TED2011
Janna Levin: The sound the universe makes
Janna Levina: Zvuk svemira
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Za nas je svemir tiho mjesto. Međutim, fizičarka Janna Levin kaže da svemir ima soundtrack – zvučnu kompoziciju koja bilježi neke od najdramatičnijih događaja u vanjskom prostoru. (Crna rupa, na primjer, udara kao bubanj kroz vremenski prostor.) Dostupan širokoumni soundwalk kroz svemir.
Janna Levin - Physicist
Janna Levin is a professor of physics and astronomy at Barnard, where she studies the early universe, chaos, and black holes. She's the author of “How the Universe Got Its Spots" and the novel “A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines.” Full bio
Janna Levin is a professor of physics and astronomy at Barnard, where she studies the early universe, chaos, and black holes. She's the author of “How the Universe Got Its Spots" and the novel “A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines.” Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I want to ask you all to consider for a second
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Pozivam vas da na momenat svi razmotrite
00:18
the very simple fact
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veoma jednostavnu činjenicu
00:20
that, by far,
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da, do sada
00:22
most of what we know about the universe
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skoro sve što znamo o univerzumu
00:24
comes to us from light.
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nam dolazi od svjetlosti.
00:26
We can stand on the Earth and look up at the night sky
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Možemo stajati na Zemlji i posmatrati zvjezdano nebo
00:29
and see stars with our bare eyes.
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te vidjeti zvijezde golim očima.
00:32
The Sun burns our peripheral vision.
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Sunce prži našu perifernu viziju,
00:34
We see light reflected off the Moon.
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vidimo svjetlost koja se reflektira sa Mjeseca,
00:37
And in the time since Galileo pointed that rudimentary telescope
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i otkad je Galileo uperio najosnovniji teleskop
00:41
at the celestial bodies,
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prema nebeskim tijelima,
00:44
the known universe has come to us through light,
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poznati univerzum nam se prikazao putem svjetlosti,
00:47
across vast eras in cosmic history.
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kroz ogromne epohe kosmičke historije.
00:50
And with all of our modern telescopes,
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I sa svim našim modernim teleskopima,
00:53
we've been able to collect
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bili smo u prilici prikupiti
00:55
this stunning silent movie of the universe --
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ovaj zadivljujući nijemi film svemira-
00:58
these series of snapshots
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ove serije snimaka
01:01
that go all the way back to the Big Bang.
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koje sežu skroz unatrag do Velikog praska.
01:04
And yet, the universe is not a silent movie
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A ipak, univerzum nije nijemi film,
01:07
because the universe isn't silent.
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jer univerzum nije tih.
01:09
I'd like to convince you
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Voljela bih vas uvjeriti
01:11
that the universe has a soundtrack
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da univerzum ima svoju muziku,
01:13
and that soundtrack is played on space itself,
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i da se ta muzika sama stvara u svemiru.
01:17
because space can wobble like a drum.
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Jer svemir može vibrirati kao bubanj.
01:20
It can ring out a kind of recording
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Može predočiti snimak nekih najdramatičnijih događaja
01:23
throughout the universe
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kroz univerzum
01:25
of some of the most dramatic events as they unfold.
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baš onako kako su se odigrali.
01:28
Now we'd like to be able to add
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Sada, voljeli bismo kada bismo mogli dodati
01:31
to a kind of glorious visual composition
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slavnim vizuelnim kompozicijama univerzuma
01:34
that we have of the universe --
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koje imamo
01:36
a sonic composition.
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i zvučnu komponentu.
01:38
And while we've never heard the sounds from space,
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Premda, nikada nismo čuli zvukove iz svemira,
01:42
we really should, in the next few years,
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stvarno bismo trebali, narednih nekoliko godina,
01:45
start to turn up the volume on what's going on out there.
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da počnemo da pojačavamo zvuk onoga što se tamo događa.
01:47
So in this ambition
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Tako, u nastojanju
01:49
to capture songs from the universe,
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da uhvatimo muziku iz univerzuma,
01:52
we turn our focus
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fokusirali smo se
01:54
to black holes and the promise they have,
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prema obećavajućim crnim rupama,
01:56
because black holes can bang on space-time
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jer one mogu bubnjati po prostoru-vremenu
01:59
like mallets on a drum
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kao maljevi po dobošu
02:01
and have a very characteristic song,
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i imati veoma karakterističnu pjesmu,
02:03
which I'd like to play for you -- some of our predictions
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koju bih vam voljela dočarati kroz jednu od naših predikcija
02:06
for what that song will be like.
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kako bi ta pjesma mogla izgledati.
02:08
Now black holes are dark against a dark sky.
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Sada, crne rupe su tama na mračnom nebu.
02:11
We can't see them directly.
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Ne možemo ih vidjeti direktno.
02:13
They're not brought to us with light, at least not directly.
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Nisu nam dostupne putem svjetlosti, barem ne direktno.
02:16
We can see them indirectly,
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Možemo ih vidjeti indirektno,
02:18
because black holes wreak havoc on their environment.
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jer crne rupe izazivaju pustoš u svojoj okolini.
02:21
They destroy stars around them.
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One uništavaju zvijezde oko sebe.
02:23
They churn up debris in their surroundings.
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One sakupljaju otpad iz svog okruženja.
02:26
But they won't come to us directly through light.
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Te nam se ne prikazuju direktno putem svjetlosti.
02:28
We might one day see a shadow
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Možda ćemo jednog dana vidjeti sjenku
02:30
a black hole can cast on a very bright background,
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crne rupe na veoma svjetloj pozadini,
02:33
but we haven't yet.
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ali još uvijek nismo uspjeli u tome.
02:35
And yet black holes may be heard
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No, ipak, crne rupe se mogu čuti
02:37
even if they're not seen,
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iako se ne vide,
02:39
and that's because they bang on space-time like a drum.
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jer one bubnjaju o prostor-vrijeme kao bubanj.
02:43
Now we owe the idea that space can ring like a drum
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Zamisao da svemir može zvučati kao bubanj
02:46
to Albert Einstein -- to whom we owe so much.
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dugujemo Albertu Einsteinu, kojem dugujemo toliko mnogo.
02:49
Einstein realized that if space were empty,
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Einstein je shvatio da ukoliko bi prostor bio prazan,
02:51
if the universe were empty,
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ukoliko bi univerzum bio prazan,
02:53
it would be like this picture,
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bio bi poput ove slike,
02:56
except for maybe without the helpful grid drawn on it.
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samo možda bez ovih pomoćnih linija na njoj.
02:59
But if we were freely falling through the space,
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Ali ukoliko bismo slobodno padali kroz svemir,
03:02
even without this helpful grid,
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čak i bez ovih pomoćnih linija,
03:04
we might be able to paint it ourselves,
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bili bismo u mogućnosti da ih naslikamo,
03:06
because we would notice that we traveled along straight lines,
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jer bismo primjetili da smo putovali pravim linijama,
03:09
undeflected straight paths
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direktnim pravim linijama
03:11
through the universe.
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kroz univerzum.
03:13
Einstein also realized --
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Einstein je, također, uvidio
03:15
and this is the real meat of the matter --
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i ovo je bit ovoga--
03:17
that if you put energy or mass in the universe,
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ako sastavite energiju i masu u univerzumu.
03:20
it would curve space,
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to će zakrivit svemir.
03:22
and a freely falling object
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I slobodno padajući objekti
03:24
would pass by, let's say, the Sun
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bi prošli, recimo, pored Sunca
03:26
and it would be deflected
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i bili bi privučeni
03:28
along the natural curves in the space.
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prirodnom zakrivljenošću prostora.
03:30
It was Einstein's great general theory of relativity.
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Što je Einsteinova čuvena opšta teorija relativiteta.
03:34
Now even light will be bent by those paths.
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Čak se i svjetlo savija tim stazama.
03:37
And you can be bent so much
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Te se može doći do takvog savijanja
03:39
that you're caught in orbit around the Sun,
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da se zarobite u orbiti Sunca,
03:41
as the Earth is, or the Moon around the Earth.
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kao što je to slučaj sa Zemljom ili Mjesecom oko Zemlje.
03:43
These are the natural curves in space.
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Radi se o prirodnim krivuljama u svemiru.
03:46
What Einstein did not realize
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Ono što Einstein nije opazio
03:48
was that, if you took our Sun
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je to da, ako uzmete naše Sunce
03:50
and you crushed it down to six kilometers --
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i sabijete na šest kilometara u prečniku--
03:53
so you took a million times the mass of the Earth
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te se dobije milion puta veća masa od Zemljine
03:56
and you crushed it to six kilometers across,
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i sabije na šest kilometara u dužini,
03:59
you would make a black hole,
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dobili bi crnu rupu,
04:01
an object so dense
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objekat tako gust
04:03
that if light veered too close, it would never escape --
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da ukoliko bi svjetlost bila dovoljno blizu, nikada ne bi uspjela pobjeći--
04:06
a dark shadow against the universe.
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tamna sjenka protiv univerzuma.
04:09
It wasn't Einstein who realized this,
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Nije Einstein to otkrio
04:11
it was Karl Schwarzschild
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riječ je o Karlu Schwarzcildu
04:13
who was a German Jew in World War I --
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njemački jevrej koji je se tokom Prvog svjetskog rata
04:15
joined the German army already an accomplished scientist,
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pridružio njemačkoj vojsci kao već priznati znanstvenik,
04:18
working on the Russian front.
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radeći na ruskom frontu.
04:21
I like to imagine Schwarzschild in the war in the trenches
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Volim zamišljati Schwarzchilda tokom rata u rovovima
04:24
calculating ballistic trajectories for cannon fire,
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kako vrši balističke proračune putanja projektila za topove,
04:28
and then, in between,
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i u međuvremenu.
04:30
calculating Einstein's equations --
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preračunava Einsteinove jednačine--
04:32
as you do in the trenches.
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jer se tako i radi u rovovima.
04:34
And he was reading Einstein's recently published
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Nedavno je čitao Einsteinovu, prije toga objavljenu
04:36
general theory of relativity,
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opštu teoriju relativiteta,
04:38
and he was thrilled by this theory.
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i bio je oduševljen tom teorijom.
04:40
And he quickly surmised
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Ubrzo je pretpostavio
04:42
an exact mathematical solution
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tačno matematičko rješenje
04:44
that described something very extraordinary:
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koje je objašnjavalo nešto veoma neobično:
04:46
curves so strong
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krivulje toliko jake
04:48
that space would rain down into them,
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da bi svemir upao u njih,
04:51
space itself would curve like a waterfall
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svemir bi se survao u sebe kao vodopad
04:53
flowing down the throat of a hole.
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slivajući se u središte rupe.
04:55
And even light could not escape this current.
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I čak ni svjetlost nije u stanju izbjeći ovu struju.
04:58
Light would be dragged down the hole
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Svjetlost bi bila uvučena duboko u rupu
05:00
as everything else would be,
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kao i sve ostalo,
05:02
and all that would be left would be a shadow.
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i sve što bi ostalo je sjenka.
05:04
Now he wrote to Einstein,
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Tada je pisao Einsteinu,
05:06
and he said, "As you will see,
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i rekao, "Kao što možete vidjeti,
05:08
the war has been kind to me enough.
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rat mi je bio poprilično naklonjen,
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Despite the heavy gunfire,
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uprkos teškoj pucnjavi.
05:14
I've been able to get away from it all
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Uspio sam pobjeći od svega toga
05:16
and walk through the land of your ideas."
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i hodati poljem tvojih ideja."
05:19
And Einstein was very impressed with his exact solution,
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Einstein je bio impresioniran njegovim rješenjem,
05:22
and I should hope also the dedication of the scientist.
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te se nadam i posvećenošću ovog znanstvenika.
05:25
This is the hardworking scientist under harsh conditions.
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Radi se o predanom znanstveniku koji je radio u teškim uslovima.
05:28
And he took Schwarzschild's idea
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Zatim je iznio Schwarzchildove ideje
05:30
to the Prussian Academy of Sciences the next week.
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Pruskoj Akademiji Nauka slijedeće sedmice.
05:33
But Einstein always thought black holes were a mathematical oddity.
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No, Einstein je uvijek smatrao da su crne rupe matematički izuzetak.
05:36
He did not believe they existed in nature.
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Vjerovao je da ne postoje u prirodi.
05:39
He thought nature would protect us from their formation.
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Mislio je da će nas priroda zaštititi od takvih struktura.
05:42
It was decades
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Prošle su decenije
05:44
before the term "black hole" was coined
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prije nego će termin crna rupa biti skovan
05:46
and people realized
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i prije nego će ljudi shvatiti
05:48
that black holes are real astrophysical objects --
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kako su one stvarni astrofizički objekti--
05:50
in fact they're the death state
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u biti one su mrtvo stanje
05:52
of very massive stars
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veoma masivnih zvijezda
05:54
that collapse catastrophically
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koje katastrofalno kolapsiraju
05:56
at the end of their lifetime.
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na kraju svog životnog vijeka.
05:58
Now our Sun will not collapse to a black hole.
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Sada, naše Sunce se neće pretvoriti u crnu rupu.
06:00
It's actually not massive enough.
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Ustvari, nije dovoljno masivno.
06:02
But if we did a little thought experiment --
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Ali ako bismo napravili jedan teorijski eksperiment--
06:04
as Einstein was very fond of doing --
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što je Einstein volio raditi---
06:06
we could imagine
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mogli bismo zamisliti
06:08
putting the Sun crushed down to six kilometers,
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kako se Sunce sažima na šest kilometara,
06:11
and putting a tiny little Earth around it in orbit,
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i da se sitna Zemlja nalazi u njegovoj orbiti na recimo,
06:14
maybe 30 kilometers
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oko 30 kilometara
06:16
outside of the black-hole sun.
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udaljenosti od crne rupe sunca.
06:19
And it would be self-illuminated,
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To bi bila samosvjetleća,
06:21
because now the Sun's gone, we have no other source of light --
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jer bi Sunce nestalo, nemamo drugi izvor svjetlosti--
06:23
so let's make our little Earth self-illuminated.
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pa napravimo našu Zemlju samosvjetlećom.
06:26
And you would realize you could put the Earth in a happy orbit
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Shvatli biste da bi se Zemlja mogla nalaziti na sretnoj orbiti
06:28
even 30 km
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čak 30 kolometara
06:30
outside of this crushed black hole.
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izvan zgnječene crne rupe.
06:33
This crushed black hole
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Ova zgnječena crna rupa
06:35
actually would fit inside Manhattan, more or less.
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bi stala na Manhattan, više ili manje.
06:37
It might spill off into the Hudson a little bit
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Možda bi malo prešla preko Hudsona
06:39
before it destroyed the Earth.
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prije nego što bi uništila Zemlju.
06:41
But basically that's what we're talking about.
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Ali, to je u suštini ono o čemu pričamo.
06:43
We're talking about an object that you could crush down
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Govorimo o objektu koji biste mogli smjestiti
06:45
to half the square area of Manhattan.
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na pola centralne zone Manhattana.
06:47
So we move this Earth very close --
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Tako smo Zemlju približili veoma blizu--
06:49
30 kilometers outside --
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na 30 km udaljenosti--
06:51
and we notice it's perfectly fine orbiting around the black hole.
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te smo primjetili da savršeno orbitira oko crne rupe.
06:54
There's a sort of myth
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Postoji određeni mit
06:56
that black holes devour everything in the universe,
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da crne rupe proždiru sve u univerzumu,
06:58
but you actually have to get very close to fall in.
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no, potrebno je prići veoma blizu da biste upali u njih.
07:01
But what's very impressive is that, from our vantage point,
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Sa naše tačke gledišta, ono što je veoma impresivno,
07:04
we can always see the Earth.
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je da možemo uvijek vidjeti Zemlju.
07:06
It cannot hide behind the black hole.
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Ne može se skrivati iza crne rupe.
07:08
The light from the Earth, some of it falls in,
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jedan dio svjetlosti sa Zemlje, upada u nju,
07:10
but some of it gets lensed around and brought back to us.
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a drugi dio biva vraćen do nas.
07:13
So you can't hide anything behind a black hole.
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Stoga, ništa se ne može sakriti iza crne rupe.
07:15
If this were Battlestar Galactica
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Da je ovo Battlestar Galactica
07:17
and you're fighting the Cylons,
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i da se borite protiv Sajlonaca,
07:19
don't hide behind the black hole.
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ne skrivaj te se iza crne rupe.
07:21
They can see you.
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Oni vas vide.
07:24
Now, our Sun will not collapse to a black hole --
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Sada, naše Sunce neće kolapsirati u crnu rupu;
07:26
it's not massive enough --
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nije dovoljno masivno,
07:28
but there are tens of thousands of black holes in our galaxy.
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ali postoje na desetine crnih rupa u našoj galaksiji.
07:32
And if one were to eclipse the Milky Way,
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I ukoliko bi došlo do pomračenja u Mliječnom putu,
07:35
this is what it would look like.
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ovako bi izgledalo.
07:37
We would see a shadow of that black hole
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Vidjeli bismo sjenku crne rupe
07:40
against the hundred billion stars
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među hiljadama milijardi zvijezda
07:42
in the Milky Way Galaxy and its luminous dust lanes.
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U Mliječnom putu galaksije i njene svjetleće prašnjave staze.
07:45
And if we were to fall towards this black hole,
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I kada bismo upali u tu crnu rupu,
07:48
we would see all of that light lensed around it,
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vidjeli bismo sve to svjetlo formirano oko nje,
07:51
and we could even start to cross into that shadow
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mogli bismo čak da prođemo kroz sjenku
07:54
and really not notice that anything dramatic had happened.
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a da ne primjetimo da se ništa dramatično nije dogodilo.
07:57
It would be bad if we tried to fire our rockets and get out of there
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Bilo bi grozno kada bismo ispalili rakete i probali pobjeći odatle
08:00
because we couldn't,
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jer ne bismo uspjeli,
08:02
anymore than light can escape.
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isto kao što ni svjetlo ne može pobjeći.
08:04
But even though the black hole is dark from the outside,
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Iako, spolja posmatrano, crna rupa izgleda mračno,
08:07
it's not dark on the inside,
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iznutra je skroz drugačija,
08:09
because all of the light from the galaxy can fall in behind us.
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zato što svjetlost iz galaksije pada u središte nje.
08:12
And even though, due to a relativistic effect known as time dilation,
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Uprkos relativističkom efektu, poznatom kao vremensko usporavanje,
08:16
our clocks would seem to slow down
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naši satovi bi usporili
08:19
relative to galactic time,
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u odnosu na galatičko vrijeme,
08:22
it would look as though the evolution of the galaxy
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izgledalo bi kao da je evolucija galaksije
08:25
had been sped up and shot at us,
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ubrzala i pogodila nas,
08:27
right before we were crushed to death by the black hole.
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tačno prije nego nas je crna rupa uvukla u smrt.
08:30
It would be like a near-death experience
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Izgledalo bi kao iskustvo bliske smrti
08:32
where you see the light at the end of the tunnel,
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kada vidite svjetlost na kraju tunela,
08:34
but it's a total death experience.
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ali u stvari, ovo bi bilo potpuno iskustvo smrti.
08:36
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
08:38
And there's no way of telling anybody
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i ne bi bilo šanse da nekome ispričate
08:40
about the light at the end of the tunnel.
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o svjetlu na kraju tunela.
08:42
Now we've never seen a shadow like this of a black hole,
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E sada, nismo nikada vidjeli sjenku poput ove,
08:45
but black holes can be heard,
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ali crne rupe se mogu čuti,
08:47
even if they're not seen.
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čak i ako se ne vide.
08:49
Imagine now taking an astrophysically realistic situation --
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Zamislite sada jednu astrofizičku realnu situaciju--
08:53
imagine two black holes that have lived a long life together.
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zamislite dvije crne rupe koje su proživjele dug zajednički život.
08:56
Maybe they started as stars
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Možda su počele kao zvijezde
08:58
and collapsed to two black holes --
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te kolapsirale u crne rupe--
09:00
each one 10 times the mass of the Sun.
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svaka od njih, deset puta glomaznija od Sunca.
09:03
So now we're going to crush them down to 60 kilometers across.
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Sada ćemo ih zdrobiti na 60 km prečnika.
09:06
They can be spinning
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Mogu rotirati
09:08
hundreds of times a second.
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hiljadama puta u sekundi.
09:10
At the end of their lives,
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Na kraju svog životnog vijeka,
09:12
they're going around each other very near the speed of light.
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kreću se jedna oko druge brzinom sličnoj brzini svjetlosti.
09:15
So they're crossing thousands of kilometers
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Tako prelaze hiljade kilometara
09:17
in a fraction of a second,
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u djeliću sekunde.
09:19
and as they do so, they not only curve space,
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Tim putem, ne samo da zakrivljuju svemir,
09:21
but they leave behind in their wake
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one, također, ostavljaju za sobom
09:23
a ringing of space,
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zvonjavu u svemiru,
09:25
an actual wave on space-time.
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pravi talas u prostor-vremenu.
09:27
Space squeezes and stretches
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Svemir se širi i proteže
09:29
as it emanates out from these black holes
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dok zrači iz tih crnih rupa
09:31
banging on the universe.
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bubnjajući univerzumom.
09:33
And they travel out into the cosmos
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I one putuju kosmosom
09:35
at the speed of light.
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brzinom svjetlosti.
09:37
This computer simulation
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Ova kompjuterska simulacija
09:39
is due to a relativity group at NASA Goddard.
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je nastala zahvaljujući grupi NASA Goddard.
09:42
It took almost 30 years for anyone in the world to crack this problem.
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Bilo je potrebno gotovo 30 godina kako bi neko riješio ovaj problem.
09:45
This was one of the groups.
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Ovo je bila jedna od grupa.
09:47
It shows two black holes in orbit around each other,
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Koja prikazuje dvije crne rupe u orbiti jednu oko druge,
09:49
again, with these helpfully painted curves.
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opet sa ovim nacrtanim pomoćnim krivuljama.
09:51
And if you can see -- it's kind of faint --
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I ako možete vidjeti--malo je zamućeno--
09:54
but if you can see the red waves emanating out,
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ali ako možete vidjeti crvene talase kako proizlaze,
09:57
those are the gravitational waves.
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to su gravitacioni talasi.
09:59
They're literally the sounds of space ringing,
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Oni su doslovno zvučni talasi prostora,
10:02
and they will travel out from these black holes at the speed of light
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i oni će putovati od ovih crnih rupa brzinom svjetlosti
10:04
as they ring down and coalesce
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dok se lagano stišavaju i sjedinjuju
10:07
to one spinning, quiet black hole
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u jednu rotirajuću, mirnu crnu rupu
10:09
at the end of the day.
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na kraju dana.
10:11
If you were standing near enough,
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Ukoliko biste stajali dovoljno blizu,
10:13
your ear would resonate
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vaše uho bi rezoniralo
10:15
with the squeezing and stretching of space.
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sa širenjem i skupljanjem svemira.
10:17
You would literally hear the sound.
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Bukvalno biste čuli zvuk.
10:19
Now of course, your head would be squeezed and stretched unhelpfully,
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Sada naravno, vaša glava bi se bespomoćno širila i skupljala,
10:23
so you might have trouble understanding what's going on.
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te vjerovatno ne biste razumjeli šta vam se događa.
10:26
But I'd like to play for you
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No voljela bih vam pustiti da odslušate
10:28
the sound that we predict.
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zvuk koji smo predvidjeli.
10:30
This is from my group --
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Ovo je od moje grupe--
10:32
a slightly less glamorous computer modeling.
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nešto manje glamurozno kompjutersko modeliranje.
10:35
Imagine a lighter black hole
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Zamislite svjetliju crnu rupu
10:37
falling into a very heavy black hole.
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koja pada u veoma tešku crnu rupu.
10:39
The sound you're hearing
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Zvuk koji ćete čuti
10:41
is the light black hole banging on space
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je zvuk svjetlije crne rupe koja bubnja kroz svemir
10:44
each time it gets close.
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svaki put kada se približi.
10:46
If it gets far away, it's a little too quiet.
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Da je udaljenija, zvuk bi bio nečujan.
10:49
But it comes in like a mallet,
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Ali ona nailazi poput malja,
10:51
and it literally cracks space,
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i doslovno razbija svemir,
10:53
wobbling it like a drum.
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udarajući kao bubanj.
10:55
And we can predict what the sound will be.
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Možemo predvidjeti kakav bi zvuk bio.
10:58
We know that, as it falls in,
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Mi znamo i to da, kako propada
11:00
it gets faster and it gets louder.
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ona se ubrzava i postaje glasnija.
11:02
And eventually,
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I na kraju,
11:04
we're going to hear the little guy just fall into the bigger guy.
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možemo čuti kako mala rupa upada u veliku.
11:07
(Thumping)
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(Udari)
11:24
Then it's gone.
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Zatim nestaje.
11:26
Now I've never heard it that loud -- it's actually more dramatic.
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Nikada nisam slušala ovako glasno--ustvari mnogo je dramatičnije.
11:28
At home it sounds kind of anticlimactic.
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Kod kuće zvuči gotovo razočaravajuće.
11:30
It's sort of like ding, ding, ding.
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Nešto kao ding, ding, ding.
11:32
This is another sound from my group.
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Ovo je drugi zvuk od moje grupe.
11:36
No, I'm not showing you any images,
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Ne, neću vam pokazati nikakve slike,
11:38
because black holes don't leave behind
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jer crne rupe ne ostavljaju za sobom
11:40
helpful trails of ink,
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nikakve pomoćne tragove,
11:42
and space is not painted,
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te svemir nije naslikan,
11:44
showing you the curves.
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pokazujući vam zakrivljenja.
11:46
But if you were to float by in space on a space holiday
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No, ako biste isli na odmor u svemir te plovili istim
11:48
and you heard this,
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i čuli ovaj zvuk,
11:50
you want to get moving.
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htjeli biste pobjeći.
11:52
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
11:54
Want to get away from the sound.
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Željeli biste pobjeći od zvuka.
11:56
Both black holes are moving.
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Obje crne rupe se kreću.
11:58
Both black holes are getting closer together.
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Obje se približavaju jedna drugoj.
12:01
In this case, they're both wobbling quite a lot.
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U ovom slučaju, obje bubnjaju poprilično mnogo.
12:04
And then they're going to merge.
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I na putu su da se spoje.
12:06
(Thumping)
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(Bubnjanje)
12:14
Now it's gone.
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Gotovo je.
12:16
Now that chirp is very characteristic of black holes merging --
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Sada, taj zvuk je veoma karakterističan za crne rupe koje se spajaju--
12:19
that it chirps up at the end.
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tako zvuči do samog kraja.
12:22
Now that's our prediction
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E sada to je naše predviđanje
12:24
for what we'll see.
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za ono što ćemo vidjeti.
12:26
Luckily we're at this safe distance in Long Beach, California.
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Srećom, mi smo na sigurnom ovdje u Kaliforniji.
12:28
And surely, somewhere in the universe
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I zasigurno, negdje u univerzumu
12:30
two black holes have merged.
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dvije crne rupe su se spojile.
12:32
And surely, the space around us
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I sigurno, svemir oko nas
12:34
is ringing
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odzvanja
12:36
after traveling maybe a million light years, or a million years,
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poslije putovanja, možda, milionima svjetlosnih godina ili milionima godina,
12:39
at the speed of light to get to us.
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brzinom svjetlosti, da bi stigla do nas.
12:42
But the sound is too quiet for any of us to ever hear.
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Ali zvuk je previše tih za nas da bismo ga čuli.
12:45
There are very industrious experiments being built on Earth --
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Postoje veoma progresivni eksperimenti koji se rade na Zemlji--
12:48
one called LIGO --
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jedan od njih prozvan LIGO--
12:50
which will detect deviations
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treba da otkrije neka odstupanja
12:52
in the squeezing and stretching of space
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u širenjima i istezanjima svemira
12:55
at less than the fraction of a nucleus of an atom
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manjim od djelića jezgre atoma
12:58
over four kilometers.
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preko četiri kilometra.
13:00
It's a remarkably ambitious experiment,
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Radi se i poprilično ambicioznom eksperimentu,
13:02
and it's going to be at advanced sensitivity
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koji će se odvijati u naprednoj osjetljivosti
13:04
within the next few years -- to pick this up.
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kroz nekoliko narednih godina--kako bi se to uhvatilo.
13:07
There's also a mission proposed for space,
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Također, za svemir postoji i predložena misija,
13:09
which hopefully will launch in the next ten years,
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koja će, nadamo se, biti pokrenuta narednih deset godina,
13:11
called LISA.
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a zove se LISA.
13:13
And LISA will be able to see super-massive black holes --
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I LISA će biti u stanju da vidi super masivne crne rupe--
13:16
black holes millions or billions of times
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crne rupe milionima ili milijardama puta
13:19
the mass of the Sun.
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masivnijim od Sunca.
13:21
In this Hubble image, we see two galaxies.
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Na ovoj Hubbleovoj slici, vidimo dvije galaksije.
13:24
They look like they're frozen in some embrace.
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Izgledaju kao da su zamrznute u nekakvom zagrljaju.
13:27
And each one probably harbors
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I svaka od njih vjerovatno skriva
13:29
a super-massive black hole at its core.
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super masivnu crnu rupu u svome središtu.
13:32
But they're not frozen;
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Ali one nisu zamrznute,
13:34
they're actually merging.
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one se u stvari spajaju.
13:36
These two black holes are colliding,
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Ove dvije crne rupe se sudaraju,
13:38
and they will merge over a billion-year time scale.
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i one će se spojiti u periodu od milijardu godina.
13:41
It's beyond our human perception
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To je izvan ljudske percepcije
13:43
to pick up a song of that duration.
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da se uhvati melodija toga događaja.
13:46
But LISA could see the final stages
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Ali LISA bi mogla vidjeti posljednje faze
13:48
of two super-massive black holes
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dvije super masivne crne rupe
13:50
earlier in the universe's history,
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ranije tokom historije univerzuma,
13:52
the last 15 minutes before they fall together.
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posljednjih 15 minuta prije nego su se spojile.
13:55
And it's not just black holes,
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I nisu u pitanju samo crne rupe,
13:57
but it's also any big disturbance in the universe --
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već bilo koja veća nepravilnost u univerzumu--
14:00
and the biggest of them all is the Big Bang.
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i najveća od njih je, naravno, Veliki prasak.
14:02
When that expression was coined, it was derisive --
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Kada je taj termin skovan, bio je podrugljiv--
14:05
like, "Oh, who would believe in a Big Bang?"
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kao, "Oh, ko bi povjerovao u Veliki prasak?"
14:07
But now it actually might be more technically accurate
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No, sada je to više tehnički pravilno,
14:09
because it might bang.
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jer bi moglo eksplodirati;
14:11
It might make a sound.
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kao i što bi moglo proizvesti zvukove.
14:13
This animation from my friends at Proton Studios
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Ovu animaciju su napravili moji prijatelji u Proton Studiju
14:16
shows looking at the Big Bang from the outside.
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i pokazuje Veliki prasak gledano izvana.
14:18
We don't ever want to do that actually. We want to be inside the universe
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U biti, ne bismo to htjeli uraditi; mi želimo biti unutar univerzuma,
14:21
because there's no such thing as standing outside the universe.
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jer mogućnost postojanja izvan univerzuma ne postoji.
14:24
So imagine you're inside the Big Bang.
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Dakle, zamislite da ste unutar Velikog praska.
14:26
It's everywhere, it's all around you,
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Nalazi se svuda oko vas,
14:28
and the space is wobbling chaotically.
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a svemir haotično vibrira.
14:30
Fourteen billion years pass
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14 milijardi godina je prošlo
14:32
and this song is still ringing all around us.
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a ta melodija i dalje odjekuje oko nas.
14:35
Galaxies form,
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Oblici galaksije,
14:37
and generations of stars form in those galaxies,
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i generacije zvijezda u tim galaksijama.
14:39
and around one star,
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Te oko jedne zvijezde,
14:41
at least one star,
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najmanje jedna zvijezda,
14:43
is a habitable planet.
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je naseljiva planeta.
14:45
And here we are frantically building these experiments,
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I tu smo mi, grčevito pravimo ove eksperimente,
14:48
doing these calculations, writing these computer codes.
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radeći ove proračune, pišući ove kompjuterske kodove.
14:50
Imagine a billion years ago,
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Zamislite prije milijardu godina,
14:53
two black holes collided.
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dvije crne rupe su se sudarile.
14:55
That song has been ringing through space
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Taj zvuk je odzvanjao širom svemira
14:57
for all that time.
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sve ovo vrijeme.
14:59
We weren't even here.
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Još uvijek nismo bili ovdje.
15:01
It gets closer and closer --
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Postaje sve bliža i bliža--
15:03
40,000 years ago, we're still doing cave paintings.
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Prije 40.000 godina, još uvijek crtamo crteže u pećinama.
15:05
It's like hurry, build your instruments.
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Kao da smo u žurbi, da napravimo instrumente.
15:07
It's getting closer and closer, and in 20 ...
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Sve je bliže i bliže i u 20...
15:10
whatever year it will be
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koja god godina bila
15:12
when our detectors are finally at advanced sensitivity --
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kada naši detektori najzad dostignu željenu osjetljivost--
15:14
we'll build them, we'll turn on the machines
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sagradit ćemo ih, pokrenut ćemo mašine
15:16
and, bang, we'll catch it -- the first song from space.
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i bang uhvatit ćemo zvuk--prvu muziku iz svemira.
15:19
If it was the Big Bang we were going to pick up,
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Ako to bude zvuk Velikog praska,
15:21
it would sound like this.
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bit će nešto kao.
15:23
(Static) It's a terrible sound.
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(Statički) To je užasan zvuk.
15:26
It's literally the definition of noise.
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To je doslovno definicija buke
15:28
It's white noise; it's such a chaotic ringing.
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To je bijeli šum, jedno haotično odzvanjanje.
15:30
But it's around us everywhere, presumably,
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Ali je svuda oko nas, vjerovatno,
15:33
if it hasn't been wiped out
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ukoliko nije izbrisan
15:35
by some other process in the universe.
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od nekih drugih procesa u univerzumu.
15:37
And if we pick it up, it will be music to our ears
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I ukoliko bismo ga pokupili, bila bi to muzika za naše uši,
15:40
because it will be the quiet echo
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jer bi bio nečujan eho
15:42
of that moment of our creation,
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momenta našeg stvaranja,
15:44
of our observable universe.
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našeg vidljivog univerzuma.
15:46
So within the next few years,
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Tako da slijedećih nekoliko godina,
15:48
we'll be able to turn up the soundtrack a little bit,
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bit ćemo u prilici da malo pojačamo zvuk,
15:51
render the universe in audio.
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pretvarajući univerzum u zvuk.
15:54
But if we detect those earliest moments,
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Ali ako otkrijemo ranije trenutke,
15:57
it'll bring us that much closer
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to će nas dovesti mnogo bliže
15:59
to an understanding of the Big Bang,
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razumijevanju Velikog praska,
16:01
which brings us that much closer
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što nas približava
16:04
to asking some of the hardest, most elusive, questions.
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postavljanju jednog od najtežih, najnedostižnijih pitanja.
16:07
If we run the movie of our universe backwards,
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Ako pustimo film univerzuma unazad,
16:10
we know that there was a Big Bang in our past,
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znamo da se dogodio Veliki prasak u prošlosti,
16:13
and we might even hear the cacophonous sound of it,
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i možda bismo čuli njegov zvuk,
16:17
but was our Big Bang the only Big Bang?
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ali da li je naš Veliki prasak jedini Veliki prasak?
16:19
I mean we have to ask, has it happened before?
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Mislim, moramo se zapitati, da li se dogodio ranije?
16:22
Will it happen again?
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Da li će se dogoditi opet?
16:24
I mean, in the spirit of rising to TED's challenge
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Mislim, u duhu uzdizanja TEDovih izazova
16:27
to reignite wonder,
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kako bismo rasplamsali čuđenje,
16:29
we can ask questions, at least for this last minute,
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možemo postavljati pitanja, barem u ovom posljednjem minutu,
16:32
that honestly might evade us forever.
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koji nas može izbjeći zauvijek.
16:34
But we have to ask:
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Ali moramo ga postaviti:
16:36
Is it possible that our universe
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Da li je moguće da je naš univerzum
16:38
is just a plume off of some greater history?
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samo dio neke veće historije?
16:41
Or, is it possible that we're just a branch off of a multiverse --
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Ili da li je moguće da smo mi samo ogranak nekog multiverzuma--
16:45
each branch with its own Big Bang in its past --
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i svaka grana ima svoj Veliki prasak u prošlosti--
16:49
maybe some of them with black holes playing drums,
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možda neke od njih sa crnim rupama što bubnjaju,
16:51
maybe some without --
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možda neke bez njih--
16:53
maybe some with sentient life, and maybe some without --
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možda neke sa živim svijetom, možda neke bez--
16:56
not in our past, not in our future,
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ne u našoj prošlosti, ne u našoj budućnosti,
16:58
but somehow fundamentally connected to us?
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ali na neki fundamentalno vezane za nas?
17:01
So we have to wonder, if there is a multiverse,
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Tako da se moramo zapitati, ako postoji multiverzum,
17:03
in some other patch of that multiverse,
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u nekim drugim dijelovima multiverzuma,
17:05
are there creatures?
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postoje li stvorenja?
17:07
Here's my multiverse creatures.
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Evo mojih multiverznih stvorenja.
17:09
Are there other creatures in the multiverse,
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Da li postoje druga živa bića u multiverzumu,
17:11
wondering about us
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koja se pitaju u vezi nas
17:13
and wondering about their own origins?
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te razmišljaju o svom porijeklu?
17:16
And if they are,
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I ako postoje,
17:18
I can imagine them as we are,
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Mogu ih zamisliti, da su poput nas,
17:21
calculating, writing computer code,
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računaju, pišu kompjuterske kodove,
17:23
building instruments,
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izmišljaju instrumente,
17:25
trying to detect that faintest sound
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u pokušaju da otkriju taj sudbonosni zvuk
17:28
of their origins
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svog porijekla
17:30
and wondering who else is out there.
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i pitaju se, da li smo sami.
17:32
Thank you. Thank you.
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Hvala. Hvala.
17:35
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Janna Levin - PhysicistJanna Levin is a professor of physics and astronomy at Barnard, where she studies the early universe, chaos, and black holes. She's the author of “How the Universe Got Its Spots" and the novel “A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines.”
Why you should listen
Janna Levin is a Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Barnard College of Columbia University. Her scientific research concerns the early universe, chaos and black holes. Her second book – a novel, A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines – won the PEN/Bingham Fellowship for Writers and was a runner-up for the PEN/Hemingway award for "a distinguished book of first fiction." She is the author of the popular science book, How the Universe Got Its Spots: Diary of a Finite Time in a Finite Space.
She holds a BA in Physics and Astronomy from Barnard College with a concentration in Philosophy, and a PhD from MIT in Physics. She has worked at the Center for Particle Astrophysics (CfPA) at the University of California, Berkeley before moving to the UK where she worked at Cambridge University in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP). Just before returning to New York, she was the first scientist-in-residence at the Ruskin School of Fine Art and Drawing at Oxford with an award from the National Endowment for Science, Technology, and Arts (NESTA).
Listen to a Q&A with another TED speaker, Krista Tippett -- where they talk math and faith and truth and more ...
Janna Levin | Speaker | TED.com