ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robert Neuwirth - Author
Robert Neuwirth’s writings on the street-level reality of the developing world have opened a new dialogue on development and economics.

Why you should listen

For too many people in the world, Robert Neuwirth suggests, the world's globalized economic system has turned out to be a capitalism of decay. Only by embracing true sharing strategies, he argues, can people develop an equitable vision of the future.

Neuwirth is the author of two previous books: Stealth of Nations (2011), on the global growth of the street markets and cross-border smuggling, and Shadow Cities (2005), on the power of squatter communities and shantytowns. His work has appeared in documentary films, on radio and television, and in many publications. In addition to writing, he has taught at Rikers Island, New York City’s jail, and at Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism. 

More profile about the speaker
Robert Neuwirth | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2012

Robert Neuwirth: The power of the informal economy

罗伯特.纽温斯:非正式经济体的力量

Filmed:
871,851 views

罗伯特.纽温斯花了四年的时间,穿梭于街头巷尾的混乱商铺,跟推车小贩、灰色生意人交谈,学习非凡的“D系统” -- 世界上无照经营的经济网络。它给18亿人口提供工作,它是一个实力和范围还未受到应有估量和认可的经济体。
- Author
Robert Neuwirth’s writings on the street-level reality of the developing world have opened a new dialogue on development and economics. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
In System系统 D, this
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在D系统中,这是
00:18
is a store商店,
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其中一个商店
00:20
and what I mean by that is that this is a photograph照片
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我想说的是这是我在尼日利亚Lagos市
00:23
I took in MakokoMakoko, shantytown棚户区 in Lagos拉各斯, Nigeria尼日利亚.
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的一个叫Makoko的贫民区拍的照片。
00:28
It's built内置 over the lagoon泻湖, and there are no streets街道
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它是沿着环礁湖而建的,而且没有一条街道
00:30
where there can be stores商店 to shop,
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有商店可以给你购物,
00:32
and so the store商店 comes to you.
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所以”商店“会主动来找你。
00:34
And in the same相同 community社区,
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在这样一个社区里,
00:36
this is business商业 synergy协同效应.
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这就是商业协同效应。
00:38
This is the boat that that lady淑女 was paddling around in,
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这是那位女士在划的船,
00:42
and this artisan工匠 makes品牌 the boat and the paddles
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而这位工匠制造船和桨
00:44
and sells塞尔斯 directly
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然后直接卖给
00:46
to the people who need the boat and the paddles.
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需要船和桨的人。
00:48
And this is a global全球 business商业.
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这是一种全球性的经营模式。
00:50
OgandiroOgandiro smokes抽烟 fish in MakokoMakoko in Lagos拉各斯,
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在Lagos市的Makoko镇里,Ogandiro以熏鱼营生
00:54
and I asked her, "Where does the fish come from?"
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我问她:“你们从哪里弄来的鱼啊?”
00:57
And I thought she'd say, "Oh, you know,
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我以为她会说,:“噢,
01:00
up the lagoon泻湖 somewhere某处, or maybe across横过 Africa非洲,"
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某个环礁湖那弄上来的,或许在非洲的另一边”,
01:03
but you'll你会 be happy快乐 to know she said
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但有意思的是她说
01:04
it came来了 from here, it comes from the North Sea.
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就是这儿的,北海来的。
01:06
It's caught抓住 here, frozen冻结的, shipped down to Lagos拉各斯,
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从这里捕捞,冷冻,然后运送到Lagos,
01:09
smoked熏制, and sold出售 for a tiny increment增量 of profit利润
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熏好后,再在Lagos的街道上
01:12
on the streets街道 of Lagos拉各斯.
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赚一点点钱。
01:13
And this is a business商业 incubator恒温箱.
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这算得上是一个商业培养基地了。
01:15
This is OlusosunOlusosun dump倾倒, the largest最大 garbage垃圾 dump倾倒 in Lagos拉各斯,
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这是Olusosun垃圾场,Lagos最大的垃圾场,
01:19
and 2,000 people work here, and I found发现 this out
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有2000号人在这里工作,这我是通过
01:22
from this fellow同伴, Andrew安德鲁 SaboruSaboru.
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Andrew Saboru了解到的。
01:24
Andrew安德鲁 spent花费 16 years年份 scavenging清除 materials物料 on the dump倾倒,
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Andrew花了16年的时间在这个垃圾堆寻找各种材料,
01:28
earned enough足够 money to turn himself他自己 into a contract合同 scaler定标器,
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赚了足够多的钱,能够自己做合同商,
01:32
which哪一个 meant意味着 he carried携带的 a scale规模 and went around and
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就是他带着一杆秤,然后到处
01:34
weighed称重 all the materials物料 that people had scavenged清除
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去称量人们从垃圾堆中寻找到的各种材料
01:37
from the dump倾倒. Now he's a scrap废料 dealer零售商.
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现在他是个废旧金属的经销商。
01:40
That's his little depot仓库 behind背后 him,
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这后面是他的小仓库,
01:42
and he earns收入 twice两次 the Nigerian尼日利亚 minimum最低限度 wage工资.
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他的收入是尼日尼亚最低收入的两倍。
01:46
This is a shopping购物 mall购物中心.
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这是一个购物中心。
01:49
This is OshodiOshodi Market市场 in Lagos拉各斯.
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这是在Lagos的Oshodi市场。
01:51
Jorge乔治 Luis路易斯 Borges博尔赫斯 had a story故事 called "The Aleph阿列夫,"
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Jorge Luis Borges有一个叫“The Aleph”的故事,
01:53
and the Aleph阿列夫 is a point in the world世界
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Aleph是世界上的某一点
01:55
where absolutely绝对 everything exists存在,
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那里有世界上所有的事物,
01:57
and for me, this image图片 is a point in the world世界
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对我来说,这幅图就是这么一个点
02:00
where absolutely绝对 everything exists存在.
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应有尽有。
02:02
So, what am I talking about when I talk about System系统 D?
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因此,我在说D系统的时候,我指的是什么呢?
02:05
It's traditionally传统 called the informal非正式的 economy经济,
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通常它是叫做非正规经济,
02:07
the underground地下 economy经济, the black黑色 market市场.
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地下经济,黑市。
02:11
I don't conceive构想 of it that way.
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我不那么觉得。
02:13
I think it's really important重要 to understand理解 that something like
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我觉得这种东西是完全开放的,
02:16
this is totally完全 open打开. It's right there for you to find.
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这一点很重要。它就在那里,等你去发现。
02:20
All of this is happening事件 openly公然, and aboveboard光明正大.
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所有这一切都是公开进行的,在地面上。
02:23
There's nothing underground地下 about it.
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根本没有什么地下的东西。
02:26
It's our prejudgment先予 that it's underground地下.
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所谓地下,是我们的偏见。
02:29
I've pirated盗版 the term术语 System系统 D from the former前任的 French法国 colonies群落.
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我从前法国殖民地借用了“D系统”这个术语。
02:34
There's a word in French法国 that is débrouillardisebrouillardise,
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在法语中有一个词是débrouillardise,
02:37
that means手段 to be self-reliant独立的,
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意思是独立的,
02:39
and the former前任的 French法国 colonies群落 have turned转身 that into
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所以以前的法国殖民地就将D系统
02:42
System系统 D for the economy经济 of self-reliance自力更生,
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描述为独立的经济,
02:45
or the DIYDIY economy经济.
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或者说DIY经济系统。
02:48
But governments政府 hate讨厌 the DIYDIY economy经济,
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不过政府讨厌DIY经济系统,
02:51
and that's why -- I took this picture图片 in 2007,
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这就是原因 -- 我在2007年照的这张照片,
02:54
and this is the same相同 market市场 in 2009 --
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这是2009年的同一个市场 --
02:59
and I think, when the organizers组织者 of this conference会议
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我觉得,当这个大会的组织者正在谈论
03:01
were talking about radical激进 openness透明度,
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极度开放的时候,
03:03
they didn't mean that the streets街道 should be open打开
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他们没想着街道应该敞开
03:05
and the people should be gone走了.
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并且了无人迹。
03:07
I think what we have is a pickle泡菜 problem问题.
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我觉得我们在这里有个酸黄瓜的问题。
03:11
I had a friend朋友 who worked工作 at a pickle泡菜 factory,
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我有一个朋友在酸黄瓜工厂工作,
03:14
and the cucumbers黄瓜 would come flying飞行 down
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所有黄瓜都会经过一个传送带
03:16
this conveyer输送带 belt, and his job工作 was to pick off the ones那些
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他的工作是挑出
03:20
that didn't look so good and throw them in the bin箱子
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那些比较烂的黄瓜,把他们扔到桶里
03:22
labeled标记 "relish滋味" where they'd他们会 be crushed and mixed
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桶上贴有"风味"的标签,这些黄瓜会被搅碎并和醋混合
03:24
with vinegar尖酸刻薄 and used for other kinds of profit利润.
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然后拿出去卖了赚钱。
03:27
This is the pickle泡菜 economy经济.
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这就是酸黄瓜经济系统。
03:30
We're all focusing调焦 on — this is a statistic统计 from
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我们都在关心 -- 这是这个月早期
03:32
earlier this month in the Financial金融 Times
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在金融时刊杂志上的一个数据 --
03:35
we're all focusing调焦 on the luxury豪华 economy经济.
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我们都在关注奢侈品经济。
03:38
It's worth价值 1.5 trillion dollars美元 every一切 year, and that's
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每年它等价于150亿美金
03:41
a vast广大 amount of money, right?
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这算是一笔巨大的金额,对吧?
03:43
That's three times the Gross Domestic国内 Product产品 of Switzerland瑞士.
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这个数字是瑞士GDP的三倍。
03:46
So it's vast广大. But it should come with an asterisk星号,
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确实是很庞大的数字。不过这数应该打个星号,
03:51
and the asterisk星号 is that it excludes排除 two thirds三分之二 of the workers工人
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这个星号注明这其中排除了全世界
03:55
of the world世界.
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三分之二的工人。
03:56
1.8 billion十亿 people around the world世界 work
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全世界18亿的人口工作于
03:59
in the economy经济 that is unregulated不受管制 and informal非正式的.
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这个未经管制的,非正式的经济系统。
04:05
That's a huge巨大 number, and what does that mean?
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这也是一个庞大的数字,而这意味着什么呢?
04:08
Well, it means手段 if it were united联合的 in a single political政治 system系统,
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这意味着如果把它联合成一个单独的政治体系,
04:13
one country国家, call it
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一个国家,管它叫做
04:17
"The United联合的 Street Sellers卖家 Republic共和国," the U.S.S.R.,
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“联合街道商家共和国”,简称U.S.S.R.(和前苏联同名),
04:20
or "BazaaristanBazaaristan,"
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或者“Bazaaristan(荒诞里斯坦)”,
04:22
it would be worth价值 10 trillion dollars美元 every一切 year,
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它每年的生产价值有10千亿美元,
04:26
and that would make it the second第二 largest最大 economy经济
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这将变成全世界第二大的经济系统
04:28
in the world世界, after the United联合的 States状态.
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仅次于美国。
04:31
And given特定 that projections预测 are that the bulk
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而根据预测
04:34
of economic经济 growth发展 over the next下一个 15 years年份 will come
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今后15年很大一部分的经济增长
04:37
from emerging新兴 economies经济 in the developing发展 world世界,
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都会从发展中世界的新兴经济体而来,
04:41
it could easily容易 overtake超过 the United联合的 States状态
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它可以轻而易举地取代美国
04:43
and become成为 the largest最大 economy经济 in the world世界.
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从而成为世界上最大的经济动脉。
04:46
So the implications启示 of that are vast广大, because it means手段
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(这个经济体)影响深远,因为它意味着
04:50
that this is where employment雇用 is — 1.8 billion十亿 people —
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所有的就业都将会在这里 -- 18亿人口 --
04:53
and this is where we can create创建 a more egalitarian平均主义 world世界,
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在这里我们可以创建一个更加平等的世界,
04:58
because people are actually其实 able能够 to earn money and live生活
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因为人们都能够赚到钱,安居乐业
05:02
and thrive兴旺, as Andrew安德鲁 SaboruSaboru did.
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并繁荣起来,就跟Andrew Saboru做的一样。
05:05
Big businesses企业 have recognized认可 this,
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大的商业机构已经看到了这一点,
05:07
and what's fascinating迷人 about this slide滑动,
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这张幻灯片的有趣之处在于,
05:09
it's not that the guys can carry携带 boxes盒子 on their heads
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不是那些可以头顶箱子
05:11
and run around without dropping落下 them off.
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并且在行走中保持箱子不掉的人。
05:14
it's that the Gala节日 sausage香肠 roll is a product产品 that's made制作
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而是Gala香肠卷是由
05:17
by a global全球 company公司 called UACUAC foods食品
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一家叫做UAC foods的全球性公司生产的
05:20
that's active活性 throughout始终 Africa非洲 and the Middle中间 East,
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在非洲和中东地区都卖得很火
05:22
but the Gala节日 sausage香肠 roll is not sold出售 in stores商店.
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但Gala香肠卷却没在商店里上架。
05:26
UACUAC foods食品 has recognized认可 that it won't惯于 sell if it's in stores商店.
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UAC foods意识到一旦上架,就卖不出去了。
05:29
It's only sold出售 by a phalanx方阵 of street hawkers小贩
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它仅仅是由一群街头小贩贩卖的
05:33
who run around the streets街道 of Lagos拉各斯 at bus总线 stations
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他们在Lagos穿街走巷,在公车站
05:36
and in traffic交通 jams果酱 and sell it as a snack小吃,
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在堵车的时候,把香肠卷当零食来卖,
05:41
and it's been sold出售 that way for 40 years年份.
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而且已经用这种方式卖了40年了。
05:44
It's a business商业 plan计划 for a corporation公司.
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这是他们公司的营销计划,
05:46
And it's not just in Africa非洲.
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而且不止在非洲是这样。
05:48
Here's这里的 Mr先生. Clean清洁 looking amorously色迷迷 at all the other
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这是“清洁大叔”谄媚地看着
05:51
Procter宝洁公司 & Gamble products制品,
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宝洁公司的其他产品,
05:53
and Procter宝洁公司 & Gamble, you know,
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保洁,大家都知道,
05:56
the statistic统计 always cited引用 is that Wal-Mart沃尔玛
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一个总被引用的数据是说沃尔玛
05:58
is their largest最大 customer顾客, and it's true真正, as one store商店,
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是他们最大的客户,的确是这样
06:03
Wal-Mart沃尔玛 buys购买 15 percent百分, thus从而 15 percent百分
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单沃尔玛就购买了宝洁15%的产品
06:06
of Procter宝洁公司 & Gamble's宝洁公司 business商业 is with Wal-Mart沃尔玛,
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所以宝洁15%的生意是和沃尔玛谈的
06:10
but their largest最大 market市场 segment分割 is something that they call
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但他们最大的市场段是他们称之为
06:13
"high frequency频率 stores商店," which哪一个 is all these tiny kiosks
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“高频商店”的,也就是这些小摊子
06:16
and the lady淑女 in the canoe独木舟 and all these other businesses企业
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那个划小木舟的妇女,所有那些生意
06:19
that exist存在 in System系统 D, the informal非正式的 economy经济,
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在D系统这个非正式的经济里,
06:25
and Procter宝洁公司 & Gamble makes品牌 20 percent百分 of its money
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宝洁20%的盈利
06:28
from that market市场 segment分割,
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就是从这个市场段来的,
06:30
and it's the only market市场 segment分割 that's growing生长.
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而且它还是唯一一个在成长的市场段。
06:34
So Procter宝洁公司 & Gamble says, "We don't care关心 whether是否 a store商店
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所以宝洁公司就说,“我们不在乎一个商店
06:37
is incorporated合并 or registered注册 or anything like that.
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是否是公司,注册过或怎样。
06:40
We want our products制品 in that store商店."
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我们就是要我们的商品在那儿上架。”
06:43
And then there's mobile移动 phones手机.
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再说到手机
06:46
This is an ad广告 for MTNMTN,
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这是一个广告,给MTN做的
06:47
which哪一个 is a South African非洲人 multinational跨国
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一个南非的跨国公司
06:50
active活性 in about 25 countries国家,
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覆盖范围约有25个国家,
06:53
and when they came来了 into Nigeria尼日利亚
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当他们进驻尼日利亚时 --
06:54
Nigeria尼日利亚 is the big dog in Africa非洲.
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尼日利亚在非洲是举足轻重的。
06:56
One in seven Africans非洲人 is a Nigerian尼日利亚,
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在非洲每七个人中就有一个是尼日利亚人
06:59
and so everyone大家 wants in to the mobile移动 phone电话 market市场
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所以所有人都想进入到尼日利亚的这个手机市场。
07:01
in Nigeria尼日利亚. And when MTNMTN came来了 in, they wanted
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当MTN进入的时候,
07:03
to sell the mobile移动 service服务 like I get in the United联合的 States状态
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他们想要像在美国一样销售移动业务
07:06
or like people get here in the U.K. or in Europe欧洲 --
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或者像是在英国,欧洲一样 --
07:10
expensive昂贵 monthly每月一次 plans计划, you get a phone电话,
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每月付多一点的钱,就能得到一部手机
07:14
you pay工资 overages超支,
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但你得付超限租金,
07:16
you're killed杀害 with fees费用 --
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而且费用还不少 --
07:18
and their plan计划 crashed坠毁 and burned.
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所以他们的计划很快就失败了。
07:20
And they went back to the drawing画画 board, and they retooled改良后,
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然后他们回到画板上,重新规划
07:22
and they came来了 up with another另一个 plan计划:
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之后得出这么一个计划:
07:23
We don't sell you the phone电话,
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我们不卖给你手机,
07:26
we don't sell you the monthly每月一次 plan计划.
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我们也不卖给你月租套餐。
07:27
We only sell you airtime通话时间.
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我们只卖通话时间。
07:31
And where's哪里 the airtime通话时间 sold出售?
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那么通话时间在哪卖呢?
07:33
It's sold出售 at umbrella雨伞 stands站立 all over the streets街道,
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他们就在街上那些伞搁架上卖,
07:37
where people are unregistered未注册, unlicensed无牌,
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尽管人们都是没有登记,没有执照的
07:40
but MTNMTN makes品牌 most of its profits利润,
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但MTN确实赚了一笔,
07:43
perhaps也许 90 percent百分 of its profits利润,
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约占他们总盈利的90%吧,
07:46
from selling销售 through通过 System系统 D, the informal非正式的 economy经济.
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就仅从这个D系统,这个非正式经济中得到盈利。
07:50
And where do the phones手机 come from?
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那么那些手机是从哪儿来的呢?
07:52
Well, they come from here. This is in Guangzhou广州, China中国,
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其实,他们是从这里来的。这里是中国的广州
07:55
and if you go upstairs楼上 in this rather sleepy looking
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如果你走上楼去,走上这个看起来很萧条的
07:59
electronics电子产品 mall购物中心, you find the Guangzhou广州 Dashatou大沙头
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电子商城,你就到了广州的大沙头
08:03
second-hand二手 trade贸易 center中央,
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二手交易中心,
08:06
and if you go in there, you follow跟随 the guys with the muscles肌肉
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如果你进去了,你就跟着那些肌肉佬
08:09
who are carrying携带 the boxes盒子, and where are they going?
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那些扛着箱子的,他们要去哪儿呢?
08:12
They're going to Eddy涡流 in Lagos拉各斯.
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他们要去Lago的Eddy。
08:15
Now, most of the phones手机 there are not second-hand二手 at all.
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现在,那儿大部分的手机都不是二手的了。
08:17
The name名称 is a misnomer用词不当.
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那是名不符实的,
08:19
Most of them are pirated盗版. They have the name名称 brand
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他们是盗版的。在手机上面有牌子的商标
08:22
on them, but they're not manufactured制成的 by the name名称 brand.
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但他们却不是那些正牌厂子组装的。
08:25
Now, are there downsides缺点 to that?
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那么,这种系统有什么缺陷吗?
08:27
Well, I guess猜测. You know, China中国 has no —
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啊,我觉得。你懂的,中国没有 --
08:31
(Laughter笑声) — no intellectual知识分子 property属性, right?
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(笑声) -- 知识产权,是吗?
08:34
Versace范思哲 without the vowels元音.
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Versace (范思哲) 中间少了个元音。
08:36
ZhuomaniZhuomani instead代替 of Armani阿玛尼.
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Zhuomani,而不是 Armani
08:38
S. GuuuciGuuuci, and -- (Laughter笑声) (Applause掌声)
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S. Guuuci -- (笑声)(掌声)
08:43
All around the world世界 this is how products制品
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在世界的各个地方,产品就是这样被
08:46
are being存在 distributed分散式, so, for instance,
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投入市场的,比如
08:49
in one street market市场 on Rua 25 de Mar损伤ço
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在Rua 25 de Marco商业区的街上
08:52
in São Paulo圣保罗, Brazil巴西,
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在圣保罗,巴西,
08:54
you can buy购买 fake designer设计师 glasses眼镜.
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你可以买到冒牌的名牌眼镜。
08:57
You can buy购买 cloned克隆 cologne科隆.
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可以买到克隆的古龙香水。
08:59
You can buy购买 pirated盗版 DVDsDVD光盘, of course课程.
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可以买到盗版的DVD,这是肯定的。
09:02
You can buy购买 New York纽约 Yankees洋基 caps帽子
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还可以买到纽约洋基棒球队的棒球帽
09:05
in all sorts排序 of unauthorized擅自 patterns模式.
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印有各种未经授权的图案。
09:08
You can buy购买 cuecascuecas baratasbaratas, designer设计师 underwear内衣
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可以买到廉价的内衣,或者是名牌内衣
09:11
that isn't really manufactured制成的 by a designer设计师,
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但不是名牌制造商生产的,
09:13
and even pirated盗版 evangelical福音 mixtapes混音带. (Laughter笑声)
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还甚至可以买到福音歌曲合集。(笑声)
09:18
Now, businesses企业 tend趋向 to complain抱怨 about this,
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正规企业大多会抱怨这些盗版仿冒,
09:20
and their, they, I don't want to take away from their
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他们的,我不想掩盖他们
09:24
entire整个 validity合法性 of complaining抱怨的 about it,
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抱怨的合理性,
09:26
but I did ask a major重大的 sneaker运动鞋 manufacturer生产厂家 earlier this year
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但我今年曾问过一个大型帆布鞋生产商
09:30
what they thought about piracy海盗行为,
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他们是怎么看待盗版的,
09:33
and they told me, "Well, you can't quote引用 me on this,
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他们告诉我,“怎么说呢,你可不能说是我说的,
09:35
because if you quote引用 me on this, I have to kill you,"
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如果你说了的话,我就得灭了你,”
09:37
but they use piracy海盗行为 as market市场 research研究.
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他们把盗版当作市场调查 (的信息反馈)。
09:42
The sneaker运动鞋 manufacturer生产厂家 told me that if
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帆布鞋生产商告诉过我
09:46
they find that Pumas美洲狮 are being存在 pirated盗版, or Adidas阿迪达斯
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如果他们发现Pumas被盗版了,或者Adidas
09:49
are being存在 pirated盗版 and their sneakers球鞋 aren't being存在 pirated盗版,
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被盗版了,而他们自己的牌子却没被盗版
09:53
they know they've他们已经 doneDONE something wrong错误. (Laughter笑声)
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他们便知道他们肯定出问题了(笑声)
09:56
So it's very important重要 to them to track跟踪 piracy海盗行为
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所以对于他们而言关注盗版很重要
09:59
exactly究竟 because of this, and the people who are buying购买,
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正因为如此,还有那些购买者
10:01
the pirates海盗, are not their customers顾客 anyway无论如何,
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那些盗版商,根本不是他们的消费群体,
10:03
because their customers顾客 want the real真实 deal合同.
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因为他们的消费者要的是真材实料。
10:06
Now, there's another另一个 problem问题.
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现在还有一个问题。
10:07
This is a real真实 street sign标志 in Lagos拉各斯, Nigeria尼日利亚.
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在尼日利亚Lagos市的街头巷尾都有这一现象
10:11
All of System系统 D really doesn't pay工资 taxes, right?
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所有的系统D确实不缴税,对吗?
10:14
And when I think about that, first of all I think that
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当我考虑这个问题的时候,我首先想到的是
10:16
government政府 is a social社会 contract合同 between之间 the people and
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政府是一个人与人之间的社会契约
10:19
the government政府, and if the government政府 isn't transparent透明,
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而政府,如果这个政府不够透明
10:22
then the people aren't going to be transparent透明 either,
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那么它的人民也不会透明,
10:24
but also that we're blaming归咎 the little guy
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但我们通常会指责那些
10:27
who doesn't pay工资 his taxes, and we're not recognizing认识
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偷税漏税的小人物,却忽视了
10:29
that everyone's大家的 fudging捏造 things all over the world世界,
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不管在世界的哪个地方,总有人在搪塞过关,
10:32
including包含 some extremely非常 respected尊敬 businesses企业,
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包括那些特别受尊重的企业,
10:36
and I'll give you one example.
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我来举个例子,
10:37
There was one company公司 that paid支付 4,000 bribes行贿
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有一个公司行贿了4000次
10:41
in the first decade of this millennium千年, and
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在这个世纪的头十年,
10:43
a million百万 dollars美元 in bribes行贿 every一切 business商业 day, right?
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每个工作日的行贿数额约100万美元,对吗?
10:48
All over the world世界. And that company公司
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在全世界中。那个公司
10:51
was the big German德语 electronics电子产品 giant巨人 Siemens西门子.
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正是德国的电子巨头西门子。
10:54
So this goes on in the formal正式 economy经济
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所以这种现象在正规的经济体系里存在
10:57
as well as the informal非正式的 economy经济,
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在非正规的经济体系里亦然,
11:00
so it's wrong错误 of us to blame — and I'm not singling定苗 out
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所以是我们错怪了 -- 我不是单单
11:02
Siemens西门子, I'm saying everyone大家 does it. Okay?
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把西门子拎出来,我是说每个企业都这样。
11:06
I just want to end结束 by saying that if Adam亚当 Smith工匠
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我只想这样收尾,如果亚当.史密斯
11:09
had framed陷害 out a theory理论 of the flea跳蚤 market市场
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当初建立的是一个跳蚤市场的理论
11:12
instead代替 of the free自由 market市场, what would be some
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而非自由市场的理论,那么最终的
11:15
of the principles原则?
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准则是什么?
11:17
First, it would be to understand理解 that it could be
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首先要明白的一点是
11:21
considered考虑 a cooperative合作社, and this is a thought
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市场将是合作制的,这是
11:23
from the Brazilian巴西人 legal法律 scholar学者 Roberto罗伯托 Mangabeira曼戈贝拉 Unger昂格尔.
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巴西法律学者Roberto Mangabeira Unger的一个观点。
11:28
Cooperative合作社 development发展 is a way forward前锋.
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合作式的发展将是今后前进的方向。
11:30
Secondly其次, from the [Austrian] anarchist无政府主义者 philosopher哲学家 Paul保罗 Feyerabend费耶阿本德,
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其次,引用[奥地利]无政府主义哲学家Paul Feyerabend的观点,
11:35
facts事实 are relative相对的, and what is a massive大规模的 right
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事实是相对的,对于一个尼日利亚商人来说
11:39
of self-reliance自力更生 to a Nigerian尼日利亚 businessperson商人
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是一个绝对正确的自我独立,
11:42
is considered考虑 unauthorized擅自 and horrible可怕 to other people,
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对他人来讲也许是不合法,甚至是骇人听闻的,
11:46
and we have to recognize认识 that there are differences分歧
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我们必须承认
11:48
in how people define确定 things and what their facts事实 are.
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人们定义问题的方式和所认为的事实是有出入的。
11:50
And third第三 is, and I'm taking服用 this from
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再者,借用
11:53
the great American美国 beat击败 poet诗人 Allen艾伦 Ginsberg金斯伯格,
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伟大的美国潦倒诗人Allen Ginsberg的想法,
11:57
that alternate备用 economies经济 barter物物交换 and
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不同的经济体间互相以物易物
12:00
different不同 kinds of currency货币, alternate备用 currencies货币
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而不同种类的货币
12:03
are also very important重要, and he talked about
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也很重要,他谈过
12:05
buying购买 what he needed需要 just with his good looks容貌.
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用他的容貌来买他需要的。
12:08
And so I just want to leave离开 you there, and say that
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所以我想在这里结束,
12:12
this economy经济 is a tremendous巨大 force for global全球 development发展
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这个经济体是一个全球发展的强大生力军
12:16
and we need to think about it that way.
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我们需要这么思考。
12:18
Thank you very much. (Applause掌声)
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非常感谢。(掌声)
12:21
(Applause掌声)
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(掌声)
Translated by Bowen Yang
Reviewed by Jenny Yang

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robert Neuwirth - Author
Robert Neuwirth’s writings on the street-level reality of the developing world have opened a new dialogue on development and economics.

Why you should listen

For too many people in the world, Robert Neuwirth suggests, the world's globalized economic system has turned out to be a capitalism of decay. Only by embracing true sharing strategies, he argues, can people develop an equitable vision of the future.

Neuwirth is the author of two previous books: Stealth of Nations (2011), on the global growth of the street markets and cross-border smuggling, and Shadow Cities (2005), on the power of squatter communities and shantytowns. His work has appeared in documentary films, on radio and television, and in many publications. In addition to writing, he has taught at Rikers Island, New York City’s jail, and at Columbia University’s Graduate School of Journalism. 

More profile about the speaker
Robert Neuwirth | Speaker | TED.com