ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Charles Elachi - Planetary scientist
Charles Elachi is the director of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where he oversees space exploration programs such as the Mars Rovers.

Why you should listen

Charles Elachi is the director of NASA's Jet Propulsion Lab at Caltech. He leads JPL's efforts to build robots that explore space -- including the surprisingly long-lived Mars Rovers. In the wake of the Rovers' success (and even fame), it's worth remembering that they grew out of some troubled earlier attempts to reach Mars. Elachi's careful management of the Rover program, wrote the US News and World Report, was a key piece of its success. And Elachi gives equal credit to some extraordinary luck.

As JPL's director for space and Earth science programs from 1982 to 2000, and then its head since then, he's led the development of many new instruments and programs for observing Earth and exploring the planets. It's in part thanks to him that, as of May 2008, we have 17 different robots exploring space. His own academic specialty is active microwave remote sensing and electromagnetic theory.

More profile about the speaker
Charles Elachi | Speaker | TED.com
Serious Play 2008

Charles Elachi: The story behind the Mars Rovers

查爾斯•艾拉奇博士談火星探測車

Filmed:
639,501 views

在2008年Serious Play中,查爾斯•艾拉奇博士分享他在NASA火箭推進實驗室(Jet Propulsion Lab)的傳奇故事 -- 包括火星探測車計畫的影片及故事。
- Planetary scientist
Charles Elachi is the director of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where he oversees space exploration programs such as the Mars Rovers. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:16
I thought I'd start開始 with telling告訴 you or showing展示 you the people who started開始 [Jet噴射 Propulsion動力 Lab實驗室].
0
0
4000
我先來介紹一下JPL火箭推進實驗室的創始成員
00:20
When they were a bunch of kids孩子,
1
4000
2000
當時他們是一群小伙子
00:22
they were kind of very imaginative想像的, very adventurous愛冒險的,
2
6000
3000
這群小伙子很有想像力、很有冒險精神
00:25
as they were trying at Caltech加州理工學院 to mix混合 chemicals化學製品
3
9000
2000
他們在加州理工學院混合各種化學物質
00:27
and see which哪一個 one blows打擊 up more.
4
11000
2000
看看哪個威力比較大
00:29
Well, I don't recommend推薦 that you try to do that now.
5
13000
3000
呃,我可不要大家模仿-可想而知他們炸掉了
00:32
Naturally自然, they blew自爆 up a shack窩棚, and Caltech加州理工學院, well, then,
6
16000
2000
一間小屋,學校的人就說:
00:34
hey, you go to the Arroyo阿羅約 and really do all your tests測試 in there.
7
18000
4000
「嘿,拜託你們到Arroyo去做你們的實驗吧」
00:38
So, that's what we call our first five employees僱員
8
22000
3000
「Arroyo乾河床」就是我們在休息時間裡
00:41
during the tea break打破, you know, in here.
9
25000
3000
稱呼我們最初5名員工的綽號
00:44
As I said, they were adventurous愛冒險的 people.
10
28000
2000
我說過他們是很有冒險精神的人
00:46
As a matter of fact事實, one of them, who was, kind of, part部分 of a cult禮拜
11
30000
4000
這群人當中其實還有一位特別狂熱
00:50
which哪一個 was not too far from here on Orange橙子 Grove樹林,
12
34000
4000
就在離這不遠、叫做橘林的地方
00:54
and unfortunately不幸 he blew自爆 up himself他自己 because he kept不停 mixing混合 chemicals化學製品
13
38000
4000
他不幸炸到自己了,因為他一直混合化學物品
00:58
and trying to figure數字 out which哪一個 ones那些 were the best最好 chemicals化學製品.
14
42000
2000
試圖找出最好的配方
01:00
So, that gives you a kind of flavor味道
15
44000
2000
舉這個例子讓各位大致了解
01:02
of the kind of people we have there.
16
46000
1000
我們那一群是怎樣的人
01:03
We try to avoid避免 blowing ourselves我們自己 up.
17
47000
2000
我們小心避免炸到自己
01:05
This one I thought I'd show顯示 you.
18
49000
2000
我想給各位看這張照片
01:07
Guess猜測 which哪一個 one is a JPLJPL employee僱員 in the heart of this crowd人群.
19
51000
3000
猜猜看這裡頭哪位是JPL的員工
01:10
I tried試著 to come like him this morning早上,
20
54000
3000
今天早上我想和他一樣不穿上衣就過來
01:13
but as I walked out, then it was too cold,
21
57000
2000
不過,出門時外面實在太冷
01:15
and I said, I'd better put my shirt襯衫 back on.
22
59000
2000
我就說還是把上衣穿回去好
01:17
But more importantly重要的, the reason原因 I wanted to show顯示 this picture圖片:
23
61000
3000
不過,我之所以放這張照片的重點是:
01:20
look where the other people are looking,
24
64000
2000
看看其他人往哪兒看
01:22
and look where he is looking.
25
66000
3000
再看他是往哪兒看的
01:25
Wherever哪裡 anybody任何人 else其他 looks容貌, look somewhere某處 else其他,
26
69000
2000
不管別人,看別的地方
01:27
and go do something different不同, you know, and doing that.
27
71000
3000
去做和別人不一樣的事
01:30
And that's kind of what has been the spirit精神 of what we are doing.
28
74000
3000
這一直是我們做事的精神
01:33
And I want to tell you a quote引用 from Ralph拉爾夫 Emerson艾默生
29
77000
3000
我想引述愛默生的一段話
01:36
that one of my colleagues同事, you know, put on my wall in my office辦公室,
30
80000
3000
有位同事把這話掛在我辦公室牆上
01:39
and it says, "Do not go where the path路徑 may可能 lead.
31
83000
3000
「別走康莊大道,要披荊斬棘
01:42
Go instead代替 where there is no path路徑, and leave離開 a trail落後."
32
86000
2000
當後人的開路先鋒」
01:44
And that's my recommendation建議 to all of you:
33
88000
2000
我給在座各位的建議是:
01:46
look what everybody每個人 is doing, what they are doing;
34
90000
2000
看別人都在做什麼
01:48
go do something completely全然 different不同.
35
92000
2000
去做完全不同的事
01:50
Don't try to improve提高 a little bit on what somebody else其他 is doing,
36
94000
3000
不要用心對別人做過的事稍做改良
01:53
because that doesn't get you very far.
37
97000
2000
那不會讓你有多大的成就
01:55
In our early days we used to work a lot on rockets火箭,
38
99000
3000
我們早期花許多時間在火箭上
01:58
but we also used to have a lot of parties派對, you know.
39
102000
2000
不過我們也開了許多派對
02:00
As you can see, one of our parties派對, you know, a few少數 years年份 ago.
40
104000
4000
各位看到這張是我們幾年前開派對的照片
02:04
But then a big difference區別 happened發生 about 50 years年份 ago,
41
108000
3000
不過50年前發生了一件很重要的事
02:07
after Sputnik人造地球衛星 was launched推出. We launched推出 the first American美國 satellite衛星,
42
111000
4000
Sputnik發射後我們發射第一顆美國人造衛星
02:11
and that's the one you see on the left in there.
43
115000
2000
左邊看到的就是那顆人造衛星
02:13
And here we made製作 180 degrees change更改:
44
117000
2000
此時我們做了180度的大改變:
02:15
we changed from a rocket火箭 house to be an exploration勘探 house.
45
119000
4000
我們從火箭研究機構變成一個探險機構
02:19
And that was doneDONE over a period of a couple一對 of years年份,
46
123000
3000
這個轉變花了好幾年的時間
02:22
and now we are the leading領導 organization組織, you know,
47
126000
2000
我們現在是這個領域的領導者
02:24
exploring探索 space空間 on all of your behalf代表.
48
128000
3000
代表全人類探索太空
02:27
But even when we did that, we had to remind提醒 ourselves我們自己,
49
131000
3000
即便如此,我們還得提醒自己
02:30
sometimes有時 there are setbacks挫折.
50
134000
2000
有時難免會遭遇挫折
02:32
So you see, on the bottom底部, that rocket火箭 was supposed應該 to go upward向上;
51
136000
3000
看照片下面,火箭原本應該向上
02:35
somehow不知何故 it ended結束 going sideways側身.
52
139000
2000
可不知為何卻往旁邊跑了
02:37
So that's what we call the misguided誤導 missile導彈.
53
141000
3000
這就是我們說的脫靶飛彈
02:40
But then also, just to celebrate慶祝 that,
54
144000
2000
後來為了紀念這次經驗
02:42
we started開始 an event事件 at JPLJPL for "Miss小姐 Guided指導 Missile導彈."
55
146000
3000
我們在JPL舉辦脫靶飛彈小姐選美活動
02:45
So, we used to have a celebration慶典 every一切 year and select選擇 --
56
149000
3000
從此我們每年都舉辦慶祝和選美活動
02:48
there used to be competition競爭 and parades遊行 and so on.
57
152000
3000
還有比賽跟遊行等等
02:51
It's not very appropriate適當 to do it now. Some people tell me to do it;
58
155000
3000
現在不太適合這樣做,即便有人還想
02:54
I think, well, that's not really proper正確, you know, these days.
59
158000
4000
但我覺得這個年頭還真的不太適合
02:58
So, we do something a little bit more serious嚴重.
60
162000
2000
所以我們要做點正經事
03:00
And that's what you see in the last Rose玫瑰 Bowl, you know,
61
164000
3000
這是最近在玫瑰球場的活動
03:03
when we entered進入 one of the floats彩車.
62
167000
2000
我們開一部花車進場
03:05
That's more on the play side. And on the right side,
63
169000
2000
這是為了好玩,那右邊呢
03:07
that's the Rover流浪者 just before we finished its testing測試
64
171000
3000
那是剛完成測試的火星車
03:10
to take it to the Cape to launch發射 it.
65
174000
2000
準備運往卡納維爾角發射
03:12
These are the Rovers流浪者 up here that you have on Mars火星 now.
66
176000
3000
這就是目前在火星執行任務的火星車
03:15
So that kind of tells告訴 you about, kind of, the fun開玩笑 things,
67
179000
3000
這只是告訴各位,我們除了很會玩
03:18
you know, and the serious嚴重 things that we try to do.
68
182000
2000
也會做正經事
03:20
But I said I'm going to show顯示 you a short clip
69
184000
2000
現在我要播放一段短片
03:22
of one of our employees僱員 to kind of give you an idea理念
70
186000
3000
是我們一名員工的,讓大家知道
03:25
about some of the talent天賦 that we have.
71
189000
2000
我們有些員工很有才華
03:39
Video視頻: Morgan摩根 Hendry亨德利: Beware謹防 of Safety安全 is
72
203000
2000
影片:Beware of Safety樂團
03:41
an instrumental儀器的 rock band.
73
205000
2000
是一支純演奏的搖滾樂團
03:43
It branches分支機構 on more the experimental試驗 side.
74
207000
3000
風格比較偏向實驗性質
03:46
There's the improvisational即興 side of jazz爵士樂.
75
210000
3000
包含爵士樂的即興元素
03:49
There's the heavy-hitting重擊 sound聲音 of rock.
76
213000
3000
還有搖滾樂的重金屬元素
03:52
Being存在 able能夠 to treat對待 sound聲音 as an instrument儀器, and be able能夠 to dig
77
216000
5000
把聲音當樂器玩,挖掘更多抽象的聲音
03:57
for more abstract抽象 sounds聲音 and things to play live生活,
78
221000
2000
可以現場即席演出
03:59
mixing混合 electronics電子產品 and acoustics聲學.
79
223000
2000
結合電音和真實樂器
04:01
The music's音樂的 half of me, but the other half --
80
225000
4000
音樂是我生命的一半,另一半是
04:05
I landed登陸 probably大概 the best最好 gig演出 of all.
81
229000
3000
我找到的可能是最棒的工作
04:08
I work for the Jet噴射 Propulsion動力 Lab實驗室. I'm building建造 the next下一個 Mars火星 Rover流浪者.
82
232000
3000
我在JPL工作,正在做下一台火星車
04:11
Some of the most brilliant輝煌 engineers工程師 I know
83
235000
3000
我所認識的一些頂尖工程師
04:14
are the ones那些 who have that sort分類 of artistic藝術的 quality質量 about them.
84
238000
4000
同樣都很有那一類的藝術天分
04:18
You've got to do what you want to do.
85
242000
2000
做你想做的事
04:20
And anyone任何人 who tells告訴 you you can't, you don't listen to them.
86
244000
3000
要是有人潑你冷水,別理他們
04:23
Maybe they're right - I doubt懷疑 it.
87
247000
3000
就算他們對了,我還是懷疑
04:26
Tell them where to put it, and then just do what you want to do.
88
250000
2000
叫他們別囉嗦,你盡管放手做
04:28
I'm Morgan摩根 Hendry亨德利. I am NASANASA.
89
252000
3000
我是Morgan Hendry,NASA人
04:34
Charles查爾斯 ElachiElachi: Now, moving移動 from the play stuff東東 to the serious嚴重 stuff東東,
90
258000
3000
現在我們從好玩的事回到正經事
04:37
always people ask, why do we explore探索?
91
261000
2000
總有人問我們為什麼要探索?
04:39
Why are we doing all of these missions任務 and why are we exploring探索 them?
92
263000
3000
為何要執行這些任務,為何要探索?
04:42
Well, the way I think about it is fairly相當 simple簡單.
93
266000
2000
我認為原因很簡單
04:44
Somehow不知何故, 13 billion十億 years年份 ago there was a Big Bang, and you've heard聽說
94
268000
3000
不知怎的,130億年發生了大爆炸
04:47
a little bit about, you know, the origin起源 of the universe宇宙.
95
271000
3000
各位多少都聽過,那是宇宙的起源
04:50
But somehow不知何故 what strikes罷工 everybody's每個人的 imagination想像力 --
96
274000
3000
不過這開啟了大家的想像空間-
04:53
or lots of people's人們 imagination想像力 -- somehow不知何故 from that original原版的 Big Bang
97
277000
3000
或說是許多人的想像空間-源自大爆炸
04:56
we have this beautiful美麗 world世界 that we live生活 in today今天.
98
280000
3000
我們才有今日居住的美麗世界
04:59
You look outside: you have all that beauty美女 that you see,
99
283000
3000
你往外看,到處都是美景
05:02
all that life that you see around you,
100
286000
2000
你的四週到處是生命
05:04
and here we have intelligent智能 people like you and I
101
288000
2000
還有些有智識的人,如同你我
05:06
who are having a conversation會話 here.
102
290000
2000
在這裡進行智識交流
05:08
All that started開始 from that Big Bang. So, the question is:
103
292000
2000
一切源自大爆炸-問題來了:
05:10
How did that happen發生? How did that evolve發展? How did the universe宇宙 form形成?
104
294000
5000
大爆炸怎麼發生的?演進過程如何?宇宙怎麼形成的?
05:15
How did the galaxies星系 form形成? How did the planets行星 form形成?
105
299000
2000
銀河系、行星怎麼形成的呢?
05:17
Why is there a planet行星 on which哪一個 there is life which哪一個 have evolved進化?
106
301000
3000
為什麼有顆行星上會有生命演化?
05:20
Is that very common共同?
107
304000
2000
這種現象普遍嗎?
05:22
Is there life on every一切 planet行星 that you can see around the stars明星?
108
306000
4000
所見的星球中是否每顆行星上都有生命?
05:26
So we literally按照字面 are all made製作 out of stardust星塵.
109
310000
2000
我們其實都是由星塵組成的
05:28
We started開始 from those stars明星; we are made製作 of stardust星塵.
110
312000
3000
我們源自星球,是星塵所組成的
05:31
So, next下一個 time you are really depressed鬱悶, look in the mirror鏡子
111
315000
2000
那麼,沮喪時照照鏡子
05:33
and you can look and say, hi, I'm looking at a star here.
112
317000
2000
對鏡子說:嘿,我看的是一顆星
05:35
You can skip跳躍 the dust灰塵 part部分.
113
319000
2000
你可以跳過星塵那部分
05:37
But literally按照字面, we are all made製作 of stardust星塵.
114
321000
2000
不過,我們真的都是星塵組成的
05:39
So, what we are trying to do in our exploration勘探 is effectively有效
115
323000
4000
所以我們現在所進行的探索
05:43
write the book of how things have came來了 about as they are today今天.
116
327000
5000
為的是寫一本探討萬物如何演變成今日樣貌的書
05:48
And one of the first, or the easiest最簡單的, places地方 we can go
117
332000
3000
而第一個或說是最容易到達
05:51
and explore探索 that is to go towards Mars火星.
118
335000
2000
和探索的地方就是火星
05:53
And the reason原因 Mars火星 takes particular特定 attention注意:
119
337000
3000
火星值得注意的原因是
05:56
it's not very far from us.
120
340000
2000
它離我們不遠
05:58
You know, it'll它會 take us only six months個月 to get there.
121
342000
2000
大概只需6個月就能到達
06:00
Six to nine months個月 at the right time of the year.
122
344000
3000
選對時間出發只要6到8個月
06:03
It's a planet行星 somewhat有些 similar類似 to Earth地球. It's a little bit smaller,
123
347000
2000
這顆行星和地球相仿
06:05
but the land土地 mass on Mars火星 is about the same相同
124
349000
3000
稍微小了點兒,但不算海洋的話
06:08
as the land土地 mass on Earth地球, you know,
125
352000
1000
密度
06:09
if you don't take the oceans海洋 into account帳戶.
126
353000
2000
和地球差不多
06:11
It has polar極性 caps帽子. It has an atmosphere大氣層 somewhat有些 thinner更薄 than ours我們的,
127
355000
5000
火星有極地冰冠,大氣層比地球的還稀薄
06:16
so it has weather天氣. So, it's very similar類似 to some extent程度,
128
360000
3000
火星有氣候變化,所以某種程度上很相似
06:19
and you can see some of the features特徵 on it,
129
363000
2000
可以看到一些表面特徵
06:21
like the Grand盛大 Canyon峽谷 on Mars火星,
130
365000
1000
像是火星的大峽谷
06:22
or what we call the Grand盛大 Canyon峽谷 on Mars火星.
131
366000
2000
或是我們所謂的火星大峽谷
06:24
It is like the Grand盛大 Canyon峽谷 on Earth地球, except a hell地獄 of a lot larger.
132
368000
5000
像地球上的大峽谷,只不過火星的要大上很多
06:29
So it's about the size尺寸, you know, of the United聯合的 States狀態.
133
373000
3000
差不多跟美國一樣大小
06:32
It has volcanoes火山 on it. And that's Mount安裝 Olympus奧林巴斯 on Mars火星,
134
376000
5000
火星上也有火山,這是火星的奧林帕斯山
06:37
which哪一個 is a kind of huge巨大 volcanic火山 shield屏蔽 on that planet行星.
135
381000
4000
是一座巨型的盾狀火山
06:41
And if you look at the height高度 of it
136
385000
2000
就高度來說
06:43
and you compare比較 it to Mount安裝 Everest珠峰, you see, it'll它會 give you
137
387000
4000
各位可以拿聖母峰來作比較
06:47
an idea理念 of how large that Mount安裝 Olympus奧林巴斯, you know, is,
138
391000
4000
這樣就可以讓各位知道,和聖母峰相比
06:51
relative相對的 to Mount安裝 Everest珠峰.
139
395000
2000
奧林帕斯山有多大
06:53
So, it basically基本上 dwarfs小矮人, you know, Mount安裝 Everest珠峰 here on Earth地球.
140
397000
3000
相形之下就把地球的聖母峰比下去了
06:56
So, that gives you an idea理念 of the tectonic構造 events事件 or volcanic火山 events事件
141
400000
4000
這樣就可以讓各位大概了解火星過去的
07:00
which哪一個 have happened發生 on that planet行星.
142
404000
2000
地殼運動和火山活動
07:02
Recently最近 from one of our satellites衛星, this shows節目 that it's Earth-like類似地球 --
143
406000
3000
這是人造衛星最近拍的,看來像地球
07:05
we caught抓住 a landslide滑坡 occurring發生 as it was happening事件.
144
409000
4000
我們捕捉到發生地殼滑動時的影像
07:09
So it is a dynamic動態 planet行星,
145
413000
2000
所以這顆星球仍然活躍
07:11
and activity活動 is going on as we speak說話 today今天.
146
415000
3000
我們在此談話時,火星仍然在活動
07:14
And these Rovers流浪者, people wonder奇蹟 now, what are they doing today今天,
147
418000
3000
而人們想知道火星車現在在幹啥?
07:17
so I thought I would show顯示 you a little bit what they are doing.
148
421000
4000
所以我現在要跟各位分享一些火星車的近況
07:21
This is one very large crater彈坑. Geologists地質學家 love craters隕石坑,
149
425000
3000
這是個超大的隕石坑,地質學家最愛啦
07:24
because craters隕石坑 are like digging挖掘 a big hole in the ground地面
150
428000
2000
因為挖都不用挖
07:26
without really working加工 at it,
151
430000
2000
就像現成的大窟窿
07:28
and you can see what's below下面 the surface表面.
152
432000
2000
可以看到地表下的東西
07:30
So, this is called Victoria維多利亞 Crater彈坑,
153
434000
2000
這是維多利亞隕石坑
07:32
which哪一個 is about a few少數 football足球 fields領域 in size尺寸.
154
436000
2000
大概有幾個足球場那麼大
07:34
And if you look at the top最佳 left, you see a little teeny蠅頭 dark黑暗 dot.
155
438000
4000
看看左上角,可以看到一個小黑點
07:38
This picture圖片 was taken採取 from an orbiting軌道 satellite衛星.
156
442000
2000
這照片是人造衛星拍的
07:40
If I zoom放大 on it, you can see: that's the Rover流浪者 on the surface表面.
157
444000
3000
放大照片,這個黑點就是火星車
07:43
So, that was taken採取 from orbit軌道; we had the camera相機 zoom放大 on the surface表面,
158
447000
3000
這是從軌道上拍的,把鏡頭拉近表面
07:46
and we actually其實 saw the Rover流浪者 on the surface表面.
159
450000
3000
可以看到火星車在地表上
07:49
And we actually其實 used the combination組合 of the satellite衛星 images圖片
160
453000
4000
實際上,我們採取衛星照片配合
07:53
and the Rover流浪者 to actually其實 conduct進行 science科學,
161
457000
3000
火星車來進行科學研究,因為
07:56
because we can observe large areas
162
460000
2000
可以觀察大塊區域
07:58
and then you can get those Rovers流浪者 to move移動 around
163
462000
2000
然後讓火星車移動
08:00
and basically基本上 go to a certain某些 location位置.
164
464000
2000
讓它到達某個地點
08:02
So, specifically特別 what we are doing now is
165
466000
3000
我們現在正在做的是讓火星車
08:05
that Rover流浪者 is going down in that crater彈坑.
166
469000
2000
開到隕石坑裡
08:07
As I told you, geologists地質學家 love craters隕石坑.
167
471000
2000
前頭說過地質學家最愛隕石坑
08:09
And the reason原因 is, many許多 of you went to the Grand盛大 Canyon峽谷,
168
473000
3000
原因是各位如果親身到大峽谷
08:12
and you see in the wall of the Grand盛大 Canyon峽谷, you see these layers.
169
476000
4000
就可以看見大峽谷谷壁的岩層
08:16
And what these layers -- that's what the surface表面 used to be
170
480000
3000
這些岩層在幾百萬、幾千萬、
08:19
a million百萬 years年份 ago, 10 million百萬 years年份 ago,
171
483000
3000
幾億年前,曾經是地表
08:22
100 million百萬 years年份 ago, and you get deposits存款 on top最佳 of them.
172
486000
2000
各層沉積物都可取得
08:24
So if you can read the layers it's like reading your book,
173
488000
3000
懂得判讀岩層的話,就像看一本書
08:27
and you can learn學習 the history歷史 of what happened發生 in the past過去
174
491000
3000
那就可以知道過去在那裡
08:30
in that location位置.
175
494000
2000
發生過的歷史
08:32
So what you are seeing眼看 here are the layers on the wall
176
496000
3000
現在看到的是隕石坑壁的岩層
08:35
of that crater彈坑, and the Rover流浪者 is going down now, measuring測量, you know,
177
499000
4000
火星車正準備下去探測
08:39
the properties性能 and analyzing分析 the rocks岩石
178
503000
2000
邊走邊檢測
08:41
as it's going down, you know, that canyon峽谷.
179
505000
3000
並分析岩石的屬性
08:44
Now, it's kind of a little bit of a challenge挑戰 driving主動
180
508000
2000
把車開下去有點挑戰性
08:46
down a slope like this.
181
510000
2000
因為坡度很陡
08:48
If you were there you wouldn't不會 do it yourself你自己.
182
512000
2000
換作是你也不敢下去
08:50
But we really made製作 sure we tested測試 those Rovers流浪者
183
514000
2000
不過在登陸火星前
08:52
before we got them down -- or that Rover流浪者 --
184
516000
3000
我們已經對火星車做過測試
08:55
and made製作 sure that it's all working加工 well.
185
519000
2000
確定一切都沒問題
08:57
Now, when I came來了 last time, shortly不久 after the landing降落 --
186
521000
3000
記得上次來這裡時,才登陸不久
09:00
I think it was, like, a hundred days after the landing降落 --
187
524000
2000
印象中像是登陸100天後吧
09:02
I told you I was surprised詫異 that those Rovers流浪者
188
526000
2000
當時我說覺得很驚訝
09:04
are lasting持久 even a hundred days.
189
528000
3000
那些火星車竟然運作了100天
09:07
Well, here we are four years年份 later後來, and they're still working加工.
190
531000
2000
嗯,四年了,還在運作
09:09
Now you say, Charles查爾斯, you are really lying說謊 to us, and so on,
191
533000
3000
你們會說啦,查爾斯,你少來了
09:12
but that's not true真正. We really believed相信 they were going to last
192
536000
2000
不過我說真的,當時我們
09:14
90 days or 100 days, because they are solar太陽能 powered動力,
193
538000
4000
真的認為只能運作90或100天,因為是吃太陽能的
09:18
and Mars火星 is a dusty塵土飛揚 planet行星, so we expected預期 the dust灰塵
194
542000
3000
火星塵土飛揚,所以我們預料
09:21
would start開始 accumulating積累 on the surface表面, and after a while
195
545000
3000
塵土會堆積在車子的表面
09:24
we wouldn't不會 have enough足夠 power功率, you know, to keep them warm.
196
548000
3000
過一陣子就沒有足夠的電力來運作
09:27
Well, I always say it's important重要 that you are smart聰明,
197
551000
2000
我常說聰明才智重要
09:29
but every一切 once一旦 in a while it's good to be lucky幸運.
198
553000
3000
但有時運氣也很重要
09:32
And that's what we found發現 out. It turned轉身 out that every一切 once一旦 in a while
199
556000
3000
說的就是我們發現的
09:35
there are dust灰塵 devils鬼子 which哪一個 come by on Mars火星, as you are seeing眼看 here,
200
559000
4000
火星偶爾會有沙塵暴,像各位現在看到的
09:39
and when the dust灰塵 devil魔鬼 comes over the Rover流浪者, it just cleans清理 it up.
201
563000
3000
沙塵暴颳過時,剛好把車子清乾淨
09:42
It is like a brand new car汽車 that you have,
202
566000
3000
這就像一部新車一樣
09:45
and that's literally按照字面 why they have lasted歷時 so long.
203
569000
3000
這就是車子可以用這麼久的原因
09:48
And now we designed設計 them reasonably合理 well,
204
572000
2000
當然我們也設計得好
09:50
but that's exactly究竟 why they are lasting持久 that long
205
574000
4000
但這才是火星車可以用這麼久並繼續
09:54
and still providing提供 all the science科學 data數據.
206
578000
2000
提供科學數據的原因
09:56
Now, the two Rovers流浪者, each one of them is, kind of, getting得到 old.
207
580000
3000
現在這兩台火星車都有點老舊了
09:59
You know, one of them, one of the wheels車輪 is stuck卡住, is not working加工,
208
583000
3000
其中一台輪子卡住,無法動
10:02
one of the front面前 wheels車輪, so what we are doing,
209
586000
2000
有個前輪卡住了
10:04
we are driving主動 it backwards向後.
210
588000
2000
所以現在只能倒著開
10:06
And the other one has arthritis關節炎 of the shoulder joint聯合, you know,
211
590000
2000
另一台肩部關節有點發炎
10:08
it's not working加工 very well, so it's walking步行 like this,
212
592000
3000
運作得不很順暢,所以有點像這樣
10:11
and we can move移動 the arm, you know, that way.
213
595000
2000
只能像這樣移動手臂
10:13
But still they are producing生產 a lot of scientific科學 data數據.
214
597000
3000
不過仍然持續提供很多科學數據
10:16
Now, during that whole整個 period, a number of people got excited興奮,
215
600000
3000
在這段期間裡,有些人覺得很興奮
10:19
you know, outside the science科學 community社區 about these Rovers流浪者,
216
603000
4000
有些科學界以外的人對火星車很有興趣
10:23
so I thought I'd show顯示 you a video視頻 just to give you a reflection反射
217
607000
3000
所以接下來我要播放一段影片
10:26
about how these Rovers流浪者 are being存在 viewed觀看 by people
218
610000
3000
讓各位看看科學界以外的人
10:29
other than the science科學 community社區.
219
613000
3000
是怎麼看待火星車的
10:32
So let me go on the next下一個 short video視頻.
220
616000
2000
我們來看看短片
10:34
By the way, this video視頻 is pretty漂亮 accurate準確 of how the landing降落 took place地點, you know,
221
618000
5000
順道說一下,這段影片非常忠實地呈現4年前
10:39
about four years年份 ago.
222
623000
1000
登陸時的情況
10:40
Video視頻: Okay, we have parachute降落傘 aligned對齊.
223
624000
2000
影片:好,降落傘開了
10:42
Okay, deploy部署 the airbags安全氣囊. Open打開.
224
626000
3000
好,安全氣囊準備,開啟
10:46
Camera相機. We have a picture圖片 right now.
225
630000
3000
相機準備,影像傳輸中
10:51
Yeah!
226
635000
2000
太好了!
10:53
CECE: That's about what happened發生 in the Houston休斯頓 operation手術 room房間. It's exactly究竟 like this.
227
637000
5000
查爾斯:當時休士頓控制中心的情形就像這樣,真的像這樣
10:58
Video視頻: Now, if there is life, the Dutch荷蘭人 will find it.
228
642000
5000
影片:如果火星上有生命,荷蘭號就會發現
11:09
What is he doing?
229
653000
2000
他在幹嘛?
11:12
What is that?
230
656000
2000
那是什麼?
11:24
CECE: Not too bad.
231
668000
1000
查爾斯:蠻有趣的
11:34
So anyway無論如何, let me continue繼續 on showing展示 you a little bit
232
678000
3000
接下來再給各位看些這顆星球的
11:37
about the beauty美女 of that planet行星.
233
681000
1000
美景
11:38
As I said earlier, it looked看著 very much like Earth地球,
234
682000
3000
前頭說過火星跟地球很像
11:41
so you see sand dunes沙丘.
235
685000
2000
看看這些沙丘
11:43
It looks容貌 like I could have told you these are pictures圖片 taken採取
236
687000
2000
跟各位說這些照片是
11:45
from the Sahara撒哈拉 Desert沙漠 or somewhere某處, and you'd have believed相信 me,
237
689000
3000
在撒哈拉沙漠或什麼地方拍的,大家會相信
11:48
but these are pictures圖片 taken採取 from Mars火星.
238
692000
1000
可是這些是火星上拍的照片
11:49
But one area which哪一個 is particularly尤其 intriguing奇妙 for us
239
693000
3000
不過有個地方最吸引我們
11:52
is the northern北方 region地區, you know, of Mars火星, close to the North Pole,
240
696000
3000
在火星北端,靠近北極的地方
11:55
because we see ice caps帽子, and we see the ice caps帽子 shrinking萎縮
241
699000
3000
因為我們看見冰冠,也看見冰冠的消長
11:58
and expanding擴大, so it's very much like you have in northern北方 Canada加拿大.
242
702000
4000
看起來很像加拿大北部
12:02
And we wanted to find out -- and we see all kinds of glacial冰河 features特徵 on it.
243
706000
3000
我們想知道的是-我們看見各種冰河特徵
12:05
So, we wanted to find out, actually其實,
244
709000
2000
所以我們想知道
12:07
what is that ice made製作 of, and could that have embedded嵌入式 in it
245
711000
4000
冰的成份,看裡頭是否可能夾雜一些
12:11
some organic有機, you know, material材料.
246
715000
3000
有機物質
12:14
So we have a spacecraft宇宙飛船 which哪一個 is heading標題 towards Mars火星,
247
718000
2000
現在有一艘太空船飛往火星
12:16
called Phoenix鳳凰, and that spacecraft宇宙飛船 will land土地
248
720000
3000
叫作鳳凰號,這艘太空船
12:19
17 days, seven hours小時 and 20 seconds from now,
249
723000
4000
再過17天7小時又20秒就要登陸了
12:23
so you can adjust調整 your watch.
250
727000
2000
各位可以對一下錶
12:25
So it's on May可能 25 around just before five o'clock our time here
251
729000
4000
5月25日西岸時間5點之前
12:29
on the West西 Coast, actually其實 we will be landing降落 on another另一個 planet行星.
252
733000
3000
我們會登陸在另一顆星球上
12:32
And as you can see, this is a picture圖片 of the spacecraft宇宙飛船 put on Mars火星,
253
736000
4000
各位可以看到,這張圖片是登上火星的太空船
12:36
but I thought that just in case案件 you're going to miss小姐 that show顯示, you know,
254
740000
3000
不過我想有人會錯過17天後的登陸轉播
12:39
in 17 days, I'll show顯示 you, kind of,
255
743000
2000
我想給各位看一下
12:41
a little bit of what's going to happen發生.
256
745000
2000
當天會發生什麼
12:43
Video視頻: That's what we call the seven minutes分鐘 of terror恐怖.
257
747000
3000
影片:這就是所謂的「恐怖7分鐘」
13:00
So the plan計劃 is to dig in the soil and take samples樣本
258
764000
2000
我們計畫挖掘泥土,採取樣本
13:02
that we put them in an oven烤箱 and actually其實 heat them
259
766000
3000
然後把樣本放進一個爐子裡加熱
13:05
and look what gases氣體 will come from it.
260
769000
2000
看看會釋出什麼氣體
13:07
So this was launched推出 about nine months個月 ago.
261
771000
3000
這艘太空船在9個月前就發射了
13:13
We'll be coming未來 in at 12,000 miles英里 per hour小時, and in seven minutes分鐘
262
777000
4000
到達前會以每小時12,000英里的速度飛行
13:17
we have to stop and touch觸摸 the surface表面 very softly輕輕的
263
781000
3000
著陸前7分鐘內要降下速度,軟著地
13:20
so we don't break打破 that lander著陸器.
264
784000
2000
以免損壞登陸艇
13:38
Ben CichyCichy: Phoenix鳳凰 is the first Mars火星 Scout偵察 mission任務.
265
802000
2000
鳳凰號是首次火星偵查任務
13:40
It's the first mission任務 that's going to try to land土地
266
804000
2000
首次登陸火星北極
13:42
near the North Pole of Mars火星, and it's the first mission任務
267
806000
2000
也是首次
13:44
that's actually其實 going to try and reach達到 out and touch觸摸 water
268
808000
3000
在其他行星表面尋找水源的
13:47
on the surface表面 of another另一個 planet行星.
269
811000
2000
任務
13:49
Lynn林恩 Craig克雷格: Where there tends趨向 to be water, at least最小 on Earth地球,
270
813000
3000
哪裡有水,哪裡就有生命
13:52
there tends趨向 to be life, and so it's potentially可能 a place地點
271
816000
3000
至少在地球上是如此,所以
13:55
where life could have existed存在 on the planet行星 in the past過去.
272
819000
4000
這顆行星上過去很可能存在著生命
14:03
Erik埃里克 Bailey貝利: The main主要 purpose目的 of EDLEDL is to take a spacecraft宇宙飛船 that is traveling旅行
273
827000
3000
進入、下降、著陸(EDL)的目的就是
14:06
at 12,500 miles英里 an hour小時 and bring帶來 it to a screeching尖叫 halt
274
830000
6000
讓時速12,500英里的太空船
14:12
in a soft柔軟的 way in a very short amount of time.
275
836000
3000
在短時間內以緩和的方式緊急煞車
14:16
BC公元前: We enter輸入 the Martian火星 atmosphere大氣層.
276
840000
2000
進入火星大氣層時
14:18
We're 70 miles英里 above以上 the surface表面 of Mars火星.
277
842000
2000
離火星地表有70英里遠
14:20
And our lander著陸器 is safely安然 tucked inside what we call an aeroshell殼牌.
278
844000
3000
登陸艇會收進所謂的空降艇裡
14:23
EBEB: Looks容貌 kind of like an ice cream奶油 cone錐體, more or less.
279
847000
2000
看起來像冰淇淋甜筒
14:25
BC公元前: And on the front面前 of it is this heat shield屏蔽,
280
849000
2000
前面是隔熱罩
14:27
this saucer-looking飛碟尋找 thing that has about a half-inch半英寸
281
851000
3000
這看起來像碟子、半英吋厚
14:30
of essentially實質上 what's cork軟木 on the front面前 of it,
282
854000
2000
蓋在前面的東西
14:32
which哪一個 is our heat shield屏蔽.
283
856000
1000
就是隔熱罩
14:33
Now, this is really special特別 cork軟木,
284
857000
2000
這個蓋子非常特別
14:35
and this cork軟木 is what's going to protect保護 us
285
859000
2000
進入大氣層時
14:37
from the violent暴力 atmospheric大氣的 entry條目 that we're about to experience經驗.
286
861000
3000
蓋子能保護登陸艇免於大氣摩擦的高溫
14:41
Rob Grover格羅弗: Friction摩擦 really starts啟動 to build建立 up on the spacecraft宇宙飛船,
287
865000
3000
摩擦力的力道會在太空船上逐漸累積
14:44
and we use the friction摩擦 when it's flying飛行 through通過 the atmosphere大氣層
288
868000
3000
進入大氣層時,我們會利用大氣摩擦
14:47
to our advantage優點 to slow us down.
289
871000
2000
來幫忙減速
14:50
BC公元前: From this point, we're going to decelerate減速 from 12,500 miles英里 an hour小時
290
874000
3000
照這樣看,我們會從每小時12,500英里的速度
14:55
down to 900 miles英里 an hour小時.
291
879000
2000
降到每小時900英里
14:57
EBEB: The outside can get almost幾乎 as hot as the surface表面 of the Sun太陽.
292
881000
2000
罩外幾乎是太陽表面的溫度
14:59
RGRG: The temperature溫度 of the heat shield屏蔽 can reach達到 2,600 degrees Fahrenheit飛輪海.
293
883000
4000
隔熱罩的溫度可達約攝氏1426度
15:05
EBEB: The inside doesn't get very hot.
294
889000
2000
罩內溫度不會很高
15:07
It probably大概 gets得到 about room房間 temperature溫度.
295
891000
3000
可能達到室內的溫度
15:10
Richard理查德 KornfeldKornfeld: There is this window窗口 of opportunity機會
296
894000
3000
我們要抓準時機
15:13
within which哪一個 we can deploy部署 the parachute降落傘.
297
897000
2000
打開降落傘
15:16
EBEB: If you fire the 'chute降落傘 too early, the parachute降落傘 itself本身 could fail失敗.
298
900000
3000
如果太早打開,降落傘會損壞
15:19
The fabric and the stitching拼接 could just pull apart距離.
299
903000
3000
布料和車縫線會裂開
15:24
And that would be bad.
300
908000
2000
這就大事不妙了
15:26
BC公元前: In the first 15 seconds after we deploy部署 the parachute降落傘,
301
910000
3000
在降落傘開啟15秒後
15:29
we'll decelerate減速 from 900 miles英里 an hour小時
302
913000
2000
時速會從900英哩
15:31
to a relatively相對 slow 250 miles英里 an hour小時.
303
915000
3000
降到250英里
15:34
We no longer need the heat shield屏蔽 to protect保護 us
304
918000
2000
此時無需隔熱罩保護
15:36
from the force of atmospheric大氣的 entry條目, so we jettison拋棄 the heat shield屏蔽,
305
920000
4000
大氣磨擦,我們會拋下隔熱罩
15:40
exposing曝光 for the first time our lander著陸器 to the atmosphere大氣層 of Mars火星.
306
924000
3000
讓登陸艇直接接觸火星大氣
15:43
LCLC: After the heat shield屏蔽 has been jettisoned拋棄 and the legs are deployed部署,
307
927000
4000
拋棄隔熱罩後,會伸出著陸腳架
15:47
the next下一個 step is to have the radar雷達 system系統 begin開始 to detect檢測
308
931000
4000
接著雷達系統會開始偵測
15:51
how far Phoenix鳳凰 really is from the ground地面.
309
935000
4000
鳳凰號距離地表有多遠
15:55
BC公元前: We've我們已經 lost丟失 99 percent百分 of our entry條目 velocity速度.
310
939000
3000
我們已經消除99%的降落速度了
15:58
So, we're 99 percent百分 of the way to where we want to be.
311
942000
3000
所以我們已經完成99%的路程
16:01
But that last one percent百分, as it always seems似乎 to be, is the tricky狡猾 part部分.
312
945000
3000
不過最後的1%,常常是最棘手的部分
16:04
EBEB: Now the spacecraft宇宙飛船 actually其實 has to decide決定
313
948000
3000
這時候太空船必須決定
16:07
when it's going to get rid擺脫 of its parachute降落傘.
314
951000
2000
何時拋棄降落傘
16:09
BC公元前: We separate分離 from the lander著陸器 going 125 miles英里 an hour小時
315
953000
2000
時速125英里時脫離登陸艇
16:11
at roughly大致 a kilometer公里 above以上 the surface表面 of Mars火星: 3,200 feet.
316
955000
4000
距離地表大約1公里高,約3,200英呎
16:15
That's like taking服用 two Empire帝國 State Buildings房屋
317
959000
2000
相當於兩座帝國大廈
16:17
and stacking堆疊 them on top最佳 of one another另一個.
318
961000
1000
疊起來的高度
16:18
EBEB: That's when we separate分離 from the back shell貝殼,
319
962000
2000
在此時脫離後防護罩
16:20
and we're now in free-fall自由落體.
320
964000
2000
以自由落體方式落下
16:24
It's a very scary害怕 moment時刻; a lot has to happen發生
321
968000
2000
此時很恐怖,下降時間很短
16:26
in a very short amount of time.
322
970000
2000
可能發生的狀況很多
16:30
LCLC: So it's in a free-fall自由落體,
323
974000
2000
雖然是自由落體
16:32
but it's also trying to use all of its actuators執行器
324
976000
4000
不過所有的促動器都會啟動
16:36
to make sure that it's in the right position位置 to land土地.
325
980000
3000
確保鳳凰號以正確的姿勢著陸
16:39
EBEB: And then it has to light up its engines引擎, right itself本身,
326
983000
4000
然後反向引擎自動啟動,修正姿勢
16:43
and then slowly慢慢地 slow itself本身 down and touch觸摸 down on the ground地面 safely安然.
327
987000
5000
慢慢地減速,直到安全降落地表
16:53
BC公元前: Earth地球 and Mars火星 are so far apart距離 that it takes over ten minutes分鐘
328
997000
4000
地球和火星之間的距離很遙遠
16:57
for a signal信號 from Mars火星 to get to Earth地球.
329
1001000
2000
訊號10分鐘才會到地球
16:59
And EDLEDL itself本身 is all over in a matter of seven minutes分鐘.
330
1003000
3000
而EDL的過程只有7分鐘
17:02
So by the time you even hear from the lander著陸器 that EDLEDL has started開始
331
1006000
3000
所以得知太空船進入EDL程序時
17:05
it'll它會 already已經 be over.
332
1009000
1000
其實早就完成了
17:06
EBEB: We have to build建立 large amounts of autonomy自治 into the spacecraft宇宙飛船
333
1010000
3000
我們得在太空船上裝設許多自動化設備
17:09
so that it can land土地 itself本身 safely安然.
334
1013000
3000
這樣才能安全地自動著陸
17:12
BC公元前: EDLEDL is this immense巨大, technically技術上 challenging具有挑戰性的 problem問題.
335
1016000
2000
EDL是極具挑戰性的科技難題
17:14
It's about getting得到 a spacecraft宇宙飛船 that's hurtling飛馳 through通過 deep space空間
336
1018000
3000
要讓太空船在太空中疾速飛行
17:17
and using運用 all this bag of tricks技巧 to somehow不知何故 figure數字 out
337
1021000
2000
然後用盡一切辦法
17:19
how to get it down to the surface表面 of Mars火星 at zero miles英里 an hour小時.
338
1023000
3000
讓它以時速0英哩降落在火星表面
17:22
It's this immensely非常 exciting扣人心弦 and challenging具有挑戰性的 problem問題.
339
1026000
3000
這是個極刺激又極具挑戰性的難題
17:33
CECE: Hopefully希望 it all will happen發生 the way you saw it in here.
340
1037000
4000
希望一切跟我們這裡看到的一樣順利
17:37
So it will be a very tense緊張 moment時刻, you know,
341
1041000
2000
所以那一刻會讓人緊張萬分
17:39
as we are watching觀看 that spacecraft宇宙飛船 landing降落 on another另一個 planet行星.
342
1043000
4000
我們將目睹太空船登陸在另一顆行星上
17:43
So now let me talk about the next下一個 things that we are doing.
343
1047000
2000
現在來說明接下來的計劃
17:45
So we are in the process處理, as we speak說話, of actually其實 designing設計
344
1049000
3000
我們在這裡談話時,也正在設計下一部火星車
17:48
the next下一個 Rover流浪者 that we are going to be sending發出 to Mars火星.
345
1052000
2000
準備送往火星
17:50
So I thought I would go a little bit and tell you, kind of,
346
1054000
2000
所以我想再說明一下
17:52
the steps腳步 we go through通過.
347
1056000
2000
我們的步驟
17:54
It's very similar類似 to what you do when you design設計 your product產品.
348
1058000
3000
這就跟你設計新產品一樣
17:57
As you saw a little bit earlier,
349
1061000
2000
就像稍早看到的
17:59
when we were doing the Phoenix鳳凰 one,
350
1063000
1000
我們在設計鳳凰號時
18:00
we have to take into account帳戶 the heat that we are going to be facing面對.
351
1064000
3000
我們得考慮大氣摩擦會產生高溫的問題
18:03
So we have to study研究 all kinds of different不同 materials物料,
352
1067000
2000
所以我們得研究各種材料
18:05
the shape形狀 that we want to do.
353
1069000
2000
要做成什麼形狀
18:07
In general一般 we don't try to please the customer顧客 here.
354
1071000
2000
我們不必取悅客戶
18:09
What we want to do is to make sure we have an effective有效, you know,
355
1073000
3000
我們要做的是要確定能做出
18:12
an efficient高效 kind of machine.
356
1076000
2000
有一台效率的機器
18:14
First we start開始 by we want to have our employees僱員
357
1078000
2000
首先要求我們的員工
18:16
to be as imaginative想像的 as they can.
358
1080000
2000
盡其所能地發揮想像力
18:18
And we really love being存在 close to the art藝術 center中央, because we have,
359
1082000
4000
我們喜歡接近藝術中心,因為我們實際上有一位
18:22
as a matter of fact事實, one of the alumni校友 from the art藝術 center中央,
360
1086000
2000
是藝術中心來的校友
18:24
Eric埃里克 Nyquist奈奎斯特, had put a series系列 of displays顯示器,
361
1088000
2000
辦了一系列-深空展覽的
18:26
far-out displays顯示器, you know,
362
1090000
2000
Eric Nyquist
18:28
in our what we call mission任務 design設計 or spacecraft宇宙飛船 design設計 room房間,
363
1092000
3000
在所謂的任務設計或太空船設計室裡展出
18:31
just to get people to think wildly瘋狂 about things.
364
1095000
2000
好讓大家跳脫框架
18:33
We have a bunch of Legos積木. So, as I said,
365
1097000
3000
思考事情,我們有很多的樂高玩具
18:36
this is a playground操場 for adults成年人, where they sit down and try to play
366
1100000
3000
這是大人的遊樂場,可以讓他們坐下來玩
18:39
with different不同 shapes形狀 and different不同 designs設計.
367
1103000
4000
用樂高做出不同的形狀,不同的設計
18:43
Then we get a little bit more serious嚴重, so we have
368
1107000
3000
再來的這些是比較嚴肅的東西
18:46
what we call our CADCAD/CAMs粘附分子 and all the engineers工程師 who are involved參與,
369
1110000
3000
我們有所謂的CAD/CAM
18:49
or scientists科學家們 who are involved參與, who know about thermal properties性能,
370
1113000
3000
所有參與的工程師、科學家,了解熱性質的
18:52
know about design設計, know about atmospheric大氣的 interaction相互作用, parachutes降落傘,
371
1116000
3000
懂設計的、了解大氣相互作用的、降落傘等等的
18:55
all of these things, which哪一個 they work in a team球隊 effort功夫
372
1119000
3000
大家團結合作
18:58
and actually其實 design設計 a spacecraft宇宙飛船 in a computer電腦 to some extent程度,
373
1122000
4000
用電腦設計出一架太空船
19:02
so to see, does that meet遇到 the requirement需求 that we need.
374
1126000
3000
看看是否符合我們的需求
19:05
On the right, also, we have to take into account帳戶
375
1129000
2000
看右邊,我們還要考慮到
19:07
the environment環境 of the planet行星 where we are going.
376
1131000
2000
目的星球的環境
19:09
If you are going to Jupiter木星, you have a very high-radiation高輻射,
377
1133000
3000
假如我們去木星,那裡的輻射非常強
19:12
you know, environment環境. It's about the same相同 radiation輻射 environment環境
378
1136000
2000
靠近木星所受到的
19:14
close by Jupiter木星 as inside a nuclear reactor反應堆.
379
1138000
3000
輻射強度和核反應爐內部一樣高
19:17
So just imagine想像: you take your P.C. and throw it into a nuclear reactor反應堆
380
1141000
3000
想像一下把你的PC丟到核反應爐裡
19:20
and it still has to work.
381
1144000
2000
還要能正常運作
19:22
So these are kind of some of the little challenges挑戰, you know,
382
1146000
2000
這就是一些
19:24
that we have to face面對.
383
1148000
3000
我們必須面對的挑戰
19:27
If we are doing entry條目, we have to do tests測試 of parachutes降落傘.
384
1151000
2000
要進入大氣層,就得測試降落傘
19:29
You saw in the video視頻 a parachute降落傘 breaking破壞. That would be a bad day,
385
1153000
3000
各位可以看到影片裡的降落傘裂開了
19:32
you know, if that happened發生, so we have to test測試,
386
1156000
3000
這情況發生在火星上,那就慘了
19:35
because we are deploying部署 this parachute降落傘 at supersonic超音 speeds速度.
387
1159000
3000
所以要測試,因為要在超音的速度下打開降落傘
19:38
We are coming未來 at extremely非常 high speeds速度, and we are deploying部署 them
388
1162000
3000
因為進入的速度非常快,要用降落傘減速
19:41
to slow us down. So we have to do all kinds of tests測試.
389
1165000
2000
所以要做各種測試
19:43
To give you an idea理念 of the size尺寸, you know, of that parachute降落傘
390
1167000
3000
看看站在降落傘旁邊的人,比一下就知道
19:46
relative相對的 to the people standing常設 there.
391
1170000
2000
降落傘有多大了
19:48
Next下一個 step, we go and actually其實 build建立 some kind of test測試 models楷模
392
1172000
4000
下一個步驟,我們要實際製作測試模型
19:52
and actually其實 test測試 them, you know, in the lab實驗室 at JPLJPL,
393
1176000
3000
然後在JPL的實驗室裡進行測試
19:55
in what we call our Mars火星 Yard.
394
1179000
2000
這實驗室叫「火星操場」
19:57
We kick them, we hit擊中 them, we drop下降 them,
395
1181000
2000
我們把模型拿起來踹
19:59
just to make sure we understand理解 how, where would they break打破.
396
1183000
4000
拿起來敲、拿起來丟,才能知道哪裡會壞掉
20:03
And then we back off, you know, from that point.
397
1187000
6000
然後我們從這裡出發,再退回去
20:09
And then we actually其實 do the actual實際 building建造 and the flight飛行.
398
1193000
4000
進行實際的製作並試飛
20:13
And this next下一個 Rover流浪者 that we're flying飛行 is about the size尺寸 of a car汽車.
399
1197000
4000
這是目前正在試飛的下一代火星車,和一部車差不多大
20:17
That big shield屏蔽 that you see outside,
400
1201000
2000
外面看到的是隔熱罩
20:19
that's a heat shield屏蔽 which哪一個 is going to protect保護 it.
401
1203000
2000
保護火星車的隔熱罩
20:21
And that will be basically基本上 built內置 over the next下一個 year,
402
1205000
3000
基本上明年就可以完成
20:24
and it will be launched推出 June六月 a year from now.
403
1208000
3000
明年六月就會發射
20:27
Now, in that case案件, because it was a very big Rover流浪者,
404
1211000
3000
現在的情況是,因為這部火星車很大
20:30
we couldn't不能 use airbags安全氣囊.
405
1214000
2000
沒辦法用氣囊
20:32
And I know many許多 of you, kind of, last time afterwards之後 said
406
1216000
2000
我知道上次演講後
20:34
well, that was a cool thing to have -- those airbags安全氣囊.
407
1218000
3000
許多人都說用氣囊很炫
20:37
Unfortunately不幸 this Rover流浪者 is, like, ten times the size尺寸 of the, you know,
408
1221000
3000
不過各位要知道,這部火星車
20:40
mass-wise質量明智, of the other Rover流浪者, or three times the mass.
409
1224000
3000
是其他火星車的十倍大,三倍重
20:43
So we can't use airbags安全氣囊. So we have to come up with
410
1227000
2000
所以不能用氣囊
20:45
another另一個 ingenious巧妙 idea理念 of how do we land土地 it.
411
1229000
2000
要用很巧妙的方法著陸
20:47
And we didn't want to take it propulsivelypropulsively all the way to the surface表面
412
1231000
4000
我們不想全程使用反推引擎進行著陸
20:51
because we didn't want to contaminate污染 the surface表面;
413
1235000
2000
因為不想污染地表
20:53
we wanted the Rover流浪者 to immediately立即 land土地 on its legs.
414
1237000
3000
我們想讓火星車直接用腳架著陸
20:56
So we came來了 up with this ingenious巧妙 idea理念,
415
1240000
2000
所以想出這個
20:58
which哪一個 is used here on Earth地球 for helicopters直升機.
416
1242000
4000
類似地球上直升機的巧妙方法
21:02
Actually其實, the lander著陸器 will come down to about 100 feet and hover徘徊
417
1246000
4000
事實上,登陸艇會下降到離地表100英尺高
21:06
above以上 that surface表面 for 100 feet, and then we have a sky天空 crane起重機
418
1250000
3000
在100英尺的高度盤旋,然後伸出吊臂
21:09
which哪一個 will take that Rover流浪者 and land土地 it down on the surface表面.
419
1253000
2000
吊起火星車來著陸
21:11
Hopefully希望 it all will work, you know, it will work that way.
420
1255000
3000
希望到時候一切運作正常
21:14
And that Rover流浪者 will be more kind of like a chemist化學家.
421
1258000
3000
到時候火星車會有點像化學家一樣
21:17
What we are going to be doing with that Rover流浪者 as it drives驅動器 around,
422
1261000
3000
火星車四處走動的時候
21:20
it's going to go and analyze分析 the chemical化學 composition組成 of rocks岩石.
423
1264000
3000
我們打算讓它去分析岩石的化學成分
21:23
So it will have an arm which哪一個 will take samples樣本,
424
1267000
3000
所以會用機械手臂採樣
21:26
put them in an oven烤箱, crush粉碎 and analyze分析 them.
425
1270000
2000
放進爐裡壓碎,然後分析
21:28
But also, if there is something that we cannot不能 reach達到
426
1272000
3000
但有的地方火星車無法採樣
21:31
because it is too high on a cliff懸崖, we have a little laser激光 system系統
427
1275000
3000
比如太高的峭壁,我們會用小型的雷射設備
21:34
which哪一個 will actually其實 zapZAP the rock, evaporate蒸發 some of it,
428
1278000
3000
把光束打在岩石上,蒸發一部分的岩石
21:37
and actually其實 analyze分析 what's coming未來 from that rock.
429
1281000
2000
分析蒸發的物質
21:39
So it's a little bit like "Star Wars戰爭," you know, but it's real真實.
430
1283000
3000
這有點像星際大戰,不過這是實際的東西
21:42
It's real真實 stuff東東.
431
1286000
2000
貨真價實的實品
21:44
And also to help you, to help the community社區
432
1288000
2000
為了服務大眾、服務社會
21:46
so you can do ads廣告 on that Rover流浪者, we are going to train培養 that Rover流浪者
433
1290000
4000
我們可以在火星車上打廣告,我們打算讓火星車
21:50
to actually其實 in addition加成 to do this, to actually其實 serve服務 cocktails雞尾酒,
434
1294000
3000
額外在火星上從事這些工作
21:53
you know, also on Mars火星.
435
1297000
2000
幫忙端雞尾酒
21:55
So that's kind of giving you an idea理念 of the kind of, you know,
436
1299000
3000
這只是給各位知道我們在火星上
21:58
fun開玩笑 things we are doing on Mars火星.
437
1302000
1000
做的趣事
21:59
I thought I'd go to "The Lord of the Rings戒指" now
438
1303000
3000
我想我要去魔戒世界了(戒環雙關,指「有光環的世界」)
22:02
and show顯示 you some of the things we have there.
439
1306000
2000
介紹各位那裡的一些東西
22:04
Now, "The Lord of the Rings戒指" has two things played發揮 through通過 it.
440
1308000
3000
魔戒世界有兩個東西要介紹
22:07
One, it's a very attractive有吸引力 planet行星 --
441
1311000
3000
第一,那是個非常迷人的星球
22:10
it just has the beauty美女 of the rings戒指 and so on.
442
1314000
2000
擁有美麗的光環
22:12
But for scientists科學家們, also the rings戒指 have a special特別 meaning含義,
443
1316000
3000
不過在科學家看來,光環的意義非凡
22:15
because we believe they represent代表, on a small scale規模,
444
1319000
3000
因為我們認為光環是
22:18
how the Solar太陽能 System系統 actually其實 formed形成.
445
1322000
3000
太陽系形成的縮影
22:21
Some of the scientists科學家們 believe that the way the Solar太陽能 System系統 formed形成,
446
1325000
4000
有些科學家認為這是我們太陽系形成的過程
22:25
that the Sun太陽 when it collapsed倒塌 and actually其實 created創建 the Sun太陽,
447
1329000
4000
太陽內縮引爆而誕生時,許多塵埃圍繞在太陽周圍
22:29
a lot of the dust灰塵 around it created創建 rings戒指
448
1333000
2000
形成環狀物
22:31
and then the particles粒子 in those rings戒指 accumulated積累 together一起,
449
1335000
3000
然後環狀物的粒子會吸附在一起
22:34
and they formed形成 bigger rocks岩石, and then that's how the planets行星,
450
1338000
3000
形成較大的岩石,這就是行星
22:37
you know, were formed形成.
451
1341000
1000
形成的過程
22:38
So, the idea理念 is, by watching觀看 Saturn土星 we're actually其實 watching觀看
452
1342000
3000
所以概念就是,我們藉由觀察土星
22:41
our solar太陽能 system系統 in real真實 time being存在 formed形成 on a smaller scale規模,
453
1345000
3000
可以看到小型的太陽系實際形成的過程
22:44
so it's like a test測試 bed for it.
454
1348000
2000
像在測試平台觀察一樣
22:46
So, let me show顯示 you a little bit
455
1350000
2000
那麼,給各位看一下
22:48
on what that Saturnian土星 system系統 looks容貌 like.
456
1352000
3000
土星系統看起來是什麼樣子
22:51
First, I'm going to fly you over the rings戒指.
457
1355000
3000
首先,我們來看光環
22:54
By the way, all of this is real真實 stuff東東.
458
1358000
2000
順道說,這是實際的光環
22:56
This is not animation動畫 or anything like this.
459
1360000
2000
不是動畫之類的東西
22:58
This is actually其實 taken採取 from the satellite衛星
460
1362000
2000
這是人造衛星拍的照片
23:00
that we have in orbit軌道 around Saturn土星, the Cassini卡西尼.
461
1364000
3000
繞著土星運轉的卡西尼號拍的
23:03
And you see the amount of detail詳情 that is in those rings戒指,
462
1367000
3000
各位可以看到光環的很多細節
23:06
which哪一個 are the particles粒子.
463
1370000
1000
都是微粒
23:07
Some of them are agglomerating凝聚 together一起 to form形成 larger particles粒子.
464
1371000
3000
有些微粒堆積在一起形成較大的顆粒
23:10
So that's why you have these gaps空白, is because a small satellite衛星, you know,
465
1374000
4000
這就是為什麼會有縫隙的原因
23:14
is being存在 formed形成 in that location位置.
466
1378000
3000
因為小顆的衛星在那裡形成了
23:17
Now, you think that those rings戒指 are very large objects對象.
467
1381000
2000
各位會覺得光環很大
23:19
Yes, they are very large in one dimension尺寸;
468
1383000
2000
沒錯,以寬度來說很大
23:21
in the other dimension尺寸 they are paper thin. Very, very thin.
469
1385000
3000
可是厚度卻像紙一樣薄,非常非常薄
23:24
What you are seeing眼看 here is the shadow陰影 of the ring on Saturn土星 itself本身.
470
1388000
4000
這裡可以看到光環在土星上的影子
23:28
And that's one of the satellites衛星
471
1392000
1000
其中一顆衛星
23:29
which哪一個 was actually其實 formed形成 on that one.
472
1393000
3000
實際上就在這裡形成
23:32
So, think about it as a paper-thin薄如紙,
473
1396000
2000
把光環想像成
23:34
huge巨大 area of many許多 hundreds數以百計 of thousands數千 of miles英里, which哪一個 is rotating旋轉.
474
1398000
5000
像紙一樣薄,幾百幾千英里廣,繞著土星轉
23:39
And we have a wide variety品種 of kind of satellites衛星 which哪一個 will form形成,
475
1403000
3000
我們看到各種正在形成的衛星
23:42
each one looking very different不同 and very odd, and that keeps保持
476
1406000
3000
每個看起來都不一樣,而且溫度很低
23:45
scientists科學家們 busy for tens of years年份 trying to explain說明 this,
477
1409000
3000
科學家為了解釋這些東西花了幾十年時間
23:48
and telling告訴 NASANASA we need more money so we can explain說明
478
1412000
3000
又跟NASA說要更多錢才能知道這些東西長得什麼樣子
23:51
what these things look like, or why they formed形成 that way.
479
1415000
2000
或者為什麼會形成這種形狀
23:53
Well, there were two satellites衛星 which哪一個 were particularly尤其 interesting有趣.
480
1417000
3000
呃,有兩顆衛星特別有趣
23:56
One of them is called Enceladus土衛二.
481
1420000
2000
一顆叫做恩西拉達思
23:58
It's a satellite衛星 which哪一個 was all made製作 of ice,
482
1422000
3000
這顆衛星(土衛二)整個都是冰
24:01
and we measured測量 it from orbit軌道. Made製作 of ice.
483
1425000
2000
從軌道上觀測到是冰組成的
24:03
But there was something bizarre奇異的 about it.
484
1427000
2000
不過有些東西很不尋常
24:05
If you look at these stripes條紋 in here, what we call tiger stripes條紋,
485
1429000
4000
如果各位看看這些條紋,我們稱之為虎紋
24:09
when we flew over them, all of a sudden突然 we saw
486
1433000
2000
我們飛過去的時候
24:11
an increase增加 in the temperature溫度, which哪一個 said that those stripes條紋
487
1435000
3000
突然看到溫度上升,也就是說
24:14
are warmer回暖 than the rest休息 of the planet行星.
488
1438000
2000
這些條紋比其他地方溫度的還要高
24:16
So as we flew by away from it, we looked看著 back. And guess猜測 what?
489
1440000
5000
我們飛離這顆衛星的時候往回看,你猜看到什麼?
24:21
We saw geysers間歇泉 coming未來 out.
490
1445000
2000
我們看到噴泉噴發
24:23
So this is a Yellowstone黃石, you know, of Saturn土星.
491
1447000
2000
那麼,這是土星的黃石公園
24:25
We are seeing眼看 geysers間歇泉 of ice which哪一個 are coming未來 out of that planet行星,
492
1449000
4000
我們看到這顆行星的冰噴泉噴發
24:29
which哪一個 indicate表明 that most likely容易 there is an ocean海洋, you know,
493
1453000
2000
表示那裡的地表下
24:31
below下面 the surface表面.
494
1455000
2000
很有可能有海洋
24:33
And somehow不知何故, through通過 some dynamic動態 effect影響, we're having these geysers間歇泉
495
1457000
3000
由於動力效應,我們看到這些噴泉
24:36
which哪一個 are being存在, you know, emitted發射 from it.
496
1460000
3000
噴發出來
24:39
And the reason原因 I showed顯示 the little arrow箭頭 there,
497
1463000
2000
我在這裡標箭頭
24:41
I think that should say 30 miles英里,
498
1465000
2000
因為我想有30英哩高
24:43
we decided決定 a few少數 months個月 ago to actually其實 fly the spacecraft宇宙飛船
499
1467000
3000
幾個月前我們決定讓太空船
24:46
through通過 the plume of that geyser噴泉
500
1470000
2000
飛過噴泉的冰霧
24:48
so we can actually其實 measure測量 the material材料 that it is made製作 of.
501
1472000
5000
如此我們可以檢測噴泉的成分
24:53
That was [unclear不明] also -- you know, because we were worried擔心
502
1477000
3000
那有點過於大膽,因為我們擔心有風險
24:56
about the risk風險 of it, but it worked工作 pretty漂亮 well.
503
1480000
2000
不過一切非常順利
24:58
We flew at the top最佳 of it, and we found發現 that there is a fair公平 amount of
504
1482000
3000
我們飛過噴泉頂端,發現很多
25:01
organic有機 material材料 which哪一個 is being存在 emitted發射 in combination組合 with the ice.
505
1485000
4000
有機物質伴隨著冰一起噴發出來
25:05
And over the next下一個 few少數 years年份, as we keep orbiting軌道, you know, Saturn土星,
506
1489000
4000
接下來的幾年我們會繼續繞著泰坦運行
25:09
we are planning規劃 to get closer接近 and closer接近 down to the surface表面
507
1493000
3000
我們打算慢慢貼近星球表面
25:12
and make more accurate準確 measurements測量.
508
1496000
2000
進行更多精確的測量
25:14
Now, another另一個 satellite衛星 also attracted吸引 a lot of attention注意,
509
1498000
2000
另一顆衛星也受到矚目
25:16
and that's Titan泰坦. And the reason原因 Titan泰坦 is particularly尤其 interesting有趣,
510
1500000
3000
那就是泰坦。泰坦之所以特別有意思
25:19
it's a satellite衛星 bigger than our moon月亮, and it has an atmosphere大氣層.
511
1503000
5000
是因為這顆衛星比月球還大,而且有大氣層
25:24
And that atmosphere大氣層 is very -- as dense稠密 as our own擁有 atmosphere大氣層.
512
1508000
3000
泰坦的大氣層非常-密度和我們的大氣層一樣
25:27
So if you were on Titan泰坦, you would feel the same相同 pressure壓力
513
1511000
3000
所以假如你在泰坦上你可以感受到
25:30
that you feel in here. Except it's a lot colder更冷,
514
1514000
4000
和地球一樣的氣壓,只不過氣溫低很多
25:34
and that atmosphere大氣層 is heavily嚴重 made製作 of methane甲烷.
515
1518000
3000
還有,泰坦的大氣整個都是甲烷
25:37
Now, methane甲烷 gets得到 people all excited興奮, because it's organic有機 material材料,
516
1521000
3000
聽到甲烷讓許多人大感振奮,因為這是有機物質
25:40
so immediately立即 people start開始 thinking思維,
517
1524000
2000
大家馬上開始想啦
25:42
could life have evolved進化 in that location位置,
518
1526000
3000
既然有那麼多有機物質,那裡有沒有可能
25:45
when you have a lot of organic有機 material材料.
519
1529000
2000
演化出生物
25:47
So people believe now that Titan泰坦 is most likely容易 what we call
520
1531000
4000
所以現在許多人相信泰坦很像我們所說的
25:51
a pre-biotic前生物 planet行星, because it's so cold organic有機 material材料 did not get
521
1535000
6000
前生物星球,因為溫度很低,有機物質無法變成
25:57
to the stage階段 of becoming變得 biological生物 material材料,
522
1541000
2000
生物材料
25:59
and therefore因此 life could have evolved進化 on it.
523
1543000
2000
再演化出生命
26:01
So it could be Earth地球, frozen凍結的 three billion十億 years年份 ago
524
1545000
4000
像地球30億年前一樣,是冰封的世界
26:05
before life actually其實 started開始 on it.
525
1549000
2000
之後才開始有生命
26:07
So that's getting得到 a lot of interest利益, and to show顯示 you some example
526
1551000
3000
這很有趣,舉些例子讓各位看
26:10
of what we did in there, we actually其實 dropped下降 a probe探測,
527
1554000
4000
我們在那兒做了什麼,我們投下一枚探測器
26:14
which哪一個 was developed發達 by our colleagues同事 in Europe歐洲, we dropped下降 a probe探測
528
1558000
2000
我們歐洲同事製作的
26:16
as we were orbiting軌道 Saturn土星.
529
1560000
3000
繞行泰坦時,我們投下探測器
26:19
We dropped下降 a probe探測 in the atmosphere大氣層 of Titan泰坦.
530
1563000
2000
投入泰坦的大氣層
26:21
And this is a picture圖片 of an area as we were coming未來 down.
531
1565000
3000
這張照片是探測器降落時拍攝的區域
26:24
Just looked看著 like the coast of California加州 for me.
532
1568000
2000
我覺得像加州海岸
26:26
You see the rivers河流 which哪一個 are coming未來 along沿 the coast,
533
1570000
3000
沿著海岸可以看到河流
26:29
and you see that white白色 area which哪一個 looks容貌 like Catalina卡塔利娜 Island,
534
1573000
2000
白色這塊像卡達琳娜島
26:31
and that looks容貌 like an ocean海洋.
535
1575000
2000
看起來就像海洋
26:33
And then with an instrument儀器 we have on board, a radar雷達 instrument儀器,
536
1577000
3000
透過太空船搭載的雷達設備
26:36
we found發現 there are lakes湖泊 like the Great Lakes in here,
537
1580000
3000
我們發現那裡有湖泊,像北美五大湖
26:39
so it looks容貌 very much like Earth地球.
538
1583000
1000
很像地球
26:40
It looks容貌 like there are rivers河流 on it, there are oceans海洋 or lakes湖泊,
539
1584000
4000
那裡看起來有河流,有海洋或湖泊
26:44
we know there are clouds. We think it's raining下雨 also on it.
540
1588000
3000
也有雲層,我們認為那裡也會下雨
26:47
So it's very much like the cycle週期 on Earth地球 except
541
1591000
2000
很像地球的循環系統
26:49
because it's so cold, it could not be water, you know,
542
1593000
3000
只不過氣溫很低,不會有水
26:52
because water would have frozen凍結的.
543
1596000
2000
因為水會結冰
26:54
What it turned轉身 out, that all that we are seeing眼看, all this liquid液體,
544
1598000
2000
我們看到的液體
26:56
[is made製作 of] hydrocarbon and ethane乙烷 and methane甲烷,
545
1600000
3000
結果全是碳氫化合物、乙烷和甲烷構成的
26:59
similar類似 to what you put in your car汽車.
546
1603000
2000
和車子吃的油類似
27:01
So here we have a cycle週期 of a planet行星 which哪一個 is like our Earth地球,
547
1605000
4000
這顆行星的循環系統和地球很像
27:05
but is all made製作 of ethane乙烷 and methane甲烷 and organic有機 material材料.
548
1609000
4000
只不過全都是由乙烷、甲烷和有機物質構成的
27:09
So if you were on Mars火星 -- sorry, on Titan泰坦,
549
1613000
3000
那麼,在火星-抱歉,泰坦上
27:12
you don't have to worry擔心 about four-dollar四美元 gasoline汽油.
550
1616000
2000
你不用擔心油錢貴
27:14
You just drive駕駛 to the nearest最近的 lake, stick your hose軟管 in it,
551
1618000
2000
只需把車開到附近的湖泊,把管子插進去
27:16
and you've got your car汽車 filled填充 up.
552
1620000
3000
你就可以把油加滿了
27:19
On the other hand, if you light a match比賽
553
1623000
2000
另一方面,點根火柴
27:21
the whole整個 planet行星 will blow打擊 up.
554
1625000
4000
整個行星都會炸掉
27:25
So in closing關閉, I said I want to close by a couple一對 of pictures圖片.
555
1629000
3000
最後呢,我想用幾張照片來做結尾
27:28
And just to kind of put us in perspective透視,
556
1632000
3000
讓我們以宏觀的角度來看待
27:31
this is a picture圖片 of Saturn土星 taken採取 with a spacecraft宇宙飛船
557
1635000
3000
這張是太空船所拍攝的土星照片
27:34
from behind背後 Saturn土星, looking towards the Sun太陽.
558
1638000
2000
從土星後朝太陽方向看
27:36
The Sun太陽 is behind背後 Saturn土星, so we see what we call "forward前鋒 scattering散射,"
559
1640000
4000
太陽在土星後面,可以看到所謂的「前散射」
27:40
so it highlights強調 all the rings戒指. And I'm going to zoom放大.
560
1644000
3000
照亮整個光環。我們放大來看
27:43
There is a -- I'm not sure you can see it very well,
561
1647000
3000
這裡可以看到-不知道各位看不看得到
27:46
but on the top最佳 left, around 10 o'clock,
562
1650000
2000
在左上角約10點鐘方向
27:48
there is a little teeny蠅頭 dot, and that's Earth地球.
563
1652000
3000
有個非常小的點,那是地球
27:51
You barely僅僅 can see ourselves我們自己. So what I did, I thought I'd zoom放大 on it.
564
1655000
4000
這樣不太看得到,所以我想拉近一點
27:55
So as you zoom放大 in, you know, you can see Earth地球, you know,
565
1659000
4000
拉近之後,各位可以看到地球
27:59
just in the middle中間 here. So we zoomed放大 all the way on the art藝術 center中央.
566
1663000
3000
就在中間這裡,我們一路由遠而近拉到這裡
28:06
So thank you very much.
567
1670000
2000
謝謝各位
Translated by 俊偉 盧
Reviewed by Wenjer Leuschel

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Charles Elachi - Planetary scientist
Charles Elachi is the director of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, where he oversees space exploration programs such as the Mars Rovers.

Why you should listen

Charles Elachi is the director of NASA's Jet Propulsion Lab at Caltech. He leads JPL's efforts to build robots that explore space -- including the surprisingly long-lived Mars Rovers. In the wake of the Rovers' success (and even fame), it's worth remembering that they grew out of some troubled earlier attempts to reach Mars. Elachi's careful management of the Rover program, wrote the US News and World Report, was a key piece of its success. And Elachi gives equal credit to some extraordinary luck.

As JPL's director for space and Earth science programs from 1982 to 2000, and then its head since then, he's led the development of many new instruments and programs for observing Earth and exploring the planets. It's in part thanks to him that, as of May 2008, we have 17 different robots exploring space. His own academic specialty is active microwave remote sensing and electromagnetic theory.

More profile about the speaker
Charles Elachi | Speaker | TED.com