ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Giulia Enders - Doctor, author
Giulia Enders is working to reveal how our gut is at the core of who we are.

Why you should listen

Giulia Enders is a medical doctor and author from Germany. In 2012, her presentation "Darm mit Charme" ("Charming Bowles") won her first prize at the Science Slam in Berlin and went viral on YouTube. Shortly after that she was asked to write a book which turned out a great success in Germany and around the world. Her bestseller Gut: The Inside Story of Our Body's Most Underrated Organ has sold more than four million copies and has been published in over 40 countries. Today Enders is doing research for her medical doctorate at the Institute for Microbiology in Frankfurt and has continued to communicate science in TV and museum projects.

More profile about the speaker
Giulia Enders | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxDanubia

Giulia Enders: The surprisingly charming science of your gut

茱莉亞 · 安德斯: 腸道科學出乎意料的迷人

Filmed:
4,411,130 views

你曾好奇我們如何排便嗎?一起來了解腸道,這是消化過程(以及很多其他過程)進行的地方。醫生兼作家茱莉亞 · 安德斯帶我們瞭解這背後複雜又迷人的科學,包括它和心理健康間的關係。結果發現,深入觀察某樣我們可能會羞於面對的東西,反而能讓我們更加無畏、更懂得欣賞自己。
- Doctor, author
Giulia Enders is working to reveal how our gut is at the core of who we are. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
A few少數 years年份 ago,
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幾年前,
00:14
I always had this thing happening事件 to me,
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我一直被某件事纏身,
00:17
especially特別 at family家庭 gatherings聚會
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特別是在家庭聚會時,
00:19
like teas with aunts阿姨 and uncles叔叔
or something like this.
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比如和姑姑叔叔喝茶之類的場合。
00:22
When people come up to you,
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當人們走向你
00:23
and they ask you,
"So, what are you doing?"
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並問道:「你做什麼工作?」
00:27
And I would have
this magical神奇 one-word一個詞 reply回复,
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而我會以一個魔法般的詞來回應,
00:30
which哪一個 would make everybody每個人 happy快樂:
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總能讓每個人都開心滿意:
00:33
"Medicine醫學.
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「醫學。
我將會成為醫生。」
00:34
I'm going to be a doctor醫生."
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00:35
Very easy簡單, that's it,
everybody's每個人的 happy快樂 and pleased滿意.
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非常簡單,就這樣,
大家都開心愉快。
00:39
And it could be so easy簡單,
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雖然很容易,
00:41
but this effect影響 really only lasts持續
for 30 seconds with me,
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但這個效應對我來說
只會持續三十秒,
00:45
because that's then the time
when one of them would ask,
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因為時間一到,就會有個人發問:
00:49
"So, in what area of medicine醫學?
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「所以,是醫學的哪個領域?
00:51
What specialty專業 do you want to go into?"
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你想要專攻哪方面?」
00:54
And then I would have to strip跳閘 down
in all honesty誠實 and just say,
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接著,我就得很坦誠地說:
00:58
"OK, so I'm fascinated入迷 with the colon結腸.
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「好的,我被結腸深深吸引。
01:02
It all started開始 with the anus肛門,
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它是從肛門開始,
01:03
and now it's basically基本上
the whole整個 intestinal tract管道."
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基本上它就是整個腸道。」
01:06
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
01:08
And this would be the moment時刻
when the enthusiasm熱情 trickled流淌,
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就在這個時刻,
熱情就開始變得稀落了,
01:12
and it would maybe also get,
like, awkwardly笨拙 silent無聲 in the room房間,
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也可能會在房間中出現尷尬的沉默,
01:16
and I would think this was terribly可怕 sad傷心,
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我會覺得這非常讓人感傷,
01:18
because I do believe
our bowels腸子 are quite相當 charming迷人.
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因為我真心覺得
我們的腸子相當迷人。
01:22
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
01:23
And while we're in a time
where many許多 people are thinking思維 about
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雖然在這個時代,許多人會去想
01:27
what new superfood超級食品 smoothie冰沙 to make
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要做什麼冰沙超級食物 (superfood) ,
01:29
or if gluten麩質 is maybe bad for them,
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或者麩質是否對身體有害,
01:32
actually其實, hardly幾乎不 anyone任何人 seems似乎 to care關心
about the organ器官 where this happens發生,
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但事實上,似乎很少有人會在乎
承擔這些活動的身體器官、
01:37
the concrete具體 anatomy解剖學
and the mechanisms機制 behind背後 it.
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具體的解剖學以及其背後的機制。
01:40
And sometimes有時 it seems似乎 to me
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有時,就我看來,
01:41
like we're all trying
to figure數字 out this magic魔法 trick,
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就像我們都在試著看穿
這個魔術把戲,
01:45
but nobody's沒有人是 checking檢查 out the magician魔術師,
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卻沒有人去看魔術師,
01:47
just because he has, like,
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只因為他有著
01:48
an embarrassing尷尬 hairstyle髮型 or something.
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令人尷尬的髮型之類的。
01:52
And actually其實,
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其實,
01:54
there are reasons原因 science科學
disliked不喜歡的 the gut腸道 for a long time;
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科學界長期以來
不喜歡腸道的原因很多,
我必須得這麼說。
01:58
I have to say this.
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01:59
So, it's complex複雜.
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它很複雜。
02:00
There's a lot of surface表面 area --
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它有巨大的表面積,
差不多是皮膚表面積的四十倍。
02:02
about 40 times the area of our skin皮膚.
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02:04
Then, in such這樣 a tight pipe,
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在這麼緊的管道中,
02:06
there are so many許多 immune免疫的 cells細胞
that are being存在 trained熟練 there.
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有非常多的免疫細胞在那裡受訓。
02:09
We have 100 trillion bacteria
doing all sorts排序 of things --
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有一百兆個細菌在做各種事情,
02:12
producing生產 little molecules分子.
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產生小分子。
02:13
Then there's about 20 different不同 hormones激素,
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還有大約二十種不同的賀爾蒙,
02:16
so we are on a very different不同 level水平
than our genitals生殖器, for example.
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所以,例如和生殖器相比,
它又是很不一樣的層級。
02:19
And the nervous緊張 system系統
of our gut腸道 is so complex複雜
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而腸子的神經系統非常複雜,
02:23
that when we cut out a piece,
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當我們切下一小片時,
02:24
it's independent獨立 enough足夠
that when we poke it,
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它是獨立的,當我們戳它,
02:27
it mumbles曼波斯 back at us, friendly友善.
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它會很友善地咕噥回應我們。
02:29
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
02:32
But at least最小 those reasons原因 are also
the reasons原因 why it's so fascinating迷人
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但至少,那些理由也是
它為什麼如此迷人且重要的原因。
02:37
and important重要.
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02:39
It took me three steps腳步 to love the gut腸道.
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我花了三個步驟,來愛上腸子。
02:42
So today今天, I invite邀請 you to follow跟隨 me
on those three steps腳步.
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今天,我邀請各位跟著我
一起經歷這三個步驟。
02:47
The very first was just looking at it
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第一步,就是看著它,
02:49
and asking questions問題
like, "How does it work?"
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然後問像這樣的問題:
「它如何運作?」
02:53
and "Why does it have to look
so weird奇怪的 for that sometimes有時?"
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及「為什麼它得長得如此怪異?」
02:57
And it actually其實 wasn't me asking
the first kind of these questions問題,
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其實並不是我自己
問前面第一種問題,
03:01
but my roommate室友.
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而是我室友。
03:02
After one heavy night of partying派對,
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在一場宿醉的狂歡之夜後,
03:05
he came來了 into our shared-room共享房間 kitchen廚房,
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他來到我們共用的廚房,
03:08
and he said, "Giulia朱利亞, you study研究 medicine醫學.
How does poopingpooping work?"
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他說:「茱莉亞,你讀的是醫學。
拉屎是怎麼運作的?」
03:13
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
03:15
And I did study研究 medicine醫學
but I had no idea理念,
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我的確讀醫學,但我不知道答案,
03:18
so I had to go up to my room房間
and look it up in different不同 books圖書.
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所以我回房查不同的書籍。
03:21
And I found發現 something interesting有趣,
I thought, at that time.
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在那時我認為自己
發現了很有趣的東西。
03:24
So it turns out, we don't only have
this outer sphincter括約肌,
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結果是,我們不只有這個外括約肌,
03:28
we also have an inner sphincter括約肌 muscle肌肉.
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我們還有內括約肌。
我們都知道外括約肌,
我們可以控制它,
03:30
The outer sphincter括約肌 we all know,
we can control控制 it,
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03:32
we know what's going on there;
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我們知道那裡的狀況;
03:34
the inner one, we really don't.
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內括約肌,我們就不了解了。
03:35
So what happens發生 is,
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是這樣的:
03:37
when there are leftovers殘羹剩飯 from digestion消化,
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當消化之後還有殘餘物,
03:39
they're being存在 delivered交付
to the inner one first.
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它們會先被運送到內括約肌。
03:42
This inner one will open打開 in a reflex反射
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內括約肌會反射性地打開,
03:44
and let through通過 a little bit for testing測試.
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讓一點點殘餘物通過,做測試用。
03:46
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
03:48
So, there are sensory感覺的 cells細胞
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那裡有感覺細胞
03:50
that will analyze分析 what has been delivered交付:
Is it gaseous or is it solid固體?
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分析被運送來的是氣體還是固體?
03:56
And they will then send發送
this information信息 up to our brain,
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接著這資訊會被送到大腦,
03:59
and this is the moment時刻
when our brain knows知道,
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這時,我們的大腦就會知道:
04:01
"Oh, I have to go to the toilet廁所."
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「喔,我得去上廁所。」
04:03
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
04:06
The brain will then do
what it's designed設計 to do
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頭腦接著就會用它不可思議的意識,
04:08
with its amazing驚人 consciousness意識.
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著手做它該做的事。
04:10
It will mediate調解 with our surroundings環境,
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它會在我們和環境之間調停,
04:13
and it will say something like,
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說像這樣的話:
04:14
"So, I checked檢查.
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「我確認了。
04:16
We are at this TEDx的TEDx conference會議 -- "
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我們正在 TEDx 會議上──」
04:18
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
04:23
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
04:25
Gaseous氣體?
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氣體?
04:26
Maybe, if you're sitting坐在 on the sides雙方,
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也許可以,如果你的座位是在邊沿,
04:28
and you know you can pull it off silently默默.
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且你知道你可以安靜地釋放的話。
04:32
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
04:34
But solid固體 --
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但固體──
04:35
maybe later後來.
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也許晚點吧。
04:36
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
04:37
Since以來 our outer sphincter括約肌 and the brain
is connected連接的 with nervous緊張 cells細胞,
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因為我們的外括約肌和頭腦
是通過神經細胞連結的,
04:43
they coordinate坐標, cooperate合作,
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它們互相協調、合作,
04:45
and they put it back in a waiting等候 line --
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它們會把固體推回,讓其等候,
04:47
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
04:50
for other times,
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在其他時間釋放,
04:51
like, for example, when we're at home
sitting坐在 on the couch長椅,
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比如,當我們在家
坐在沙發上的時候,
04:54
we have nothing better to do,
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我們沒別的事要做,
04:55
we are free自由 to go.
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我們就可以釋放了。
04:57
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
05:01
Us humans人類 are actually其實 one
of the very few少數 animals動物 that do this
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沒有幾種動物能夠
如此進階且乾淨地排便,
05:06
in such這樣 an advanced高級 and clean清潔 way.
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而我們人類是其一。
05:08
To be honest誠實, I had some newfound新發現 respect尊重
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老實說,我對於這位
出色的內括約肌同志
05:11
for that nice不錯, inner sphincter括約肌 dude花花公子 --
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又增添了新的敬意。
05:14
not connected連接的 to nerves神經
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它沒有和神經連結──
05:15
that care關心 too much about
the outer world世界 or the time --
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而神經太在乎外在世界或時間了──
05:19
just caring愛心 about me for once一旦.
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多麽難得,它獨獨關心我。
05:21
I thought that was nice不錯.
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我覺得那樣很棒。
05:23
And I used to not be a great fan風扇
of public上市 restrooms廁所,
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我以前對公共廁所敬謝不敏,
05:27
but now I can go anywhere隨地,
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但我現在在哪都能解放,
05:29
because I consider考慮 it more
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因為當內括約肌在我的
日議程中提出一條建議時,
05:30
when that inner muscle肌肉 puts看跌期權 a suggestion建議
on my daily日常 agenda議程.
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我會多多體貼它一下。
05:34
(Laughter笑聲)
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(笑聲)
05:36
And also I learned學到了
something else其他, which哪一個 was:
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我也學到了其他的:
05:38
looking closely密切 at something
I might威力 have shied迴避 away from --
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近看某樣我可能羞於面對的東西,
05:43
maybe the weirdest最奇怪的 part部分 of myself --
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也許是我身體最怪異的那部份,
05:46
left me feeling感覺 more fearless不怕,
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會讓我覺得更無懼,
05:48
and also appreciating欣賞 myself more.
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也更懂得欣賞我自己。
05:51
And I think this happens發生 a lot of times
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我認為,這種情況其實常常會發生,
05:53
when you look at the gut腸道, actually其實.
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就在你看著腸子的時候。
05:55
Like those funny滑稽 rumbling隆隆
noises噪音 that happen發生
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比如當你剛好在一群朋友之中時,
它發出那好笑的咕嚕聲,
05:58
when you're in a group of friends朋友
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05:59
or at the office辦公室 conference會議 table,
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或是在辦公室的會議中,
06:01
going, like, "MerrrMerrr, merrrmerrr..."
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發出:「嚒嚒嚒…」
06:04
This is not because we're hungry飢餓.
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這並不是因為我們餓了。
06:06
This is because our small intestine
is actually其實 a huge巨大 neat整齊 freak怪物,
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這是因為我們的小腸其實
是個很愛乾淨的怪胎,
06:10
and it takes the time in between之間 digestion消化
to clean清潔 everything up,
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它會在兩次消化之間的
空檔進行大掃除,
06:15
resulting造成 in those eight meters
of gut腸道 -- really, seven of them --
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造成那八公尺的腸子──
其實是其中的七公尺──
06:18
being存在 very clean清潔
and hardly幾乎不 smelling like anything.
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變得非常乾淨,幾乎沒有味道。
06:22
It will, to achieve實現 this,
create創建 a strong強大 muscular肌肉發達 wave
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為了做到這一點,
它會造成很強力的肌肉抖動,
06:26
that moves移動 everything forward前鋒
that's been leftover after digestion消化.
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把消化後的殘餘物通通向前推。
06:30
This can sometimes有時 create創建 a sound聲音,
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有時候就會產生聲音,
06:32
but doesn't necessarily一定 have to always.
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但不見得一定如此。
所以這讓我們感到尷尬的聲音,
其實是個徵兆,
06:35
So what we're embarrassed尷尬 of
is really a sign標誌
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06:38
of something keeping保持
our insides內部 fine and tidy整潔.
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表示有某樣東西在保持
我們內部的健康和清潔。
06:41
Or this weird奇怪的, crooked shape形狀
of our stomach --
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我們胃部這個怪異彎曲的形狀
06:44
a bit Quasimodo-ish加西莫多.
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有點「鐘樓怪人」的風範。
06:46
This actually其實 makes品牌 us be able能夠
to put pressure壓力 on our belly肚皮
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這形式其實是讓我們
能夠對我們的腹部加壓,
06:50
without vomiting嘔吐,
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且不會造成嘔吐,
06:51
like when we're laughing
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比如當我們大笑、
06:52
and when we're doing sports體育,
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當我們做運動時,
06:54
because the pressure壓力 will go up
and not so much sideways側身.
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能夠讓壓力向上,而不太會向旁邊。
06:57
This also creates創建 this air空氣 bubble泡沫
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這過程也會產生氣泡,
06:59
that's usually平時 always very visible可見
in X-raysX射線, for example,
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例如在 X 光下,可以看得很清楚,
07:03
and can sometimes有時, with some people,
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有些人有些時候,
07:05
when it gets得到 too big,
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氣泡會太大,
07:07
create創建 discomfort不舒服
or even some sensations感覺 of pain疼痛.
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會造成不適,甚至有痛的感覺。
07:10
But for most of the people,
is just results結果
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但對大部份人來說,最終結果是,
07:12
that it's far easier更輕鬆 to burp飽嗝兒
when you're laying鋪設 on your left side
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就是當你左側臥時,
會比右側臥更容易打嗝。
07:15
instead代替 of your right.
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07:18
And soon不久 I moved移動 a bit further進一步
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不久後我更進一步,
07:20
and started開始 to look at the whole整個 picture圖片
of our body身體 and health健康.
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開始觀察我們的整個身體以及健康。
07:23
This was actually其實 after I had heard聽說
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這其實是在我聽說
07:26
that someone有人 I knew知道 a little bit
had killed殺害 himself他自己.
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某個我稍微認識的人自殺之後的事,
07:29
It happened發生 that I had been sitting坐在
next下一個 to that person the day before,
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剛好在前一天我曾坐在那個人旁邊,
07:34
and I smelled that he had very bad breath呼吸.
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我聞到他有嚴重的口臭。
07:37
And when I learned學到了
of the suicide自殺 the next下一個 day,
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當我知道他隔天自殺時,
07:40
I thought: Could the gut腸道 have
something to do with it?
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我心想:有沒有可能和腸子有關?
07:43
And I frantically瘋狂 started開始 searching搜索
if there were scientific科學 papers文件
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我瘋狂地開始尋找是否存在
07:46
on the connection連接 of gut腸道 and brain.
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涉及腸子與頭腦間關聯的科學文獻。
07:48
And to my surprise, I found發現 many許多.
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讓我驚訝的是,我找到很多。
07:51
It turns out it's maybe not as simple簡單
as we sometimes有時 think.
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結果是,實情並非
我們想的那麼簡單。
07:55
We tend趨向 to think our brain
makes品牌 these commands命令
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我們通常認為大腦會下指令,
07:57
and then sends發送 them down
to the other organs器官,
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把指令送到其他器官,
07:59
and they all have to listen.
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它們都得聽命。
08:01
But really, it's more that 10 percent百分
of the nerves神經 that connect brain and gut腸道
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但實情比較像是
10% 連結大腦和腸子的神經
08:06
deliver交付 information信息
from the brain to the gut腸道.
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會把資訊從大腦傳到腸子。
08:09
We know this, for example,
in stressful壓力 situations情況,
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我們知道,比如在有壓力的狀態下,
08:13
when there are transmitters變送器 from the brain
that are being存在 sensed感應 by our gut腸道,
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我們的腸子感知到了
來自大腦的神經遞質,
08:17
so the gut腸道 will try to lower降低 all the work,
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腸子就會減緩所有的工作,
08:20
and not be working加工
and taking服用 away blood血液 and energy能源
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不再工作,也不再
消耗太多血液和能量,
08:25
to save保存 energy能源 for problem-solving解決問題.
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就能儲存能量來解決問題。
08:27
This can go as far as nervous緊張 vomiting嘔吐
or nervous緊張 diarrhea腹瀉
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這有可能呈現的形式包括
神經性嘔吐或神經性腹瀉,
08:31
to get rid擺脫 of food餐飲 that it then
doesn't want to digest消化.
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目的是要擺脫掉
它拒絶消化的食物。
08:34
Maybe more interestingly有趣,
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可能更有趣的是
08:36
90 percent百分 of the nervous緊張 fibers纖維
that connect gut腸道 and brain
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90% 連結腸子和大腦的神經纖維
08:39
deliver交付 information信息
from our gut腸道 to our brain.
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會把資訊從我們的腸子傳送給大腦。
08:43
And when you think about it a little bit,
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若你稍微想想,
08:45
it does make sense,
because our brain is very isolated孤立.
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這的確合理,因為
我們的大腦是很孤立的。
08:48
It's in this bony骨的 skull頭骨
surrounded包圍 by a thick skin皮膚,
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它位於被厚皮膚包裹的頭骨之內,
08:53
and it needs需求 information信息
to put together一起 a feeling感覺
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它需要資訊才能夠整合出
08:56
of "How am I, as a whole整個 body身體, doing?"
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「我的整個身體的狀況如何?」的感覺。
08:59
And the gut腸道, actually其實, is possibly或者
the most important重要 advisor顧問 for the brain
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而腸子實際上可能是大腦最重要的顧問,
09:04
because it's our largest最大 sensory感覺的 organ器官,
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因為它是我們最大的感覺器官,
09:07
collecting蒐集 information信息 not only
on the quality質量 of our nutrients營養成分,
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收集的資訊不只是
我們的營養品質好壞,
09:10
but really also on how are so many許多
of our immune免疫的 cells細胞 doing,
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還包括我們這麼多
免疫細胞的狀況如何,
09:14
or things like the hormones激素
in our blood血液 that it can sense.
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或像是它能感受到的
血液中賀爾蒙的情況。
09:17
And it can package this information信息,
and send發送 it up to the brain.
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它能把這些資訊打包
之後送到大腦去。
09:21
It can, there, not reach達到 areas
like visual視覺 cortex皮質 or word formations編隊 --
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而它不會到達大腦中像是
視覺皮質或是言語形成的區域,
09:25
otherwise除此以外, when we digest消化,
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否則當我們消化時
09:27
we would see funny滑稽 colors顏色
or we would make funny滑稽 noises噪音 -- no.
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可能會看到奇怪的顏色
或是發出奇怪的聲音。
而我們不會。
09:32
But it can reach達到 areas
for things like morality道德,
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但它會到達包括像是道德、
09:35
fear恐懼 or emotional情緒化 processing處理
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恐懼、情緒處理,
09:36
or areas for self-awareness自我意識.
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或是自我意識的區域。
09:39
So it does make sense
204
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這確實合理,
09:40
that when our body身體 and our brain
are putting together一起 this feeling感覺
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當我們的身體和大腦在整合出
「我整身的狀況如何」的感覺時,
09:44
of, "How am I, as a whole整個 body身體, doing?"
206
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09:46
that the gut腸道 has something
to contribute有助於 to this process處理.
207
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腸子對於這個過程做出了一些貢獻。
09:52
And it also makes品牌 sense
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還有一點也是合理的,
09:53
that people who have conditions條件
like irritable急躁 bowel syndrome綜合徵
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人們如果患了像大腸激躁症
09:56
or inflammatory發炎的 bowel disease疾病
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或發炎性腸道疾病之類的,
09:58
have a higher更高 risk風險 of having
anxiety焦慮 or depression蕭條.
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他們得焦慮症或
憂鬱症的風險也比較高。
10:01
I think this is good information信息 to share分享,
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我認為這個資訊值得分享,
10:04
because many許多 people will think,
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因為許多人會認為:
「如果我的腸子有問題,
也許我的心理健康也有問題。」
10:05
"I have this gut腸道 thing, and maybe
I also have this mental心理 health健康 thing."
214
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3385
10:09
And maybe -- because science科學 is not
clear明確 on that right now --
215
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也許──因為科學尚不瞭解這一點──
10:12
it's really just that the brain
is feeling感覺 sympathy同情 with their gut腸道.
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也許只是他們的大腦在同情腸子。
10:17
This has yet然而 to grow增長 in evidence證據
until直到 it can come to practice實踐.
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這方面還需要證據才能夠走向實踐。
10:21
But just knowing會心 about
these kinds of research研究
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但是僅僅知道這一類的研究,
10:24
that's out there at the moment時刻
219
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它們正在某處進行著,
10:26
helps幫助 me in my daily日常 life.
220
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就對我的日常生活很有幫助。
10:28
And it makes品牌 me think
differently不同 of my moods情緒
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它讓我對我的心情有不同的看法,
10:30
and not externalize外化 so much all the time.
222
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不再把很多事情都歸為外因。
10:33
I feel oftentimes通常情況下 during the day
we are a brain and a screen屏幕,
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我常常覺得,在白天我們就像是
一個大腦加上一塊螢幕,
10:37
and we will tend趨向 to look
for answers答案 right there
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我們往往會向外界尋找情緒的根源,
10:40
and maybe the work is stupid
or our neighbor鄰居 --
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也許原因是愚蠢的工作或鄰里關係,
10:43
but really, moods情緒 can also
come from within.
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但其實心情也可能是內在造成的。
10:45
And just knowing會心 this helped幫助 me,
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光是知道這點,就對我有幫助,
10:47
for example, when I sometimes有時
wake喚醒 up too early,
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比如,有時我太早醒來,
10:50
and I start開始 to worry擔心 and wander漫步
around with my thoughts思念.
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我會開始擔心,並胡思亂想。
10:53
Then I think, "Stop.
What did I eat yesterday昨天?
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接著我會想:「停。我昨天吃了什麼?
10:56
Did I stress強調 myself out too much?
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我讓我自己太過焦慮嗎?
10:58
Did I eat too late晚了 or something?"
232
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我太晚才吃東西嗎?」之類的。
11:00
And then maybe get up
and make myself a tea,
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接著,也許就起床泡壺茶,
11:02
something light to digest消化.
234
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弄點清淡的食物來消化。
11:04
And as simple簡單 as that sounds聲音,
235
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聽起來很簡單,
11:06
I think it's been
surprisingly出奇 good for me.
236
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但對我是非常有用的。
11:10
Step three took me further進一步
away from our body身體,
237
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4874
第三步讓我從人的身體出發
走向了更遠的地方,
11:15
and to really understanding理解
bacteria differently不同.
238
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並真正地對細菌有了不同的理解。
11:18
The research研究 we have today今天
is creating創建 a new definition定義
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666985
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我們現今的研究
對於真正的乾淨下了新的定義。
11:22
of what real真實 cleanliness清潔度 is.
240
670257
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11:25
And it's not the hygiene衛生 hypothesis假設 --
241
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不是衛生假說(hygiene hypothesis),
我想很多人可能知道這假說。
11:28
I think many許多 maybe know this.
242
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1381
11:30
So it states狀態 that when you have
too little microbes微生物 in your environment環境
243
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它說的是,當你環境中的微生物過少,
11:33
because you clean清潔 all the time,
244
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因為你隨時在清理,
11:35
that's not really a good thing,
245
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1602
那並不是好事,
11:37
because people get more allergies過敏
or autoimmune自身免疫性 diseases疾病 then.
246
685145
3674
因為人們會因此較為容易過敏
或患自體免疫疾病。
11:40
So I knew知道 this hypothesis假設,
247
688843
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我知道這個假說,
我心想,只著眼於腸子內的清潔衛生,
11:43
and I thought I wouldn't不會 learn學習 so much
248
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1853
11:44
from looking at cleanliness清潔度 in the gut腸道.
249
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我是不會學習到多少東西的。
11:47
But I was wrong錯誤.
250
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但我錯了。
11:49
It turns out,
251
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結果發現,
11:51
real真實 cleanliness清潔度 is not about
killing謀殺 off bacteria right away.
252
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真正的清潔並不是要把細菌殺光。
11:55
Real真實 cleanliness清潔度 is a bit different不同.
253
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2609
真正的清潔有點不同。
11:57
When we look at the facts事實,
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我們來看看事實,
地球上 95% 的細菌不會
也不能傷害我們,
11:59
95 percent百分 of all bacteria on this planet行星
don't harm危害 us -- they can't,
255
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它們的基因使然。
12:04
they don't have the genes基因 to do so.
256
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12:06
Many許多, actually其實, help us a lot,
257
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許多細菌其實對我們很有幫助,
12:08
and scientists科學家們 at the moment時刻
are looking into things like:
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目前科學家在研究像這類的題材:
12:12
Do some bacteria help us clean清潔 the gut腸道?
259
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有某些細菌在協助我們清理腸子嗎?
12:14
Do they help us digest消化?
260
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它們協助我們消化嗎?
12:16
Do they make us put on weight重量
or have a lean figure數字
261
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儘管我們吃得很多,
12:18
although雖然 we're eating lots?
262
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1915
它們會讓我們變胖或變瘦嗎?
12:20
Are others其他 making製造 us feel more courageous勇敢
or even more resilient彈性 to stress強調?
263
728697
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其他細菌是否會讓我們更加勇敢
或是更容易從壓力中恢復?
12:25
So you see, there are more questions問題
when it comes to cleanliness清潔度.
264
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3995
所以你看,當談到清潔,
有更多的問題要解決。
12:30
And, actually其實, the thing is,
it's about a healthy健康 balance平衡, I think.
265
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其實,我認為重點是健康的平衡。
12:33
You can't avoid避免 the bad all the time.
266
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你不可能永遠避開壞事。
12:35
This is simply只是 not possible可能;
267
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不可能就是不可能;
12:37
there's always something bad around.
268
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1969
周遭總會有壞事。
12:40
So what really the whole整個 deal合同 is
when you look at a clean清潔 gut腸道,
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4675
所以,當你看著乾淨的腸子時,
12:44
it's about having good bacteria,
enough足夠 of them,
270
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重點是裡面要有足夠多的有益細菌,
還要有一些有害細菌。
12:48
and then some bad.
271
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1235
12:50
Our immune免疫的 system系統 needs需求 the bad, too,
272
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我們的免疫系統也需要有害細菌,
12:52
so it knows知道 what it's looking out for.
273
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所以它才能知道它要小心留意什麼。
12:54
So I started開始 having this different不同
perspective透視 on cleanliness清潔度
274
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所以我開始對清潔有了不同的觀點,
12:58
and a few少數 weeks later後來,
275
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1386
幾週後,
12:59
I held保持 a talk at my university大學,
276
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2132
我在我的大學做了一場演說,
13:01
and I made製作 a mistake錯誤 by 1,000.
277
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2096
我在數字上犯了錯誤,
足足相差1000 倍。
13:04
And I went home and I realized實現
in that moment時刻,
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回到家,我了解到在那一刻,
13:06
I was like, "Ah! I made製作
a mistake錯誤 by 1,000.
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我的反應是:「啊!
我犯了個 1000 倍的錯誤。
13:09
Oh God, that's so much,
and that's so embarrassing尷尬."
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天啊,那好嚴重,且好難堪。」
13:12
And I started開始 to think about this,
I was like, "Ugh!"
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我開始想到這點,然後就:「呃!」
一會兒之後,我說:
13:15
And after a while I said,
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13:16
"OK, I made製作 this one mistake錯誤,
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「好,我犯了一個錯誤,
13:18
but then I also told so many許多
good and right and helpful有幫助 things,
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但我也說了許多好的東西、
對的東西、有用的東西,
13:22
so I think it's OK, you know?
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1471
所以我想是沒關係的,對吧?
13:24
It's a clean清潔 thing."
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這是潔淨的。」
13:25
And then I was like, "Oh, wait.
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接著我又說:「喔,等等,
13:27
Maybe I took my perspective透視
on cleanliness清潔度 further進一步."
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3166
也許就在剛才,我對清潔的
觀點又進了一步。」
13:31
And it's my theory理論 at the moment時刻
that maybe we all do.
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那時,我的理論是,
也許我們都是如此。
13:33
Take it a bit further進一步 than just
cleaning清潔的 our living活的 room房間,
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再進一步,不只是清理我們的客廳,
13:36
where maybe we make it
to sort分類 like a life hygiene衛生.
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也許我們可以做到
有點像是「人生的衛生」。
13:39
Knowing會心 that this is about
fostering培育 the good
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重點不只是要試著
保護自己不受壞事影響,
13:43
just as much as trying to shelter庇護
yourself你自己 from the bad
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同時也要去促進好事,
13:47
had a very calming平靜 effect影響 on me.
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知道這點,對我有安定的效果。
13:49
So in that sense,
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就那個意義來說,
13:51
I hope希望 today今天 I told you
mostly大多 good and helpful有幫助 things,
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我希望今天我告訴各位的
大部份是好的、有用的東西,
13:54
and thank you for your time,
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謝謝你們花時間傾聽。
13:56
for listening to me.
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13:57
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Lilian Chiu
Reviewed by Wilde Luo

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Giulia Enders - Doctor, author
Giulia Enders is working to reveal how our gut is at the core of who we are.

Why you should listen

Giulia Enders is a medical doctor and author from Germany. In 2012, her presentation "Darm mit Charme" ("Charming Bowles") won her first prize at the Science Slam in Berlin and went viral on YouTube. Shortly after that she was asked to write a book which turned out a great success in Germany and around the world. Her bestseller Gut: The Inside Story of Our Body's Most Underrated Organ has sold more than four million copies and has been published in over 40 countries. Today Enders is doing research for her medical doctorate at the Institute for Microbiology in Frankfurt and has continued to communicate science in TV and museum projects.

More profile about the speaker
Giulia Enders | Speaker | TED.com

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