TEDGlobal 2014
Alessandra Orofino: It’s our city. Let’s fix it
亚历山德拉·奥罗菲诺: 这是我们的城市，让我们来修复它
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人们常常觉得自己离政治很远——即使在他们自己的城市。但是城市活动家亚历山德拉·奥罗菲诺觉得这是可以改变的，通过使用科技和传统的人情纽带来改变。她分享了她家乡里约的案例，她说：“我们是想要学校还是停车场、回收项目还是建筑工地、汽车还是公交、孤独还是团结，这都取决于我们。”
Alessandra Orofino - Political mobilization activist
Alessandra Orofino founded Meu Rio, Rio de Janeiro’s largest mobilization network. Full bio
Alessandra Orofino founded Meu Rio, Rio de Janeiro’s largest mobilization network. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Fifty-four percent of the world's population
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世界上54%的人口
00:16
lives in our cities.
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居住在城市。
00:19
In developing countries,
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在发展中国家，
00:21
one third of that population
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有三分之一的人
00:23
is living in slums.
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居住在贫民窟。
00:26
Seventy-five percent of global energy consumption
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全球75%的能源消耗
00:31
occurs in our cities,
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发生在城市，
00:34
and 80 percent of gas emissions
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导致全球变暖的气体排放有80%
00:36
that cause global warming
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00:38
come from our cities.
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是来自城市。
00:41
So things that you and I might think about
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那些你和我可能认为
00:44
as global problems,
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是全球性的问题，
00:46
like climate change, the energy crisis
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比如气候变化、能源危机
00:49
or poverty,
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或者贫穷，
00:50
are really, in many ways, city problems.
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事实上从很多方面来讲，是城市问题。
00:55
They will not be solved
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这些问题是不会得到解决的，除非
00:57
unless people who live in cities,
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居住在城市里的人们——
01:00
like most of us,
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就像我们在座的大多数——
01:02
actually start doing a better job,
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真正行动起来，
01:05
because right now, we are
not doing a very good one.
not doing a very good one.
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因为现在我们做的还很不够。
01:09
And that becomes very clear
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当我们从以下三个方面考察城市生活时，
这一点就变得非常清楚了。
这一点就变得非常清楚了。
01:12
when we look into three aspects of city life:
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01:16
first, our citizens' willingness to engage
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首先是我们的公民参与民主制度的意愿；
01:20
with democratic institutions;
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其次是我们的城市能够真正包容
01:23
second, our cities' ability to really include
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01:28
all of their residents;
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它所有的居民的能力；
01:30
and lastly, our own ability
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最后是我们自己
01:33
to live fulfilling and happy lives.
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能够充实而快乐地生活的能力。
01:38
When it comes to engagement,
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谈到民主参与意愿，
01:40
the data is very clear.
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我们有很清楚的数据。
01:43
Voter turnout around the world
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全世界的选民投票率
01:45
peaked in the late '80s,
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在上世纪80年代达到峰值，
01:47
and it has been declining at a pace
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然后以一个前所未有的速度在下降，
01:49
that we have never seen before,
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01:52
and if those numbers are bad at the national level,
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如果说这些数字在国家层面已经很坏了，
01:56
at the level of our cities,
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那么在城市层面
01:58
they are just dismal.
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则更惨淡了。
02:01
In the last two years,
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在过去两年中，
02:02
two of the world's most consolidated,
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世界上最坚固、
02:05
oldest democracies, the U.S. and France,
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最老牌的两个民主国家，美国和法国
02:09
held nationwide municipal elections.
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都举行了全国性的市政府选举。
02:12
In France, voter turnout hit a record low.
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在法国，投票率再创新低。
02:16
Almost 40 percent of voters decided
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将近40%的选民决定
02:20
not to show up.
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不去投票。
02:23
In the U.S., the numbers were even scarier.
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在美国，这个数字更加可怕。
02:26
In some American cities,
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在某些美国城市，
02:28
voter turnout was close to five percent.
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投票率仅仅接近5%。
02:33
I'll let that sink in for a second.
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我会给大家一点时间消化。
02:35
We're talking about democratic cities
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我们正在谈论的是那些民主城市，
02:38
in which 95 percent of people
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而在这些地方，有95%的民众
02:41
decided that it was not important
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觉得选举他们的领导人并不是一件重要的事情。
02:43
to elect their leaders.
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洛杉矶，这座拥有400万居民的城市，
02:46
The city of L.A., a city of four million people,
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02:50
elected its mayor with just a bit over 200,000 votes.
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仅仅用20万多一点的选票就选出了市长。
02:55
That was the lowest turnout the city had seen
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这是这座城市近100年来投票率最低的一次选举。
02:57
in 100 years.
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03:00
Right here, in my city of Rio,
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在这里，我所居住的城市里约，
03:03
in spite of mandatory voting,
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尽管强制要求民众投票，
03:06
almost 30 percent of the voting population
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还是有将近30%的选民
03:10
chose to either annul their votes
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决定将他们的选票作废
03:12
or stay home and pay a fine
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或者待在家里并支付罚款，
03:15
in the last mayoral elections.
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就在上一次的市长选举中。
03:18
When it comes to inclusiveness,
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谈到包容性，
03:21
our cities are not the best cases of success either,
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我们的城市也做得不是很成功，
03:24
and again, you don't need to look very far
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跟前面一样，你不需要很费力
03:27
in order to find proof of that.
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就可以看到这样的证据。
03:28
The city of Rio is incredibly unequal.
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里约是一个非常不平等的城市。
03:33
This is Leblon.
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这是莱布朗区，
03:35
Leblon is the city's richest neighborhood.
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莱布朗是这座城市最富裕的社区。
03:38
And this is Complexo do Alemão.
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而这里是阿莱芒贫民窟，
03:40
This is where over 70,000
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容纳了7万多这座城市
03:43
of the city's poorest residents live.
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最贫穷的人。
03:46
Leblon has an HDI, a Human Development Index,
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莱布朗区的HDI，人类发展指数
03:50
of .967.
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是0.967。
03:53
That is higher than Norway, Switzerland
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这比挪威、瑞士或者瑞典的都要高。
03:57
or Sweden.
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03:59
Complexo do Alemão has an HDI of .711.
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而阿莱芒的人类发展指数是0.711，
04:03
It sits somewhere in between the HDI
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介于阿尔及利亚和加蓬之间。
04:06
of Algeria and Gabon.
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04:09
So Rio, like so many cities across the global South,
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就像南半球的许多其它城市一样，里约
04:14
is a place where you can go from northern Europe
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是一个你可以
在30分钟内经历
从北欧到撒哈拉以南的非洲的地方——
从北欧到撒哈拉以南的非洲的地方——
04:17
to sub-Saharan Africa
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04:18
in the space of 30 minutes.
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04:21
If you drive, that is.
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当然前提是你自己开车。
04:23
If you take public transit, it's about two hours.
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如果你乘坐公共交通，那就需要2个小时。
04:28
And lastly, perhaps most importantly,
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最后一点，也可能是最重要的一点，
04:32
cities, with the incredible wealth
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城市，因其产生的令人难以置信的
04:34
of relations that they enable,
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人际关系方面的财富，
04:37
could be the ideal places for human happiness
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可以是人类幸福蓬勃发展的理想场所。
04:41
to flourish.
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04:42
We like being around people.
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我们喜欢待在人群之中。
04:44
We are social animals.
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我们是群居动物。
04:47
Instead, countries where urbanization
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然而，那些城镇化已经达到峰值的国家
04:50
has already peaked seem to be the very countries
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似乎也正是那些城市不再使人们快乐的国家。
04:54
in which cities have stopped making us happy.
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04:58
The United States population has suffered
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美国人
在过去三十年总体幸福度是在下降的，
05:01
from a general decrease in happiness
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05:04
for the past three decades,
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05:07
and the main reason is this.
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主要原因就在此。
05:10
The American way of building cities
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美国人建设城市的方式
05:13
has caused good quality public spaces
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导致许多高质量的公共空间
05:16
to virtually disappear in many,
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在许多美国城市几乎消失殆尽，
05:18
many American cities,
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05:19
and as a result, they have seen
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结果，我们看到的是
05:21
a decline of relations,
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人际关系的衰退
05:24
of the things that make us happy.
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以及那些使我们快乐的东西的衰退。
05:26
Many studies show an increase
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很多研究都表明
有越来越多的孤独，
05:28
in solitude and a decrease in solidarity,
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而团结、诚信，社会与公民参与却越来越少。
05:33
honesty, and social and civic participation.
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05:38
So how do we start building cities
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我们要如何开始建造我们自己在乎的城市？
05:41
that make us care?
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05:44
Cities that value their most important asset:
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这个城市重视其最重要的资产：
05:48
the incredible diversity
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即居住在其中的人们所呈现的惊人的多样性。
05:51
of the people who live in them?
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05:53
Cities that make us happy?
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我们要如何建造能使我们快乐的城市？
05:57
Well, I believe that if we want to change
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我认为如果我们想要改变
05:59
what our cities look like,
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我们城市的现状，
06:02
then we really have to change
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那么我们必须得去改变
06:04
the decision-making processes
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那些让我们之所以有现在这样的城市的决策程序。
06:07
that have given us the results
that we have right now.
that we have right now.
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我们需要一个参与革命，
06:11
We need a participation revolution,
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06:14
and we need it fast.
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并且越快越好。
06:17
The idea of voting as our
only exercise in citizenship
only exercise in citizenship
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那种把投票作为我们唯一的履行公民权的想法
06:22
does not make sense anymore.
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已经不再有意义了。
06:25
People are tired of only being treated
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人们已经厌倦了仅仅是
06:28
as empowered individuals every few years
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在每隔几年需要将权力
06:32
when it's time to delegate that power
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授予某人时
06:35
to someone else.
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才被当作有能力的个体对待。
06:37
If the protests that swept Brazil
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如果说2013年6月横扫整个巴西的游行示威
06:40
in June 2013 have taught us anything,
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告诉了我们什么的话，
06:45
it's that every time we try
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那就是每一次当我们尝试着
06:48
to exercise our power
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在选举以外行使我们的权力时，
06:51
outside of an electoral context,
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06:53
we are beaten up, humiliated or arrested.
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我们只会挨打、受辱或被捕。
06:59
And this needs to change,
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这种情况需要改变，
07:02
because when it does,
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因为改变之后，
07:04
not only will people re-engage
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人们不仅会重新参与到
07:06
with the structures of representation,
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代表结构中来，
07:09
but also complement these structures
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而且还可以用
07:12
with direct, effective, and
collective decision making,
collective decision making,
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直接、高效和集体的决策来补充这些结构，
07:19
decision making of the kind
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那种通过它本身包容的本质来攻击不平等的决策，
07:21
that attacks inequality
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07:23
by its very inclusive nature,
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07:26
decision making of the kind
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那种可以使我们的城市变得更宜居的决策。
07:28
that can change our cities
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07:30
into better places for us to live.
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07:33
But there is a catch, obviously:
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但很明显，问题没那么简单。
07:37
Enabling widespread participation
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促成广泛的民众参与
07:40
and redistributing power
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和权力再分配
07:42
can be a logistical nightmare,
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实际操作起来会是一个噩梦，
07:44
and there's where technology can play
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而这也是科技能够充当
07:47
an incredibly helpful role,
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一个非常有用的角色的地方——
07:49
by making it easier for people to organize,
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它可以使人们更容易地组织、
07:52
communicate and make decisions
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交流和决策，
07:54
without having to be in the same room
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而且大家不必在同一时间出现在同一地方。
07:56
at the same time.
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07:58
Unfortunately for us,
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对我们来说不幸的是，
08:00
when it comes to fostering democratic processes,
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在促进民主的过程中，
08:03
our city governments have not used technology
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我们的政府并没有让科技
08:06
to its full potential.
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发挥它的全部潜能。
08:09
So far, most city governments have been effective
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目前为止，大部分的市政府
08:13
at using tech to turn citizens into human sensors
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在使用科技将公民变成人体传感器方面非常有效，
08:17
who serve authorities with data on the city:
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公民给当局报告一些城市数据：
08:21
potholes, fallen trees or broken lamps.
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比如哪里出现了坑洼、
哪里的树倒了或者哪里的灯坏了等等。
哪里的树倒了或者哪里的灯坏了等等。
08:25
They have also, to a lesser extent,
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这些城市政府还会在小范围内
08:27
invited people to participate in improving
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邀请民众参与到改善
08:31
the outcome of decisions
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决策结果的活动中来，
08:33
that were already made for them,
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事实上这些决策是早已为这些民众做好了的，
08:36
just like my mom when I was eight
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这情形就跟在我八岁的时候
08:37
and she told me that I had a choice:
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妈妈告诉我可以自己做选择一样：
08:39
I had to be in bed by 8 p.m.,
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我必须得在晚上八点钟前上床，
08:41
but I could choose my pink
pajamas or my blue pajamas.
pajamas or my blue pajamas.
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但是我可以选择穿粉红色或者蓝色的睡衣。
08:45
That's not participation,
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那不是参与，
08:47
and in fact, governments have not been very good
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事实上，政府还不善于
08:51
at using technology to enable participation
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使用科技让民众参与到
08:54
on what matters —
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那些重要的事情中来——
08:56
the way we allocate our budget,
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比如我们分配预算的方式，
08:58
the way we occupy our land,
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我们使用土地的方式，
09:00
and the way we manage our natural resources.
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以及我们管理我们的自然资源的方式。
09:04
Those are the kinds of decisions
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这些都是能够真正影响那些
09:06
that can actually impact global problems
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在我们的城市出现的全球问题的决策。
09:09
that manifest themselves in our cities.
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09:12
The good news is,
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好消息是，
09:14
and I do have good news to share with you,
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我真的有一个好消息要分享给你们，
09:16
we don't need to wait for governments to do this.
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那就是我们不需要等到政府去做这些。
09:20
I have reason to believe
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我有理由相信
09:22
that it's possible for citizens to build
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公民可以构建
09:25
their own structures of participation.
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属于他们自己的参与结构。
09:29
Three years ago, I cofounded an organization
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3年前，我跟别人一起成立了一个组织，
09:32
called Meu Rio,
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叫做“我的里约”，
09:35
and we make it easier for people in the city of Rio
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我们使里约的居民能够更容易地
09:38
to organize around causes and places
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围绕他们所在城市里的那些他们关心的
事件和地点去组织活动，
事件和地点去组织活动，
09:41
that they care about in their own city,
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09:44
and have an impact on those causes and places
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并且每天对这些事件和地点产生影响。
09:46
every day.
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在过去的三年里，“我的里约”已经成长为
09:49
In these past three years, Meu Rio grew
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09:52
to a network of 160,000 citizens of Rio.
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一个覆盖十六万里约市民的网络。
09:57
About 40 percent of those
members are young people
members are young people
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这些人中有40%是
20到29岁的年轻人，
10:01
aged 20 to 29.
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10:04
That is one in every 15 young people
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也就是今天的里约这个年龄段的
每15个年轻人中就有一个是“我的里约”的成员。
每15个年轻人中就有一个是“我的里约”的成员。
10:08
of that age in Rio today.
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10:12
Amongst our members is this adorable little girl,
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这个可爱的小姑娘也是我们的成员之一，
10:16
Bia, to your right,
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她叫比亚，在你的右边，
10:18
and Bia was just 11 years old
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她当时只有11岁，
10:21
when she started a campaign using one of our tools
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比亚使用我们的一个工具发起了一场
10:24
to save her model public school from demolition.
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保卫她的学校免被拆除的运动。
10:28
Her school actually ranks among the best
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事实上她的学校跻身于
10:30
public schools in the country,
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这个国家最好的公立学校之列，
10:32
and it was going to be demolished
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然而里约热内卢州政府打算把它拆了
10:34
by the Rio de Janeiro state government
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10:36
to build, I kid you not,
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去建——我不跟你开玩笑——
10:38
a parking lot for the World Cup
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去建一个为世界杯服务的停车场，
10:41
right before the event happened.
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就在这场盛事开始前。
10:43
Bia started a campaign, and we even watched
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比亚发起了一场运动，我们甚至通过
10:46
her school 24/7 through webcam monitoring,
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网络摄像监控24小时不间断观察她的学校，
10:49
and many months afterwards,
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几个月后，
10:51
the government changed their minds.
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政府改变了主意。
10:53
Bia's school stayed in place.
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比亚的学校得以保全。
10:56
There's also Jovita.
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还有约维塔的故事。
10:58
She's an amazing woman whose daughter
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她是一个了不起的女人，她女儿
11:00
went missing about 10 years ago,
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10年前走丢了，
11:03
and since then, she has been looking
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从那以后，她就一直在寻找她的女儿。
11:05
for her daughter.
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11:07
In that process, she found out
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在这个过程中，她第一次发现
11:09
that first, she was not alone.
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她并不是唯一的一个。
11:12
In the last year alone, 2013,
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仅去年，也就是2013年，
11:14
6,000 people disappeared
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里约州就有6000人失踪。
11:16
in the state of Rio.
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11:18
But she also found out that in spite of that,
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但她也发现尽管如此，
11:21
Rio had no centralized intelligence system
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里约却没有一个处理失踪案件的集中的情报系统。
11:25
for solving missing persons cases.
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11:28
In other Brazilian cities, those systems
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在其它的巴西城市，这样的系统
11:31
have helped solve up to 80 percent
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已经帮助处理了高达80%的
11:33
of missing persons cases.
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失踪案件。
11:35
She started a campaign,
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她发起了一场运动，
11:37
and after the secretary of
security got 16,000 emails
security got 16,000 emails
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在安全部长收到了16000封
11:41
from people asking him to do this,
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要求他建立这样的系统的邮件后，
11:44
he responded, and started to build a police unit
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他做出了回应，并开始建造一支
11:47
specializing in those cases.
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专门处理这些案件的警察队伍。
11:48
It was open to the public at the end of last month,
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上个月底它已经对公众开放了，
11:52
and Jovita was there
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约维塔也在场
11:54
giving interviews and being very fancy.
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并且很高兴地接受了采访。
11:57
And then, there is Leandro.
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接下来，我要说说莱安德罗的故事。
11:59
Leandro is an amazing guy
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莱安德罗是一个
12:00
in a slum in Rio,
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居住在里约一个贫民窟的了不起的家伙，
12:02
and he created a recycling project in the slum.
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他在那个贫民窟创建了一个资源回收项目。
12:06
At the end of last year, December 16,
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去年年底，12月16日，
12:08
he received an eviction order
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他收到了里约热内卢州政府的驱逐令，
12:10
by the Rio de Janeiro state government
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12:12
giving him two weeks to leave the space
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他们给了他两周的时间搬离
他已经使用了两年的地方。
12:16
that he had been using for two years.
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12:20
The plan was to hand it over to a developer,
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他们的计划是这块地交给一个开发商，
12:22
who planned to turn it into a construction site.
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这个开发商则打算将它变成一个建筑工地。
12:26
Leandro started a campaign using one of our tools,
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莱安德罗发起了一场运动，他使用了我们的一个工具，
12:29
the Pressure Cooker,
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叫做“高压锅”，
12:30
the same one that Bia and Jovita used,
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这也是比亚和约维塔曾经使用过的，
12:33
and the state government changed their minds
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然后州政府在圣诞前夕改变了主意。
12:36
before Christmas Eve.
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12:39
These stories make me happy,
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这些故事让我很开心，
12:42
but not just because they have happy endings.
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但不仅仅是因为它们有一个美满的结局。
12:45
They make me happy because they are
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它们让我开心是因为它们
12:48
happy beginnings.
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是一个愉快的开始。
12:51
The teacher and parent community at Bia's school
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比亚学校里的老师和学生家长
12:53
is looking for other ways they could improve
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正在寻找其他能进一步
12:55
that space even further.
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改善这个空间的方法。
12:58
Leandro has ambitious plans
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莱安德罗有着雄心勃勃的计划，
13:00
to take his model to other
low-income communities in Rio,
low-income communities in Rio,
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他计划将他的模式带到里约的其它低收入社区，
13:03
and Jovita is volunteering at the police unit
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而约维塔正在她帮助创建的
13:06
that she helped created.
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那个警队做义工。
13:09
Bia, Jovita and Leandro
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比亚、约维塔和莱安德罗
13:12
are living examples of something
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是这样的活生生的例子，
13:14
that citizens and city
governments around the world
governments around the world
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这是全世界的公民和城市政府都
13:18
need to know:
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需要知道的，也就是：
13:20
We are ready.
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我们准备好了。
13:23
As citizens, we are ready
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作为公民，我们准备好了
13:26
to decide on our common destinies,
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去决定我们共同的命运，
13:30
because we know that the way we distribute power
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因为我们知道我们分配权力的方式
13:34
says a lot about how we actually value everyone,
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说明我们是如何真正重视每一个人的，
13:39
and because we know
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因为我们知道
13:41
that enabling and participating in local politics
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支持和参与当地政治
13:44
is a sign that we truly care
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是我们真正关心
13:46
about our relations to one another,
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我们彼此的关系的一个标志，
13:49
and we are ready to do this
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并且我们已经准备好了
13:50
in cities around the world right now.
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现在就开始在全世界的城市里行动起来。
13:54
With the Our Cities network,
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通过“我们的城市”网络，
13:57
the Meu Rio team
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“我的里约”团队
13:58
hopes to share what we have learned
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希望跟其他想要在他们自己的城市
14:00
with other people who want to create
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14:02
similar initiatives in their own cities.
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创建类似项目的人分享我们学到的东西。
14:05
We have already started doing it in São Paulo
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我们已经开始在圣保罗这样做了，
14:08
with incredible results,
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并且取得了令人难以置信的成果，
14:10
and want to take it to cities around the world
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我们想要将它带到世界各地的城市——
14:13
through a network of citizen-centric,
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通过一个以公民为中心的、
14:16
citizen-led organizations
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公民主导的组织的网络，
14:18
that can inspire us,
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而这些组织可以激励我们、
14:20
challenge us, and remind us to demand
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挑战我们并提醒我们去
14:24
real participation in our city lives.
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真正参与到我们城市生活中来。
14:29
It is up to us
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最终的决定权在我们手里，
14:31
to decide whether we want schools
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我们是想要学校
14:33
or parking lots,
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还是停车场，
14:36
community-driven recycling projects
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社区回收项目
14:38
or construction sites,
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还是建筑工地，
14:41
loneliness or solidarity, cars or buses,
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孤独或团结，汽车或公交，
14:43
and it is our responsibility to do that now,
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现在我们有责任去做这些，
14:47
for ourselves, for our families,
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为我们自己，为我们的家人，
14:50
for the people who make our lives worth living,
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也为那些让我们值得生活下去的人们，
14:54
and for the incredible creativity,
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以及为那惊人的创造力、美丽和奇迹——
14:57
beauty, and wonder that make our cities,
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那些使得我们的城市成为——
15:01
in spite of all of their problems,
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尽管它们有着各种各样的问题——
15:03
the greatest invention of our time.
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我们这个时代最伟大的发明的东西。
15:07
Obrigado. Thank you.
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谢谢，感谢你们。
15:09
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Alessandra Orofino - Political mobilization activistAlessandra Orofino founded Meu Rio, Rio de Janeiro’s largest mobilization network.
Why you should listen
After working as a field researcher in Brazil and India, interviewing young girls who had been victims of domestic violence, Alessandra Orofino founded Meu Rio in 2011. The organization has fueled bottom-up local politics using a combination of on-the-ground actions and custom-designed online and mobile platforms and apps.
Orofino, who's 25 years old with a degree in economics and human rights from Columbia, is a believer in participatory politics and in cities as the ideal locus for reinventing representative democracy, and with her team she has designed Meu Rio as a catalyst for youth activism. Among its 140,000 members are tens of thousands of millennials, identifying common issues, pooling ideas for solutions, and pressuring decision-makers to adopt new policies and practices.
Alessandra Orofino | Speaker | TED.com