ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Charles Elachi - Planetary scientist
Charles Elachi is the director of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where he oversees space exploration programs such as the Mars Rovers.

Why you should listen

Charles Elachi is the director of NASA's Jet Propulsion Lab at Caltech. He leads JPL's efforts to build robots that explore space -- including the surprisingly long-lived Mars Rovers. In the wake of the Rovers' success (and even fame), it's worth remembering that they grew out of some troubled earlier attempts to reach Mars. Elachi's careful management of the Rover program, wrote the US News and World Report, was a key piece of its success. And Elachi gives equal credit to some extraordinary luck.

As JPL's director for space and Earth science programs from 1982 to 2000, and then its head since then, he's led the development of many new instruments and programs for observing Earth and exploring the planets. It's in part thanks to him that, as of May 2008, we have 17 different robots exploring space. His own academic specialty is active microwave remote sensing and electromagnetic theory.

More profile about the speaker
Charles Elachi | Speaker | TED.com
Serious Play 2008

Charles Elachi: The story behind the Mars Rovers

查尔斯·埃拉奇博士讲述火星车(火星漫游者)

Filmed:
639,501 views

在2008年Serious Play设计师大会大会上,查尔斯·埃拉奇介绍具有传奇色彩的NASA喷气推进实验室,包括一些故事和火星漫游者项目。
- Planetary scientist
Charles Elachi is the director of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where he oversees space exploration programs such as the Mars Rovers. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
I thought I'd start开始 with telling告诉 you or showing展示 you the people who started开始 [Jet喷射 Propulsion动力 Lab实验室].
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我想我还是首先介绍那些创建喷气推进实验室的人们。
00:20
When they were a bunch of kids孩子,
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那时这些人还是一群孩子,
00:22
they were kind of very imaginative想像的, very adventurous爱冒险的,
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他们富于想象力和冒险精神,
00:25
as they were trying at Caltech加州理工学院 to mix混合 chemicals化学制品
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当时他们在加州理工大学,调配化合物
00:27
and see which哪一个 one blows打击 up more.
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看看哪种调配爆炸威力大一些。
00:29
Well, I don't recommend推荐 that you try to do that now.
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不过,我可不想让各位模仿。
00:32
Naturally自然, they blew自爆 up a shack窝棚, and Caltech加州理工学院, well, then,
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自然的,他们炸了一个小屋子,和加州理工,然后,
00:34
hey, you go to the Arroyo阿罗约 and really do all your tests测试 in there.
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喂,你们到干河床去,那里你们可以做所有试验。
00:38
So, that's what we call our first five employees雇员
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这就是我们首批五名雇员
00:41
during the tea break打破, you know, in here.
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在茶歇的时候。
00:44
As I said, they were adventurous爱冒险的 people.
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如我所言,他们都是爱冒险的家伙。
00:46
As a matter of fact事实, one of them, who was, kind of, part部分 of a cult礼拜
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实际上,其中他们中的一个,是个邪教徒(Jack Parsons)
00:50
which哪一个 was not too far from here on Orange橙子 Grove树林,
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就在历此不远的奥兰治格罗夫,
00:54
and unfortunately不幸 he blew自爆 up himself他自己 because he kept不停 mixing混合 chemicals化学制品
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倒霉的是他把自己炸上了天,因为他一边调配炸药
00:58
and trying to figure数字 out which哪一个 ones那些 were the best最好 chemicals化学制品.
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一边想搞明白哪种是最好的炸药。
01:00
So, that gives you a kind of flavor味道
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所以您就了解
01:02
of the kind of people we have there.
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我们那里都是哪类人。
01:03
We try to avoid避免 blowing ourselves我们自己 up.
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我们得小心,别把自己炸上天。
01:05
This one I thought I'd show显示 you.
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这个我想我展示过。
01:07
Guess猜测 which哪一个 one is a JPLJPL employee雇员 in the heart of this crowd人群.
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猜猜这群人中谁是喷气推进实验室的雇员。
01:10
I tried试着 to come like him this morning早上,
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今天早上,我也想像他一样光膀子来,
01:13
but as I walked out, then it was too cold,
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不过走出来就觉得太凉快了,
01:15
and I said, I'd better put my shirt衬衫 back on.
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所以我还是穿上我的衬衫吧。
01:17
But more importantly重要的, the reason原因 I wanted to show显示 this picture图片:
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不过我展示这张照片更重要的原因是:
01:20
look where the other people are looking,
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看其他人看哪里,
01:22
and look where he is looking.
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再看看他看哪里。
01:25
Wherever哪里 anybody任何人 else其他 looks容貌, look somewhere某处 else其他,
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不管别人看什么,我们看其他的
01:27
and go do something different不同, you know, and doing that.
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做与众不同的事。
01:30
And that's kind of what has been the spirit精神 of what we are doing.
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这就是我们做事的精神。
01:33
And I want to tell you a quote引用 from Ralph拉尔夫 Emerson艾默生
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有句拉尔夫•爱默生(美国散文作家、思想家、诗人)的名言
01:36
that one of my colleagues同事, you know, put on my wall in my office办公室,
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我的一个同事,把它挂在了我办公室的墙上,
01:39
and it says, "Do not go where the path路径 may可能 lead.
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写道:“不要去那些有路可通的地方,而是去那些无路可通的地方并且留下你的足迹”
01:42
Go instead代替 where there is no path路径, and leave离开 a trail落后."
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写道:“不要去那些有路可通的地方,而是去那些无路可通的地方并且留下你的足迹”
01:44
And that's my recommendation建议 to all of you:
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这就是我向大家推荐的:
01:46
look what everybody每个人 is doing, what they are doing;
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看看别人都在做什么,
01:48
go do something completely全然 different不同.
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然后做与众不同的。
01:50
Don't try to improve提高 a little bit on what somebody else其他 is doing,
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不要只是想改进一点别人的东西,
01:53
because that doesn't get you very far.
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因为那样你不会取得很大成就。
01:55
In our early days we used to work a lot on rockets火箭,
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早些年间,我们常常在火箭上下功夫,
01:58
but we also used to have a lot of parties派对, you know.
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不过我们也常常搞一些聚会。
02:00
As you can see, one of our parties派对, you know, a few少数 years年份 ago.
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你看,这是几年前的一场聚会。
02:04
But then a big difference区别 happened发生 about 50 years年份 ago,
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不过50年前,发生了一件不同凡响的事,
02:07
after Sputnik人造地球卫星 was launched推出. We launched推出 the first American美国 satellite卫星,
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苏联人造卫星发射后。我们发射了第一颗美国卫星,
02:11
and that's the one you see on the left in there.
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卫星就在左边的照片里。
02:13
And here we made制作 180 degrees change更改:
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从此我们180度大转弯:
02:15
we changed from a rocket火箭 house to be an exploration勘探 house.
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我们从一个火箭研究机构,变为一个探索机构。
02:19
And that was doneDONE over a period of a couple一对 of years年份,
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这个转变几年内就完成了,
02:22
and now we are the leading领导 organization组织, you know,
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现在我们成了最重要的组织,
02:24
exploring探索 space空间 on all of your behalf代表.
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代表你们所有人探索太空。
02:27
But even when we did that, we had to remind提醒 ourselves我们自己,
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不过即使在我们做事的时候,我们也要提醒自己,
02:30
sometimes有时 there are setbacks挫折.
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挫折在所难免。
02:32
So you see, on the bottom底部, that rocket火箭 was supposed应该 to go upward向上;
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你看,下面,火箭本应该向上飞的,
02:35
somehow不知何故 it ended结束 going sideways侧身.
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不过有时候却跑偏了。
02:37
So that's what we call the misguided误导 missile导弹.
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我们称之为误导导弹。
02:40
But then also, just to celebrate庆祝 that,
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后来,为了纪念一下,
02:42
we started开始 an event事件 at JPLJPL for "Miss小姐 Guided指导 Missile导弹."
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我搞了个“误导导弹小姐”的活动
02:45
So, we used to have a celebration庆典 every一切 year and select选择 --
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所以,我们每年都搞一次活动
02:48
there used to be competition竞争 and parades游行 and so on.
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选美,游行诸如此类的。
02:51
It's not very appropriate适当 to do it now. Some people tell me to do it;
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现在不合适。有人告诉我搞。
02:54
I think, well, that's not really proper正确, you know, these days.
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我考虑最近不太合适。
02:58
So, we do something a little bit more serious严重.
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我们做一些更严肃的事。
03:00
And that's what you see in the last Rose玫瑰 Bowl, you know,
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你看到的就是上次玫瑰花球(rose ball),
03:03
when we entered进入 one of the floats彩车.
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我们的火星车上了彩车。
03:05
That's more on the play side. And on the right side,
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左面的是娱乐。右面是
03:07
that's the Rover流浪者 just before we finished its testing测试
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火星车刚完成测试
03:10
to take it to the Cape to launch发射 it.
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准备运道卡纳维拉尔角发射。
03:12
These are the Rovers流浪者 up here that you have on Mars火星 now.
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图上的火星车就是现在在火星的那辆。
03:15
So that kind of tells告诉 you about, kind of, the fun开玩笑 things,
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这就是告诉大家,我们做的娱乐和正经事。
03:18
you know, and the serious严重 things that we try to do.
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这就是告诉大家,我们做的娱乐和正经事。
03:20
But I said I'm going to show显示 you a short clip
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不过我要播放的短片
03:22
of one of our employees雇员 to kind of give you an idea理念
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拍的是我们的一个雇员,给你一个我们中一些天才的印象。
03:25
about some of the talent天赋 that we have.
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拍的是我们的一个雇员,给你一个我们中一些天才的印象。
03:39
Video视频: Morgan摩根 Hendry亨德利: Beware谨防 of Safety安全 is
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视频:Morgan Hendry: "Beware of Safety"是一个器乐摇滚乐队。
03:41
an instrumental仪器的 rock band.
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视频:Morgan Hendry: "Beware of Safety"是一个器乐摇滚乐队。
03:43
It branches分支机构 on more the experimental试验 side.
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乐风偏向实验音乐。
03:46
There's the improvisational即兴 side of jazz爵士乐.
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有即兴爵士乐元素。
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There's the heavy-hitting重击 sound声音 of rock.
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有重打击摇滚乐元素。
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Being存在 able能够 to treat对待 sound声音 as an instrument仪器, and be able能够 to dig
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把声音向乐器一样处理,可以挖掘
03:57
for more abstract抽象 sounds声音 and things to play live生活,
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更多的抽象声音使演奏更生动,
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mixing混合 electronics电子产品 and acoustics声学.
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混合了电声乐器和原生乐器。
04:01
The music's音乐的 half of me, but the other half --
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我的工作一半是音乐,另一半也是是最棒的。
04:05
I landed登陆 probably大概 the best最好 gig演出 of all.
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我的工作一半是音乐,另一半也是是最棒的。
04:08
I work for the Jet喷射 Propulsion动力 Lab实验室. I'm building建造 the next下一个 Mars火星 Rover流浪者.
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我在喷气推进实验室工作。我参与制造火星车。
04:11
Some of the most brilliant辉煌 engineers工程师 I know
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我知道一些最富才气的工程师,也拥有艺术素质。
04:14
are the ones那些 who have that sort分类 of artistic艺术的 quality质量 about them.
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我知道一些最富才气的工程师,也拥有艺术素质。
04:18
You've got to do what you want to do.
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做你想做的事。
04:20
And anyone任何人 who tells告诉 you you can't, you don't listen to them.
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要是有人说你不行,你不要听他们的。
04:23
Maybe they're right - I doubt怀疑 it.
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没准他们正确,不过我怀疑它。
04:26
Tell them where to put it, and then just do what you want to do.
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告诉他们放心,然后做你想做的。
04:28
I'm Morgan摩根 Hendry亨德利. I am NASANASA.
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我叫Morgan Hendry。我是NASA人。
04:34
Charles查尔斯 ElachiElachi: Now, moving移动 from the play stuff东东 to the serious严重 stuff东东,
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查尔斯·埃拉奇:现在先离开娱乐的东西,转到正事上来。
04:37
always people ask, why do we explore探索?
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人们老是问我们,我们为什么要探索?
04:39
Why are we doing all of these missions任务 and why are we exploring探索 them?
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我们为什么做这些任务,为什么探索它们?
04:42
Well, the way I think about it is fairly相当 simple简单.
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我想原因其实挺简单的。
04:44
Somehow不知何故, 13 billion十亿 years年份 ago there was a Big Bang, and you've heard听说
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130亿年前的宇宙大爆炸,您听说过一些也就是宇宙的起源。
04:47
a little bit about, you know, the origin起源 of the universe宇宙.
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130亿年前的宇宙大爆炸,您听说过一些也就是宇宙的起源。
04:50
But somehow不知何故 what strikes罢工 everybody's每个人的 imagination想像力 --
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不过触动每个人想象力
04:53
or lots of people's人们 imagination想像力 -- somehow不知何故 from that original原版的 Big Bang
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或者很多人想象力的是,从宇宙大爆炸起
04:56
we have this beautiful美丽 world世界 that we live生活 in today今天.
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直到我们拥有这个我们生存的美丽世界。
04:59
You look outside: you have all that beauty美女 that you see,
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您看看外面:您拥有所有的美景,
05:02
all that life that you see around you,
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您身边所有的生命,
05:04
and here we have intelligent智能 people like you and I
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地球上有智慧的人类,如你和我
05:06
who are having a conversation会话 here.
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在这里进行智慧的谈话。
05:08
All that started开始 from that Big Bang. So, the question is:
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所有这一切起源于宇宙大爆炸。所以问题是:
05:10
How did that happen发生? How did that evolve发展? How did the universe宇宙 form形成?
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怎么发生的?如何进化的?宇宙怎么形成的?
05:15
How did the galaxies星系 form形成? How did the planets行星 form形成?
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星系如何形成的?行星如何形成的?
05:17
Why is there a planet行星 on which哪一个 there is life which哪一个 have evolved进化?
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为什么有个星球就有进化了的生命?
05:20
Is that very common共同?
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这种现象普遍吗?
05:22
Is there life on every一切 planet行星 that you can see around the stars明星?
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可见的围绕恒星运行的每个行星上都有生命吗?
05:26
So we literally按照字面 are all made制作 out of stardust星尘.
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本质上我们都是由星尘构成的。
05:28
We started开始 from those stars明星; we are made制作 of stardust星尘.
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我们起源于星星,我们由星尘构成。
05:31
So, next下一个 time you are really depressed郁闷, look in the mirror镜子
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所以,下次您很沮丧的时候,照照镜子
05:33
and you can look and say, hi, I'm looking at a star here.
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您可以边看边说,Hi,我在看一颗星(明星)。
05:35
You can skip跳跃 the dust灰尘 part部分.
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您可以跳过尘埃这段。
05:37
But literally按照字面, we are all made制作 of stardust星尘.
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不过本质上,我们都是由星尘构成。
05:39
So, what we are trying to do in our exploration勘探 is effectively有效
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所以,我们所进行的探索,实际上就是在撰写事物进化至今的书。
05:43
write the book of how things have came来了 about as they are today今天.
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所以,我们所进行的探索,实际上就是在撰写事物进化至今的书。
05:48
And one of the first, or the easiest最简单的, places地方 we can go
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首选的,或者说最容易的,我们可以去火星探索。
05:51
and explore探索 that is to go towards Mars火星.
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首选的,或者说最容易的,我们可以去火星探索。
05:53
And the reason原因 Mars火星 takes particular特定 attention注意:
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之所以火星引起特别的关注:
05:56
it's not very far from us.
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因为它离我们不远。
05:58
You know, it'll它会 take us only six months个月 to get there.
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你知道,仅六个月我们就可以到那里。
06:00
Six to nine months个月 at the right time of the year.
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在合适的年份需要六到九个月。
06:03
It's a planet行星 somewhat有些 similar类似 to Earth地球. It's a little bit smaller,
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火星是个类似地球的星球。稍微小一点儿,
06:05
but the land土地 mass on Mars火星 is about the same相同
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火星的组成和地球很相似
06:08
as the land土地 mass on Earth地球, you know,
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火星的组成和地球很相似
06:09
if you don't take the oceans海洋 into account帐户.
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如果不算上海洋的话。(火星没有海洋)
06:11
It has polar极性 caps帽子. It has an atmosphere大气层 somewhat有些 thinner更薄 than ours我们的,
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火星有极地冰冠。有大气,比地球的要稀薄,
06:16
so it has weather天气. So, it's very similar类似 to some extent程度,
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所以有天气变化。某些方面与地球非常类似
06:19
and you can see some of the features特征 on it,
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您可以看到类似的地形,
06:21
like the Grand盛大 Canyon峡谷 on Mars火星,
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诸如火星上的大峡谷,
06:22
or what we call the Grand盛大 Canyon峡谷 on Mars火星.
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或者我们所称的火星大峡谷。
06:24
It is like the Grand盛大 Canyon峡谷 on Earth地球, except a hell地狱 of a lot larger.
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很象地球上的(美国)大峡谷,不过要大的多。
06:29
So it's about the size尺寸, you know, of the United联合的 States状态.
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就大小来说,有美国那么大。
06:32
It has volcanoes火山 on it. And that's Mount安装 Olympus奥林巴斯 on Mars火星,
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火星上有火山。火星上的奥林匹斯山,
06:37
which哪一个 is a kind of huge巨大 volcanic火山 shield屏蔽 on that planet行星.
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是一个巨型的盾状火山。
06:41
And if you look at the height高度 of it
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就高度来说
06:43
and you compare比较 it to Mount安装 Everest珠峰, you see, it'll它会 give you
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您可以对比一下珠穆朗玛峰,
06:47
an idea理念 of how large that Mount安装 Olympus奥林巴斯, you know, is,
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相对于珠穆朗玛峰,奥林匹斯山有多巨大。
06:51
relative相对的 to Mount安装 Everest珠峰.
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相对于珠穆朗玛峰,奥林匹斯山有多巨大。
06:53
So, it basically基本上 dwarfs小矮人, you know, Mount安装 Everest珠峰 here on Earth地球.
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地球上的珠穆朗玛峰相形见绌。
06:56
So, that gives you an idea理念 of the tectonic构造 events事件 or volcanic火山 events事件
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给您那个星球上的构造活动和火山活动的印象。
07:00
which哪一个 have happened发生 on that planet行星.
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给您那个星球上的构造活动和火山活动的印象。
07:02
Recently最近 from one of our satellites卫星, this shows节目 that it's Earth-like类似地球 --
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最近我们的一颗卫星抓拍到了,类似地球上滑坡的发生。
07:05
we caught抓住 a landslide滑坡 occurring发生 as it was happening事件.
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最近我们的一颗卫星抓拍到了,类似地球上滑坡的发生。
07:09
So it is a dynamic动态 planet行星,
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所以它是一个动态行星,
07:11
and activity活动 is going on as we speak说话 today今天.
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在我们说话的时候活动还在进行。
07:14
And these Rovers流浪者, people wonder奇迹 now, what are they doing today今天,
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关于火星车,人们想知道,它们现在做什么呢,
07:17
so I thought I would show显示 you a little bit what they are doing.
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所以我要展示一些火星车的近况。
07:21
This is one very large crater弹坑. Geologists地质学家 love craters陨石坑,
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这是一个大陨石坑。地质学家喜欢陨石坑,
07:24
because craters陨石坑 are like digging挖掘 a big hole in the ground地面
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因为陨石坑就像是凭空在地上挖个大坑。
07:26
without really working加工 at it,
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因为陨石坑就像是凭空在地上挖个大坑。
07:28
and you can see what's below下面 the surface表面.
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您可以看到地表以下。
07:30
So, this is called Victoria维多利亚 Crater弹坑,
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这就是叫做"维多利亚"坑的火星陨石坑,
07:32
which哪一个 is about a few少数 football足球 fields领域 in size尺寸.
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有几个足球场大小。
07:34
And if you look at the top最佳 left, you see a little teeny蝇头 dark黑暗 dot.
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如果您仔细看左上部,就会看到一个小黑点儿。
07:38
This picture图片 was taken采取 from an orbiting轨道 satellite卫星.
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这张照片拍自一颗在轨卫星。
07:40
If I zoom放大 on it, you can see: that's the Rover流浪者 on the surface表面.
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我放大的话,您就可以看到:这就是在地表的火星车。
07:43
So, that was taken采取 from orbit轨道; we had the camera相机 zoom放大 on the surface表面,
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这是从轨道上拍到的,我们可以让相机放大地表,
07:46
and we actually其实 saw the Rover流浪者 on the surface表面.
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我们可以看到地表上的火星车。
07:49
And we actually其实 used the combination组合 of the satellite卫星 images图片
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我们实际上综合卫星和火星车的照片来指导科学探索,
07:53
and the Rover流浪者 to actually其实 conduct进行 science科学,
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我们实际上综合卫星和火星车的照片来指导科学探索,
07:56
because we can observe large areas
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因为这样我们可以观测到很大一片区域
07:58
and then you can get those Rovers流浪者 to move移动 around
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然后就可以开动火星车移动到某一特定地点。
08:00
and basically基本上 go to a certain某些 location位置.
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然后就可以开动火星车移动到某一特定地点。
08:02
So, specifically特别 what we are doing now is
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所以我们现在要做的就是让火星车下到坑里去。
08:05
that Rover流浪者 is going down in that crater弹坑.
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所以我们现在要做的就是让火星车下到坑里去。
08:07
As I told you, geologists地质学家 love craters陨石坑.
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如我所言,地质学家爱陨石坑。
08:09
And the reason原因 is, many许多 of you went to the Grand盛大 Canyon峡谷,
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原因是,你们中很多人到过大峡谷,
08:12
and you see in the wall of the Grand盛大 Canyon峡谷, you see these layers.
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在大峡谷的石壁上,您可以看到很多地层。
08:16
And what these layers -- that's what the surface表面 used to be
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这些地层,就是一百万年前一千万年前或一亿年前的地表,
08:19
a million百万 years年份 ago, 10 million百万 years年份 ago,
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这些地层,就是一百万年前一千万年前或一亿年前的地表,
08:22
100 million百万 years年份 ago, and you get deposits存款 on top最佳 of them.
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您可以从上面提取沉积物。
08:24
So if you can read the layers it's like reading your book,
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如果你仔细看这些地层,就像是在看一本历史书,
08:27
and you can learn学习 the history历史 of what happened发生 in the past过去
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您可以学到这里过去历史上发生的事件。
08:30
in that location位置.
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您可以学到这里过去历史上发生的事件。
08:32
So what you are seeing眼看 here are the layers on the wall
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您所看到的就是陨石坑坑壁的地层,
08:35
of that crater弹坑, and the Rover流浪者 is going down now, measuring测量, you know,
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火星车准备下去测量,
08:39
the properties性能 and analyzing分析 the rocks岩石
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下到坑里测量岩石的属性和成分。
08:41
as it's going down, you know, that canyon峡谷.
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下到坑里测量岩石的属性和成分。
08:44
Now, it's kind of a little bit of a challenge挑战 driving主动
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驶下这样的斜面有些困难。
08:46
down a slope like this.
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驶下这样的斜面有些困难。
08:48
If you were there you wouldn't不会 do it yourself你自己.
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如果是你的话你不会直接下去。
08:50
But we really made制作 sure we tested测试 those Rovers流浪者
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在下去之前我们都测试了这些火星车,或者说这辆火星车
08:52
before we got them down -- or that Rover流浪者 --
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在下去之前我们都测试了这些火星车,或者说这辆火星车
08:55
and made制作 sure that it's all working加工 well.
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确保工作正常。
08:57
Now, when I came来了 last time, shortly不久 after the landing降落 --
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记得我上次来演讲的时候,那还是火星车刚着陆不久
09:00
I think it was, like, a hundred days after the landing降落 --
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我记得好像是着陆100天的时候
09:02
I told you I was surprised诧异 that those Rovers流浪者
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我告诉大家我感到很意外
09:04
are lasting持久 even a hundred days.
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火星车可以坚持运行100天。
09:07
Well, here we are four years年份 later后来, and they're still working加工.
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四年后,它们还运行正常。
09:09
Now you say, Charles查尔斯, you are really lying说谎 to us, and so on,
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现在你会说,查尔斯,你在瞎说,
09:12
but that's not true真正. We really believed相信 they were going to last
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事实恰恰相反。以前我们真的认为火星车
09:14
90 days or 100 days, because they are solar太阳能 powered动力,
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只能坚持90到100天,因为它们是太阳能驱动的,
09:18
and Mars火星 is a dusty尘土飞扬 planet行星, so we expected预期 the dust灰尘
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火星是有尘土的星球,我们认为
09:21
would start开始 accumulating积累 on the surface表面, and after a while
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尘土会在太阳能电池表面积累,过一段时间
09:24
we wouldn't不会 have enough足够 power功率, you know, to keep them warm.
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我们就不会有足够的电能了,不能保持火星车存活。
09:27
Well, I always say it's important重要 that you are smart聪明,
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我总是说聪明很重要,
09:29
but every一切 once一旦 in a while it's good to be lucky幸运.
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不过偶尔幸运也是好事。
09:32
And that's what we found发现 out. It turned转身 out that every一切 once一旦 in a while
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这是我们发现的。后来证明偶尔会有
09:35
there are dust灰尘 devils鬼子 which哪一个 come by on Mars火星, as you are seeing眼看 here,
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尘旋风刮过火星,如你所见,
09:39
and when the dust灰尘 devil魔鬼 comes over the Rover流浪者, it just cleans清理 it up.
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尘旋风刮过火星车后,火星车上的尘土就被吹干净了。
09:42
It is like a brand new car汽车 that you have,
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就像一辆崭新的小车,
09:45
and that's literally按照字面 why they have lasted历时 so long.
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这就是火星车存活长久的原因。
09:48
And now we designed设计 them reasonably合理 well,
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当然火星车设计的不错,
09:50
but that's exactly究竟 why they are lasting持久 that long
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不过尘旋风才火星车存活如此之久的原因
09:54
and still providing提供 all the science科学 data数据.
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直到现在还在发送各类科学数据。
09:56
Now, the two Rovers流浪者, each one of them is, kind of, getting得到 old.
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现在两辆火星车都有点变得老旧了。
09:59
You know, one of them, one of the wheels车轮 is stuck卡住, is not working加工,
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其中一辆一个轮子卡住了,
10:02
one of the front面前 wheels车轮, so what we are doing,
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是一个前轮,所以我们只能倒车行驶。
10:04
we are driving主动 it backwards向后.
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是一个前轮,所以我们只能倒车行驶。
10:06
And the other one has arthritis关节炎 of the shoulder joint联合, you know,
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另一辆火星车机器关节有点关节炎,
10:08
it's not working加工 very well, so it's walking步行 like this,
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运行不太好,走起来像这样,
10:11
and we can move移动 the arm, you know, that way.
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我们可以这样移动机器臂。
10:13
But still they are producing生产 a lot of scientific科学 data数据.
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不过它们还继续提供大量科学数据。
10:16
Now, during that whole整个 period, a number of people got excited兴奋,
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在整个运行期间有不少人得到灵感,
10:19
you know, outside the science科学 community社区 about these Rovers流浪者,
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是科学圈子以外的人关心火星车,
10:23
so I thought I'd show显示 you a video视频 just to give you a reflection反射
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我想我要放一段视频,考虑一下科学圈子以外的认识如何看待火星车的。
10:26
about how these Rovers流浪者 are being存在 viewed观看 by people
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我想我要放一段视频,考虑一下科学圈子以外的认识如何看待火星车的。
10:29
other than the science科学 community社区.
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我想我要放一段视频,考虑一下科学圈子以外的认识如何看待火星车的。
10:32
So let me go on the next下一个 short video视频.
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让我播放下一个视频.
10:34
By the way, this video视频 is pretty漂亮 accurate准确 of how the landing降落 took place地点, you know,
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顺便说一下,这段视频反映的四年前的着陆过程还是相当准确的。
10:39
about four years年份 ago.
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顺便说一下,这段视频反映的四年前的着陆过程还是相当准确的。
10:40
Video视频: Okay, we have parachute降落伞 aligned对齐.
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视频:Ok,降落伞打开。
10:42
Okay, deploy部署 the airbags安全气囊. Open打开.
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Ok,[声音不清楚]。打开。
10:46
Camera相机. We have a picture图片 right now.
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照相机。我们收到图片。
10:51
Yeah!
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Yeah!
10:53
CECE: That's about what happened发生 in the Houston休斯顿 operation手术 room房间. It's exactly究竟 like this.
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在休斯敦的控制室当时就这样。非常像。
10:58
Video视频: Now, if there is life, the Dutch荷兰人 will find it.
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现在,如果那里有生命的话荷兰人会找到的。
11:09
What is he doing?
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他在干什么?
11:12
What is that?
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那是什么?
11:24
CECE: Not too bad.
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还不错。
11:34
So anyway无论如何, let me continue继续 on showing展示 you a little bit
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CE:我再展示一些火星的美景。
11:37
about the beauty美女 of that planet行星.
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CE:我再展示一些火星的美景。
11:38
As I said earlier, it looked看着 very much like Earth地球,
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就像我刚才说的,火星非常类似地球,
11:41
so you see sand dunes沙丘.
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看看沙丘。
11:43
It looks容貌 like I could have told you these are pictures图片 taken采取
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如果我告诉你这些照片
11:45
from the Sahara撒哈拉 Desert沙漠 or somewhere某处, and you'd have believed相信 me,
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是拍自撒哈拉沙漠一类的地方,你也会相信,
11:48
but these are pictures图片 taken采取 from Mars火星.
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不过这些照片是拍自火星。
11:49
But one area which哪一个 is particularly尤其 intriguing奇妙 for us
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其中有一个区域特别吸引我们
11:52
is the northern北方 region地区, you know, of Mars火星, close to the North Pole,
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火星北部地区,靠近北极,
11:55
because we see ice caps帽子, and we see the ice caps帽子 shrinking萎缩
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因为我们看到冰盖,我们看到冰盖收缩
11:58
and expanding扩大, so it's very much like you have in northern北方 Canada加拿大.
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扩张,类似您在加拿大北部看到的。
12:02
And we wanted to find out -- and we see all kinds of glacial冰河 features特征 on it.
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我们想找到,我们看到了各类的冰川地貌。
12:05
So, we wanted to find out, actually其实,
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我们想弄明白,实际上,
12:07
what is that ice made制作 of, and could that have embedded嵌入式 in it
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冰的成分,其中含有什么。
12:11
some organic有机, you know, material材料.
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有机物,物质。
12:14
So we have a spacecraft宇宙飞船 which哪一个 is heading标题 towards Mars火星,
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我们有个航天器正飞向火星,
12:16
called Phoenix凤凰, and that spacecraft宇宙飞船 will land土地
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叫做“凤凰号”,还有17天7小时20秒就要着陆火星了,
12:19
17 days, seven hours小时 and 20 seconds from now,
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叫做“凤凰号”,还有17天7小时20秒就要着陆火星了,
12:23
so you can adjust调整 your watch.
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您可以对对表。
12:25
So it's on May可能 25 around just before five o'clock our time here
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五月25号西海岸时间5点钟之前,我们将着陆另一个星球。
12:29
on the West西 Coast, actually其实 we will be landing降落 on another另一个 planet行星.
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五月25号西海岸时间5点钟之前,我们将着陆另一个星球。
12:32
And as you can see, this is a picture图片 of the spacecraft宇宙飞船 put on Mars火星,
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如你所见,这是探测器着陆火星后的效果图,
12:36
but I thought that just in case案件 you're going to miss小姐 that show显示, you know,
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不过我想您万一错过了17天后的节目,
12:39
in 17 days, I'll show显示 you, kind of,
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我这里播放给您
12:41
a little bit of what's going to happen发生.
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看看着陆场面。
12:43
Video视频: That's what we call the seven minutes分钟 of terror恐怖.
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视频:这就是被我们称为恐怖的7分钟。
13:00
So the plan计划 is to dig in the soil and take samples样本
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计划是挖掘土壤和采样
13:02
that we put them in an oven烤箱 and actually其实 heat them
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然后放到一个炉子里加热
13:05
and look what gases气体 will come from it.
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看看会有什么气体产生。
13:07
So this was launched推出 about nine months个月 ago.
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这是9个月以前发射的。
13:13
We'll be coming未来 in at 12,000 miles英里 per hour小时, and in seven minutes分钟
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要在七分钟里从时速12000英里减速到零
13:17
we have to stop and touch触摸 the surface表面 very softly轻轻的
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轻柔的降落在火星地表
13:20
so we don't break打破 that lander着陆器.
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不能撞坏我们的探测器。
13:38
Ben CichyCichy: Phoenix凤凰 is the first Mars火星 Scout侦察 mission任务.
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Ben Cichy:凤凰号是首次[声音不清楚]。
13:40
It's the first mission任务 that's going to try to land土地
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是首个要着陆火星北极附近的任务,也是首次
13:42
near the North Pole of Mars火星, and it's the first mission任务
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是首个要着陆火星北极附近的任务,也是首次
13:44
that's actually其实 going to try and reach达到 out and touch触摸 water
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将要在另一个星球上接触到水。
13:47
on the surface表面 of another另一个 planet行星.
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将要在另一个星球上接触到水。
13:49
Lynn林恩 Craig克雷格: Where there tends趋向 to be water, at least最小 on Earth地球,
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Lynn Craig:至少在地球上是,哪里有水
13:52
there tends趋向 to be life, and so it's potentially可能 a place地点
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哪里就会有生命,所以那里是个潜在的地点
13:55
where life could have existed存在 on the planet行星 in the past过去.
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可能在火星上过去存在生命。
14:03
Erik埃里克 Bailey贝利: The main主要 purpose目的 of EDLEDL is to take a spacecraft宇宙飞船 that is traveling旅行
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Erik Bailey:在EDL(进入、下降和着陆)过程中,航天器将会
14:06
at 12,500 miles英里 an hour小时 and bring带来 it to a screeching尖叫 halt
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在短时间内柔和的从12500英里每小时减速为零。
14:12
in a soft柔软的 way in a very short amount of time.
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在短时间内柔和的从12500英里每小时减速为零。
14:16
BC公元前: We enter输入 the Martian火星 atmosphere大气层.
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BC:我们进入火星大气。
14:18
We're 70 miles英里 above以上 the surface表面 of Mars火星.
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离火星地表70英里。
14:20
And our lander着陆器 is safely安然 tucked inside what we call an aeroshell壳牌.
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着陆器折叠收缩在我称之为空天穿梭机(aero-shuttle)内。
14:23
EBEB: Looks容貌 kind of like an ice cream奶油 cone锥体, more or less.
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EB:看上去像(装冰淇淋之)锥形蛋卷。
14:25
BC公元前: And on the front面前 of it is this heat shield屏蔽,
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BC:正面是隔热罩,
14:27
this saucer-looking飞碟寻找 thing that has about a half-inch半英寸
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有点像飞碟,大约半英尺厚
14:30
of essentially实质上 what's cork软木 on the front面前 of it,
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隔热材料覆盖在正面,
14:32
which哪一个 is our heat shield屏蔽.
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就是我们的隔热罩。
14:33
Now, this is really special特别 cork软木,
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这是特别的盖子,
14:35
and this cork软木 is what's going to protect保护 us
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这个盖子会在进入大气层的时候防止空气摩擦的高温。
14:37
from the violent暴力 atmospheric大气的 entry条目 that we're about to experience经验.
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这个盖子会在进入大气层的时候防止空气摩擦的高温。
14:41
Rob Grover格罗弗: Friction摩擦 really starts启动 to build建立 up on the spacecraft宇宙飞船,
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Rob Grover:航天器会与大气产生空气摩擦阻力
14:44
and we use the friction摩擦 when it's flying飞行 through通过 the atmosphere大气层
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利用飞越大气层时的空气摩擦力减速。
14:47
to our advantage优点 to slow us down.
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利用飞越大气层时的空气摩擦力减速。
14:50
BC公元前: From this point, we're going to decelerate减速 from 12,500 miles英里 an hour小时
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BC:从这一点,我们将要从时速12500英里减速到时速900英里。
14:55
down to 900 miles英里 an hour小时.
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BC:从这一点,我们将要从时速12500英里减速到时速900英里。
14:57
EBEB: The outside can get almost几乎 as hot as the surface表面 of the Sun太阳.
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EB:外罩的高温可以达到太阳表面的温度。
14:59
RGRG: The temperature温度 of the heat shield屏蔽 can reach达到 2,600 degrees Fahrenheit飞轮海.
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RG:隔热罩的温度可以达到2600华氏度。
15:05
EBEB: The inside doesn't get very hot.
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EB:内部温度不会很高。
15:07
It probably大概 gets得到 about room房间 temperature温度.
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大约会达到室温。
15:10
Richard理查德 KornfeldKornfeld: There is this window窗口 of opportunity机会
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Richard Kornfeld:之后的窗口期
15:13
within which哪一个 we can deploy部署 the parachute降落伞.
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我们可以打开降落伞。
15:16
EBEB: If you fire the 'chute降落伞 too early, the parachute降落伞 itself本身 could fail失败.
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EB:如果降落伞打开得太早,降落伞就会损坏。
15:19
The fabric and the stitching拼接 could just pull apart距离.
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布料和接缝就会扯开。
15:24
And that would be bad.
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那就糟了。
15:26
BC公元前: In the first 15 seconds after we deploy部署 the parachute降落伞,
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BC:打开降落伞的头15秒钟,
15:29
we'll decelerate减速 from 900 miles英里 an hour小时
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会从900英里每小时降到250英里每小时。
15:31
to a relatively相对 slow 250 miles英里 an hour小时.
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会从900英里每小时降到250英里每小时。
15:34
We no longer need the heat shield屏蔽 to protect保护 us
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这时就不再需要隔热罩保护我们进入大气层了,所以我们丢弃隔热罩,
15:36
from the force of atmospheric大气的 entry条目, so we jettison抛弃 the heat shield屏蔽,
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这时就不再需要隔热罩保护我们进入大气层了,所以我们丢弃隔热罩,
15:40
exposing曝光 for the first time our lander着陆器 to the atmosphere大气层 of Mars火星.
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着陆器第一次暴露在火星大气层中。
15:43
LCLC: After the heat shield屏蔽 has been jettisoned抛弃 and the legs are deployed部署,
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LC:隔热罩丢弃后,着陆架打开,
15:47
the next下一个 step is to have the radar雷达 system系统 begin开始 to detect检测
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下一步是雷达系统探测
15:51
how far Phoenix凤凰 really is from the ground地面.
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测量凤凰号离地高度。
15:55
BC公元前: We've我们已经 lost丢失 99 percent百分 of our entry条目 velocity速度.
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BC:我们减掉了进入大气层时99%的速度。
15:58
So, we're 99 percent百分 of the way to where we want to be.
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我们完成目标的99%。
16:01
But that last one percent百分, as it always seems似乎 to be, is the tricky狡猾 part部分.
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不过最后的1%,总是最棘手的部分。
16:04
EBEB: Now the spacecraft宇宙飞船 actually其实 has to decide决定
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EB:现在航天器自主决定
16:07
when it's going to get rid摆脱 of its parachute降落伞.
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何时抛掉降落伞。
16:09
BC公元前: We separate分离 from the lander着陆器 going 125 miles英里 an hour小时
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BC:在离火星地表一公里(3200英尺)处,时速125英里时,着陆器脱离。
16:11
at roughly大致 a kilometer公里 above以上 the surface表面 of Mars火星: 3,200 feet.
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BC:在离火星地表一公里(3200英尺)处,时速125英里时,着陆器脱离。
16:15
That's like taking服用 two Empire帝国 State Buildings房屋
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高度是两个帝国大厦摞起来那么高。
16:17
and stacking堆叠 them on top最佳 of one another另一个.
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高度是两个帝国大厦摞起来那么高。
16:18
EBEB: That's when we separate分离 from the back shell贝壳,
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EB:从底盖分离后,
16:20
and we're now in free-fall自由落体.
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自由落体。
16:24
It's a very scary害怕 moment时刻; a lot has to happen发生
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非常可怕的时刻,短时间内会出各种状况。
16:26
in a very short amount of time.
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非常可怕的时刻,短时间内会出各种状况。
16:30
LCLC: So it's in a free-fall自由落体,
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LC:它是个自由落体,
16:32
but it's also trying to use all of its actuators执行器
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着陆器利用所有传感器
16:36
to make sure that it's in the right position位置 to land土地.
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确保它降落在正确的地点。
16:39
EBEB: And then it has to light up its engines引擎, right itself本身,
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EB:然后自主的制动发动机点火,
16:43
and then slowly慢慢地 slow itself本身 down and touch触摸 down on the ground地面 safely安然.
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慢慢减速,直到安全着陆。
16:53
BC公元前: Earth地球 and Mars火星 are so far apart距离 that it takes over ten minutes分钟
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BC:地球和火星之间的距离很遥远,需要10分钟
16:57
for a signal信号 from Mars火星 to get to Earth地球.
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火星发的信号才能抵达地球。
16:59
And EDLEDL itself本身 is all over in a matter of seven minutes分钟.
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EDL(进入、下降和着陆)仅在7分钟内就完成。
17:02
So by the time you even hear from the lander着陆器 that EDLEDL has started开始
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实际上当我们知道着落器开始EDL(进入、下降和着陆)过程时
17:05
it'll它会 already已经 be over.
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EDL(进入、下降和着陆)其实已经结束了。
17:06
EBEB: We have to build建立 large amounts of autonomy自治 into the spacecraft宇宙飞船
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EB:航天器设计的很自动化
17:09
so that it can land土地 itself本身 safely安然.
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这样它才能自主安全着陆。
17:12
BC公元前: EDLEDL is this immense巨大, technically技术上 challenging具有挑战性的 problem问题.
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BC:EDL(进入、下降和着陆)就是极大的技术难题。
17:14
It's about getting得到 a spacecraft宇宙飞船 that's hurtling飞驰 through通过 deep space空间
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就是一个航天器飞速冲入外太空
17:17
and using运用 all this bag of tricks技巧 to somehow不知何故 figure数字 out
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然后用一套措施设法减速为零降落在火星表面。
17:19
how to get it down to the surface表面 of Mars火星 at zero miles英里 an hour小时.
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然后用一套措施设法减速为零降落在火星表面。
17:22
It's this immensely非常 exciting扣人心弦 and challenging具有挑战性的 problem问题.
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这是一个令人兴奋的巨大的挑战。
17:33
CECE: Hopefully希望 it all will happen发生 the way you saw it in here.
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CE:希望着陆过程如我们所见的这样顺利。
17:37
So it will be a very tense紧张 moment时刻, you know,
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那将是一个非常紧张的时刻,
17:39
as we are watching观看 that spacecraft宇宙飞船 landing降落 on another另一个 planet行星.
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我们将目睹航天器降落在另一个行星上。
17:43
So now let me talk about the next下一个 things that we are doing.
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接下来讲一讲我们的下一步计划。
17:45
So we are in the process处理, as we speak说话, of actually其实 designing设计
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我们正在设计下一代火星车的流程中。
17:48
the next下一个 Rover流浪者 that we are going to be sending发出 to Mars火星.
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我们正在设计下一代火星车的过程中。
17:50
So I thought I would go a little bit and tell you, kind of,
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我多说一下,
17:52
the steps脚步 we go through通过.
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我们做过的步骤。
17:54
It's very similar类似 to what you do when you design设计 your product产品.
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非常类似设计新产品。
17:57
As you saw a little bit earlier,
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如刚才所见,
17:59
when we were doing the Phoenix凤凰 one,
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当我们设计凤凰号时,
18:00
we have to take into account帐户 the heat that we are going to be facing面对.
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我们得考虑进入大气层时的温度问题。
18:03
So we have to study研究 all kinds of different不同 materials物料,
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所以我们必须研究各种不同的材料,
18:05
the shape形状 that we want to do.
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所需形状。
18:07
In general一般 we don't try to please the customer顾客 here.
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总的来讲我们不必取悦顾客。
18:09
What we want to do is to make sure we have an effective有效, you know,
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我们做要做的,就是确保设计一部有效的机器。
18:12
an efficient高效 kind of machine.
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我们做要做的,就是确保设计一部有效的机器。
18:14
First we start开始 by we want to have our employees雇员
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首先我们一开始就要求我们的雇员充满想象力。
18:16
to be as imaginative想像的 as they can.
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首先我们一开始就要求我们的雇员充满想象力。
18:18
And we really love being存在 close to the art艺术 center中央, because we have,
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我们很喜欢离艺术中心很近,
18:22
as a matter of fact事实, one of the alumni校友 from the art艺术 center中央,
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因为实际上,我们有个从艺术中心来的校友,
18:24
Eric埃里克 Nyquist奈奎斯特, had put a series系列 of displays显示器,
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Eric Nyquist,搞了一系列的展示,
18:26
far-out displays显示器, you know,
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深空展示,
18:28
in our what we call mission任务 design设计 or spacecraft宇宙飞船 design设计 room房间,
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摆放在我们的任务设计或者是航天器设计室内,
18:31
just to get people to think wildly疯狂 about things.
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好让人们自由的思考。
18:33
We have a bunch of Legos积木. So, as I said,
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我们有一堆乐高玩具。
18:36
this is a playground操场 for adults成年人, where they sit down and try to play
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这里就是成人的娱乐场,他们坐下来玩
18:39
with different不同 shapes形状 and different不同 designs设计.
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做出不同形状,不同设计。
18:43
Then we get a little bit more serious严重, so we have
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然后我们再认真一点,
18:46
what we call our CADCAD/CAMs粘附分子 and all the engineers工程师 who are involved参与,
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进入到CAD/CAM(计算机辅助设计制造),所有参与的工程师
18:49
or scientists科学家们 who are involved参与, who know about thermal properties性能,
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科学家,了解热学性能的,
18:52
know about design设计, know about atmospheric大气的 interaction相互作用, parachutes降落伞,
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懂得设计的,了解大气层作用的,降落伞的,
18:55
all of these things, which哪一个 they work in a team球队 effort功夫
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汇集这一切,团队协作
18:58
and actually其实 design设计 a spacecraft宇宙飞船 in a computer电脑 to some extent程度,
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实际在计算机里设计航天器,
19:02
so to see, does that meet遇到 the requirement需求 that we need.
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看看是否符合我们的需求。
19:05
On the right, also, we have to take into account帐户
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而且,我们还要考虑我们的目标星球的环境。
19:07
the environment环境 of the planet行星 where we are going.
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而且,我们还要考虑我们的目标星球的环境。
19:09
If you are going to Jupiter木星, you have a very high-radiation高辐射,
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如果要飞到木星,那里有非常高的辐射,
19:12
you know, environment环境. It's about the same相同 radiation辐射 environment环境
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木星里的辐射强度和核反应堆里的一样高。
19:14
close by Jupiter木星 as inside a nuclear reactor反应堆.
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木星里的辐射强度和核反应堆里的一样高。
19:17
So just imagine想像: you take your P.C. and throw it into a nuclear reactor反应堆
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想象一下,把你的PC扔到核反应堆中还要正常运行。
19:20
and it still has to work.
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想象一下,把你的PC扔到核反应堆中还要正常运行。
19:22
So these are kind of some of the little challenges挑战, you know,
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这就是我们面临的一些小挑战。
19:24
that we have to face面对.
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这就是我们面临的一些小挑战。
19:27
If we are doing entry条目, we have to do tests测试 of parachutes降落伞.
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要进入大气层,我们就要测试降落伞。
19:29
You saw in the video视频 a parachute降落伞 breaking破坏. That would be a bad day,
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您看视频中降落伞撕裂。那是糟糕的一天,
19:32
you know, if that happened发生, so we have to test测试,
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如果发生了这个,我们就需要测试,
19:35
because we are deploying部署 this parachute降落伞 at supersonic超音 speeds速度.
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因为我们要在超音速的情况下打开降落伞。
19:38
We are coming未来 at extremely非常 high speeds速度, and we are deploying部署 them
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我们在极高速时打开降落伞
19:41
to slow us down. So we have to do all kinds of tests测试.
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减速。所以我们必须做各类的实验。
19:43
To give you an idea理念 of the size尺寸, you know, of that parachute降落伞
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给您一个直观印象,这是降落伞和站着的人对比。
19:46
relative相对的 to the people standing常设 there.
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给您一个直观印象,这是降落伞和站着的人对比。
19:48
Next下一个 step, we go and actually其实 build建立 some kind of test测试 models楷模
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下一步,我们就要实际造一些测试模型
19:52
and actually其实 test测试 them, you know, in the lab实验室 at JPLJPL,
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实际测试它们,就在JPL的实验室里,
19:55
in what we call our Mars火星 Yard.
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我们称之为“火星场 ”(Mars Yard)。
19:57
We kick them, we hit击中 them, we drop下降 them,
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踢它们,敲它们,丢它们,
19:59
just to make sure we understand理解 how, where would they break打破.
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就是为了确保我们完全了解哪里会出问题。
20:03
And then we back off, you know, from that point.
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然后修改。
20:09
And then we actually其实 do the actual实际 building建造 and the flight飞行.
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然后我们实际造并试飞。
20:13
And this next下一个 Rover流浪者 that we're flying飞行 is about the size尺寸 of a car汽车.
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这是下一代火星车,有一辆小汽车大小。
20:17
That big shield屏蔽 that you see outside,
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外面的大罩子,
20:19
that's a heat shield屏蔽 which哪一个 is going to protect保护 it.
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就是起保护作用的隔热罩。
20:21
And that will be basically基本上 built内置 over the next下一个 year,
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基本上明年就可以建成了,
20:24
and it will be launched推出 June六月 a year from now.
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明年六月就将发射。
20:27
Now, in that case案件, because it was a very big Rover流浪者,
404
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这种情况下,这是一个非常大的火星车,
20:30
we couldn't不能 use airbags安全气囊.
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我们不能用气囊了。
20:32
And I know many许多 of you, kind of, last time afterwards之后 said
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我知道,上次演讲后
20:34
well, that was a cool thing to have -- those airbags安全气囊.
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很多人都说气囊的设计非常酷。
20:37
Unfortunately不幸 this Rover流浪者 is, like, ten times the size尺寸 of the, you know,
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不过新火星车与原来的火星车比大了十倍,重了三倍。
20:40
mass-wise质量明智, of the other Rover流浪者, or three times the mass.
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不过新火星车与原来的火星车比大了十倍,重了三倍。
20:43
So we can't use airbags安全气囊. So we have to come up with
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所以我们用不了气囊了。所以我们用了
20:45
another另一个 ingenious巧妙 idea理念 of how do we land土地 it.
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另一个新颖的设想,实现着陆。
20:47
And we didn't want to take it propulsivelypropulsively all the way to the surface表面
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我们不想它一直推进到地面
20:51
because we didn't want to contaminate污染 the surface表面;
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因为我们不想污染地表,
20:53
we wanted the Rover流浪者 to immediately立即 land土地 on its legs.
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我们想让火星车直接用着陆架着地。
20:56
So we came来了 up with this ingenious巧妙 idea理念,
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所以我们想出了这个新颖的方案,
20:58
which哪一个 is used here on Earth地球 for helicopters直升机.
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类似地球上的直升机。
21:02
Actually其实, the lander着陆器 will come down to about 100 feet and hover徘徊
417
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实际上,着陆器会悬浮在100英尺高度
21:06
above以上 that surface表面 for 100 feet, and then we have a sky天空 crane起重机
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然后用空中吊臂
21:09
which哪一个 will take that Rover流浪者 and land土地 it down on the surface表面.
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把火星车降到地表。
21:11
Hopefully希望 it all will work, you know, it will work that way.
420
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希望运行良好,火星车将以这种方式运作。
21:14
And that Rover流浪者 will be more kind of like a chemist化学家.
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火星车更像化学家了。
21:17
What we are going to be doing with that Rover流浪者 as it drives驱动器 around,
422
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火星车到处开的时候,
21:20
it's going to go and analyze分析 the chemical化学 composition组成 of rocks岩石.
423
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它就可以分析岩石的化学成分。
21:23
So it will have an arm which哪一个 will take samples样本,
424
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它会有个机器臂采样,
21:26
put them in an oven烤箱, crush粉碎 and analyze分析 them.
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放在一个炉子里,粉碎并分析。
21:28
But also, if there is something that we cannot不能 reach达到
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如果火星车不能够到得地方
21:31
because it is too high on a cliff悬崖, we have a little laser激光 system系统
427
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如岩壁太高,我们会用小激光器
21:34
which哪一个 will actually其实 zapZAP the rock, evaporate蒸发 some of it,
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瞄准岩石,气化一部分,
21:37
and actually其实 analyze分析 what's coming未来 from that rock.
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然后分析其中的构成。
21:39
So it's a little bit like "Star Wars战争," you know, but it's real真实.
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有点像星球大战,不过这是真的。
21:42
It's real真实 stuff东东.
431
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是真东西。
21:44
And also to help you, to help the community社区
432
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同时服务您,服务社会
21:46
so you can do ads广告 on that Rover流浪者, we are going to train培养 that Rover流浪者
433
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您可以在火星上打广告,我们可以训练火星车
21:50
to actually其实 in addition加成 to do this, to actually其实 serve服务 cocktails鸡尾酒,
434
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附带做这些,提供鸡尾酒,
21:53
you know, also on Mars火星.
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在火星上。
21:55
So that's kind of giving you an idea理念 of the kind of, you know,
436
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这可以给您一个主意,我们可以在火星上做些有趣的事。
21:58
fun开玩笑 things we are doing on Mars火星.
437
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这可以给您一个主意,我们可以在火星上做些有趣的事。
21:59
I thought I'd go to "The Lord of the Rings戒指" now
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我想我要去“魔戒”
22:02
and show显示 you some of the things we have there.
439
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展示一些我们有的。
22:04
Now, "The Lord of the Rings戒指" has two things played发挥 through通过 it.
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“魔戒”有两个东西展示。
22:07
One, it's a very attractive有吸引力 planet行星 --
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一个,它是一个非常有吸引力的行星
22:10
it just has the beauty美女 of the rings戒指 and so on.
442
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它有美丽的环。
22:12
But for scientists科学家们, also the rings戒指 have a special特别 meaning含义,
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不过对于科学家,这个环有着特殊的意义,
22:15
because we believe they represent代表, on a small scale规模,
444
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因为我们相信它们代表,一个小规模的,
22:18
how the Solar太阳能 System系统 actually其实 formed形成.
445
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太阳系的形成过程。
22:21
Some of the scientists科学家们 believe that the way the Solar太阳能 System系统 formed形成,
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一些科学家相信,太阳系就是这样形成的,
22:25
that the Sun太阳 when it collapsed倒塌 and actually其实 created创建 the Sun太阳,
447
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当太阳诞生的时候,
22:29
a lot of the dust灰尘 around it created创建 rings戒指
448
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有很多尘埃围绕着它
22:31
and then the particles粒子 in those rings戒指 accumulated积累 together一起,
449
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然后在环中有些东西聚集在一起,
22:34
and they formed形成 bigger rocks岩石, and then that's how the planets行星,
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然后形成大岩块,然后形成行星,
22:37
you know, were formed形成.
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这样形成。
22:38
So, the idea理念 is, by watching观看 Saturn土星 we're actually其实 watching观看
452
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观点是,通过观察土星环我们可以
22:41
our solar太阳能 system系统 in real真实 time being存在 formed形成 on a smaller scale规模,
453
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了解我们太阳系是怎样形成的,
22:44
so it's like a test测试 bed for it.
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就像个测试平台。
22:46
So, let me show显示 you a little bit
455
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让我展示一些
22:48
on what that Saturnian土星 system系统 looks容貌 like.
456
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土星系统。
22:51
First, I'm going to fly you over the rings戒指.
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首先,让我们飞跃土星环。
22:54
By the way, all of this is real真实 stuff东东.
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提一下,所有这些都是真的。
22:56
This is not animation动画 or anything like this.
459
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这不是动画,或者其他东西。
22:58
This is actually其实 taken采取 from the satellite卫星
460
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这实际上是拍自卫星
23:00
that we have in orbit轨道 around Saturn土星, the Cassini卡西尼.
461
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环绕土星轨道的卡西尼号。
23:03
And you see the amount of detail详情 that is in those rings戒指,
462
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您可以看到大量土星环的细节,
23:06
which哪一个 are the particles粒子.
463
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1000
是些微粒。
23:07
Some of them are agglomerating凝聚 together一起 to form形成 larger particles粒子.
464
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3000
有一些累积在一起形成大的颗粒。
23:10
So that's why you have these gaps空白, is because a small satellite卫星, you know,
465
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这就是为什么土星环有间断,因为形成了小卫星了,
23:14
is being存在 formed形成 in that location位置.
466
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在那个位置形成。
23:17
Now, you think that those rings戒指 are very large objects对象.
467
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现在,您认为这些环非常大。
23:19
Yes, they are very large in one dimension尺寸;
468
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没错,它们在宽多上很大,
23:21
in the other dimension尺寸 they are paper thin. Very, very thin.
469
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不过厚度却和纸一样薄。非常非常薄。
23:24
What you are seeing眼看 here is the shadow阴影 of the ring on Saturn土星 itself本身.
470
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这是土星环在土星上的影子。
23:28
And that's one of the satellites卫星
471
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1000
这是其中一颗卫星
23:29
which哪一个 was actually其实 formed形成 on that one.
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就是由此形成的。
23:32
So, think about it as a paper-thin薄如纸,
473
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所以想象它如纸薄,
23:34
huge巨大 area of many许多 hundreds数以百计 of thousands数千 of miles英里, which哪一个 is rotating旋转.
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广大的区域成千上万英里,环绕着。
23:39
And we have a wide variety品种 of kind of satellites卫星 which哪一个 will form形成,
475
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将有各类不同卫星形成,
23:42
each one looking very different不同 and very odd, and that keeps保持
476
1406000
3000
每个都奇形怪状,这会让
23:45
scientists科学家们 busy for tens of years年份 trying to explain说明 this,
477
1409000
3000
科学家们忙上数十年,来解释这些东西,
23:48
and telling告诉 NASANASA we need more money so we can explain说明
478
1412000
3000
然后告所NASA我们需要更多钱来探索
23:51
what these things look like, or why they formed形成 that way.
479
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为什么这些东西长成这样,或者为什么那样形成。
23:53
Well, there were two satellites卫星 which哪一个 were particularly尤其 interesting有趣.
480
1417000
3000
其中有两颗卫星非常有趣。
23:56
One of them is called Enceladus土卫二.
481
1420000
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一个叫Enceladus(土卫二)
23:58
It's a satellite卫星 which哪一个 was all made制作 of ice,
482
1422000
3000
这颗卫星由冰构成,
24:01
and we measured测量 it from orbit轨道. Made制作 of ice.
483
1425000
2000
从轨道上测量。由冰构成。
24:03
But there was something bizarre奇异的 about it.
484
1427000
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不过有些不寻常的东西。
24:05
If you look at these stripes条纹 in here, what we call tiger stripes条纹,
485
1429000
4000
看这些斑纹,我们称之为虎皮斑纹,
24:09
when we flew over them, all of a sudden突然 we saw
486
1433000
2000
当我们飞跃它们时,忽然我们发现
24:11
an increase增加 in the temperature温度, which哪一个 said that those stripes条纹
487
1435000
3000
温度的升高,就是说这些斑纹
24:14
are warmer回暖 than the rest休息 of the planet行星.
488
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比星球上其他地方要热。
24:16
So as we flew by away from it, we looked看着 back. And guess猜测 what?
489
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5000
当我们飞过去回望的时候。猜猜看
24:21
We saw geysers间歇泉 coming未来 out.
490
1445000
2000
我们看到了间歇泉。
24:23
So this is a Yellowstone黄石, you know, of Saturn土星.
491
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这是土星的黄石公园。
24:25
We are seeing眼看 geysers间歇泉 of ice which哪一个 are coming未来 out of that planet行星,
492
1449000
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我们看到冰的间歇泉,从星球上喷出。
24:29
which哪一个 indicate表明 that most likely容易 there is an ocean海洋, you know,
493
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这表明很有可能有海洋,
24:31
below下面 the surface表面.
494
1455000
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在地表以下。
24:33
And somehow不知何故, through通过 some dynamic动态 effect影响, we're having these geysers间歇泉
495
1457000
3000
由于动力效应,我们有了这些间歇泉
24:36
which哪一个 are being存在, you know, emitted发射 from it.
496
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3000
从此喷发出来。
24:39
And the reason原因 I showed显示 the little arrow箭头 there,
497
1463000
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我在这里标注了距离,
24:41
I think that should say 30 miles英里,
498
1465000
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应该是30英里,
24:43
we decided决定 a few少数 months个月 ago to actually其实 fly the spacecraft宇宙飞船
499
1467000
3000
几个月以前我们让航天器
24:46
through通过 the plume of that geyser喷泉
500
1470000
2000
飞越了间歇泉的漂浮物
24:48
so we can actually其实 measure测量 the material材料 that it is made制作 of.
501
1472000
5000
这样我们就可以实际测量物质组成。
24:53
That was [unclear不明] also -- you know, because we were worried担心
502
1477000
3000
40英里高,因为我们担心
24:56
about the risk风险 of it, but it worked工作 pretty漂亮 well.
503
1480000
2000
风险,不过它干的的不错。
24:58
We flew at the top最佳 of it, and we found发现 that there is a fair公平 amount of
504
1482000
3000
航天器飞越顶部,我们发现相当多的
25:01
organic有机 material材料 which哪一个 is being存在 emitted发射 in combination组合 with the ice.
505
1485000
4000
有机物,混在喷出的冰当中。
25:05
And over the next下一个 few少数 years年份, as we keep orbiting轨道, you know, Saturn土星,
506
1489000
4000
之后几年,我们会继续环绕土星,
25:09
we are planning规划 to get closer接近 and closer接近 down to the surface表面
507
1493000
3000
我们计划越来越靠近地表
25:12
and make more accurate准确 measurements测量.
508
1496000
2000
进行更精确的测量。
25:14
Now, another另一个 satellite卫星 also attracted吸引 a lot of attention注意,
509
1498000
2000
现在另一颗卫星引起了广泛关注,
25:16
and that's Titan泰坦. And the reason原因 Titan泰坦 is particularly尤其 interesting有趣,
510
1500000
3000
Titan(土卫六)。土卫六引起关注的原因是,
25:19
it's a satellite卫星 bigger than our moon月亮, and it has an atmosphere大气层.
511
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它是一颗比我们月亮大的卫星,它有大气层。
25:24
And that atmosphere大气层 is very -- as dense稠密 as our own拥有 atmosphere大气层.
512
1508000
3000
大气密度和我们的大气差不多。
25:27
So if you were on Titan泰坦, you would feel the same相同 pressure压力
513
1511000
3000
如果你在土卫六上,会感觉到同样的气压
25:30
that you feel in here. Except it's a lot colder更冷,
514
1514000
4000
就像在地球。只不过凉了一点,
25:34
and that atmosphere大气层 is heavily严重 made制作 of methane甲烷.
515
1518000
3000
它的大气层主要由甲烷构成。
25:37
Now, methane甲烷 gets得到 people all excited兴奋, because it's organic有机 material材料,
516
1521000
3000
甲烷让人兴奋,因为它是有机物,
25:40
so immediately立即 people start开始 thinking思维,
517
1524000
2000
人们马上想到,
25:42
could life have evolved进化 in that location位置,
518
1526000
3000
生命可以在此进化,
25:45
when you have a lot of organic有机 material材料.
519
1529000
2000
如果找到有机物。
25:47
So people believe now that Titan泰坦 is most likely容易 what we call
520
1531000
4000
人们相信土卫六最象
25:51
a pre-biotic前生物 planet行星, because it's so cold organic有机 material材料 did not get
521
1535000
6000
生命起源星球,因为它太冷了有机物
25:57
to the stage阶段 of becoming变得 biological生物 material材料,
522
1541000
2000
不能生成生物物质,
25:59
and therefore因此 life could have evolved进化 on it.
523
1543000
2000
由此才能有生命进化。
26:01
So it could be Earth地球, frozen冻结的 three billion十亿 years年份 ago
524
1545000
4000
它就像地球,封冻了30亿年
26:05
before life actually其实 started开始 on it.
525
1549000
2000
然后才开始有生机。
26:07
So that's getting得到 a lot of interest利益, and to show显示 you some example
526
1551000
3000
所以很有意思,展示几个例子
26:10
of what we did in there, we actually其实 dropped下降 a probe探测,
527
1554000
4000
我们投下了一个探测器,
26:14
which哪一个 was developed发达 by our colleagues同事 in Europe欧洲, we dropped下降 a probe探测
528
1558000
2000
是由我们欧洲的同事开发的,在围绕土星运行时投下一个探测器。
26:16
as we were orbiting轨道 Saturn土星.
529
1560000
3000
是由我们欧洲的同事开发的,在围绕土星运行时投下一个探测器。
26:19
We dropped下降 a probe探测 in the atmosphere大气层 of Titan泰坦.
530
1563000
2000
我们投下了一个探测器到土卫六大气层。
26:21
And this is a picture图片 of an area as we were coming未来 down.
531
1565000
3000
这幅照片就是我们下降的区域。
26:24
Just looked看着 like the coast of California加州 for me.
532
1568000
2000
对我来说就像加利福尼亚的海岸。
26:26
You see the rivers河流 which哪一个 are coming未来 along沿 the coast,
533
1570000
3000
可以看到河流沿着海岸,
26:29
and you see that white白色 area which哪一个 looks容貌 like Catalina卡塔利娜 Island,
534
1573000
2000
那个白色区域就像卡特琳娜岛,
26:31
and that looks容貌 like an ocean海洋.
535
1575000
2000
看上去像个海洋。
26:33
And then with an instrument仪器 we have on board, a radar雷达 instrument仪器,
536
1577000
3000
通过搭载的仪器,一个雷达仪器,
26:36
we found发现 there are lakes湖泊 like the Great Lakes in here,
537
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我们发现了湖泊,就像这里的五大湖,
26:39
so it looks容貌 very much like Earth地球.
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很象地球。
26:40
It looks容貌 like there are rivers河流 on it, there are oceans海洋 or lakes湖泊,
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看上去有河流,海洋或湖泊,
26:44
we know there are clouds. We think it's raining下雨 also on it.
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有云彩。我们认为还有降雨。
26:47
So it's very much like the cycle周期 on Earth地球 except
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非常类似地球的循环,不过
26:49
because it's so cold, it could not be water, you know,
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那里非常冷,不是水,
26:52
because water would have frozen冻结的.
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水会结冰的。
26:54
What it turned转身 out, that all that we are seeing眼看, all this liquid液体,
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这些看上去是液体的东西,
26:56
[is made制作 of] hydrocarbon and ethane乙烷 and methane甲烷,
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应该是烃和乙烷和甲烷,
26:59
similar类似 to what you put in your car汽车.
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就像加入油箱里的东西。
27:01
So here we have a cycle周期 of a planet行星 which哪一个 is like our Earth地球,
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这个星球的循环非常类似地球,
27:05
but is all made制作 of ethane乙烷 and methane甲烷 and organic有机 material材料.
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不过是由乙烷和甲烷以及有机物构成。
27:09
So if you were on Mars火星 -- sorry, on Titan泰坦,
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如果你在土卫六上,
27:12
you don't have to worry担心 about four-dollar四美元 gasoline汽油.
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你不用担心4美元的汽油。
27:14
You just drive驾驶 to the nearest最近的 lake, stick your hose软管 in it,
551
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开到附近湖边,用胶皮管灌就可以了,
27:16
and you've got your car汽车 filled填充 up.
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可以加满汽车。
27:19
On the other hand, if you light a match比赛
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另一方面,如果你划着一个火柴
27:21
the whole整个 planet行星 will blow打击 up.
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整个星球都会爆炸。
27:25
So in closing关闭, I said I want to close by a couple一对 of pictures图片.
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在结尾,我想在以几幅照片做结尾。
27:28
And just to kind of put us in perspective透视,
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就是让大家思考,
27:31
this is a picture图片 of Saturn土星 taken采取 with a spacecraft宇宙飞船
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这是航天器从土星背后回望太阳拍摄的照片。
27:34
from behind背后 Saturn土星, looking towards the Sun太阳.
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这是航天器从土星背后回望太阳拍摄的照片。
27:36
The Sun太阳 is behind背后 Saturn土星, so we see what we call "forward前锋 scattering散射,"
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太阳在土星之后,我们称之为前向散射“forward scattering”
27:40
so it highlights强调 all the rings戒指. And I'm going to zoom放大.
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照亮了土星环。我放大一下。
27:43
There is a -- I'm not sure you can see it very well,
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我不太清楚您能不能看见,
27:46
but on the top最佳 left, around 10 o'clock,
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在左上,十点钟方向,
27:48
there is a little teeny蝇头 dot, and that's Earth地球.
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有一个黑点,那是地球。
27:51
You barely仅仅 can see ourselves我们自己. So what I did, I thought I'd zoom放大 on it.
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我们能看到我们的星球。我放大照片
27:55
So as you zoom放大 in, you know, you can see Earth地球, you know,
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当你放大的时候,你可以看到地球,
27:59
just in the middle中间 here. So we zoomed放大 all the way on the art艺术 center中央.
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就在中间。因此,我们一直放大到艺术中心。
28:06
So thank you very much.
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非常感谢。
Translated by dahong zhang
Reviewed by Yang Jacky

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Charles Elachi - Planetary scientist
Charles Elachi is the director of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where he oversees space exploration programs such as the Mars Rovers.

Why you should listen

Charles Elachi is the director of NASA's Jet Propulsion Lab at Caltech. He leads JPL's efforts to build robots that explore space -- including the surprisingly long-lived Mars Rovers. In the wake of the Rovers' success (and even fame), it's worth remembering that they grew out of some troubled earlier attempts to reach Mars. Elachi's careful management of the Rover program, wrote the US News and World Report, was a key piece of its success. And Elachi gives equal credit to some extraordinary luck.

As JPL's director for space and Earth science programs from 1982 to 2000, and then its head since then, he's led the development of many new instruments and programs for observing Earth and exploring the planets. It's in part thanks to him that, as of May 2008, we have 17 different robots exploring space. His own academic specialty is active microwave remote sensing and electromagnetic theory.

More profile about the speaker
Charles Elachi | Speaker | TED.com