TED2019
Phillip Atiba Goff: How we can make racism a solvable problem -- and improve policing
菲利普·阿提巴·戈夫: 改善警方執法，解決種族歧視
Filmed:
Readability: 4.9
1,535,223 views
司法科學家菲利普·阿提巴·戈夫說：當我們把種族歧視的定義從感情改成行為時，我們就能將之量化，把不可能解決的問題，變成可解決的問題。在這場行動化的演說中，他分享了他在公平執法中心的工作內容。該組織旨在協助警察局診斷和追蹤執法時發生的種族差別待遇，以便消除這些差別待遇。演講也提到了他們如何應用數據找出方法，以及你如何能貢獻一己之力參與尚待努力的事項。（這個雄心壯志的計畫是 TED 策畫的「膽識計畫」之一，期待能贊助促進全球變革。）
Phillip Atiba Goff - Justice scientist
Phillip Atiba Goff works with police departments to help public safety become more equitable and less deadly. Full bio
Phillip Atiba Goff works with police departments to help public safety become more equitable and less deadly. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
When people meet me
for the first time on my job,
for the first time on my job,
0
1250
2976
我常在工作場合碰到陌生人，
00:16
they often feel inspired to share
a revelation they've had about me,
a revelation they've had about me,
1
4250
3476
迫不及待告知他們對我的第一印象，
00:19
and it kind of goes something like this.
2
7750
2518
內容都差不多是：
00:22
"Hey, I know why police chiefs
3
10292
2267
「嘿，我知道為什麼警察局長
00:24
like to share their deep,
dark secrets with you.
dark secrets with you.
4
12583
2435
會跟你說他們不可告人的秘密。
00:27
Phil, with your PhD in psychology,
5
15042
3017
菲爾，你有心理學博士學位
00:30
and your shiny bald head,
6
18083
1268
和閃閃動人的光頭，
00:31
you're basically
the Black Dr. Phil, right?"
the Black Dr. Phil, right?"
7
19375
2143
你根本就是黑人版的
菲爾博士，對吧？」
菲爾博士，對吧？」
00:33
(Laughter)
8
21542
1226
（笑聲）
00:34
And for each and every person
who's ever said that to me
who's ever said that to me
9
22792
2642
我要謝謝每一個對我說過這番話的人，
00:37
I do want to say thank you
10
25458
1268
因為你們每一個都是
第一個告訴我這個笑話的人。
第一個告訴我這個笑話的人。
00:38
because that was the first time
I ever heard that joke.
I ever heard that joke.
11
26750
2601
（笑聲）
00:41
(Laughter)
12
29375
1018
至於其他人，我真心希望你們相信，
00:42
But for everybody else,
I really hope you'll believe me
I really hope you'll believe me
13
30417
2601
00:45
when I tell you no police chief
likes talking to me
likes talking to me
14
33042
2642
沒有任何一個
警察局長喜歡跟我講話，
警察局長喜歡跟我講話，
因為他們以為我是臨床心理學家。
00:47
because they think
I'm a clinical psychologist.
I'm a clinical psychologist.
15
35708
2226
但其實我真的不是。
00:49
And also I'm not.
16
37958
1268
我無法一眼看穿你跟你媽的
親子關係，我也幫不了你。
親子關係，我也幫不了你。
00:51
I have no idea what your mother
did to you, and I can't help.
did to you, and I can't help.
17
39250
2851
（笑聲）
00:54
(Laughter)
18
42125
1018
警察局長喜歡跟我講話，
00:55
Police chiefs like talking to me
19
43167
2017
00:57
because I'm an expert on a problem
that feels impossible for them to solve:
that feels impossible for them to solve:
20
45208
4601
是因為我是處理某類
他們無法解決的問題的專家：
他們無法解決的問題的專家：
01:01
racism in their profession.
21
49833
1935
種族歧視。
01:03
Now my expertise
comes from being a scientist
comes from being a scientist
22
51792
2476
我的專業其實來自我的科學家身分，
01:06
who studies how our minds learn
to associate Blackness and crime
to associate Blackness and crime
23
54292
3809
我研究為什麼人類大腦
自動把黑人與犯罪畫上等號，
自動把黑人與犯罪畫上等號，
01:10
and misperceive Black children
as older than they actually are.
as older than they actually are.
24
58125
3768
以及為何誤判黑人孩童，
以為他們比實際年齡大。
以為他們比實際年齡大。
01:13
It also comes from studying
actual police behavior,
actual police behavior,
25
61917
2767
我同時也研究警察的行為表現，
01:16
which is how I know that every year,
26
64708
2060
這就是我為什麼知道，每一年，
01:18
about one in five adults
in the United States
in the United States
27
66792
2142
在美國平均五個成人中就有一個
01:20
has contact with law enforcement.
28
68958
2060
會碰上執法人員。
01:23
Out of those, about a million
are targeted for police use of force.
are targeted for police use of force.
29
71042
3351
其中有約一百萬人列名
警察可以使用武力的名單。
警察可以使用武力的名單。
01:26
And if you're Black,
30
74417
1267
而且，如果你是黑人，
01:27
you're two to four times more likely
to be targeted for that force
to be targeted for that force
31
75708
3143
你比白人碰到警察武力的比例
又高出二到四倍。
又高出二到四倍。
01:30
than if you're white.
32
78875
1268
同時，我的專業讓我看到
這些統計數字時感覺更深。
這些統計數字時感覺更深。
01:32
But it also comes from knowing
what those statistics feel like.
what those statistics feel like.
33
80167
3541
01:36
I've experienced the fear
of seeing an officer unclip their gun
of seeing an officer unclip their gun
34
84875
3559
我在看見警官解開槍套時恐懼不已，
01:40
and the panic of realizing that someone
might mistake my 13-year-old godson
might mistake my 13-year-old godson
35
88458
4268
恐慌他們是否會誤以為
我那才十三歲的教子
我那才十三歲的教子
已經大到對他們可能構成威脅時。
01:44
as old enough to be a threat.
36
92750
1542
所以，每當警察局長，
01:47
So when a police chief,
37
95333
2101
還是基督教的牧師，
01:49
or a pastor,
38
97458
1518
或者穆斯林的伊瑪目，
還是任何人的母親打電話給我──
還是任何人的母親打電話給我──
01:51
or an imam, or a mother --
39
99000
1934
01:52
when they call me after an officer
shoots another unarmed Black child,
shoots another unarmed Black child,
40
100958
4893
又一個警察對
手無寸鐵的黑人孩子開槍──
手無寸鐵的黑人孩子開槍──
01:57
I understand a bit
of the pain in their voice.
of the pain in their voice.
41
105875
2976
我能了解他們聲音中的痛苦。
02:00
It's the pain of a heart breaking
when it fails to solve a deadly problem.
when it fails to solve a deadly problem.
42
108875
5268
心碎的痛苦來自無法解決
這個致命的問題。
這個致命的問題。
心碎是因為試圖要改善現況，
02:06
Breaking from trying to do something
43
114167
2059
02:08
that feels simultaneously
necessary and impossible.
necessary and impossible.
44
116250
5833
那個需要是如此迫切，
卻無法達成的。
只要碰到種族歧視問題時
總是同樣的感覺──
總是同樣的感覺──
02:15
The way trying to fix
racism usually feels.
racism usually feels.
45
123000
2768
02:17
Necessary and impossible.
46
125792
3392
必須改變現狀，卻不可能。
02:21
So, police chiefs like talking to me
because I'm an expert,
because I'm an expert,
47
129208
2810
所以警察局長喜歡找我談，
是因為我是專家，
是因為我是專家，
但是，如果我直說問題有多絕望，
02:24
but I doubt they'd be lining up
to lie down on Dr. Phil's couch
to lie down on Dr. Phil's couch
48
132042
2976
我猜他們會寧願排隊
去躺菲爾博士的沙發。
去躺菲爾博士的沙發。
02:27
if I told them all their
problems were hopeless.
problems were hopeless.
49
135042
2267
02:29
All of my research,
50
137333
1726
我所有的研究，
02:31
and the decade of work
I've done with my center --
I've done with my center --
51
139083
2393
以及十年來我在
公平執法中心的工作，
公平執法中心的工作，
02:33
the Center for Policing Equity --
52
141500
1643
讓我從美國這些
悲傷的種族歧視故事中，
悲傷的種族歧視故事中，
02:35
actually leads me to a hopeful conclusion
53
143167
2017
02:37
amidst all the heartbreak
of race in America,
of race in America,
54
145208
2185
得出一個有希望的結論，
02:39
which is this:
55
147417
1601
那就是：
02:41
trying to solve racism feels impossible
56
149042
4017
消滅種族歧視似乎不可能，
02:45
because our definition of racism
makes it impossible --
makes it impossible --
57
153083
3851
是因為我們對種族歧視的定義
讓它顯得無法被消滅──
讓它顯得無法被消滅──
02:48
but it doesn't have to be that way.
58
156958
1976
但不一定如此。
02:50
So here's what I mean.
59
158958
1268
我的意思是，種族歧視
最常見的定義就是
最常見的定義就是
02:52
The most common definition of racism
60
160250
1768
02:54
is that racist behaviors are the product
of contaminated hearts and minds.
of contaminated hearts and minds.
61
162042
5017
種族歧視的行為是
心態及想法受汙染後的產物。
心態及想法受汙染後的產物。
02:59
When you listen to the way we talk
about trying to cure racism,
about trying to cure racism,
62
167083
2976
光聽到我們討論如何
解決種族歧視，你就知道了。
解決種族歧視，你就知道了。
03:02
you'll hear it.
63
170083
1268
「我們必須剷除仇恨」
03:03
"We need to stamp out hatred.
64
171375
1768
03:05
We need to combat ignorance," right?
65
173167
2226
「我們必須消滅偏見」
聽到了嗎？
聽到了嗎？
03:07
It's hearts and minds.
66
175417
1559
問題在心態和想法。
03:09
Now the only problem with that definition
is that it's completely wrong --
is that it's completely wrong --
67
177000
4643
這個定義唯一的問題，
就是它完完全全錯了──
無論是從科學還是其他方面都錯了。
無論是從科學還是其他方面都錯了。
03:13
both scientifically and otherwise.
68
181667
1642
03:15
One of the foundational insights
of social psychology
of social psychology
69
183333
2685
社會心理學的基本洞見之一就是：
03:18
is that attitudes are
very weak predictors of behaviors,
very weak predictors of behaviors,
70
186042
3017
態度不太能夠用來預測行為，
03:21
but more importantly than that,
71
189083
1518
但，更重要的是，
03:22
no Black community
has ever taken to the streets
has ever taken to the streets
72
190625
2726
從沒有任何黑人團體走上街頭，
03:25
to demand that white people
would love us more.
would love us more.
73
193375
2333
要求白人多愛我們一點。
03:28
Communities march to stop the killing,
74
196833
3268
黑人團體走上街頭的訴求是停止殺戮，
03:32
because racism
is about behaviors, not feelings.
is about behaviors, not feelings.
75
200125
3375
因為種族歧視的重點
在於行為，而非情感。
在於行為，而非情感。
03:36
And even when civil rights leaders
76
204542
1684
即便過去的民權領袖，
03:38
like King and Fannie Lou Hamer
used the language of love,
used the language of love,
77
206250
3559
金恩博士和芬妮·露·哈默
訴諸「愛」的語言，
訴諸「愛」的語言，
03:41
the racism they fought,
78
209833
2018
他們所對抗的種族歧視
03:43
that was segregation and brutality.
79
211875
2434
一樣是種族隔離和暴行。
03:46
It's actions over feelings.
80
214333
2393
行動勝過情感。
03:48
And every one of
those leaders would agree,
those leaders would agree,
81
216750
2059
我想所有的人權領袖皆會同意，
03:50
if a definition of racism
makes it harder to see
makes it harder to see
82
218833
2643
如果是種族歧視的定義導致
大家看不到種族歧視所帶來的傷害，
03:53
the injuries racism causes,
83
221500
2018
03:55
that's not just wrong.
84
223542
1601
那麼這定義本身就不僅是錯而已。
03:57
A definition that cares
about the intentions of abusers
about the intentions of abusers
85
225167
3476
如果這個定義著眼點在
施暴者的意圖，
施暴者的意圖，
04:00
more than the harms to the abused --
86
228667
2017
多過被受害者所受的傷害，
04:02
that definition of racism is racist.
87
230708
2209
那麼這個定義本身就已經帶有歧視了。
04:06
But when we change the definition
of racism from attitudes to behaviors,
of racism from attitudes to behaviors,
88
234000
6268
但，若我們改一下種族歧視的定義，
把重點從「態度」改成「行為」，
04:12
we transform that problem
from impossible to solvable.
from impossible to solvable.
89
240292
4559
問題就從「不可能」變成「可解決」。
04:16
Because you can measure behaviors.
90
244875
2643
因為「行為」是可以測量的。
04:19
And when you can measure a problem,
91
247542
1726
當問題本身能被量化，
你就能運用放諸四海皆準的
組織成功的法則之一。
組織成功的法則之一。
04:21
you can tap into one of the only
universal rules of organizational success.
universal rules of organizational success.
92
249292
3559
先將問題還是目標量化，
再要求自己達到目標。
再要求自己達到目標。
04:24
You've got a problem or a goal,
you measure it,
you measure it,
93
252875
2226
04:27
you hold yourself accountable
to that metric.
to that metric.
94
255125
2142
04:29
So if every other organization
measures success this way,
measures success this way,
95
257291
2768
如果這法則已經在所有
其他組織證實可用，
其他組織證實可用，
04:32
why can't we do that in policing?
96
260083
2000
我們何不也用在警方執法上？
04:35
It turns out we actually already do.
97
263542
2892
事實證明，其實早已開始。
04:38
Police departments already practice
data-driven accountability,
data-driven accountability,
98
266458
3560
警察部門早已開始
運用數據分析，
運用數據分析，
04:42
it's just for crime.
99
270042
1476
僅只用在犯罪範圍。
04:43
The vast majority of police departments
across the United States
across the United States
100
271542
3059
美國大部分的警察局
04:46
use a system called CompStat.
101
274625
2726
使用名為 CompStat 的系統。
04:49
It's a process that,
when you use it right,
when you use it right,
102
277375
2518
如果你懂得怎麼使用，
04:51
it identifies crime data,
103
279917
2392
它可以分析辨視犯罪數據，
04:54
it tracks it and identifies patterns,
104
282333
1935
追蹤、並找出犯罪模式，
04:56
and then it allows departments
to hold themselves accountable
to hold themselves accountable
105
284292
3059
這個系統讓警察單位在
達成公共安全目標上有據可循。
04:59
to public safety goals.
106
287375
2059
05:01
It usually works either by directing
police attentions and police resources,
police attentions and police resources,
107
289458
4810
這個系統的成效需要配合
警力資源的導引分配，
警力資源的導引分配，
或者說改變警察的應對行為。
05:06
or changing police behavior
once they show up.
once they show up.
108
294292
2517
05:08
So if I see a string of muggings
in that neighborhood,
in that neighborhood,
109
296833
2560
比方說如果在同一個社區
連續發生搶劫案，
連續發生搶劫案，
05:11
I'm going to want to increase
patrols in that neighborhood.
patrols in that neighborhood.
110
299417
2809
我們就得增加該社區的巡邏。
又若是殺人案激增，
05:14
If I see a spike in homicides,
111
302250
1476
我們就得和社區對談，
找出原因及合作方式，
找出原因及合作方式，
05:15
I'm going to want to talk
to the community to find out why
to the community to find out why
112
303750
2768
05:18
and collaborate on changes on police
behavior to tamp down the violence.
behavior to tamp down the violence.
113
306542
3416
同時改變警察的運作方式，
一起減少暴力。
一起減少暴力。
05:22
Now when you define racism
in terms of measurable behaviors,
in terms of measurable behaviors,
114
310625
4309
如果要重新定義
種族歧視，將行為量化，
種族歧視，將行為量化，
05:26
you can do the same thing.
115
314958
1375
也可以用同樣的原理，
05:29
You can create a CompStat for justice.
116
317208
3018
打造一套專為司法公正
所用的 CompStat 系統。
所用的 CompStat 系統。
05:32
That's exactly what the Center
for Policing Equity has been doing.
for Policing Equity has been doing.
117
320250
3143
這正是公平執法中心
一直在做的事。
一直在做的事。
讓我說明一下運作方式。
05:35
So let me tell you how that works.
118
323417
1642
每當警察局邀請我們加入後，
05:37
After a police department invites us in,
119
325083
1935
我們負責法律相關事務，
建立和社區的連結互動，
建立和社區的連結互動，
05:39
we handle the legal stuff,
we engage with the community,
we engage with the community,
120
327042
2642
再來就是分析數據，
05:41
our next step is to analyze their data.
121
329708
2476
05:44
The goal of these analyses is to determine
122
332208
2351
目的是要找出
05:46
how much do crime, poverty,
neighborhood demographics
neighborhood demographics
123
334583
4435
社區的犯罪率、貧困指數、
與社區人口結構等因素
與社區人口結構等因素
05:51
predict, let's say, police use of force?
124
339042
3559
能否預測出警察使用武力的機率？
05:54
Let's say that those factors predict
125
342625
1976
比方說我們用這些因素推算出
05:56
police will use force
on this many Black people.
on this many Black people.
126
344625
2708
警察會對多少黑人使用武力。
06:00
There?
127
348125
1268
OK？
06:01
So our next question is,
128
349417
1309
下一個問題是，
06:02
how many Black people
actually are targeted
actually are targeted
129
350750
2059
實際上有多少黑人真的成為
警察武力的目標？
警察武力的目標？
06:04
for police use of force?
130
352833
1268
假設有這麼多好了。
06:06
Let's say it's this many.
131
354125
1726
06:07
So what's up with the gap?
132
355875
1500
那中間這個差距是怎麼回事？
06:10
Well, a big portion of the gap
is the difference
is the difference
133
358167
2559
這個差距有很大一部分
06:12
between what's predicted
by things police can't control
by things police can't control
134
360750
3268
是來自於預測結果並不包含
警察無法控制的因素，
警察無法控制的因素，
06:16
and what's predicted
by things police can control --
by things police can control --
135
364042
2476
及警察可控制的因素──
原則及應對方式──
原則及應對方式──
06:18
their policies and their behaviors.
136
366542
1976
中間的落差。
06:20
And what we're looking for
are the types of contact
are the types of contact
137
368542
2559
而我們希望找到的就是
最常發生衝突的方式
最常發生衝突的方式
06:23
or the areas in the city
138
371125
1434
或是哪個區域，差距特別明顯，
06:24
where that gap is biggest,
139
372583
1810
06:26
because then we can tell our partners,
140
374417
1851
這樣就能回報給警察單位：
「看到了嗎？先解決這個問題吧。」
06:28
"Look here. Solve this problem first."
141
376292
3726
06:32
It's actually the kind of therapy
police chiefs can get behind,
police chiefs can get behind,
142
380042
3059
這作法其實最受到警察局長的支持，
06:35
because there is nothing so inspiring
in the face of our history of racism
in the face of our history of racism
143
383125
4393
種族歧視的問題歷史悠久，
沒有什麼能比解決它
更鼓舞人心了。
更鼓舞人心了。
06:39
as a solvable problem.
144
387542
1375
06:42
Look, if the community in Minneapolis
asked their police department
asked their police department
145
390333
4685
如果明尼亞波里斯的人
跟他們的警政單位說：
跟他們的警政單位說：
06:47
to remedy the moral failings
of race in policing,
of race in policing,
146
395042
3142
請改善執法時
在種族方面的道德疏失，
在種族方面的道德疏失，
06:50
I'm not sure they know how to do that.
147
398208
2101
我不確定警政單位是否能懂。
06:52
But if instead the community says,
148
400333
1643
但，如果將問題改成：
06:54
"Hey, you're data say you're beating up
a lot of homeless folks.
a lot of homeless folks.
149
402000
3059
「嘿，你們的數據顯示
你們毆打無辜遊民，
你們毆打無辜遊民，
可以別再這樣做了嗎？」
06:57
You want to knock that off?"
150
405083
1393
這正是警察可以改進的地方，
06:58
That's something police
can learn how to do.
can learn how to do.
151
406500
2601
07:01
And they did.
152
409125
1393
而他們也做到了。
07:02
So in 2015, the Minneapolis PD let us know
153
410542
3059
2015 年，明尼亞波里斯
警察單位告訴我們，
警察單位告訴我們，
07:05
their community was concerned
they were using force too often.
they were using force too often.
154
413625
2934
當地社區反映警方使用武力
似乎太頻繁了。
似乎太頻繁了。
07:08
So we showed them
how to leverage their own data
how to leverage their own data
155
416583
2268
於是我們教他們如何
運用警方現有的數據，
運用警方現有的數據，
07:10
to identify situations
where force could be avoided.
where force could be avoided.
156
418875
2934
判斷哪些情況下其實
能不必使用武力。
能不必使用武力。
07:13
And when you look at those data,
157
421833
1560
你如果仔細分析數據，
07:15
you'll see that a disproportionate number
of their use-of-force incidents,
of their use-of-force incidents,
158
423417
3517
就會發現使用武力的數據
與實際需求不成比例，
與實際需求不成比例，
因為很多時候是遊民、
精神狀態有問題者、吸毒的人，
精神狀態有問題者、吸毒的人，
07:18
they involved somebody who's homeless,
in mental distress,
in mental distress,
159
426958
2768
07:21
has a substance abuse issue
or some combination of all three --
or some combination of all three --
160
429750
2976
甚至是這三項的組合──
07:24
more than you expect
161
432750
1726
警方對他們使用武力的數字
遠高過你所預期，
遠高過你所預期，
07:26
based on those factors
I was just telling you about.
I was just telling you about.
162
434500
2768
這僅僅是我剛提過的那三類而已。
07:29
So right there's the gap.
163
437292
1500
對，這中間的確有落差。
07:31
Next question is why.
164
439750
1809
下一個問題是：為什麼？
07:33
Well, it turns out homeless folks
often need services.
often need services.
165
441583
3643
我們發現，遊民肇事的起因
常常是來自缺乏協助。
常常是來自缺乏協助。
07:37
And when those services are unavailable,
when they can't get their meds,
when they can't get their meds,
166
445250
3434
當他們得不到所需的服務，
比方說藥品，還是失去
他們在庇護所的床位，
他們在庇護所的床位，
07:40
they lose their spot in the shelter,
167
448708
1768
07:42
they're more likely to engage in behaviors
that end up with folks calling the cops.
that end up with folks calling the cops.
168
450500
3934
他們就可能做出讓人報警處理的行為。
07:46
And when the cops show up,
169
454458
1310
警察出現，
07:47
they're more likely
to resist intervention,
to resist intervention,
170
455792
2059
更加讓他們反抗警察的干預，
07:49
oftentimes because they haven't
actually done anything illegal,
actually done anything illegal,
171
457875
2976
因為他們覺得他們並沒有犯法，
07:52
they're literally just living outside.
172
460875
2476
他們實際上只是住在外面。
07:55
The problem wasn't a need to train
officers differently in Minneapolis.
officers differently in Minneapolis.
173
463375
3726
解決問題的方法不是重新訓練
明尼亞波里斯的警力。
明尼亞波里斯的警力。
07:59
The problem was the fact
that folks were using the cops
that folks were using the cops
174
467125
2601
因為問題出在報警的人身上，
08:01
to "treat" substance abuse
and homelessness in the first place.
and homelessness in the first place.
175
469750
3309
他們用報警來「處理」
吸毒和遊民的問題。
吸毒和遊民的問題。
08:05
So the city of Minneapolis found a way
to deliver social services
to deliver social services
176
473083
3393
最後，明尼亞波里斯市
找到解決辦法：
找到解決辦法：
將社會服務及城市資源
08:08
and city resources
177
476500
1268
08:09
to the homeless community
before anybody ever called the cops.
before anybody ever called the cops.
178
477792
3392
在任何人報警之前
就先提供給遊民。
就先提供給遊民。
08:13
(Applause)
179
481208
4125
（掌聲）
08:20
Now the problem isn't
always homelessness, right?
always homelessness, right?
180
488375
2809
問題的來源並不只有遊民，對吧？
08:23
Sometimes the problem is
fear of immigration enforcement,
fear of immigration enforcement,
181
491208
2726
有時候問題是擔心移民局前來執法，
08:25
like it was in Salt Lake City,
or it is in Houston,
or it is in Houston,
182
493958
2476
比方說過去的鹽湖城
還是現在的休士頓，
還是現在的休士頓，
08:28
where the chiefs had to come forward
183
496458
1768
警政署長必須站出來說：
08:30
and say, "We're not going
to deport you just for calling 911."
to deport you just for calling 911."
184
498250
2934
「我們不會因為你打
一一九就將你驅逐。」
一一九就將你驅逐。」
08:33
Or the problem is foot pursuits,
185
501208
1685
有時問題可能出在徒步追捕，
08:34
like it was in Las Vegas,
186
502917
1309
比方說在拉斯維加斯，
警官要訓練慢下來，深呼吸，
08:36
where they had to train their officers
to slow down and take a breath
to slow down and take a breath
187
504250
3851
08:40
instead of allowing the adrenaline
in that situation to escalate it.
in that situation to escalate it.
188
508125
3726
避免腎上腺素飆升
讓情況越演越烈。
讓情況越演越烈。
08:43
It's searches in Oakland;
189
511875
1976
奧克蘭的問題來自搜索行動；
08:45
it's pulling folks
out of cars in San Jose;
out of cars in San Jose;
190
513875
2851
聖荷西的問題則是把人拉出車外；
08:48
it's the way that they patrol
the neighborhoods
the neighborhoods
191
516750
2226
在匹茲堡擁有獨特
巡邏方式的第三區
巡邏方式的第三區
08:51
that make up Zone 3 in Pittsburgh
192
519000
2268
08:53
and the Black neighborhoods
closest to the waterfront in Baltimore.
closest to the waterfront in Baltimore.
193
521292
3184
還有巴爾的摩離水岸
最近的黑人社區。
最近的黑人社區。
我們只要幫每個城市把問題
從「不可能」變成「可解決」，
從「不可能」變成「可解決」，
08:56
But in each city,
194
524500
1268
08:57
if we can give them a solvable problem,
195
525792
2392
09:00
they get busy solving it.
196
528208
2101
他們就會立即展開行動。
09:02
And together our partners have seen
an average of 25 percent fewer arrests,
an average of 25 percent fewer arrests,
197
530333
4060
跟我們合作的警政單位
目前已經達到：
目前已經達到：
平均逮捕率下降 25%，
使用武力案數減少，
使用武力案數減少，
09:06
fewer use-of-force incidents
198
534417
1351
09:07
and 13 percent fewer
officer-related injuries.
officer-related injuries.
199
535792
3142
因警力造成的受傷案例
也下降了 13%。
也下降了 13%。
09:10
Essentially, by identifying
the biggest gaps
the biggest gaps
200
538958
3518
基本上，藉由找出最大的落差，
09:14
and directing police
attentions to solving it,
attentions to solving it,
201
542500
2726
再投入警察的人力跟資源去解決，
09:17
we can deliver a data-driven vaccine
against racial disparities in policing.
against racial disparities in policing.
202
545250
4667
有點像做出一個
以數據為基礎的疫苗，
以數據為基礎的疫苗，
用來抵抗執法上碰到的
種族差別待遇問題。
種族差別待遇問題。
09:23
Right now, we have the capacity
to partner with about 40 cities at a time.
to partner with about 40 cities at a time.
203
551583
4959
目前，
我們的資源能同時
與大約四十個城市合作。
與大約四十個城市合作。
09:29
That means if we want the United States
to stop feeling exhausted
to stop feeling exhausted
204
557417
3851
也就是說，如果我們希望
美國可以停止浪費精力
在不可能解決的問題上，
在不可能解決的問題上，
09:33
from trying to solve
an impossible problem,
an impossible problem,
205
561292
2267
09:35
we're going to need
a lot more infrastructure.
a lot more infrastructure.
206
563583
2643
我們需要大大地擴充現有的規模。
09:38
Because our goal is to have
our tools be able to scale
our tools be able to scale
207
566250
3601
因為下一個目標應該是
讓我們的工具能夠協助及發揚
09:41
the brilliance of dedicated organizers
208
569875
2476
熱衷投入的組織者
與亟欲革新的警察局長的才智。
與亟欲革新的警察局長的才智。
09:44
and reform-minded chiefs.
209
572375
2143
09:46
So to get there we're going to need
the kind of collective will
the kind of collective will
210
574542
2976
要達到目標，我們需要展現
之前用來廢除種族隔離學校、
之前用來廢除種族隔離學校、
09:49
that desegregated schools
211
577542
1309
以及為奴隸後代贏得公民權的
那種集體意志，
那種集體意志，
09:50
and won the franchise for the sons
and daughters of former slaves
and daughters of former slaves
212
578875
3101
只有這樣，我們才能打造出
一個類似健康照護的體制，
一個類似健康照護的體制，
09:54
so that we can build
a kind of health care system
a kind of health care system
213
582000
2309
將我們的消滅種族歧視的
警政疫苗傳送到全國各地。
警政疫苗傳送到全國各地。
09:56
capable of delivering our vaccine
across the country.
across the country.
214
584333
2875
10:00
Because our audacious idea
215
588417
3142
因為我們有個大膽想法，
我們想將這套為司法公正
設計的 CompStat 系統，
設計的 CompStat 系統，
10:03
is to deliver a CompStat for justice
216
591583
1976
10:05
to departments serving 100 million people
across the United States
across the United States
217
593583
3768
交給服務全美一億人民的警察局，
10:09
in the next five years.
218
597375
1292
目標是在五年內完成。
10:11
(Applause and cheers)
219
599500
5417
10:18
Doing that would mean arming
about a third of the United States
about a third of the United States
220
606792
3267
如此做之後，全美會有大約
三分之一擁有這個工具，
三分之一擁有這個工具，
10:22
with tools to reduce racial disparities
in police stops, arrests and use of force,
in police stops, arrests and use of force,
221
610083
5185
來減少警察在攔檢、逮捕、
使用武力時的種族差異對待，
使用武力時的種族差異對待，
10:27
but also tools to reduce
predatory cash bail
predatory cash bail
222
615292
3267
這個工具也能減少
貪婪高昂的保釋金，
貪婪高昂的保釋金，
10:30
and mass incarceration,
223
618583
1268
監獄人滿為患、家庭破裂，
10:31
family instability
224
619875
1268
慢性精神疾病和藥物濫用，
10:33
and chronic mental health
and substance abuse issues,
and substance abuse issues,
225
621167
2517
以及所有因為千瘡百孔的
刑事法律制度而更惡化的問題。
刑事法律制度而更惡化的問題。
10:35
and every other ill that our broken
criminal-legal systems aggravate.
criminal-legal systems aggravate.
226
623708
3268
10:39
Because every unnecessary
arrest we can prevent
arrest we can prevent
227
627000
3143
因為每發生一件不必要的逮捕，
10:42
saves a family from the terrifying journey
through each one of those systems.
through each one of those systems.
228
630167
3684
就有個家庭得經歷、
飽受這個體制的摧殘。
飽受這個體制的摧殘。
10:45
Just like every gun we can leave holstered
229
633875
2684
或者說，每減少一次拔槍的機會，
10:48
saves an entire community
from a lifetime of grief.
from a lifetime of grief.
230
636583
4000
或許就能免除整個社會沉痛終生。
10:54
Look, each and every one of us,
231
642917
2892
真的，我們每一個人
10:57
we measure the things that matter to us.
232
645833
2667
都會衡量評估我們在乎的事物。
11:01
Businesses measure profit;
233
649750
1976
就像企業評估獲利，
11:03
good students keep track of their grades;
234
651750
3059
好學生追蹤紀錄自己的成績，
11:06
families chart the growth
of their children
of their children
235
654833
2476
父母也把孩子的身高記錄下來，
11:09
with pencil markings in doorframes.
236
657333
2393
在門框上用鉛筆畫記號。
11:11
We all measure the things
that matter most to us,
that matter most to us,
237
659750
2518
我們都會去測量追蹤
我們最在乎的事物，
我們最在乎的事物，
11:14
which is why we feel the neglect
238
662292
2851
因此當沒有人在乎衡量
我們在乎的事物時，
我們在乎的事物時，
我們感到被忽視。
11:17
when nobody's bothering
to measure anything at all.
to measure anything at all.
239
665167
3101
11:20
For the past quarter millennium,
240
668292
2559
在過去二十五年間，
11:22
we've defined the problems
of race and policing
of race and policing
241
670875
2934
我們對於種族及執法問題的定義，
11:25
in a way that's functionally
impossible to measure.
impossible to measure.
242
673833
2381
讓這些問題在執行面無法被測量。
11:29
But now the science says
we can just change that definition.
we can just change that definition.
243
677875
4309
但今天科學的發展顯示
我們可以改寫那定義。
我們可以改寫那定義。
11:34
And the folks at the Center
for Policing Equity,
for Policing Equity,
244
682208
2268
我們在公平執法中心，
對警察行為表現所做的數據測量，
11:36
I actually think we may have measured
245
684500
1809
已經遠遠超過有史以來任何人了。
11:38
more police behavior
than any one in human history.
than any one in human history.
246
686333
2435
11:40
And that means that once we have the will
247
688792
4684
這也就是說，
只要我們有意願、
11:45
and the resources to do it,
248
693500
1583
有資源來做這件事，
11:48
this could be the generation
249
696708
2018
我們這個世代就有可能
11:50
that stops feeling like racism
is an unsolvable problem
is an unsolvable problem
250
698750
3833
逆轉種族歧視──
這個無法解決的問題，
這個無法解決的問題，
讓期待已久的、
11:56
and instead sees
251
704542
1517
11:58
that what's been necessary
for far too long is possible.
for far too long is possible.
252
706083
5792
必須的執法公平
變成可能的未來。
12:04
Thank you.
253
712875
1309
謝謝。
12:06
(Applause and cheers)
254
714208
4250
（掌聲及歡呼）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Phillip Atiba Goff - Justice scientistPhillip Atiba Goff works with police departments to help public safety become more equitable and less deadly.
Why you should listen
Self-proclaimed "justice nerd" Dr. Phillip Atiba Goff devotes himself to understanding how people think and talk about racism in order to prevent racist behavior -- particularly in policing. He identifies the need to shift how we define racism: not as a defect of character, but rather a pattern of behaviors that are measurable and changeable.
Goff is the president and cofounder of the Center for Policing Equity, an organization that diagnoses the roots of disparate policing in order to eliminate them. As a professor, mediator and translator, Goff helps communities and law enforcement understand each other and address problems that have for centuries felt unsolvable.
Phillip Atiba Goff | Speaker | TED.com