TEDxMileHighWomen
Erica Stone: Academic research is publicly funded -- why isn't it publicly available?
Erika Stoun (Erica Stone): Akademska istraživanja se javno finansiraju; zašto nisu javno dostupna?
Filmed:
Readability: 5.3
1,001,002 views
U SAD se porezima finansiraju akademska istraživanja na javnim univerzitetima. Zašto se onda mora platiti skupim profitnim časopisima za rezultate tih istraživanja? Erika Stoun se zalaže za novi odnos otvorenog pristupa između javnosti i naučnika, iznoseći argumente zašto akademici treba da objavljuju u pristupačnijim medijima. „Funkcionalna demokratija zahteva da javnost bude dobro obrazovana i informisana“, kaže Stoun. „Umesto da se istraživanja dešavaju iza zahteva na pretplatu i birokratije, zar ne bi bilo bolje da se odvijaju tu ispred nas?“
Erica Stone - Writer, teacher, community organizer
Erica Stone works at the intersection of writing, teaching, and community organizing. Full bio
Erica Stone works at the intersection of writing, teaching, and community organizing. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Do you ever find yourself
referencing a study in conversation
referencing a study in conversation
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Da li ste ikada primetili
da u razgovoru pominjete neku studiju
da u razgovoru pominjete neku studiju
00:17
that you didn't actually read?
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koju zapravo niste pročitali?
00:20
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:22
I was having coffee
with a friend of mine the other day,
with a friend of mine the other day,
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Sedela sam uz kafu
sa prijateljicom pre neki dan
sa prijateljicom pre neki dan
i rekla sam: „Znaš,
čitala sam novu studiju
čitala sam novu studiju
00:25
and I said, "You know, I read a new study
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00:28
that says coffee reduces
the risk of depression in women."
the risk of depression in women."
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koja kaže da kafa smanjuje rizik
od depresije kod žena.“
od depresije kod žena.“
00:32
But really, what I read was a tweet.
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Ali, u stvari sam pročitala tvit.
00:37
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:39
That said --
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Koji je rekao -
00:40
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:41
"A new study says drinking coffee
may decrease depression risk in women."
may decrease depression risk in women."
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„Nova studija kaže da ispijanje kafe može
umanjiti rizik od depresije kod žena.“
umanjiti rizik od depresije kod žena.“
00:45
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:47
And that tweet had a link
to the "New York Times" blog,
to the "New York Times" blog,
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A taj tvit je imao link
za blog Njujork Tajmsa,
za blog Njujork Tajmsa,
00:51
where a guest blogger translated
the study findings
the study findings
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gde je gostujući bloger
preveo nalaze studije
preveo nalaze studije
00:54
from a "Live Science" article,
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iz članka na sajtu „Nauka uživo“,
00:56
which got its original information
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a koji je izvukao prvobitne informacije
00:58
from the Harvard School
of Public Health news site,
of Public Health news site,
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sa sajta Harvardske škole
za javno zdravlje,
za javno zdravlje,
01:02
which cited the actual study abstract,
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koji je citirao pravi apstrakt studije,
01:05
which summarized the actual study
published in an academic journal.
published in an academic journal.
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koji je sažeo stvarnu studiju
objavljenu u akademskom časopisu.
objavljenu u akademskom časopisu.
01:09
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:11
It's like the six degrees of separation,
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To je kao teorija
o šest stepeni razdvajanja,
o šest stepeni razdvajanja,
01:14
but with research.
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ali sa istraživanjima.
01:15
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:16
So, when I said I read a study,
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Tako, kada sam rekla
da sam pročitala studiju,
da sam pročitala studiju,
01:20
what I actually read was 59 characters
that summarized 10 years of research.
that summarized 10 years of research.
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zapravo sam pročitala 59 znakova
koji su saželi 10 godina istraživanja.
koji su saželi 10 godina istraživanja.
01:26
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:28
So, when I said I read a study,
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Tako da, kada sam rekla
da sam pročitala studiju,
da sam pročitala studiju,
01:30
I was reading fractions of the study
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čitala sam delove studije
01:34
that were put together
by four different writers
by four different writers
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koje je sastavilo četiri pisca
01:36
that were not the author,
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koji nisu autori,
01:38
before it got to me.
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pre nego što je došla do mene.
01:40
That doesn't seem right.
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To ne deluje ispravno.
01:42
But accessing original
research is difficult,
research is difficult,
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Međutim, pristupiti
originalnom istraživanju je teško,
originalnom istraživanju je teško,
01:46
because academics aren't regularly
engaging with popular media.
engaging with popular media.
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jer akademici ne učestvuju redovno
u popularnim medijima.
u popularnim medijima.
01:50
And you might be asking yourself,
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Možda se pitate
01:52
why aren't academics engaging
with popular media?
with popular media?
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zašto se akademici ne angažuju
u popularnim medijima.
u popularnim medijima.
01:55
It seems like they'd be
a more legitimate source of information
a more legitimate source of information
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Čini se da bi bili
opravdaniji izvor informacija
opravdaniji izvor informacija
01:58
than the media pundits.
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od medijskih stručnjaka.
02:00
Right?
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Zar ne?
02:01
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
02:03
In a country with over
4,100 colleges and universities,
4,100 colleges and universities,
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U zemlji sa preko
4 100 fakulteta i univerziteta,
4 100 fakulteta i univerziteta,
02:06
it feels like this should be the norm.
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čini se da bi to trebalo da bude normalno.
02:09
But it's not.
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Ali nije.
02:11
So, how did we get here?
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Pa, kako smo ovde dospeli?
02:14
To understand why scholars
aren't engaging with popular media,
aren't engaging with popular media,
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Da biste razumeli zašto se naučnici
ne uključuju u popularne medije,
ne uključuju u popularne medije,
02:17
you first have to understand
how universities work.
how universities work.
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najpre morate razumeti
kako univerziteti funkcionišu.
kako univerziteti funkcionišu.
02:21
Now, in the last six years,
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Poslednjih šest godina
predavala sam na sedam
različitih fakulteta i univerziteta
različitih fakulteta i univerziteta
02:22
I've taught at seven
different colleges and universities
different colleges and universities
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02:25
in four different states.
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u četiri različite države.
Dođem kao neki asistent stručnjak.
02:27
I'm a bit of an adjunct extraordinaire.
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02:29
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
02:30
And at the same time, I'm pursuing my PhD.
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Istovremeno radim na sticanju
doktorskog zvanja.
doktorskog zvanja.
02:33
In all of these different institutions,
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U sve te četiri različite institucije,
02:35
the research and publication process
works the same way.
works the same way.
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proces istraživanja
i objavljivanja funkcioniše isto.
i objavljivanja funkcioniše isto.
02:39
First, scholars produce
research in their fields.
research in their fields.
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Najpre naučnici izrade istraživanje
u okviru svoje oblasti rada.
u okviru svoje oblasti rada.
02:42
To fund their research,
they apply for public and private grants
they apply for public and private grants
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Da bi finansirali svoje istraživanje,
konkurišu za javna i privatna sredstva
konkurišu za javna i privatna sredstva
02:46
and after the research is finished,
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i, nakon što se istraživanje završi,
02:48
they write a paper about their findings.
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napišu rad o svojim nalazima.
02:50
Then they submit that paper
to relevant academic journals.
to relevant academic journals.
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Zatim pošalju taj rad
odgovarajućim akademskim časopisima.
odgovarajućim akademskim časopisima.
02:54
Then it goes through a process
called peer review,
called peer review,
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Onda on prolazi kroz proces
zvani pregled kolega,
zvani pregled kolega,
02:57
which essentially means that other experts
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što u suštini znači da ga drugi stručnjaci
02:59
are checking it
for accuracy and credibility.
for accuracy and credibility.
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proveravaju u pogledu tačnosti
i verodostojnosti.
i verodostojnosti.
03:02
And then, once it's published,
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A potom, kada bude objavljen,
03:04
for-profit companies
resell that information
resell that information
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profitne kompanije opet vraćaju
te informacije na prodaju
te informacije na prodaju
03:08
back to universities and public libraries
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univerzitetima i javnim bibliotekama
03:10
through journal
and database subscriptions.
and database subscriptions.
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kroz časopis i pretplate na baze podataka.
03:13
So, that's the system.
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Dakle, takav je sistem.
03:16
Research, write, peer-review,
publish, repeat.
publish, repeat.
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Istraživanje, pisanje, pregled kolega,
objavljivanje, pa sve iznova.
objavljivanje, pa sve iznova.
03:21
My friends and I call it
feeding the monster.
feeding the monster.
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Moji prijatelji i ja ga zovemo
hranjenje čudovišta.
hranjenje čudovišta.
03:25
And you can see how this
might create some problems.
might create some problems.
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Vidite kako to može da napravi probleme.
03:29
The first problem is that most
academic research is publicly funded
academic research is publicly funded
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Prvi problem je da se većina
akademskih istraživanja javno finansira,
akademskih istraživanja javno finansira,
03:34
but privately distributed.
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ali privatno deli.
03:37
Every year, the federal government
spends 60 billion dollars on research.
spends 60 billion dollars on research.
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Savezna vlada svake godine potroši
60 milijardi dolara na istraživanja.
60 milijardi dolara na istraživanja.
03:42
According to the National
Science Foundation,
Science Foundation,
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Prema Nacionalnom naučnom fondu,
03:44
29 percent of that
goes to public research universities.
goes to public research universities.
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29 posto od toga odlazi
univerzitetima za javna istraživanja.
univerzitetima za javna istraživanja.
03:47
So, if you're quick at math,
that's 17.4 billion dollars.
that's 17.4 billion dollars.
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Ako vam ide matematika,
to je 17,4 milijardi dolara.
to je 17,4 milijardi dolara.
03:53
Tax dollars.
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Dolara od poreza.
03:55
And just five corporations are responsible
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A samo pet korporacija je odgovorno
03:58
for distributing most
publicly funded research.
publicly funded research.
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za distribuciju većine
javno finansiranih istraživanja.
javno finansiranih istraživanja.
04:00
In 2014, just one of those companies
made 1.5 billion dollars in profit.
made 1.5 billion dollars in profit.
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Godine 2014, samo jedna od tih kompanija
stekla je profit od 1,5 milijardu dolara.
stekla je profit od 1,5 milijardu dolara.
04:07
It's a big business.
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To je veliki posao.
04:09
And I bet you can see the irony here.
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Kladim se da vidite
u čemu je ovde ironija.
u čemu je ovde ironija.
04:12
If the public is funding
academics' research,
academics' research,
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Ako javnost finansira
akademska istraživanja,
akademska istraživanja,
04:15
but then we have to pay again
to access the results,
to access the results,
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ali potom moramo opet da platimo
da bismo pristupili rezultatima,
da bismo pristupili rezultatima,
04:19
it's like we're paying for it twice.
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to je kao da plaćamo dvaput.
04:22
And the other major problem
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A drugi veliki problem
04:24
is that most academics
don't have a whole lot of incentive
don't have a whole lot of incentive
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je da mnogi akademici
ne dobijaju mnogo podsticaja
ne dobijaju mnogo podsticaja
da objavljuju izvan tih prestižnih
časopisa na koje se plaća pretplata.
časopisa na koje se plaća pretplata.
04:26
to publish outside of these prestigious
subscription-based journals.
subscription-based journals.
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Univerziteti grade sisteme
sticanja položaja i unapređivanja
sticanja položaja i unapređivanja
04:30
Universities build their tenure
and promotion systems
and promotion systems
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04:33
around the number of times
scholars publish.
scholars publish.
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na osnovu toga koliko puta
naučnici objavljuju radove.
naučnici objavljuju radove.
04:36
So, books and journal articles are kind of
like a form of currency for scholars.
like a form of currency for scholars.
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Tako su knjige i članci u časopisima
neka vrsta valute za naučnike.
neka vrsta valute za naučnike.
Objavljivanje časopisa vam pomaže
da steknete položaj
da steknete položaj
04:40
Publishing articles helps you get tenure
and more research grants down the road.
and more research grants down the road.
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i da kasnije dobijete
još sredstava za istraživanja.
još sredstava za istraživanja.
04:45
But academics are not rewarded
for publishing with popular media.
for publishing with popular media.
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Ali, naučnici se ne nagrađuju
za objavljivanje u popularnim medijima.
za objavljivanje u popularnim medijima.
04:50
So, this is the status quo.
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Dakle, ovo je status kvo.
04:54
The current academic ecosystem.
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Trenutni akademski ekosistem.
04:56
But I don't think it has to be this way.
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Ali, mislim da ne mora da bude tako.
04:59
We can make some simple changes
to flip the script.
to flip the script.
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Možemo uneti jednostavne promene
da bismo preokrenuli stvari.
da bismo preokrenuli stvari.
05:04
So, first, let's start
by discussing access.
by discussing access.
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Najpre počnimo
time što ćemo razmotriti pristup.
time što ćemo razmotriti pristup.
05:08
Universities can begin
to challenge the status quo
to challenge the status quo
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Univerziteti mogu početi
da osporavaju status kvo
da osporavaju status kvo
tako što će nagrađivati
naučnike za objavljivanje
naučnike za objavljivanje
05:12
by rewarding scholars for publishing
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05:14
not just in these
subscription-based journals
subscription-based journals
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ne samo u tim časopisima
na koje se plaća pretplata,
na koje se plaća pretplata,
05:16
but in open-access journals
as well as on popular media.
as well as on popular media.
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već i u otvoreno dostupnim časopisima,
kao i u popularnim medijima.
kao i u popularnim medijima.
Pokret otvorenog pristupa
počinje da ostvaruje izvestan napredak
počinje da ostvaruje izvestan napredak
05:21
Now, the open-access movement
is starting to make some progress
is starting to make some progress
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u mnogim disciplinama,
05:24
in many disciplines,
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i, srećom, neki drugi veliki igrači
su počeli to da primećuju.
su počeli to da primećuju.
05:26
and fortunately, some other
big players have started to notice.
big players have started to notice.
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05:30
Google Scholar has made
open-access research
open-access research
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Gugl Akademik je omogućio
da se otvoreno dostupna istraživanja
da se otvoreno dostupna istraživanja
05:33
searchable and easier to find.
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mogu pretraživati i lakše pronaći.
05:37
Congress, last year, introduced a bill
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Kongres je prošle godine
izneo predlog zakona koji zahteva
izneo predlog zakona koji zahteva
05:40
that suggests that academic
research projects
research projects
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da akademski istraživački projekti
05:43
with over 100 million or more in funding
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finansirani sa 100 miliona i više
05:46
should develop an open-access policy.
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treba da uvedu
politiku otvorenog pristupa.
politiku otvorenog pristupa.
05:49
And this year, NASA opened up
its entire research library to the public.
its entire research library to the public.
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A ove godine je NASA otvorila za javnost
čitavu svoju istraživačku biblioteku.
čitavu svoju istraživačku biblioteku.
05:55
So, you can see this idea
is beginning to catch on.
is beginning to catch on.
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Dakle, vidite da ideja
počinje da se prihvata.
počinje da se prihvata.
05:59
But access isn't just about being able
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Ali, pristup se ne tiče samo mogućnosti
06:02
to get your hands
on a document or a study.
on a document or a study.
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da se domognete dokumenta ili studije.
06:05
It's also about making sure
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Takođe se radi o postizanju
06:06
that that document or study
is easily understood.
is easily understood.
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da se taj dokument ili studija
može lako razumeti.
može lako razumeti.
06:09
So, let's talk about translation.
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Dakle, hajde da govorimo o prevođenju.
06:15
I don't envision this translation to look
like the six degrees of separation
like the six degrees of separation
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Ne zamišljam da to prevođenje izgleda
kao šest stepeni razdvajanja
kao šest stepeni razdvajanja
06:20
that I illustrated earlier.
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koje sam prethodno opisala.
06:23
Instead, what if scholars were able
to take the research that they're doing
to take the research that they're doing
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Umesto toga, šta ako bi naučnici mogli
da uzmu istraživanje koje sprovode,
da uzmu istraživanje koje sprovode,
06:27
and translate it on popular media
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prevedu ga na popularnim medijima
06:29
and be able to engage with the public?
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i povežu se sa javnošću?
06:33
If scholars did this,
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Kada bi naučnici to radili,
06:35
the degrees of separation
between the public and research
between the public and research
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stepeni razdvajanja
između javnosti i istraživanja
između javnosti i istraživanja
06:38
would shrink by a lot.
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bi se znatno smanjili.
06:40
So, you see, I'm not suggesting
a dumbing-down of the research.
a dumbing-down of the research.
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Dakle, vidite, ja ne predlažem
pojednostavljivanje istraživanja,
pojednostavljivanje istraživanja,
06:44
I'm just suggesting that we give
the public access to that research
the public access to that research
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već samo predlažem da damo javnosti
pristup tom istraživanju,
pristup tom istraživanju,
06:47
and that we shift the venue
and focus on using plain language
and focus on using plain language
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da preokrenemo stvari i fokusiramo se
na upotrebu običnog jezika
na upotrebu običnog jezika
06:51
so that the public
who's paying for the research
who's paying for the research
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tako da javnost koja plaća za istraživanja
06:54
can also consume it.
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može da ih i koristi.
06:57
And there are some other benefits
to this approach.
to this approach.
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Postoje i druge prednosti ovog pristupa.
07:01
By showing the public
how their tax dollars
how their tax dollars
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Demonstriranjem javnosti
kako se njihovi poreski dolari
kako se njihovi poreski dolari
07:04
are being used to fund research,
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koriste za finansiranje istraživanja
07:06
they can begin to redefine
universities' identities
universities' identities
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može se početi sa redefinisanjem
identiteta univerziteta,
identiteta univerziteta,
07:09
so that universities' identities
are not just based on a football team
are not just based on a football team
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tako da se identiteti univerziteta
ne zasnivaju samo na fudbalskom timu
ne zasnivaju samo na fudbalskom timu
07:13
or the degrees they grant
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ili diplomama koje dodeljuju,
07:15
but on the research
that's being produced there.
that's being produced there.
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već na istraživanjima
koja se tamo sprovode.
koja se tamo sprovode.
07:19
And when there's a healthy relationship
between the public and scholars,
between the public and scholars,
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A kada postoji zdrav odnos
između javnosti i akademika,
između javnosti i akademika,
07:24
it encourages public
participation in research.
participation in research.
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to podstiče učešće javnosti
u istraživanjima.
u istraživanjima.
07:28
Can you imagine what that might look like?
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Možete li da zamislite
kako bi to izgledalo?
kako bi to izgledalo?
07:32
What if social scientists
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Šta ako bi društveni naučnici
07:33
helped local police redesign
their sensitivity trainings
their sensitivity trainings
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pomagali lokalnoj policiji
da preosmisli obuke osećajnosti
da preosmisli obuke osećajnosti
07:37
and then collaboratively wrote
a manual to model future trainings?
a manual to model future trainings?
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i zatim zajedno napisali priručnik
kao obrazac za buduće obuke?
kao obrazac za buduće obuke?
07:42
Or what if our education professors
consulted with our local public schools
consulted with our local public schools
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Ili šta ako bi se profesori pedagogije
konsultovali sa lokalnim državnim školama
konsultovali sa lokalnim državnim školama
07:48
to decide how we're going to intervene
with our at-risk students
with our at-risk students
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da bi rešili kako da intervenišemo
kod rizičnih učenika,
kod rizičnih učenika,
07:51
and then wrote about it
in a local newspaper?
in a local newspaper?
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a zatim pisali o tome u lokalnim novinama?
07:55
Because a functioning democracy
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Jer funkcionalna demokratija
07:58
requires that the public be
well-educated and well-informed.
well-educated and well-informed.
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zahteva da javnost bude
dobro obrazovana i informisana.
dobro obrazovana i informisana.
08:03
Instead of research happening
behind paywalls and bureaucracy,
behind paywalls and bureaucracy,
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Umesto da se istraživanja dešavaju
iza zahteva na pretplatu i birokratije,
iza zahteva na pretplatu i birokratije,
08:07
wouldn't it be better
if it was unfolding right in front of us?
if it was unfolding right in front of us?
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zar ne bi bilo bolje
da se odvijaju tu ispred nas?
da se odvijaju tu ispred nas?
08:12
Now, as a PhD student,
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Kao doktorantkinja,
08:15
I realize I'm critiquing
the club I want to join.
the club I want to join.
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shvatam da kritikujem klub
kome hoću da pristupim.
kome hoću da pristupim.
08:18
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
08:19
Which is a dangerous thing to do,
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Što je opasno raditi,
08:21
since I'm going to be on the academic
job market in a couple of years.
job market in a couple of years.
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jer ću za par godina
biti na akademskom tržištu rada.
biti na akademskom tržištu rada.
08:25
But if the status quo in academic research
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Ali ako je status kvo
u akademskom istraživanju
u akademskom istraživanju
08:28
is to publish in the echo chambers
of for-profit journals
of for-profit journals
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objavljivanje u eho-komorama
profitnih časopisa
profitnih časopisa
08:31
that never reach the public,
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koji nikada ne stižu do javnosti,
08:34
you better believe
my answer is going to be "nope."
my answer is going to be "nope."
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verujte da će moj odgovor biti „ne“.
08:38
I believe in inclusive,
democratic research
democratic research
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Verujem u inkluzivno,
demokratsko istraživanje
demokratsko istraživanje
08:41
that works in the community
and talks with the public.
and talks with the public.
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koje funkcioniše u zajednici
i razgovara sa javnošću.
i razgovara sa javnošću.
08:45
I want to work in research
and in an academic culture
and in an academic culture
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Želim da se bavim istraživanjem
u akademskoj kulturi
u akademskoj kulturi
08:48
where the public is not only seen
as a valuable audience,
as a valuable audience,
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gde se javnost sagledava
ne samo kao dragocena publika,
ne samo kao dragocena publika,
08:51
but a constituent, a participant.
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već i kao sastavni deo, kao učesnik.
08:55
And in some cases even the expert.
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U nekim slučajevima čak i kao ekspert.
09:00
And this isn't just about
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Ovo ne podrazumeva jednostavno
09:04
giving you guys access to information.
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da vam se da pristup informacijama.
09:08
It's about shifting academic culture
from publishing to practice
from publishing to practice
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Radi se o preorijentisanju
akademske kulture
akademske kulture
sa objavljivanja na praksu
i sa priče na delo.
i sa priče na delo.
09:13
and from talking to doing.
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09:17
And you should know
that this idea, this hope --
that this idea, this hope --
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Treba da znate i da ova ideja, ova nada,
09:21
it doesn't just belong to me.
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ne pripada samo meni.
09:23
I'm standing on the shoulders
of many scholars, teachers,
of many scholars, teachers,
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Nadovezujem se na ideju
mnogih naučnika, učitelja,
mnogih naučnika, učitelja,
09:27
librarians and community members
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bibliotekara i članova zajednica
09:30
who also advocate for including
more people in the conversation.
more people in the conversation.
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koji se takođe zalažu za uključivanje
više ljudi u ovaj razgovor.
više ljudi u ovaj razgovor.
09:34
I hope you join our conversation, too.
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Nadam se da ćete se i vi
priključiti ovom razgovoru.
priključiti ovom razgovoru.
09:37
Thank you.
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Hvala.
09:38
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Erica Stone - Writer, teacher, community organizerErica Stone works at the intersection of writing, teaching, and community organizing.
Why you should listen
Through collaborative projects, Erica Stone creates opportunities for scholars, students and community members to engage in conversations and civic problem-solving with the hope of building a more equitable and just democracy. As a researcher, she's passionate about making academic scholarship free and accessible.
Erica Stone | Speaker | TED.com