TED2018
Simona Francese: Your fingerprints reveal more than you think
席夢娜法蘭西絲: 指紋揭露的資訊比你想像的還多
Filmed:
Readability: 4.9
2,372,231 views
我們的指紋讓我們獨一無二，也貯藏著許多資訊。這些資訊隱藏在分子背後，能揭露出我們的行為、生活方式和日常慣行。在這場很吸引人的演說中，化學家席夢娜法蘭西絲展示她如何用質譜儀來研究這些顯微蹤跡。質譜儀技術能詳細分析指紋，這是以前做不到的。她也展示這先進的法庭科學如何能協助警方抓到罪犯。
Simona Francese - Analytical chemist
Simona Francese is a chemist by training who is passionate about forensics. Full bio
Simona Francese is a chemist by training who is passionate about forensics. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Do you ever stop and think,
during a romantic dinner,
during a romantic dinner,
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你可曾在吃一頓浪漫
晚餐時，停下來想：
晚餐時，停下來想：
「我剛在酒杯上留下
滿滿的指紋了。」
滿滿的指紋了。」
00:17
"I've just left my fingerprints
all over my wine glass."
all over my wine glass."
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（笑聲）
00:20
(Laughter)
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或者，你可曾在拜訪朋友時擔心過
00:21
Or do you ever worry,
when you visit a friend,
when you visit a friend,
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在你所碰觸到的每個表面上
留下你的一小部分？
留下你的一小部分？
00:24
about leaving a little piece of you behind
on every surface that you touch?
on every surface that you touch?
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00:30
And even this evening,
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甚至今晚，
你是否有注意到在坐下來的
過程中不要碰觸任何東西？
過程中不要碰觸任何東西？
00:31
have you paid any attention
to sit without touching anything?
to sit without touching anything?
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00:36
Well, you're not alone.
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嗯，你並不孤單。
謝天謝地，罪犯低估了指紋的力量。
00:37
Thankfully, criminals underestimate
the power of fingerprints, too.
the power of fingerprints, too.
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00:42
And I'm not just talking about
the twisted parting of lines
the twisted parting of lines
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我在談的不只是讓指紋獨一無二的
00:46
that make our fingerprint unique.
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那些分開的彎曲線條。
我談的是隱藏在
這通常看不見的小東西背後的
這通常看不見的小東西背後的
00:49
I'm talking about
an entire world of information
an entire world of information
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00:53
hiding in a small, often invisible thing.
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一整個資訊世界。
00:57
In fact, fingerprints
are made up of molecules
are made up of molecules
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事實上，指紋是由分子所組成的，
共有三類分子：
01:00
that belong to three classes:
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汗分子，這是我們都會產生的，
只是量有所不同……
只是量有所不同……
01:02
sweat molecules that we all produce
in very different amounts ...
in very different amounts ...
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我們帶入身體當中，
接著透過汗水排出的分子，
接著透過汗水排出的分子，
01:07
molecules that we introduce into our body
and then we sweat out
and then we sweat out
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以及我們的指尖沾到的分子，
01:11
and molecules that we may contaminate
our fingertips with
our fingertips with
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可能是在我們碰觸到
血液、染料、油脂這類物質，
血液、染料、油脂這類物質，
01:15
when we come across substances
like blood, paint, grease,
like blood, paint, grease,
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或看不見的物質時沾到的。
01:18
but also invisible substances.
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01:21
And molecules are
the storytellers of who we are
the storytellers of who we are
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分子會說故事，說出我們是誰，
及我們過去做了些什麼。
01:26
and what we've been up to.
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01:28
We just need to have
the right technology to make them talk.
the right technology to make them talk.
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我們只需要有對的技術，
就能讓分子說話。
就能讓分子說話。
01:34
So let me take you on a journey
of unthinkable capabilities.
of unthinkable capabilities.
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所以，讓我帶大家踏上一段旅程，
見識一下無法想像的能力。
見識一下無法想像的能力。
01:42
Katie has been raped
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凱蒂被強暴了，
01:45
and her lifeless body has been found
in the woods three days later,
in the woods three days later,
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她失蹤的三天後，
她的屍體在樹林裡被發現，
她的屍體在樹林裡被發現，
已無生命跡象。
01:50
after her disappearance.
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01:52
The police is targeting three suspects,
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警方鎖定三名嫌犯，
這三人是他們在追查了當天
在那個區域被人看見的
在那個區域被人看見的
01:55
having narrowed down
the search from over 20 men
the search from over 20 men
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01:59
who had been seen
in that area on the same day.
in that area on the same day.
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二十多名男子之後篩選出來的。
02:02
The only piece of evidence
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唯一的一項證據
就是兩個非常模糊
且重疊在一起的指紋，
且重疊在一起的指紋，
02:04
is two very faint,
overlapping fingerprints
overlapping fingerprints
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這兩個指紋位在纏繞在
凱蒂脖子上的膠帶上。
凱蒂脖子上的膠帶上。
02:09
on the tape that was found
wrapped around Katie's neck.
wrapped around Katie's neck.
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02:13
Often, faint and overlapping fingerprints
cannot help the police
cannot help the police
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通常，模糊又重疊的指紋
無法協助警方
無法協助警方
辨識出指紋主人的身分。
02:18
to make an identification.
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直到最近之前，這都是死路一條，
02:20
And until recently,
this might have been the end of the road,
this might have been the end of the road,
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02:25
but this is where
we can make the difference.
we can make the difference.
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但這正是我們可以
造成不同的地方。
造成不同的地方。
02:29
The tape is sent to our labs,
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膠帶被送到我們的實驗室，
他們要求我們使用先進技術
02:31
where we're asked to use
our cutting-edge technology
our cutting-edge technology
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來協助調查這個案件。
02:34
to help with the investigation.
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02:38
And here, we use an existing form
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我們使用了質譜成像技術的
02:40
of mass spectrometry imaging technology
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一種既有形式，
這種形式是我們進一步發展、
02:45
that we have further developed and adapted
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02:47
specifically for the molecular and imaging
analysis of fingerprints.
analysis of fingerprints.
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並特別針對指紋的分子
和成像分析而改造的形式。
和成像分析而改造的形式。
02:53
In essence, we fire
a UV laser at the print,
a UV laser at the print,
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本質上，我們對指紋
發射紫外線雷射，
發射紫外線雷射，
我們會造成指紋分子
產生解吸附作用，
產生解吸附作用，
02:57
and we cause the desorption
of the molecules from the print,
of the molecules from the print,
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就能夠被質譜儀捕捉。
03:01
ready to be captured
by the mass spectrometer.
by the mass spectrometer.
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03:05
Mass spectrometry measures
the weight of the molecules --
the weight of the molecules --
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質譜儀能測量分子的重量——
我們稱之為質量——
03:09
or as we say, the mass --
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各位看到的那些數字，
代表的就是質量。
代表的就是質量。
03:11
and those numbers that you see there,
they indicate that mass.
they indicate that mass.
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但，更重要的，
03:15
But more crucially,
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它們也能指出那些分子是什麼——
03:17
they indicate who those molecules are --
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我是否有看到撲熱息痛（藥名），
03:22
whether I'm seeing paracetamol
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或是在法庭上來說，
更不好的東西。
更不好的東西。
03:24
or something more sinister,
forensically speaking.
forensically speaking.
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03:28
We applied this technology
to the evidence that we have
to the evidence that we have
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我們把這項技術用在
我們擁有的證據上，
我們擁有的證據上，
我們發現上面有保險套潤滑劑。
03:31
and we found the presence
of condom lubricants.
of condom lubricants.
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03:36
In fact, we've developed protocols
that enable us to even suggest
that enable us to even suggest
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事實上，我們延伸的實驗報告，
讓我們甚至可以指出
讓我們甚至可以指出
使用的保險套是哪個品牌的。
03:40
what brand of condom might have been used.
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03:45
So we pass this information to the police,
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我們把這項資訊交給警方，
這期間，警方取得了搜索令，
03:47
who, meanwhile,
have obtained a search warrant
have obtained a search warrant
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在達爾頓的房宅中找到了
同樣品牌的保險套。
同樣品牌的保險套。
03:50
and they found the same brand
of condom in Dalton's premises.
of condom in Dalton's premises.
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03:57
And with Dalton and Thomson
also having records for sexual assaults,
also having records for sexual assaults,
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達爾頓和湯姆森都有性侵的前科，
於是查普曼是嫌犯的可能性
就變得比較小了。
就變得比較小了。
04:02
then it is Chapman that may become
the less likely suspect.
the less likely suspect.
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04:08
But is this information
enough to make an arrest?
enough to make an arrest?
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但光這項資訊就夠逮捕人嗎？
04:11
Of course not,
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當然不夠，
我們被要求做更深入的鑽研調查。
04:12
and we are asked to delve deeper
with our investigation.
with our investigation.
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04:16
So we found out, also, the presence
of other two very interesting molecules.
of other two very interesting molecules.
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所以，我們也發現指紋中
還有兩種相當有意思的分子。
還有兩種相當有意思的分子。
04:21
One is an antidepressant,
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其中一種是抗抑鬱藥的分子，
另一種是非常特別的分子。
04:24
and one is a very special molecule.
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只有在你同時喝酒
又吸食古柯鹼時，
又吸食古柯鹼時，
04:26
It only forms in your body
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04:28
if you drink alcohol
and consume cocaine at the same time.
and consume cocaine at the same time.
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體內才會形成這種分子。
04:32
And alcohol is known to potentiate
the effects of cocaine,
the effects of cocaine,
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已知酒精會加強古柯鹼的效果，
所以，這就暗示著一個人
04:36
so here, we now have a hint
on the state of mind
on the state of mind
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在犯下犯罪時的心理狀態。
04:41
of the individual
whilst perpetrating the crime.
whilst perpetrating the crime.
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04:45
We passed this information to the police,
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我們把這項資訊交給警方，
04:48
and they found out that, actually,
Thomson is a drug addict,
Thomson is a drug addict,
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他們發現，湯姆森確實有毒癮，
他也有精神病的醫療病史，
04:52
and he also has a medical record
for psychotic episodes,
for psychotic episodes,
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據推測，針對精神病
所開的藥物就是抗憂鬱藥。
所開的藥物就是抗憂鬱藥。
04:56
for which presumably
the antidepressant was prescribed.
the antidepressant was prescribed.
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05:01
So now Thomson becomes
the more likely suspect.
the more likely suspect.
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現在，湯姆森變成了
最可疑的嫌疑犯。
最可疑的嫌疑犯。
05:07
But the reality is that I still don't know
where these molecules are coming from,
where these molecules are coming from,
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但現實是，我仍然不知道
這些分子來自何處、
這些分子來自何處、
來自哪個指紋，
05:12
from which fingerprint,
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以及這兩個指紋是誰的。
05:14
and who those two fingerprints belong to.
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05:18
Fear not.
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別怕。
質譜成像還能進一步協助我們。
05:19
Mass spectrometry imaging
can help us further.
can help us further.
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05:22
In fact, the technology is so powerful
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事實上，這項技術非常強大，
讓我們可以看到這些分子
位在指紋上的哪個地方。
位在指紋上的哪個地方。
05:26
that we can see where
these molecules are on a fingerprint.
these molecules are on a fingerprint.
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05:31
Like you see in this video,
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如各位在這支影片中所見的，
每一個高峰都對應到一個質量，
05:33
every single one of those peaks
corresponds to a mass,
corresponds to a mass,
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每個質量對應到一個分子，
05:37
every mass to a molecule,
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我們只要選擇每一個分子，
就能夠詢問軟體
就能夠詢問軟體
05:39
and we can interrogate the software,
by selecting each of those molecules,
by selecting each of those molecules,
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這個分子出現在
指跡上的哪個地方。
指跡上的哪個地方。
05:44
as to where they are present
on a fingermark.
on a fingermark.
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05:49
And some images are not very revealing,
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有些影像無法透露很多，
有些比較好，
05:52
some are better,
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有些非常好。
05:53
some are really good.
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05:56
And we can create multiple images
of the same mark --
of the same mark --
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我們能對同一個痕跡，
創造多重影像——
創造多重影像——
理論上，針對同一個指紋
可以創造出數百張影像——
可以創造出數百張影像——
06:01
in theory, hundreds of images
of the same fingerprint --
of the same fingerprint --
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就看我們偵測到多少個分子。
06:05
for as many of the molecules
that we have detected.
that we have detected.
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06:09
So step one ...
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所以，步驟一……
06:12
for overlapping fingerprints, chances are,
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對於重疊的指紋，有可能，
特別是它們是不同人的指紋時，
06:16
especially if they come
from different individuals,
from different individuals,
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它們的分子組成是不相同的，
06:18
that the molecular composition
is not identical,
is not identical,
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06:22
so let's ask the software
to visualize those unique molecules
to visualize those unique molecules
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所以，咱們叫軟體來將
那些只出現在一個指跡中，
那些只出現在一個指跡中，
在另一個指跡中沒有的
獨特分子做視覺化呈現。
獨特分子做視覺化呈現。
06:27
just present in one fingermark
and not in the other one.
and not in the other one.
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06:31
By doing so,
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藉由這個做法，
我們就能把兩個指紋輪廓分離開來。
06:33
that's how we can separate
the two ridge patterns.
the two ridge patterns.
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06:38
And this is really important
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這點很重要，
因為警方現在能夠辨識出
這兩個指紋當中有一個
這兩個指紋當中有一個
06:40
because the police now are able
to identify one of the two fingerprints,
to identify one of the two fingerprints,
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符合凱蒂的指紋。
06:46
which actually corresponds to Katie.
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06:49
And they've been able to say so
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他們之所以能肯定，
是因為他們將兩張個別的影像和
06:50
because they've compared
the two separate images
the two separate images
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凱蒂死後取得的影像做比對。
06:53
with one taken posthumously from Katie.
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06:56
So now, we can concentrate
on one fingerprint only --
on one fingerprint only --
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所以，現在，我們只要
專注在一個指紋即可——
專注在一個指紋即可——
兇手的指紋。
07:02
that of the killer's.
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07:04
So then, step two ...
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接著，步驟二……
07:06
where are these three
molecules that I've seen?
molecules that I've seen?
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我看見的這三種分子在哪裡？
07:10
Well, let's interrogate the software --
show me where they are.
show me where they are.
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嗯，咱們來問問軟體——
讓我看看它們在哪裡。
讓我看看它們在哪裡。
這麼做，
07:13
And by doing this,
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就只會呈現出殺手指紋的
07:15
only portions of the image
of the killer's fingerprint show up.
of the killer's fingerprint show up.
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部分影像。
換言之，
07:21
In other words,
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只會呈現出在兇手的
指紋中才有的物質。
指紋中才有的物質。
07:22
those substances are only present
in the killer's print.
in the killer's print.
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07:29
So now our molecular findings
start matching very nicely
start matching very nicely
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現在，我們的分子發現，
開始與警方手上
開始與警方手上
關於湯姆森的情資很吻合了，
07:34
the police intelligence about Thomson,
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那指紋很可能是他的。
07:37
should that fingerprint belong to him.
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07:40
But the reality is that that print
is still not good enough
is still not good enough
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但現實是，那個指紋還是沒有
好到可以做指認。
07:44
to make an identification.
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步驟三：
07:46
Step three:
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既然我們可以針對同一個指紋
07:47
since we can generate hundreds of images
of the same fingerprint,
of the same fingerprint,
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產生出數百張影像，
我們為什麼不把它們疊起來？
07:54
why don't we superimpose them,
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藉由這麼做，
07:57
and by doing so,
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也許可以試著改善圖案的
連續性和清楚度。
連續性和清楚度。
07:58
try to improve the rich pattern
of continuity and clarity?
of continuity and clarity?
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這就是結果。
08:02
That's the result.
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08:04
Striking.
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很驚人。
我們現在有了一個
非常清楚的指紋影像，
非常清楚的指紋影像，
08:05
We now have a very clear image
of the fingerprint
of the fingerprint
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警方可以在資料庫中比對。
08:09
and the police can run it
through the database.
through the database.
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比對的結果是湯姆森。
08:12
The match comes out to Thomson.
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08:15
Thomson is our killer.
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兇手就是湯姆森。
08:17
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
凱蒂、嫌犯，和犯罪情境
08:21
Katie, the suspects and the circumstances
of the crime aren't real,
of the crime aren't real,
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都不是真實的，
但這個故事中的元素，
08:28
but the story contains elements
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是我們一直在處理的
真實警方案件的元素，
真實警方案件的元素，
08:31
of the real police casework
we've been confronted with,
we've been confronted with,
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這故事也混合了
我們能提供的情資——
我們能提供的情資——
08:36
and is a composite of the intelligence
that we can provide --
that we can provide --
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都是我們曾經提供給警方的。
08:39
that we have been able
to provide the police.
to provide the police.
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08:43
And I'm really, really thrilled
that after nine years of intense research,
that after nine years of intense research,
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截至 2017 年，我們已經
做了九年的密集研究，
做了九年的密集研究，
現在我很興奮
08:47
as of 2017,
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我們可以對警方調查有所貢獻。
08:49
we are able to contribute
to police investigations.
to police investigations.
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08:53
Mine is no longer a dream;
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對我來說這不再是個夢；
它是個目標。
08:56
it's a goal.
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08:57
We're going to do this wider and wider,
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我們會把這研究做得更廣泛、
更大，
09:00
bigger and bigger,
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我們將會對嫌犯了解更多，
09:02
and we're going to know
more about the suspect,
more about the suspect,
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我們將會建立一種容貌拼相。
09:05
and we're going to build an identikit.
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09:08
I believe this is also a new era
for criminal profiling.
for criminal profiling.
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我相信這個時代是
犯罪側寫的新時代。
犯罪側寫的新時代。
犯罪學家的工作
09:12
The work of the criminologist
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會需要用到專案來辨視行為模式，
09:14
draws on the expert recognition
of behavioral patterns
of behavioral patterns
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根據過去觀察，
屬於某種特定類型、
屬於某種特定類型、
09:18
that have been observed before
to belong to a certain type,
to belong to a certain type,
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特定側寫的行為模式。
09:22
to a certain profile.
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09:23
As opposed to this expert
but subjective evaluation,
but subjective evaluation,
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相對於這種主觀的專家評估，
我們在試著達到同樣的目的，
09:28
we're trying to do the same thing,
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09:30
but from the molecular makeup
of the fingerprint,
of the fingerprint,
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但用的是指紋的分子組成，
這兩種方式能夠並行。
09:34
and the two can work together.
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09:36
I did say that molecules are storytellers,
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我說過，分子會說故事，
所以，關於你的健康、
09:39
so information on your health,
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你的行為、你的生活方式、
你的日常慣例的所有資訊
你的日常慣例的所有資訊
09:42
your actions, your lifestyle,
your routines,
your routines,
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通通都在指紋上，且可以取得。
09:46
they're all there,
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09:48
accessible in a fingerprint.
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09:51
And molecules are
the storytellers of our secrets
the storytellers of our secrets
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分子會說出我們的秘密，
只需要觸碰一下。
09:56
in just a touch.
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09:58
Thank you.
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謝謝大家。
（觀眾）哇喔。
09:59
(Audience) Wow.
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10:01
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Simona Francese - Analytical chemistSimona Francese is a chemist by training who is passionate about forensics.
Why you should listen
Simona Francese is a Professor of Forensic and Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry at Sheffield Hallam University in the UK. As she writes: "I have been fascinated by forensics since I was 17, and I was determined to pursue an educational route that eventually would enable me to contribute to secure societies. As always in life, nothing is straightforward. I enrolled in the chemistry course because it was the closest degree at the time that could lead me to where I wanted to be. I ended up doing a PhD and post-doctorate fellowships working with viruses and diseases. But I was always focused on my ultimate objective, and throughout I developed a strong expertise in mass spectrometry, which is an extremely versatile analytical technique. This was crucial.
"When I obtained my first lectureship, I had the freedom to build my own research, and I used mass spectrometry imaging to develop ways to profile individuals from their fingermarks, thus helping police with their investigations. What has the suspect been handling? What is their lifestyle? What did he do prior to or while committing the crime? These are some of the questions that the developed technology can answer, and we are working on providing additional information -- for example, on the pathological or pharmacological state of the individual, just from looking at their fingermark! A fantastic achievement for me, but the best accomplishment was keeping the focus for 14 years and remaining determined to finally be able to do what I have always been so passionate about."
Simona Francese | Speaker | TED.com