TEDGlobal 2012
Clay Shirky: How the Internet will (one day) transform government
克雷.夏爾基：網際網路（將來）如何改變政府
Filmed:
Readability: 4.4
1,294,633 views
開放原始碼的世界必須學會如何處理一連串新的、而且通常是分歧的各種思想，並使用網路寄存服務做到這點。那麼，政府為什麼不能如法炮製？
在這場震撼的演講，克雷.夏爾基告訴我們民主國家如何可以從網路學到一課，並且不僅僅只是透明公開化，而是同時利用發揮國民們自身的知識。
Clay Shirky - Social Media Theorist
Clay Shirky argues that the history of the modern world could be rendered as the history of ways of arguing, where changes in media change what sort of arguments are possible -- with deep social and political implications. Full bio
Clay Shirky argues that the history of the modern world could be rendered as the history of ways of arguing, where changes in media change what sort of arguments are possible -- with deep social and political implications. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I want to talk to you today about something
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今天我想和大家談談關於
00:18
the open-source programming world can teach democracy,
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從開放原始碼程式中學習民主
00:21
but before that, a little preamble.
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但是在開始之前，先來段前言吧
00:22
Let's start here.
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我們從這裡開始
00:24
This is Martha Payne. Martha's a 9-year-old Scot
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這是瑪莎.佩恩，九歲的蘇格蘭小女孩
00:27
who lives in the Council of Argyll and Bute.
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居住在阿蓋爾-比特行政區
00:30
A couple months ago, Payne started a food blog
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幾個月以前，佩恩開了一個飲食博客
00:32
called NeverSeconds, and she would take her camera
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叫做NeverSeconds，她會帶著相機
00:35
with her every day to school to document
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到學校記錄每天的
00:37
her school lunches.
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營養午餐
00:39
Can you spot the vegetable? (Laughter)
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有人找得到蔬菜在哪嗎？（笑聲）
00:41
And, as sometimes happens,
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然後，就像一般會發生的那樣
00:45
this blog acquired first dozens of readers,
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開始有一些人來收看她的部落格
00:48
and then hundreds of readers,
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然後是幾百人
00:49
and then thousands of readers, as people tuned in
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然後是幾千人，人們點進來
00:52
to watch her rate her school lunches,
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看她為她學校的營養午餐分級
00:54
including on my favorite category,
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包括我最愛的一個類別
00:55
"Pieces of hair found in food." (Laughter)
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“在食物裡發現頭髮”（笑聲）
00:59
This was a zero day. That's good.
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那天的午餐得了零分，這樣很好
01:02
And then two weeks ago yesterday, she posted this.
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兩個禮拜前的昨天，她貼了一篇文章
01:05
A post that read: "Goodbye."
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文章標題是"再見"
01:07
And she said, "I'm very sorry to tell you this, but
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她說，“很抱歉要告訴大家”
01:10
my head teacher pulled me out of class today and told me
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"班主任今天把我拉出教室，跟我說"
01:13
I'm not allowed to take pictures in the lunch room anymore.
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"他們不准我繼續在餐廳拍照了"
01:16
I really enjoyed doing this.
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"雖然我真的很喜歡做這件事"
01:18
Thank you for reading. Goodbye."
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"謝謝你們的閱讀，再見"
01:21
You can guess what happened next, right? (Laughter)
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你們猜得出來接下來發生什麼事了吧？（笑聲）
01:26
The outrage was so swift, so voluminous, so unanimous,
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廣大網友的怒火燒得又快又旺，矛頭一致
01:32
that the Council of Argyll and Bute reversed themselves
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然後阿蓋爾-比特議會馬上在同一天
01:35
the same day and said, "We would,
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改變說法，表示：“我們從來、”
01:36
we would never censor a nine-year-old." (Laughter)
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“從來不會對一位九歲孩子的部落格進行審查”（笑聲）
01:39
Except, of course, this morning. (Laughter)
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當然，除了今天早上以外（笑聲）
01:41
And this brings up the question,
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而這就產生了一個疑問
01:46
what made them think they could get away
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是什麼讓他們以為
01:48
with something like that? (Laughter)
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他們可以就這樣拍拍屁股了事？（笑聲）
01:50
And the answer is, all of human history prior to now.
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答案是，至今以來整個人類歷史都是這樣發展的
01:55
(Laughter) So,
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（笑聲）所以
01:58
what happens when a medium suddenly puts
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當新的想法忽然透過一個媒介大量流傳
02:02
a lot of new ideas into circulation?
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會發生什麼事？
02:06
Now, this isn't just a contemporaneous question.
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這不只是一個現今時代才有的疑問
02:08
This is something we've faced several times
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我們早在過去的幾世紀中
02:10
over the last few centuries.
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就已面對過好幾次了
02:11
When the telegraph came along, it was clear
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當電報發明的時候，很明顯地
02:13
that it was going to globalize the news industry.
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新聞產業開始全球化
02:15
What would this lead to?
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這可能會造成什麼結果？
02:17
Well, obviously, it would lead to world peace.
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這個嘛，顯然地，這可能造就世界和平
02:20
The television, a medium that allowed us not just to hear
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電視，一個不只是可以用聽的傳播媒體
02:23
but see, literally see, what was going on
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還可以親眼看到發生在世界各地的事情
02:26
elsewhere in the world, what would this lead to?
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這可能會造成什麼結果？
02:28
World peace. (Laughter)
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世界和平（笑聲）
02:31
The telephone?
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電話？
02:31
You guessed it: world peace.
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你會猜：世界和平
02:34
Sorry for the spoiler alert, but no world peace. Not yet.
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抱歉透露一下劇情：不過，沒有世界和平，還沒有
02:39
Even the printing press, even the printing press
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儘管印刷機被認為是
02:42
was assumed to be a tool that was going to enforce
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用來鞏固天主教知識份子
02:45
Catholic intellectual hegemony across Europe.
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在歐洲霸權大業的工具
02:48
Instead, what we got was Martin Luther's 95 Theses,
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但我們看到的卻是馬丁路德的《九十五條論綱》
02:51
the Protestant Reformation, and, you know,
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宗教改革、還有，你知道的
02:53
the Thirty Years' War. All right,
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三十年戰爭。好
02:55
so what all of these predictions of world peace got right
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這些關於世界和平的預言說中了一點
02:59
is that when a lot of new ideas suddenly
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那就是：當大量的新思想一夕之間
03:02
come into circulation, it changes society.
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廣為流傳，就會改變社會
03:05
What they got exactly wrong was what happens next.
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而這個預言猜錯的是接下來會發生的事
03:08
The more ideas there are in circulation,
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當越多概念想法散播出去
03:11
the more ideas there are for any individual to disagree with.
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就有越多的想法供人們反對
03:16
More media always means more arguing.
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越多的媒體永遠代表了越多論戰
03:20
That's what happens when the media's space expands.
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這就是當媒體空間擴展時會發生的事
03:23
And yet, when we look back on the printing press
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但是，我們回顧早年的印刷機時代
03:26
in the early years, we like what happened.
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我們喜歡那時發生的事
03:30
We are a pro-printing press society.
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我們正處於一個後印刷機時期的社會
03:33
So how do we square those two things,
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所以我們該如何整合這兩個結果？
03:35
that it leads to more arguing, but we think it was good?
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雖然會導致更多論戰，但如何讓我們覺得這是好的？
03:38
And the answer, I think, can be found in things like this.
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我想答案可以從這樣的東西中找到：
03:40
This is the cover of "Philosophical Transactions,"
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這是《自然科學會報》的封面
03:43
the first scientific journal ever published in English
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它是世界最早的科學英文雜誌
03:46
in the middle of the 1600s,
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出版於17世紀中期
03:48
and it was created by a group of people who had been
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是由一群曾經自稱為
03:50
calling themselves "The Invisible College,"
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"無形學院"的人們所創辦的
03:51
a group of natural philosophers who only later
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他們是一批自然哲學家
03:54
would call themselves scientists,
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稍後又改稱自己為科學家
03:56
and they wanted to improve the way
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他們的目的是要改善自然哲學家之間
04:00
natural philosophers argued with each other,
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互相辯論的方式
04:02
and they needed to do two things for this.
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為此他們需要做兩件事
04:04
They needed openness. They needed to create a norm
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他們需要公開性。他們必須建立一個規範：
04:07
which said, when you do an experiment,
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當你進行一項實驗時
04:09
you have to publish not just your claims,
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你不能只是發表你的主張
04:11
but how you did the experiment.
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還必須發表你的實驗過程
04:13
If you don't tell us how you did it, we won't trust you.
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如果你不告訴大家你是怎麼做的，就不會有人相信你
04:16
But the other thing they needed was speed.
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不過他們還需要另外一樣東西：速度
04:18
They had to quickly synchronize what
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他們必須迅速且同步處理
04:20
other natural philosophers knew. Otherwise,
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其他自然哲學家知道的東西，否則的話
04:23
you couldn't get the right kind of argument going.
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就無法讓討論確實進行
04:26
The printing press was clearly the right medium for this,
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印刷機就是個適合的媒介
04:29
but the book was the wrong tool. It was too slow.
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書本反而不適合，因為它太慢了
04:31
And so they invented the scientific journal
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所以他們發明了科學雜誌
04:34
as a way of synchronizing the argument
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當作一種同步整合這些
04:37
across the community of natural scientists.
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自然哲學家們不同論據的方式
04:39
The scientific revolution wasn't created by the printing press.
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印刷機並沒有造成科學革命
04:43
It was created by scientists,
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而是科學家自己創造的
04:45
but it couldn't have been created if they didn't have
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但如果沒有以印刷機作為工具
04:47
a printing press as a tool.
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就不可能發生科學革命
04:49
So what about us? What about our generation,
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那我們呢？我們這一代
04:51
and our media revolution, the Internet?
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和我們的媒體革命：網路，又造就了什麼？
04:53
Well, predictions of world peace? Check. (Laughter)
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這個嘛，世界和平的預言？有的（笑聲）
04:57
More arguing? Gold star on that one. (Laughter)
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更多的論戰？給這個五顆星（笑聲）
05:06
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
05:07
I mean, YouTube is just a gold mine. (Laughter)
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我的意思是，YouTube 根本就是口水戰天堂（笑聲）
05:12
Better arguing? That's the question.
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更有品質的辯論？這才是真正的問題
05:16
So I study social media, which means,
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我研究社會媒體
05:18
to a first approximation, I watch people argue.
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這就意味著：我觀察人們爭論
05:20
And if I had to pick a group that I think is
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如果要我選出一個群體，可以代表
05:25
our Invisible College, is our generation's collection of people
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我們這個世代的"無形學院"，一群出自這個世代的人們
05:28
trying to take these tools and to press it into service,
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嘗試利用這些媒體工具
05:32
not for more arguments, but for better arguments,
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不只是為了更多的機會，也為了更優質的辯論
05:34
I'd pick the open-source programmers.
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我會選出開放源碼程式設計師
05:37
Programming is a three-way relationship
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程式設計是種三方的關係
05:39
between a programmer, some source code,
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一個程式設計師、一些原始碼
05:41
and the computer it's meant to run on, but computers
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還有跑程式的電腦
05:44
are such famously inflexible interpreters of instructions
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不過電腦是出名的死腦筋
05:49
that it's extraordinarily difficult to write out a set
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要寫出一組可以讓電腦知道如何執行的指令
05:53
of instructions that the computer knows how to execute,
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是極端困難的
05:56
and that's if one person is writing it.
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這還只是在只有一個設計師的情況下
05:57
Once you get more than one person writing it,
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如果讓一個以上的設計師一起寫程式
06:00
it's very easy for any two programmers to overwrite
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很容易就會發生兩個設計師的指令
06:03
each other's work if they're working on the same file,
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在共同製作的檔案上互相重疊的情況
06:05
or to send incompatible instructions
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或是寫出互相矛盾的指令
06:07
that simply causes the computer to choke,
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讓電腦無法順利運作
06:10
and this problem grows larger
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當越多程式設計師一起工作
06:13
the more programmers are involved.
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這個問題就越大
06:16
To a first approximation, the problem of managing
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舉一個最相近的例子
06:19
a large software project is the problem
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開發大型軟體計畫的管理困難
06:22
of keeping this social chaos at bay.
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就跟社群媒體混亂的管理問題一樣
06:25
Now, for decades there has been a canonical solution
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幾十年來，這個問題都有標準的
06:28
to this problem, which is to use something called
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解決程序，通常被稱為
06:30
a "version control system,"
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“版本控制系統”
06:32
and a version control system does what is says on the tin.
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這個系統會絲毫不差地做你要它做的事
06:34
It provides a canonical copy of the software
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它提供軟體一個標準備份
06:37
on a server somewhere.
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並存在某處的伺服器裡
06:39
The only programmers who can change it are people
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唯一可以更動它的是擁有
06:42
who've specifically been given permission to access it,
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存取許可的程式設計師
06:45
and they're only allowed to access the sub-section of it
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但他們也只被允許改動
06:49
that they have permission to change.
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他們被授權更動的部分
06:51
And when people draw diagrams of version control systems,
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而版本控制系統的示意圖
06:54
the diagrams always look something like this.
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長得都是這種樣子
06:57
All right. They look like org charts.
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好，他們像是組織結構圖一樣
07:00
And you don't have to squint very hard
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你不必費力去弄清楚
07:01
to see the political ramifications of a system like this.
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這樣一個系統的政治結果
07:05
This is feudalism: one owner, many workers.
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這就是一種封建制度：一個擁有者，無數個工人
07:09
Now, that's fine for the commercial software industry.
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這對商業軟體工業來說沒什麼問題
07:12
It really is Microsoft's Office. It's Adobe's Photoshop.
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就像 Microsoft 的 Office 系列，和 Adobe 的 Photoshop
07:18
The corporation owns the software.
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這些公司擁有這些軟體
07:21
The programmers come and go.
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而程式設計師只是僱員
07:23
But there was one programmer who decided
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但有一天，一位設計師決定
07:26
that this wasn't the way to work.
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這不是正確的工作方式
07:29
This is Linus Torvalds.
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他就是林納斯.托瓦茲
07:31
Torvalds is the most famous open-source programmer,
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托瓦茲是最出名的開放源碼程式設計師
07:33
created Linux, obviously, and Torvalds looked at the way
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從名字就看得出來，他創辦了Linux。托瓦茲看好
07:38
the open-source movement had been dealing with this problem.
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開放源碼運動處理這類問題的方式
07:42
Open-source software, the core promise of the open-source license,
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開放源碼軟體，開放源碼授權的根本理念就是
07:46
is that everybody should have access to all the source code
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每個人都應該要有取得原始碼的權利
07:50
all the time, but of course, this creates
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不過，當然這樣就會造成
07:53
the very threat of chaos you have to forestall
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上述所說的混亂，而為了程式運作順利
07:56
in order to get anything working.
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就必須事先預防
07:58
So most open-source projects just held their noses
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因此大部份開放原始碼計畫只好摸摸鼻子
08:01
and adopted the feudal management systems.
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回頭使用那些封建管理系統
08:03
But Torvalds said, "No, I'm not going to do that."
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但托瓦茲說：「我才不要那樣。」
08:06
His point of view on this was very clear.
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他的立場非常清楚
08:09
When you adopt a tool, you also adopt
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當你使用一個工具，你同時也接受了
08:12
the management philosophy embedded in that tool,
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那個工具背後的管理理念
08:15
and he wasn't going to adopt anything that didn't work
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所以他不會接受使用任何跟 Linux 團隊理念
08:19
the way the Linux community worked.
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不相符的東西
08:21
And to give you a sense of how enormous
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而為了要讓你對這種決定有龐大
08:23
a decision like this was, this is a map
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有點概念，這是一個
08:27
of the internal dependencies within Linux,
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Linux 的內部依賴關係圖
08:31
within the Linux operating system, which sub-parts
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在 Linux 操作系統裡面，程式的每一個單元
08:33
of the program rely on which other sub-parts to get going.
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都互相依賴，以此讓運作順利
08:38
This is a tremendously complicated process.
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這是一個極端複雜的流程
08:41
This is a tremendously complicated program,
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這是一個極端複雜的程式
08:44
and yet, for years, Torvalds ran this
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但多年以來，托瓦茲不靠任何自動化程式
08:47
not with automated tools but out of his email box.
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而是用他的 email 收件匣運作這些
08:51
People would literally mail him changes
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設計師們把協調出來的更動寄給他
08:53
that they'd agreed on, and he would merge them by hand.
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然後他會親自把這些更動整合在一起
08:57
And then, 15 years after looking at Linux and figuring out
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之後，靠著 15 年來對 Linux 的觀察
09:02
how the community worked, he said, "I think I know
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和尋找團隊工作的方法，他說：「我想我知道
09:05
how to write a version control system for free people."
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該怎麼寫一個讓自由設計師使用的版本控制系統了」
09:09
And he called it "Git." Git is distributed version control.
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他稱之為"Git"。Git 是分散式版本控制系統
09:15
It has two big differences
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跟傳統的版本控制系統
09:18
with traditional version control systems.
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有兩個最大的差異
09:20
The first is that it lives up to the philosophical promise
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第一，它實踐了開放原始碼的中心理念
09:23
of open-source. Everybody who works on a project
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每個在參與工作計畫的人
09:26
has access to all of the source code all of the time.
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都擁有獲得原始碼的權利
09:30
And when people draw diagrams of Git workflow,
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而要製作 Git 的工作流程示意圖時
09:33
they use drawings that look like this.
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它們都會長得像這樣
09:36
And you don't have to understand what the circles
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你不必特地去瞭解這些圓圈
09:38
and boxes and arrows mean to see that this is a far more
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方塊和箭頭的意義，就可以知道這個工作流程
09:42
complicated way of working than is supported
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的複雜度遠遠超過了
09:45
by ordinary version control systems.
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普通的版本控制系統
09:47
But this is also the thing that brings the chaos back,
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可是這也帶來了之前所說的混亂
09:52
and this is Git's second big innovation.
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因此，這就是 Git 的第二個創新
09:55
This is a screenshot from GitHub, the premier Git hosting service,
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這是一張 GitHub（Git 最主要的存取服務）的螢幕截圖
09:59
and every time a programmer uses Git
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只要每一次設計師使用Git
10:02
to make any important change at all,
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進行任何重大的改動
10:05
creating a new file, modifying an existing one,
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例如建立新檔案、修改舊的檔案
10:09
merging two files, Git creates this kind of signature.
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或合併不同的檔案，Git 就會產生這種標示
10:13
This long string of numbers and letters here
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這一長串數字和字母
10:16
is a unique identifier tied to every single change,
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是每一個更動都有的、獨一無二的識別碼，
10:21
but without any central coordination.
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而且沒有經手任何中央協調處理
10:24
Every Git system generates this number the same way,
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每一個Git系統都以同樣的方式產生這些數字
10:29
which means this is a signature tied directly
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意思就是，這是一個識別標誌
10:32
and unforgeably to a particular change.
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會直接綁在每一個更動上面，而且無法偽造
10:35
This has the following effect:
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這個方式達到的成果是：
10:37
A programmer in Edinburgh and a programmer in Entebbe
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一個在蘇格蘭的設計師和在烏甘達的設計師
10:41
can both get the same -- a copy of the same piece of software.
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可以同時拿到同樣的軟體副本
10:45
Each of them can make changes and they can merge them
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他們可以各自進行更動和合併
10:48
after the fact even if they didn't know
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就算他們各自都不知道
10:51
of each other's existence beforehand.
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對方的存在
10:54
This is cooperation without coordination.
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這是一種不需要中介協調的合作方式
10:58
This is the big change.
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這是一項重大的變革
11:01
Now, I tell you all of this not to convince you that it's great
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我告訴你們這些，不是想要你們覺得，哇
11:06
that open-source programmers now have a tool
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這些開放源碼程式設計師這下有了好工具
11:10
that supports their philosophical way of working,
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可以幫助實踐他們的工作哲學，真是太棒了
11:13
although I think that is great.
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雖然我真的覺得這的確很棒
11:15
I tell you all of this because of what I think it means
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我告訴你們這些，是因為我從中看到了
11:18
for the way communities come together.
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這對不同社群間的整合產生的意義
11:20
Once Git allowed for cooperation without coordination,
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自從 Git 開創了“互相合作而不需居中整合”的方式
11:26
you start to see communities form
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你就會開始看到非常巨大
11:29
that are enormously large and complex.
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而且複雜的社群形式
11:33
This is a graph of the Ruby community.
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這是一個 Ruby 社群的圖示
11:36
It's an open-source programming language,
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Ruby 是一種開放原始碼程式語言
11:37
and all of the interconnections between the people --
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而在其中人們之間的連結——
11:40
this is now not a software graph, but a people graph,
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這不是一個軟體圖示，而是人際的圖示
11:42
all of the interconnections among the people
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所有在同一個企劃共同工作的人們
11:45
working on that project —
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這是他們之間的連結
11:47
and this doesn't look like an org chart.
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而這一點都不像個組織結構圖
11:50
This looks like a dis-org chart, and yet,
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還比較像個反組織結構圖，然而
11:53
out of this community, but using these tools,
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從這個社群裡，而不單單只是使用那些工具
11:56
they can now create something together.
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人們可以一起合作、製作程式
11:58
So there are two good reasons to think that
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所以現在有兩個很好的理由這樣想：
12:03
this kind of technique can be applied
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這種方式可以應用在
12:07
to democracies in general and in particular to the law.
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普遍的民主制度，尤其是在法律上
12:11
When you make the claim, in fact,
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但事實上，當你這樣告訴別人：
12:13
that something on the Internet is going to be good
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「網路上有些東西對民主制度是好的」
12:16
for democracy, you often get this reaction.
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你通常會得到這樣的反應：
12:19
(Music) (Laughter)
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（音樂）（笑聲）
12:24
Which is, are you talking about the thing
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意思是：你是指像會唱歌的貓
12:27
with the singing cats? Like, is that the thing
245
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這類東西嗎？這就是你說的
12:29
you think is going to be good for society?
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對社會有幫助的事物？
12:32
To which I have to say, here's the thing
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我必須說，像唱歌的貓這種東西
12:34
with the singing cats. That always happens.
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總是會有的
12:38
And I don't just mean that always happens with the Internet,
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我並不只是指這總是發生在網路上
12:39
I mean that always happens with media, full stop.
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我是指任何媒體都會產生這類事情，就這樣
12:42
It did not take long after the rise
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在商業性印刷興起後
12:44
of the commercial printing press before someone
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沒多久就有人發現
12:47
figured out that erotic novels were a good idea. (Laughter)
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印製色情小說是門好生意（笑聲）
12:50
You don't have to have an economic incentive to sell books
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你不需要靠經濟誘因來賣書賣多久
12:53
very long before someone says, "Hey, you know what I bet
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就會有人說：「欸，想知道我賭多少在
12:56
people would pay for?" (Laughter)
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大家願意花多少錢買這些書嗎？」（笑聲）
12:58
It took people another 150 years to even think
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人們甚至還要多花150年才想到
13:02
of the scientific journal, right? So -- (Laughter) (Applause)
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創辦科學雜誌，對吧？所以——（笑聲、掌聲）
13:08
So the harnessing by the Invisible College
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所以“無形學院”利用印刷機
13:11
of the printing press to create the scientific journal
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創辦了科學雜誌
13:14
was phenomenally important, but it didn't happen big,
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這是個重要事件，但並不是個劃時代的里程碑
13:17
and it didn't happen quick, and it didn't happen fast, so
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而且它發展的速度不快
13:20
if you're going to look for where the change is happening,
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所以如果你想知道改變發生在哪裡
13:23
you have to look on the margins.
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你必須從邊緣地帶尋找
13:25
So, the law is also dependency-related.
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法律也是互相依賴的
13:30
This is a graph of the U.S. Tax Code,
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這是一張美國稅法的圖示
13:34
and the dependencies of one law on other laws
267
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顯示法規與法規之間的依賴關係
13:37
for the overall effect.
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以及其整體效果
13:39
So there's that as a site for source code management.
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所以，我們有了管理程式碼的網站
13:43
But there's also the fact that law is another place
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但是事實上，法律也是一個
13:45
where there are many opinions in circulation,
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供許多不同意見傳播的地方
13:47
but they need to be resolved to one canonical copy,
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但是它們最終都必須變成一個標準版本
13:50
and when you go onto GitHub, and you look around,
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而當你到 GitHub 上看看
13:53
there are millions and millions of projects,
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你會看到難以計數的製作計畫
13:55
almost all of which are source code,
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幾乎全部都是程式碼
13:56
but if you look around the edges, you can see people
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但如果你往網路邊緣找，你會發現
13:59
experimenting with the political ramifications
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有人正在實驗這種系統的
14:01
of a system like that.
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政治效應
14:03
Someone put up all the Wikileaked cables
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有人把維基解密發佈的美國國務院電報
14:05
from the State Department, along with software used
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和用來解讀的軟體一起放上網路
14:07
to interpret them, including my favorite use ever
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包括一種我最愛用在他們公佈的
14:10
of the Cablegate cables, which is a tool for detecting
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國務院電報的軟體，那是種專門用來偵測
14:12
naturally occurring haiku in State Department prose.
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國務院電報裡自然產生的俳句的工具
14:15
(Laughter)
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（笑聲）
14:21
Right. (Laughter)
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是啊（笑聲）
14:24
The New York Senate has put up something called
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紐約州參議院設立了名為
14:27
Open Legislation, also hosting it on GitHub,
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《公開立法》（暫譯）法案，也使用 GitHub 的服務
14:30
again for all of the reasons of updating and fluidity.
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同樣是為了更新速度與流暢度
14:32
You can go and pick your Senator and then you can see
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你可以上去瀏覽你們區的參議員
14:35
a list of bills they have sponsored.
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就可以看到他們支持的法案
14:37
Someone going by Divegeek has put up the Utah code,
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有人透過 Divegeek 發佈了猶他法規
14:40
the laws of the state of Utah, and they've put it up there
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就是猶他州的州法，而他們這麼做
14:43
not just to distribute the code,
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並不是只為了
14:45
but with the very interesting possibility that this could
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也為了可以將這個用在進一步
14:48
be used to further the development of legislation.
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發展立法過程的有趣可能性
14:52
Somebody put up a tool during the copyright debate
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去年參議院的著作權辯論裡
14:56
last year in the Senate, saying, "It's strange that Hollywood
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有人發佈了一樣工具，說：
15:00
has more access to Canadian legislators
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「好萊塢比加拿大公民有更多接觸
15:03
than Canadian citizens do. Why don't we use GitHub
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3816
加拿大立法委員的管道，這非常奇怪。我們來用 GitHub
15:07
to show them what a citizen-developed bill might look like?"
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4476
讓他們看看一個公民規劃的法案會是什麼樣子。」
15:12
And it includes this very evocative screenshot.
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而這張非常令人震撼的截圖也包含在內
15:16
This is a called a "diff," this thing on the right here.
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右邊這塊稱為"diff"
15:18
This shows you, for text that many people are editing,
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這部分是給你看許多人一起編輯的內容
15:21
when a change was made, who made it,
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什麼時候改的、誰改的
15:24
and what the change is.
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以及改動的內容是什麼
15:25
The stuff in red is the stuff that got deleted.
306
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紅色是被刪除的東西
15:26
The stuff in green is the stuff that got added.
307
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2692
綠色則是多加進去的東西
15:29
Programmers take this capability for granted.
308
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2782
程式設計師真是物盡其用了
15:32
No democracy anywhere in the world offers this feature
309
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世上沒有任何民主國家可以提供
15:35
to its citizens for either legislation or for budgets,
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公民這樣的機會，不論是關於立法或預算
15:38
even though those are the things done
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就算那些事是在我們的
15:41
with our consent and with our money.
312
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同意和金錢之下通過的
15:44
Now, I would love to tell you that the fact
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如果可以的話，我很想告訴你們
15:47
that the open-source programmers have worked out
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開源程式設計師已經想出了
15:50
a collaborative method that is large scale, distributed,
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一種規模廣大的合作方式
15:54
cheap, and in sync with the ideals of democracy, I would love
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便宜而且和民主的理想一致，我很想告訴
15:58
to tell you that because those tools are in place,
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你們，這些工具都已經準備好了
16:00
the innovation is inevitable. But it's not.
318
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因此改革是必然的。但事實並不是這樣
16:04
Part of the problem, of course, is just a lack of information.
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當然，部分的原因只是出在缺乏資訊
16:07
Somebody put a question up on Quora saying,
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1903
有人在問答網站上問了一個問題
16:09
"Why is it that lawmakers don't use
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2092
「為什麼立法的人
16:11
distributed version control?"
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不使用分散式版本控制的方式？」
16:12
This, graphically, was the answer. (Laughter)
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這個則是圖像示的答案（笑聲）
16:16
(Laughter) (Applause)
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（笑聲、掌聲）
16:18
And that is indeed part of the problem, but only part.
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這的確是一部分的問題，但只是一部分而已
16:23
The bigger problem, of course, is power.
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當然，更大的問題出在權力
16:26
The people experimenting with participation don't have
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那些實際參與以實驗這個政治效應的人
16:30
legislative power, and the people who have legislative
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並沒有立法權，而有立法權的人
16:32
power are not experimenting with participation.
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卻不去參與這個實驗
16:36
They are experimenting with openness.
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這些實驗是關於公開性
16:38
There's no democracy worth the name that doesn't have
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如果沒有公開透明的程序
16:39
a transparency move, but transparency is openness
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那就不叫做民主，但是透明性只不過是
16:42
in only one direction, and being given a dashboard
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公開性的一種面向，而給一艘
16:46
without a steering wheel has never been the core promise
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沒有舵的船，也並不是民主國家
16:49
a democracy makes to its citizens.
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對國民的中心承諾
16:53
So consider this.
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所以想想看這個
16:55
The thing that got Martha Payne's opinions
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瑪莎.佩恩的想法能傳達給大眾
16:58
out into the public was a piece of technology,
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是因為一點科技的幫助
17:02
but the thing that kept them there was political will.
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但讓它持續曝光的是政治意願
17:05
It was the expectation of the citizens
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大眾期望著
17:07
that she would not be censored.
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她不用接受審查
17:11
That's now the state we're in with these collaboration tools.
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這才是我們目前和這些合作性工具的發展情況
17:16
We have them. We've seen them. They work.
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我們擁有、見識過它們，它們行得通
17:20
Can we use them?
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我們可以利用它們嗎？
17:21
Can we apply the techniques that worked here to this?
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我們可以將左邊的方式應用在右邊這上面嗎？
17:26
T.S. Eliot once said, "One of the most momentous things
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T.S.艾略特曾說：「一個文化裡
17:30
that can happen to a culture
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所能發生的最重大的事
17:32
is that they acquire a new form of prose."
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是發現新的散文形式。」
17:36
I think that's wrong, but -- (Laughter)
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我不這麼認為啦，不過——（笑聲）
17:38
I think it's right for argumentation. Right?
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這是一個正確的立論方式，對吧？
17:42
A momentous thing that can happen to a culture
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一個文化裡能發生的最重大的事情是
17:45
is they can acquire a new style of arguing:
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他們可以發展出新的論辯方式：
17:48
trial by jury, voting, peer review, now this. Right?
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法官審判、投票、同儕審查、然後是這個，對吧？
17:55
A new form of arguing has been invented in our lifetimes,
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在我們的人生裡，一種新的論辯方式已被發明
17:58
in the last decade, in fact.
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而且其實是在過去十年裡發生的
18:00
It's large, it's distributed, it's low-cost,
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它規模極大、很廣泛、低成本
18:04
and it's compatible with the ideals of democracy.
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而且它很適合實現民主制度的理想
18:07
The question for us now is, are we going to let
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而現在的問題是：我們要繼續只讓
18:09
the programmers keep it to themselves?
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這些程式設計師使用它嗎？
18:11
Or are we going to try and take it and press it into service
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或者，我們可以試著使用它、讓它
18:13
for society at large?
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為社會大眾服務？
18:15
Thank you for listening. (Applause)
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感謝大家出席聆聽（掌聲）
18:17
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
18:21
Thank you. Thank you. (Applause)
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謝謝，謝謝（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Clay Shirky - Social Media TheoristClay Shirky argues that the history of the modern world could be rendered as the history of ways of arguing, where changes in media change what sort of arguments are possible -- with deep social and political implications.
Why you should listen
Clay Shirky's work focuses on the rising usefulness of networks -- using decentralized technologies such as peer-to-peer sharing, wireless, software for social creation, and open-source development. New technologies are enabling new kinds of cooperative structures to flourish as a way of getting things done in business, science, the arts and elsewhere, as an alternative to centralized and institutional structures, which he sees as self-limiting. In his writings and speeches he has argued that "a group is its own worst enemy."
Shirky is an adjunct professor in New York Universityʼs graduate Interactive Telecommunications Program, where he teaches a course named “Social Weather.” Heʼs the author of several books. This spring at the TED headquarters in New York, he gave an impassioned talk against SOPA/PIPA that saw 1 million views in 48 hours.
Clay Shirky | Speaker | TED.com