in the scientific community,
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to je široko diskutovano među naučnim krugovima,
14:41
in the policy community
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u pravnoj zajednici
14:43
and at the highest levels of the federal government.
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i na najvišim nivoima savezne vlade.
14:46
Even with this announcement,
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Čak i sa ovom objavom,
14:49
as we did in 2003 --
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kao što smo uradili 2003. --
14:51
that work was funded by the Department of Energy,
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taj rad je bio pod pokroviteljstvom Odseka za Energiju --
14:54
so the work was reviewed
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tako je projekat bio pod revizijom
14:56
at the level of the White House,
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najviših nivoa Bele Kuće,
14:58
trying to decide whether to classify the work or publish it.
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koji su doneli odluku da li da rad bude poverljiv ili da se objavi.
15:01
And they came down on the side of open publication,
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I doneli su odluku da se objavi,
15:04
which is the right approach --
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što je ispravan pristup.
15:07
we've briefed the White House,
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Napravili smo dopis Beloj Kući.
15:09
we've briefed members of Congress,
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Takođe i dopis kongresmenima.
15:12
we've tried to take and push
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Pokušali smo da vodimo računa
15:14
the policy issues
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o pravnim pitanjima
15:16
in parallel with the scientific advances.
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paralelno sa naučnim pristupom.
15:20
So with that, I would like
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Tako da sa ovim, želeo bih
15:22
to open it first to the floor for questions.
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da otvorim deo za pitanja.
15:25
Yes, in the back.
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Da, vi pozadi.
15:27
Reporter: Could you explain, in layman's terms,
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Reporter: Možete li laički objasniti
15:29
how significant a breakthrough this is please?
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koliko je ovo značajan prodor?
15:33
Craig Venter: Can we explain how significant this is?
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Kreg Venter: Možemo li objasniti koliko je ovo značajno?
15:35
I'm not sure we're the ones that should be explaining how significant it is.
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Nisam siguran da smo mi prave osobe koje bi trebalo da objašnjavaju koliko je ovo značajno.
15:38
It's significant to us.
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Značajno je nama.
15:41
Perhaps it's a giant philosophical change
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Možda je ovo ogromna filozofska promena
15:44
in how we view life.
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u načinu na koji posmatramo život.
15:46
We actually view it as a baby step in terms of,
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Mi ovo posmatramo kao prvi dečji korak,
15:49
it's taken us 15 years to be able
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za koji nam je trebalo 15 godina, da bismo bili u mogućnosti
15:51
to do the experiment
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da napravimo eksperiment
15:53
we wanted to do 15 years ago
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koji smo želeli pre 15 godina
15:55
on understanding life at its basic level.
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kako bismo razumeli osnove života.
15:58
But we actually believe
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Ali mi zapravo verujemo
16:00
this is going to be a very powerful set of tools
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da će ovo biti veoma moćan skup alata.
16:04
and we're already starting
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I mi već započinjemo
16:06
in numerous avenues
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u brojnim poljima
16:08
to use this tool.
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da koristimo ovaj alat.
16:10
We have, at the Institute,
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Na institutu je u toku
16:12
ongoing funding now from NIH
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program sa Novartisom,
16:15
in a program with Novartis
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koji finansira NIH (Nacionalni institut zdravlja),
16:17
to try and use these new
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i koji pokušava da ovaj novi
16:19
synthetic DNA tools
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sintetički DNK alat
16:21
to perhaps make the flu vaccine
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upotrebi za kreiranje vakcine protiv gripa
16:24
that you might get next year.
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koju ćete možda dobiti iduće godine.
16:27
Because instead of taking weeks to months to make these,
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I umesto nedelja i meseci koji bi vam bili potrebni za spravljanje ove vakcine,
16:30
Dan's team can now make these
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Denov tim sada može to odraditi
16:33
in less than 24 hours.
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za manje od 24 časa.
16:36
So when you see how long it took to get an H1N1 vaccine out,
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I kada pogledate koliko je vremena bilo potrebno da se napravi vakcina protiv H1N1,
16:39
we think we can shorten that process
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smatramo da možemo skratiti taj proces
16:41
quite substantially.
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i to prilično značajno.
16:43
In the vaccine area,
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U području vakcina,
16:45
Synthetic Genomics and the Institute
393
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"Sintetički Genomi" i Institut
16:47
are forming a new vaccine company
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formiraju novu kompaniju za vakcine
16:49
because we think these tools can affect vaccines
395
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jer smatramo da ovaj alat može uticati na pravljenje vakcina
16:52
to diseases that haven't been possible to date,
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protiv bolesti za koje nije bilo moguće ni precizirati datum nastanka,
16:55
things where the viruses rapidly evolve,
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kao kod virusa koji se brzo razvijaju,
16:58
such with rhinovirus.
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kao što je rino-virus.
17:00
Wouldn't it be nice to have something that actually blocked common colds?
399
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Zar ne bi bilo sjajno da imamo nešto što može blokirati uobičajenu groznicu?
17:03
Or, more importantly, HIV,
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Ili, što je još važnije, HIV,
17:06
where the virus evolves so quickly
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gde se virus razvija toliko brzo,
17:08
the vaccines that are made today
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da vakcine koje su napravljene danas
17:10
can't keep up
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ne mogu pratiti
17:12
with those evolutionary changes.
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tolike evolutivne promene.
17:15
Also, at Synthetic Genomics,
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Takođe, u "Sintetičkim Genomima",
17:17
we've been working
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radimo
17:19
on major environmental issues.
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i na osnovnim pitanjima prirodnog okruženja.
17:21
I think this latest oil spill in the Gulf
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Mislim da je ova poslednja naftna mrlja u meksičkom zalivu
17:23
is a reminder.
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dobar podsetnik.
17:25
We can't see CO2 --
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Ne možemo videti CO2;
17:27
we depend on scientific measurements for it
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zavisimo od naučnih merenja CO2,
17:29
and we see the beginning results
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i vidimo rezultate
17:31
of having too much of it --
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toga što ga imamo previše.
17:33
but we can see pre-CO2 now
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Ali sada možemo videti pre - CO2
17:35
floating on the waters
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koji pliva u vodi
17:37
and contaminating the beaches in the Gulf.
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i koji zagađuje plaže.
17:40
We need some alternatives
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Potrebne su nam neke alternative
17:43
for oil.
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za naftu.
17:45
We have a program with Exxon Mobile
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Imamo program sa "Exxon Mobile"
17:47
to try and develop new strains of algae
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sa kojim pokušavamo da razvijemo nove vrste algi
17:50
that can efficiently capture carbon dioxide
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koje efikasno hvataju ugljen dioksid
17:53
from the atmosphere or from concentrated sources,
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iz atmosfere ili koncentrovanih izvora,
17:56
make new hydrocarbons that can go into their refineries
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i prave novi ugljovodonik koji može ići direktno u njihove rafinerije
17:59
to make normal gasoline
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i od kog se pravi benzin
18:01
and diesel fuel out of CO2.
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i dizel gorivo od CO2.
18:03
Those are just a couple of the approaches
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Ovo su samo neki od pristupa
18:05
and directions that we're taking.
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i puteva kojima se krećemo.
18:08
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Craig Venter - Biologist, genetics pioneerIn 2001, Craig Venter made headlines for sequencing the human genome. In 2003, he started mapping the ocean's biodiversity. And now he's created the first synthetic lifeforms -- microorganisms that can produce alternative fuels.
Why you should listen
Craig Venter, the man who led the private effort to sequence the human genome, is hard at work now on even more potentially world-changing projects.
First, there's his mission aboard the Sorcerer II, a 92-foot yacht, which, in 2006, finished its voyage around the globe to sample, catalouge and decode the genes of the ocean's unknown microorganisms. Quite a task, when you consider that there are tens of millions of microbes in a single drop of sea water. Then there's the J. Craig Venter Institute, a nonprofit dedicated to researching genomics and exploring its societal implications.
In 2005, Venter founded Synthetic Genomics, a private company with a provocative mission: to engineer new life forms. Its goal is to design, synthesize and assemble synthetic microorganisms that will produce alternative fuels, such as ethanol or hydrogen. He was on Time magzine's 2007 list of the 100 Most Influential People in the World.
In early 2008, scientists at the J. Craig Venter Institute announced that they had manufactured the entire genome of a bacterium by painstakingly stitching together its chemical components. By sequencing a genome, scientists can begin to custom-design bootable organisms, creating biological robots that can produce from scratch chemicals humans can use, such as biofuel. And in 2010, they announced, they had created "synthetic life" -- DNA created digitally, inserted into a living bacterium, and remaining alive.
Craig Venter | Speaker | TED.com