TED Talks India: Nayi Baat
Mani Vajipey: How India's local recyclers could solve plastic pollution
曼尼．瓦吉白: 印度的街頭回收者如何克服塑膠污染
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188,500 views
印度的塑膠回收率排名世界第一，主要要歸功於名為卡巴地哇拉（kabadiwala──街頭回收者）所集結起的廣泛網路。企業家曼尼．瓦吉白在演講中談到他們如何將勤奮的街頭回收者集結起來，建立一個資源回收的體系，將印度帶往終結塑膠污染之路上，給世界上其他國家提供了一個典範。
Mani Vajipey - Entrepreneur
Mani Vajipey has dedicated his life and career to the overhaul of waste management in India. Full bio
Mani Vajipey has dedicated his life and career to the overhaul of waste management in India. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
沙魯．克罕：「向塑膠說不」
00:12
Shah Rukh Khan: Say no to plastic.
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00:14
The one thing that
all environmental warriors teach us.
all environmental warriors teach us.
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是所有的環境鬥士
都在灌輸疾呼的議題。
都在灌輸疾呼的議題。
00:17
But we begin and end the day
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但我們每天從早到晚使用的
00:19
with products that have been made
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日常用品多是塑膠製品──
00:20
from this virtually
indestructible material.
indestructible material.
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一個近乎無法摧毀的材料。
00:24
The truth is that our consumption
and disposal of plastic has reached
and disposal of plastic has reached
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事實上我們所消費和丟棄的塑膠
00:28
such unsustainable proportions
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已經累積到一個不能漠視的規模，
00:30
that we need to address this
using every idea and resource at hand.
using every idea and resource at hand.
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以致於我們需要絞盡腦汁
動用所有資源來應對。
動用所有資源來應對。
00:34
Please welcome someone who's helping
solve India's waste management issues,
solve India's waste management issues,
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請掌聲歡迎幫忙解決印度
廢棄物管理議題的來賓──
廢棄物管理議題的來賓──
00:39
Mani Vajipey,
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曼尼．瓦吉白，他是回收者
00:40
recycler and cofounder/CEO
of Banyan Nation.
of Banyan Nation.
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也是菩提國度的
共同創辦人和執行長。
共同創辦人和執行長。
00:45
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
00:53
Mani Vajipey: If recycling
were an Olympic sport,
were an Olympic sport,
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曼尼．瓦吉白：如果
資源回收是奧運項目，
資源回收是奧運項目，
00:56
India would win the gold medal.
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印度肯定是金牌得主。
00:58
India has one of the highest rates
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因為印度有世界數一數二的
01:01
of plastic recycling and recovery
in the entire world.
in the entire world.
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塑膠回收再利用率。
01:05
Higher than the likes of Singapore,
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比新加坡還高，
01:07
countries in North America
and even countries in Europe.
and even countries in Europe.
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也高過北美洲國家，
甚至遠超過歐洲國家。
甚至遠超過歐洲國家。
01:11
India recovers and recycles
over 60 percent of its plastic waste,
over 60 percent of its plastic waste,
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印度有超過六成的塑膠
廢棄物都被回收再利用，
廢棄物都被回收再利用，
01:15
whereas a developed country,
like United States,
like United States,
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而已開發國家，例如美國，
01:18
manages just about 10 percent.
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大概只有一成。
01:21
This high rate of collection
is largely possible
is largely possible
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我們回收率這麼高，
主要是歸功於數百萬
非正規的街頭的回收者──
非正規的街頭的回收者──
01:24
thanks to the millions
of informal recyclers,
of informal recyclers,
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負責掃街的卡巴地哇拉、
01:28
the kabadiwalas, the bhandiwallas
and the raddiwalas
and the raddiwalas
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挨家挨戶收二手衣的般地哇拉，
以及收破銅爛鐵的拉地哇拉。
以及收破銅爛鐵的拉地哇拉。
01:31
that we find at every street corner
across every city in India.
across every city in India.
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印度每個大城小巷
隨處可見牠們的身影。
隨處可見牠們的身影。
01:36
And yet, in spite of such a ubiquitous,
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即使這個回收大軍遍佈全國、
01:40
extensive and intricate
network of recyclers,
network of recyclers,
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組織龐大、錯綜複雜，
01:44
India's national scenery
is dominated by filth and squalor.
is dominated by filth and squalor.
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印度給人的印象仍是
充斥著垃圾與髒污。
充斥著垃圾與髒污。
01:48
And the general perception
is that we don't recycle our plastics.
is that we don't recycle our plastics.
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普遍印象是我們沒做塑膠回收。
01:52
The other thing about plastics in India
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另外一個有趣的事是，
01:54
is that any product
made from recycled plastic
made from recycled plastic
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印度對使用回收塑膠製造的產品
01:58
is considered to be substandard
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都覺得是次級品、
02:00
and we expect it to be cheaper as well.
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是廉價品。
02:02
What we don't realize is
there are several types of plastics
there are several types of plastics
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大家並不知道的是，
有多種全新或原生的塑膠種類，
02:06
in their virgin and pure form,
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02:09
if recycled scientifically,
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只要透過科學方式，
02:11
can be recycled several times over
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就能回收再製許多次，
02:14
without any compromise in quality.
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並不影響品質。
02:16
If we can recover and reuse
our discarded plastic,
our discarded plastic,
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回收再利用廢棄塑膠，
02:21
then we save a significant
amount of virgin plastic
amount of virgin plastic
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能省下生產全新塑膠的大量資源，
02:23
that we would have otherwise
produced and consumed.
produced and consumed.
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也不會製造更多塑膠垃圾。
02:26
And this is very important,
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這點非常重要，
02:28
because virgin plastic
is made from fossil fuels
is made from fossil fuels
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因為原生塑膠是石化產物，
02:31
that are an exhaustible resource.
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石化燃料是有限的資源。
02:34
The more virgin plastic
we produce and consume,
we produce and consume,
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生產消費越多的原生塑膠，
02:36
the more plastic waste we have to manage.
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就有越多的塑膠廢棄物要處理。
02:40
Mismanagement of plastic waste
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沒處理好的塑膠廢棄物
02:42
leads to the leakage of such materials
into our water bodies.
into our water bodies.
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會導致水源及水域污染。
02:46
It's now common knowledge
that by the year 2050
that by the year 2050
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眾所周知，等到 2050 年，
02:49
we'll have more plastics
in our oceans than fish.
in our oceans than fish.
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海洋中的塑膠量會遠超過魚量。
02:53
About seven years ago,
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大約七年前，
02:55
my friend and cofounder Raj and I,
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我跟我的朋友拉吉
(另一創辦人)，
(另一創辦人)，
我們決心投入解決這個大問題。
02:58
we decided that we were going to focus
on solving this massive problem.
on solving this massive problem.
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03:01
We went around the city of Hyderabad,
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我們跑遍海得拉巴市區，
03:03
talking to local recyclers.
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找當地的回收者談。
03:05
Very soon, we found out
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很快的我們就發現，
03:06
that there were many recyclers
just in Hyderabad alone.
just in Hyderabad alone.
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光在海得拉巴就有許多回收者。
03:09
We soon realized
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同時我們也理解到，
03:11
that the plastic recycling
industry of today
industry of today
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現今的塑膠回收產業
03:14
is not very different
from the milk industry
from the milk industry
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很像我們六、七O年代的牛奶產業。
03:16
of the '60s and '70s.
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03:18
Milk in India is produced
by marginal milk farmers,
by marginal milk farmers,
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印度的牛奶多是來自
規模極小的酪農，
規模極小的酪農，
03:22
with two or three cows or buffalos,
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每個小農只有兩三頭母牛或水牛，
03:24
who produce five to ten
liters of milk a day.
liters of milk a day.
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每天的產量只有五到十公升牛奶。
03:26
Instead of blindly aping
solutions from the West,
solutions from the West,
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與其盲目地複製西方
國家的回收策略，
國家的回收策略，
03:29
India championed
the milk cooperative model,
the milk cooperative model,
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當年我們選擇酪乳小農的合作社模式，
03:32
where thousands of such
small-scale recyclers
small-scale recyclers
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數以千計的小規模回收者
各自加入同類分工的團體。
03:36
were brought together into groups.
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03:39
With scale came innovations
and investments.
and investments.
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規模大了，創新跟資金自然跟著來。
03:43
India was transformed
from a milk-deficit nation
from a milk-deficit nation
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當年印度從牛奶短缺的國家，
03:46
to the world's leading
exporter and producer of milk.
exporter and producer of milk.
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搖身變成世界領先的
牛奶生產及出口國。
牛奶生產及出口國。
我們從這段歷史了解到，
03:50
It dawned upon us
that India had in the past
that India had in the past
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印度解決過太多諸如牛奶短缺
這類的龐大問題。
這類的龐大問題。
03:54
solved much larger problems,
like milk deficiency.
like milk deficiency.
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03:58
We only need to look back to our past
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我們只需回顧過去，
或許就能找到靈感，
或許就能找到靈感，
04:00
to find inspiration in solving
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解決我們現今最最重大的議題──
04:02
what is perhaps the most
fundamental issue of our times,
fundamental issue of our times,
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04:05
that is plastic pollution.
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塑膠污染。
04:07
But before we could do this,
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但在開始前，
04:09
or before brands
could use recycled plastic,
could use recycled plastic,
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或者在說服大廠牌
使用回收塑膠前，
使用回收塑膠前，
04:12
we had to solve two things.
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有兩件事得先解決──
04:14
Quality and scale.
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品質和規模。
04:16
For us, to make a shampoo bottle
from discarded plastics,
from discarded plastics,
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我們已知用廢棄塑膠
製造洗髮精瓶子，
製造洗髮精瓶子，
04:21
we had to collect tens of thousands
of tons of discarded plastics.
of tons of discarded plastics.
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得用上數萬公噸的廢棄塑膠。
04:25
For that, we needed data.
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要做到這點，我們還需要數據。
04:27
Raj and I built a simple
data intelligence platform
data intelligence platform
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我和拉吉建了一個
簡單的資訊情報網，
簡單的資訊情報網，
04:31
that allowed us to map all the recyclers,
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標出全部回收者的所在，
04:33
giving us a bird's eye view
of every recycler in Hyderabad.
of every recycler in Hyderabad.
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我們能一眼看到海得拉巴
每個回收者的所在位置。
每個回收者的所在位置。
04:37
The results were astounding.
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結果很驚人。
04:39
There were 2,000 kabadiwalas
just in Hyderabad alone.
just in Hyderabad alone.
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光是在海得拉巴，
就有兩千個卡巴地哇拉。
就有兩千個卡巴地哇拉。
04:43
That means, for every square kilometer,
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也就是說，平均每平方公里，
04:45
there were four kabadiwalas
or informal recyclers.
or informal recyclers.
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就有四個卡巴地哇拉，
非正規的回收者。
非正規的回收者。
04:49
No developed country or city
in the entire world
in the entire world
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全世界沒有任何一個
已開發國家或城市
已開發國家或城市
04:53
has the luxury of such a brilliant
collection system.
collection system.
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享有如此卓越的垃圾收集系統。
04:56
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
04:58
Once we had the data,
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有了這些數據之後，
剩下的就簡單多了。
剩下的就簡單多了。
05:00
the rest was fairly straightforward.
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05:01
We started trading
with the informal recyclers,
with the informal recyclers,
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我們開始與這些非正規
回收者進行交易，
回收者進行交易，
05:05
we started training them
to segregate the materials
to segregate the materials
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我們開始訓練他們，
照我們訂的品質規格
把垃圾分門別類處理。
把垃圾分門別類處理。
05:08
based on our quality specifications.
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05:11
In the past five years,
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過去五年裏，
05:12
we've developed several clusters
across South India,
across South India,
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我們在南印度發展了幾個據點，
05:15
comprising of thousands
of such informal recyclers,
of such informal recyclers,
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每個據點都有數千名
此類非正規的回收者，
此類非正規的回收者，
05:18
who interact with us
both directly and digitally.
both directly and digitally.
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能在現場或是透過網路和我們互動。
05:21
In parallel, we began working
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同時，我們也開始處理
05:24
on the problem of quality
and purity of material.
and purity of material.
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回收物的品質和純度問題。
05:27
So in the past five years,
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在過去五年中，我們
發展出一套自己的清潔技術，
發展出一套自己的清潔技術，
05:28
we developed a proprietary
cleaning technology
cleaning technology
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能將回收物上的汙染物徹底清除。
05:30
that allows us to eliminate
all contaminants.
all contaminants.
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05:33
Today, Banyan's recycled granules
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今天，菩提國度所生產的回收塑膠粒
都經過嚴格的品質檢測，
05:36
have undergone stringent quality testing
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05:39
and have been certified by top
global FMCG and automotive companies.
global FMCG and automotive companies.
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且獲得全球日常消費用品
領先品牌的認證。
領先品牌的認證。
05:44
In the next few months,
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接下來幾個月，
從我們的回收據點
收回來的數萬件廢棄塑膠，
收回來的數萬件廢棄塑膠，
05:46
tens of thousands of discarded plastics
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05:50
collected through informal
recycler networks
recycler networks
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05:53
will be converted
into high-quality granules
into high-quality granules
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會被再製成為高品質的塑膠粒，
05:55
and sent away to brands
and large companies
and large companies
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運送到各地的品牌企業，
05:59
to make bottles for engine-oil packaging,
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用在製造機油的包裝瓶、
06:03
for shampoo bottles and for lotions.
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洗髮精罐子以及乳液的瓶子。
06:05
In the next three years,
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未來三年內，
06:07
we expect that over 500 million
such bottles will be made
such bottles will be made
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我們預計會有超過五億個瓶子，
會是以我們的回收塑膠粒製造的。
06:11
from our recycled plastics.
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06:12
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
06:17
But this is just the beginning.
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但這只是開端。
06:18
In the next five years,
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接下來的五年，我們期望
將印度打造成一個全新國度，
將印度打造成一個全新國度，
06:20
we aspire to build an India
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06:22
where 100 percent of discarded plastics
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在這裡，所有廢棄的塑膠
06:25
are recycled and
repurposed scientifically --
repurposed scientifically --
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都透過科學的方式回收再利用，
06:28
where plastic waste
no longer threatens our water bodies,
no longer threatens our water bodies,
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在這裡，塑膠廢棄物
不再危害我們的水源，
不再危害我們的水源，
06:32
and the very survival
of our terrestrial and marine life.
of our terrestrial and marine life.
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不再威脅陸地上及海洋裡的生物。
06:35
So the next time you go to a store
and pick up a shampoo bottle,
and pick up a shampoo bottle,
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所以下次，當你去買洗髮精時，
06:39
see if that bottle uses safe
and sustainable recycled plastic.
and sustainable recycled plastic.
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看一下瓶子標示是否用
安全、永續的回收塑膠製造。
安全、永續的回收塑膠製造。
06:43
That's not only just
going to help the Earth
going to help the Earth
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那不僅僅是幫助地球，
06:45
but also reward the street corner recycler
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也會是給辛勤工作的
街頭回收者最大的回報。
街頭回收者最大的回報。
06:48
for his all-important work.
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06:50
Now that will compel brands
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這樣做會刺激推動品牌企業，
06:52
to use more and more recycled plastic
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在生產主流產品時
提高回收塑膠的使用量。
提高回收塑膠的使用量。
06:54
for their mainstream products
and applications.
and applications.
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06:58
Our tradition and our culture
has a lot of ancient wisdom.
has a lot of ancient wisdom.
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我們的傳統文化中
有許多古老的智慧。
有許多古老的智慧。
07:02
Let's not destroy the only planet we have.
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大家一起來保護我們
僅有的地球不被摧毀，
僅有的地球不被摧毀，
07:05
The only home we have.
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它是我們唯一的家。
07:07
Thank you.
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謝謝。
07:09
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
07:14
SRK: Thank you, Mani.
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沙：謝謝你，曼尼。
07:16
When I was young, I used to --
(sings in Hindi).
(sings in Hindi).
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我小時候，我常常唱──
（拾荒者的北印度語叫賣聲）
（拾荒者的北印度語叫賣聲）
07:20
How little do we know sometimes
that we are, as a nation,
that we are, as a nation,
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我們竟然不知道，
印度是世界上最大的塑膠
甚至廢棄物回收國，
甚至廢棄物回收國，
07:23
the biggest recycler
of plastics and waste,
of plastics and waste,
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07:26
if not just plastic,
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07:28
and we didn't know this
about our own country.
about our own country.
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我相信許多國人不知道。
07:30
MV: May I say something really cool?
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曼：我能再說一件更酷的事。
07:32
Cities like New York and Paris today
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現今，紐約及巴黎這些大城，
07:34
are looking to put out
reverse vending machines
reverse vending machines
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都在計畫使用回收販賣機，
07:37
so that people can go
and put trash in that
and put trash in that
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只要把回收垃圾丟進機器裡，
07:40
and then they can get some cash.
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就可拿到一點錢。
07:42
For the past several decades,
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過去幾十年來，
07:43
the entire country and the kabadiwalas,
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我們全國上下，包括卡巴地哇拉、
07:45
and the bhandiwallas,
we have been doing that.
we have been doing that.
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及般地哇拉早就開始這樣做了。
07:48
I'm very positive
that in three to five years,
that in three to five years,
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我非常肯定，在三到五年間，
07:50
you'll wake up, you know
that the plastic is being recycled,
that the plastic is being recycled,
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你某天醒來，所有的塑膠皆被回收，
每次買包裝產品時，
07:54
you're going to pick up a packaging,
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包裝上會有：
「以回收塑膠製造」的標示，
「以回收塑膠製造」的標示，
07:56
you know that the package
actually has a mark
actually has a mark
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07:58
that uses recycled plastics,
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07:59
so I'm super optimistic about this.
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我非常明確會有那一天。
即使我自己正是創辦人。
08:01
Even as an entrepreneur.
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08:03
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
08:06
SRK: When I see a youngster
do what he has done and achieved,
do what he has done and achieved,
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沙：每當我看到年輕人
努力執行去達成目標時，
努力執行去達成目標時，
08:09
I want that part to also be
a source of encouragement
a source of encouragement
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我就希望那也能
激勵他人迎頭趕上。
激勵他人迎頭趕上。
08:12
for people to take over.
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告訴我，你開始賺很多錢了嗎？
08:13
So tell me, are you making a lot of money?
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曼：現在最興奮的就是塑膠回收
終於開始要有回報了。
終於開始要有回報了。
08:15
MV: What's so brilliant
about plastic recycling now is
about plastic recycling now is
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08:18
it's an idea whose time has come.
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08:20
And we're very fortunate to have signed
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我們很幸運，
已經與許多全球領先消費品品牌
簽下數百萬美元的超級大合約，
簽下數百萬美元的超級大合約，
08:22
a really big, multimillion-dollar contract
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08:25
with some of the top FMCG companies.
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08:27
So we are at the inflection
point in India.
point in India.
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此刻正是印度的轉折點。
而且──
08:30
And --
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沙：曼尼，談錢啦，錢、錢、錢。
08:31
SRK: Tell us the money,
money, money, Mani.
money, money, Mani.
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曼：（笑）
08:34
MV: (Laughs)
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沙：告訴大家一個數字興奮一下，
08:35
SRK: Give the figure,
it will encourage people,
it will encourage people,
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不是鼓勵大家貪心之類……
08:37
it's not for greed,
it's not for any of the reasons ...
it's not for any of the reasons ...
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08:39
Say to them.
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告訴大家，回收塑膠有利潤。
08:41
They are making good money, yeah.
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08:42
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
08:44
MV: For us, to build
these systems in place,
these systems in place,
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曼：我們要把這些系統建置好，
08:46
we need investors
who will back us to develop --
who will back us to develop --
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需要更多投資者來支持我們開發──
（笑聲）
08:51
(Laughter)
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08:54
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
08:59
SRK: You have to be like Mani
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沙：你們一定要學學曼尼，
09:00
that I'm asking, "How much you're making?"
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我才問他賺多少，
他馬上就想從我這掏錢。
他馬上就想從我這掏錢。
09:02
he's already making it off me.
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09:04
But I may look stupid, but I'm not.
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我沒有外表看起來那麼笨。
09:07
I totally and completely believe
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我完完全全相信
09:09
in the concept of recycling plastic,
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塑膠回收的觀念，
而且我已經想好
給曼尼的第一筆投資了，
給曼尼的第一筆投資了，
09:11
and I'm going to help Mani
with my first investment
with my first investment
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09:15
that all the plastic bottles
that we have at shootings,
that we have at shootings,
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那就是我們攝影現場的塑膠瓶，
還有我每次攝影現場的瓶子，
09:19
in every shooting of mine,
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09:20
I'm going to send it
to his company to recycle,
to his company to recycle,
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我都會寄到他的公司回收，
09:24
starting from these four.
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就從這四個開始。
09:25
Thank you very much, Mani.
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非常謝謝你，曼尼。
09:27
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
09:28
MV: Thank you so much.
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曼：非常謝謝。
09:30
SRK: Big round of applause for Mani.
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沙：給曼尼熱烈的掌聲。
09:32
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mani Vajipey - EntrepreneurMani Vajipey has dedicated his life and career to the overhaul of waste management in India.
Why you should listen
Mani Vajipey is the cofounder and CEO of Banyan Nation, a technology-driven recycling company that is changing the way India looks at plastics, recycling and waste management. Banyan Nation was founded in 2013 and is headquartered in Hyderbad. Vajipey holds dual MBAs from UC Berkeley (Haas) and Columbia Business Schools, an MS Degree in Electrical Engineering from University of Delaware and a BTech Electrical Engineering from NIT, Warangal.
Mani Vajipey | Speaker | TED.com