TED2011
Janna Levin: The sound the universe makes
Džena Levin: Zvuk koji univerzum stvara
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Mi mislimo o svemiru kao o tihom mestu. Ali fizičarka Džena Levin saopštava da univerzum poseduje svoju muziku -- soničnu kompoziciju u kojoj su snimljene neke od najdramatičnijih događaja u svemiru. (Crne rupe, na primer, udari prostor-vremena nalik bubnju). Zvučna šetnja univerzumom koja proširuje granice uma.
Janna Levin - Physicist
Janna Levin is a professor of physics and astronomy at Barnard, where she studies the early universe, chaos, and black holes. She's the author of “How the Universe Got Its Spots" and the novel “A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines.” Full bio
Janna Levin is a professor of physics and astronomy at Barnard, where she studies the early universe, chaos, and black holes. She's the author of “How the Universe Got Its Spots" and the novel “A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines.” Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I want to ask you all to consider for a second
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Pozivam vas da na trenutak razmotrite
00:18
the very simple fact
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veoma jednostavnu činjenicu
00:20
that, by far,
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da, do sada,
00:22
most of what we know about the universe
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većina onoga što znamo o univerzumu
00:24
comes to us from light.
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dolazi do nas putem svetlosti.
00:26
We can stand on the Earth and look up at the night sky
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Možemo stajati na Zemlji i gledati u zvezdano nebo
00:29
and see stars with our bare eyes.
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i videti zvezde sopstvenim očima.
00:32
The Sun burns our peripheral vision.
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Sunce sija našim perifernim vidom,
00:34
We see light reflected off the Moon.
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vidimo refleksiju svetlosti sa Meseca,
00:37
And in the time since Galileo pointed that rudimentary telescope
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i od kad je Galileo uperio najosnovniji teleskop
00:41
at the celestial bodies,
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u nebeska tela,
00:44
the known universe has come to us through light,
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poznati univerzum nam se prikazao putem svetlosti,
00:47
across vast eras in cosmic history.
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kroz ogromne epohe kosmičke istorije.
00:50
And with all of our modern telescopes,
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I sa svim našim modernim teleskopima,
00:53
we've been able to collect
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bili smo u stanju da napravimo
00:55
this stunning silent movie of the universe --
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ovaj zapanjujući tihi snimak univerzuma --
00:58
these series of snapshots
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ovu seriju slika
01:01
that go all the way back to the Big Bang.
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koje sežu skroz unazad do Velikog Praska.
01:04
And yet, the universe is not a silent movie
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Pa ipak, univerzum nije film bez zvuka,
01:07
because the universe isn't silent.
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jer univerzum nije tih.
01:09
I'd like to convince you
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Volela bih da vas uverim
01:11
that the universe has a soundtrack
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da univerzum ima svoju muziku,
01:13
and that soundtrack is played on space itself,
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i ta muzika se sama stvara u svemiru.
01:17
because space can wobble like a drum.
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Jer je svemir nalik ritmu bubnja.
01:20
It can ring out a kind of recording
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Može izneti snimak nekih najdramatičnijih događaja ,
01:23
throughout the universe
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kroz univerzum,
01:25
of some of the most dramatic events as they unfold.
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upravo onako kako su se odigrali.
01:28
Now we'd like to be able to add
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Voleli bismo kada bismo mogli da dodamo
01:31
to a kind of glorious visual composition
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vizuelnim kompozicijama univerzuma
01:34
that we have of the universe --
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koje imamo
01:36
a sonic composition.
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i zvučnu komponentu.
01:38
And while we've never heard the sounds from space,
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I, iako nikada nismo čuli zvuke iz svemira,
01:42
we really should, in the next few years,
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verovatno bi trebalo, u narednih par godina,
01:45
start to turn up the volume on what's going on out there.
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da počnemo da pojačavamo zvuk onoga što se tamo dešava.
01:47
So in this ambition
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I u ovom nastojanju
01:49
to capture songs from the universe,
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da uhvatimo muziku iz univrrzuma,
01:52
we turn our focus
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usmerili smo pažnju
01:54
to black holes and the promise they have,
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na obećavajuće crne rupe,
01:56
because black holes can bang on space-time
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jer crne rupe mogu bubnjati po prostor-vremenu
01:59
like mallets on a drum
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kao maljevi po dobošu
02:01
and have a very characteristic song,
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i imati veoma karakterističnu pesmu,
02:03
which I'd like to play for you -- some of our predictions
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koju bih volela da vam odsviram u nekoj od naših predikcija
02:06
for what that song will be like.
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kako očekujemo da ta pesma može zvučati.
02:08
Now black holes are dark against a dark sky.
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Sada, crne rupe su tama na tamnom nebu.
02:11
We can't see them directly.
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Ne možemo ih videti direktno.
02:13
They're not brought to us with light, at least not directly.
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Nisu nam pristupačne putem svetlosti, barem ne direktne.
02:16
We can see them indirectly,
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Možemo ih videti indirektno,
02:18
because black holes wreak havoc on their environment.
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jer one izazivaju pustoš u svojoj okolini.
02:21
They destroy stars around them.
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One uništavaju zvezde oko sebe.
02:23
They churn up debris in their surroundings.
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One sakupljaju otpad iz svog okruženja.
02:26
But they won't come to us directly through light.
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Ali one nam se ne prikazuju direktno putem svetlosti.
02:28
We might one day see a shadow
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Možda ćemo jednog dana videti senku
02:30
a black hole can cast on a very bright background,
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crne rupe na veoma svetloj pozadini,
02:33
but we haven't yet.
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ali još uvek nismo uspeli u tome.
02:35
And yet black holes may be heard
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Ali ipak crne rupe se mogu čuti
02:37
even if they're not seen,
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iako se ne mogu videti,
02:39
and that's because they bang on space-time like a drum.
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jer one bubnjaju o prostor-vreme kao doboš.
02:43
Now we owe the idea that space can ring like a drum
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Ideju da svemir može zvučati kao bubanj dugujemo
02:46
to Albert Einstein -- to whom we owe so much.
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Albertu Ajnštajnu, kome dugujemo toliko puno.
02:49
Einstein realized that if space were empty,
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Ajnštajn je shvatio da ukoliko bi svemir bio prazan,
02:51
if the universe were empty,
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ukoliko bi univerzum bio prazan,
02:53
it would be like this picture,
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bio bi poput ove slike,
02:56
except for maybe without the helpful grid drawn on it.
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samo možda bez ovih pomoćnih linija na njoj.
02:59
But if we were freely falling through the space,
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Ali ukoliko bismo slobodno padali kroz svemir,
03:02
even without this helpful grid,
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čak bez ovih pomoćnih linija,
03:04
we might be able to paint it ourselves,
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bili bismo u mogućnosti da ih nacrtamo,
03:06
because we would notice that we traveled along straight lines,
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jer bismo primetili da smo putovali pravim linijama,
03:09
undeflected straight paths
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direktnim pravim stazama
03:11
through the universe.
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kroz univerzum.
03:13
Einstein also realized --
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Ajnštajn je takođe uvideo --
03:15
and this is the real meat of the matter --
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i to je suština ovoga --
03:17
that if you put energy or mass in the universe,
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ako stavite energiju i masu u univerzum,
03:20
it would curve space,
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to će zakriviti prostor.
03:22
and a freely falling object
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I slobodno padajući objekti
03:24
would pass by, let's say, the Sun
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bi prošli, recimo, kraj sunca
03:26
and it would be deflected
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i bili bi privučeni
03:28
along the natural curves in the space.
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prirodnom zakrivljenošću prostora.
03:30
It was Einstein's great general theory of relativity.
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To je Ajnštajnova genijalna opšta teorija relativiteta.
03:34
Now even light will be bent by those paths.
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Čak i svetlo može biti savijeno tim stazama.
03:37
And you can be bent so much
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I moguće je doći do takvog savijanja,
03:39
that you're caught in orbit around the Sun,
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da se ostane zarobljen u orbiti Sunca,
03:41
as the Earth is, or the Moon around the Earth.
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kao što je to slučaj sa Zemljom, ili Mesecom oko Zemlje.
03:43
These are the natural curves in space.
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To su prirodne krive u prostoru.
03:46
What Einstein did not realize
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Ono što Ajnšatjn nije shvatio
03:48
was that, if you took our Sun
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je to da, ako se uzme naše Sunce
03:50
and you crushed it down to six kilometers --
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i sabije na šest kilometara u prečniku --
03:53
so you took a million times the mass of the Earth
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i tako dobije milion puta veća masa od Zemljine
03:56
and you crushed it to six kilometers across,
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sabije se na šest kilometara u dužini,
03:59
you would make a black hole,
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dobili bi crnu rupu,
04:01
an object so dense
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objekat toliko gust
04:03
that if light veered too close, it would never escape --
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da ukoliko bi svetlost bila dovoljno blizu, nikada ne bi uspela da pobegne --
04:06
a dark shadow against the universe.
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tamna senka protiv univerzuma.
04:09
It wasn't Einstein who realized this,
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Ajnštajn to nije otkrio,
04:11
it was Karl Schwarzschild
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to je otkrio Karl Švarcšild
04:13
who was a German Jew in World War I --
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nemački jevrej u I Svetskom ratu --
04:15
joined the German army already an accomplished scientist,
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koji se priključio nemačkoj vojsci kao već ostvareni naučnik,
04:18
working on the Russian front.
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radeći na ruskom frontu.
04:21
I like to imagine Schwarzschild in the war in the trenches
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Volim da zamišljam Švarcčilda u ratu u rovovima
04:24
calculating ballistic trajectories for cannon fire,
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kako vrši balističke proračune trajektila za topove,
04:28
and then, in between,
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i u međuvremenu,
04:30
calculating Einstein's equations --
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preračunava Ajnštajnove jednačine --
04:32
as you do in the trenches.
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kao što se to radi u rovovima.
04:34
And he was reading Einstein's recently published
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Čitao je nedavno pre toga objavljenu Ajnštajnovu
04:36
general theory of relativity,
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opštu teoriju relativiteta,
04:38
and he was thrilled by this theory.
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i bio je oduševljen tom teorijom.
04:40
And he quickly surmised
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Ubrzo je pretpostavio
04:42
an exact mathematical solution
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tačno matematičko rešenje
04:44
that described something very extraordinary:
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koje je objašnjavalo nešto veoma neobično:
04:46
curves so strong
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krive toliko jake
04:48
that space would rain down into them,
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da bi prostor upao u njih,
04:51
space itself would curve like a waterfall
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prostor bi se survao u sebe kao vodopad
04:53
flowing down the throat of a hole.
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slivajući se u središte rupe.
04:55
And even light could not escape this current.
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Čak ni svetlost ne bi mogla pobeći ovoj struji.
04:58
Light would be dragged down the hole
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Svetlost bi bila uvučena u rupu
05:00
as everything else would be,
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kao i sve ostalo,
05:02
and all that would be left would be a shadow.
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i sve što bi ostalo je senka.
05:04
Now he wrote to Einstein,
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Tada je pisao Ajnštajnu,
05:06
and he said, "As you will see,
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i rekao, "Kao što ćeš videti,
05:08
the war has been kind to me enough.
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rat mi je bio prilično naklonjen,
05:11
Despite the heavy gunfire,
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uprkos teškoj pucnjavi.
05:14
I've been able to get away from it all
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Uspeo sam da pobegnem od svega toga
05:16
and walk through the land of your ideas."
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i da hodam zemljom tvojih ideja."
05:19
And Einstein was very impressed with his exact solution,
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Ajnštajn je bio veoma impresioniran ovim rešenjem,
05:22
and I should hope also the dedication of the scientist.
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a nadam se takođe i posvećenošću ovog naučnika.
05:25
This is the hardworking scientist under harsh conditions.
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To je bio veoma predan naučnik u tim teškim uslovima.
05:28
And he took Schwarzschild's idea
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I izneo je Švarcčildove ideje
05:30
to the Prussian Academy of Sciences the next week.
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pred Pruskom Akademijom Nauka naredne nedelje.
05:33
But Einstein always thought black holes were a mathematical oddity.
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Ali Ajnštajn je smatrao da se crne rupe samo matematička čudnovatost.
05:36
He did not believe they existed in nature.
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Nije verovao da one zaista postoje u prirodi.
05:39
He thought nature would protect us from their formation.
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Mislio je da će nas priroda zaštiti od takvih struktura.
05:42
It was decades
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Prošle su dekade
05:44
before the term "black hole" was coined
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dok je nastao termin crnih rupa
05:46
and people realized
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i dok su ljudi shvatili
05:48
that black holes are real astrophysical objects --
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da su crne rupe realno postojeći astrofizički objekti --
05:50
in fact they're the death state
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zapravo one su mrtvo stanje
05:52
of very massive stars
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izuzetno masivnih zvezda
05:54
that collapse catastrophically
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koje dožive katastrofalni kolaps
05:56
at the end of their lifetime.
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na kraju svog životnog veka.
05:58
Now our Sun will not collapse to a black hole.
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Naše Sunce se neće pretvoriti u crnu rupu.
06:00
It's actually not massive enough.
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Jer nije dovoljno masivno.
06:02
But if we did a little thought experiment --
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Ali ako bismo napravili jedan misaoni eksperiment --
06:04
as Einstein was very fond of doing --
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kao što je to Ajnštajn voleo da radi --
06:06
we could imagine
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mogli bismo da zamislimo
06:08
putting the Sun crushed down to six kilometers,
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da se Sunce sažme na šest kilometara,
06:11
and putting a tiny little Earth around it in orbit,
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i da se malena Zemlja nađe u njegovoj orbiti na, recimo
06:14
maybe 30 kilometers
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30 kilometara
06:16
outside of the black-hole sun.
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udaljenosti od crne rupe sunca.
06:19
And it would be self-illuminated,
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Ona bi bila samosvetleća,
06:21
because now the Sun's gone, we have no other source of light --
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jer Sunca više ne bi bilo, nemamo drugog izvora svetlosti --
06:23
so let's make our little Earth self-illuminated.
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pa napravimo našu Zemlju samosvetlećom.
06:26
And you would realize you could put the Earth in a happy orbit
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I shvatili ste da bismo mogli staviti Zemlju na srećnu orbitu
06:28
even 30 km
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čak 30 kilometara
06:30
outside of this crushed black hole.
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udaljenu od urušene crne rupe.
06:33
This crushed black hole
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Ova urušena crna rupa
06:35
actually would fit inside Manhattan, more or less.
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bi stala na Menhetn, više ili manje.
06:37
It might spill off into the Hudson a little bit
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Možda bi malo prešla preko Hadsona
06:39
before it destroyed the Earth.
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pre nego što bi uništila Zemlju.
06:41
But basically that's what we're talking about.
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Ali u suštini to je ono o čemu govorimo.
06:43
We're talking about an object that you could crush down
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Govorimo o objektu koji biste mogli smestiti
06:45
to half the square area of Manhattan.
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na pola centralne zone Menhetna.
06:47
So we move this Earth very close --
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Tako bi primakli Zemlju veoma blizu --
06:49
30 kilometers outside --
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na 30 km udaljenosti --
06:51
and we notice it's perfectly fine orbiting around the black hole.
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i primećujemo da bi ona savršeno orbitirala oko crne rupe.
06:54
There's a sort of myth
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Postoji izvestan mit
06:56
that black holes devour everything in the universe,
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da crne rupe uništavaju sve u univerzumu,
06:58
but you actually have to get very close to fall in.
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ali u suštinu potrebno je prići jako blizu da biste upali u nju.
07:01
But what's very impressive is that, from our vantage point,
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Ono što je jako impresivno je to, sa naše tačke gledišta,
07:04
we can always see the Earth.
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uvek možemo videti Zemlju.
07:06
It cannot hide behind the black hole.
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Ne može se sakriti iza crne rupe.
07:08
The light from the Earth, some of it falls in,
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Svetlo sa Zemlje, deo njega upada u nju,
07:10
but some of it gets lensed around and brought back to us.
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ali jedan deo biva vraćen do nas.
07:13
So you can't hide anything behind a black hole.
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Tako ne možete ništa sakriti iza crne rupe.
07:15
If this were Battlestar Galactica
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Da je ovo Rat zvezda Galaktika
07:17
and you're fighting the Cylons,
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i da se borite protiv Sajlonaca,
07:19
don't hide behind the black hole.
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nikako ne biste hteli da se sakrijete iza crne rupe.
07:21
They can see you.
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Videli bi vas.
07:24
Now, our Sun will not collapse to a black hole --
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Naše Sunce se neće urušiti u crnu rupu;
07:26
it's not massive enough --
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nije dovoljno masivno,
07:28
but there are tens of thousands of black holes in our galaxy.
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ali postoje na desetine hiljada crnih rupa u našoj galaksiji.
07:32
And if one were to eclipse the Milky Way,
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A ukoliko bi došlo do pomračenja u Mlečnom putu,
07:35
this is what it would look like.
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evo kako bi to izgledalo.
07:37
We would see a shadow of that black hole
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Videli bismo senku crne rupe
07:40
against the hundred billion stars
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među hiljadama milijardi zvezda
07:42
in the Milky Way Galaxy and its luminous dust lanes.
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na Mlečnom putu galaksije i njihove svetleće puteve.
07:45
And if we were to fall towards this black hole,
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I kada bismo upali u tu crnu rupu,
07:48
we would see all of that light lensed around it,
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videli bismo svo to svetlo sakupljeno u njoj,
07:51
and we could even start to cross into that shadow
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mogli bismo čak da prođemo kroz senku
07:54
and really not notice that anything dramatic had happened.
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i da ne primetimo da se išta dramatično desilo.
07:57
It would be bad if we tried to fire our rockets and get out of there
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Bilo bi strašno kada bismo ispalili rakete i probali da pobegnemo odatle
08:00
because we couldn't,
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jer ne bismo uspeli,
08:02
anymore than light can escape.
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isto kao što ni svetlo ne može pobeći.
08:04
But even though the black hole is dark from the outside,
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Ali iako je crna rupa mračna spolja posmatrano,
08:07
it's not dark on the inside,
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ona nije mračna u središtu.
08:09
because all of the light from the galaxy can fall in behind us.
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jer svetlost iz galaksije pada unutar nje.
08:12
And even though, due to a relativistic effect known as time dilation,
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Pa ipak, zbog relativističkog efekta poznatog kao vremensko usporavanje,
08:16
our clocks would seem to slow down
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delovaće kao da su naši satovi usporili
08:19
relative to galactic time,
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u odnosu na galaktičko vreme,
08:22
it would look as though the evolution of the galaxy
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izgledalo bi kao da je evolucija galaksije
08:25
had been sped up and shot at us,
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ubrzala i pogodila nas,
08:27
right before we were crushed to death by the black hole.
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baš pre nego što bismo bili uvučeni u smrt od strane crne rupe.
08:30
It would be like a near-death experience
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To bi izgledalo kao iskustvo bliske smrti
08:32
where you see the light at the end of the tunnel,
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kada se vidi svetlo na kraju tunela,
08:34
but it's a total death experience.
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samo što bi ovo bilo kompletno iskustvo smrti.
08:36
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
08:38
And there's no way of telling anybody
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I ne bi bilo šanse da nekome kažete
08:40
about the light at the end of the tunnel.
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o svetlu na kraju tunela.
08:42
Now we've never seen a shadow like this of a black hole,
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E sada, nikada nismo videli ovakvu senku crne rupe,
08:45
but black holes can be heard,
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ali crne rupe se mogu čuti,
08:47
even if they're not seen.
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čak i ako se ne vide.
08:49
Imagine now taking an astrophysically realistic situation --
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Zamislite sada jednu astrofizičku, realno moguću, situaciju --
08:53
imagine two black holes that have lived a long life together.
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zamislite dve crne rupe koje su proživele dugačak zajednički život.
08:56
Maybe they started as stars
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Možda su započele kao zvezde
08:58
and collapsed to two black holes --
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i urušile se u crne rupe --
09:00
each one 10 times the mass of the Sun.
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svaka od njih 10 puta masivnija od Sunca.
09:03
So now we're going to crush them down to 60 kilometers across.
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Sada ćemo ih urušiti na 60 km prečnika.
09:06
They can be spinning
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Mogu rotirati
09:08
hundreds of times a second.
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hiljadama puta u sekundi.
09:10
At the end of their lives,
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Na kraju njihovih života,
09:12
they're going around each other very near the speed of light.
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kreću se jedna oko druge brzinom približno bliskom brzini svetlosti.
09:15
So they're crossing thousands of kilometers
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Tako prelaze hiljade kilometara
09:17
in a fraction of a second,
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u deličima sekunde.
09:19
and as they do so, they not only curve space,
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I na takav način, one ne samo da zakrivljuju prostor,
09:21
but they leave behind in their wake
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one takođe ostavljaju za sobom
09:23
a ringing of space,
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prstenasti prostor,
09:25
an actual wave on space-time.
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pravi talas u prostor-vremenu.
09:27
Space squeezes and stretches
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Prostor se širi i rasteže
09:29
as it emanates out from these black holes
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dok proističe iz tih crnih rupa
09:31
banging on the universe.
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bubnjajući univerzumom.
09:33
And they travel out into the cosmos
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I one putuju kroz kosmos
09:35
at the speed of light.
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brzinom svetlosti.
09:37
This computer simulation
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Ova kompjuterska simulacija
09:39
is due to a relativity group at NASA Goddard.
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je nastala zahvaljujući grupi NASA Goddard.
09:42
It took almost 30 years for anyone in the world to crack this problem.
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Bilo je potrebno skoro 30 godina da bi iko na svetu rešio ovaj problem.
09:45
This was one of the groups.
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Ovo je bila jedna od grupa.
09:47
It shows two black holes in orbit around each other,
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Pokazuje dve crne rupe u orbiti jedne oko druge,
09:49
again, with these helpfully painted curves.
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ponovo, sa ovim nacrtanim pomoćnim krivama.
09:51
And if you can see -- it's kind of faint --
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I ako možete videti -- malo je mutno --
09:54
but if you can see the red waves emanating out,
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ali ako možete videti crvene talase kako proističu,
09:57
those are the gravitational waves.
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to su gravitacioni talasi.
09:59
They're literally the sounds of space ringing,
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To su bukvalno zvučni talasi prostora,
10:02
and they will travel out from these black holes at the speed of light
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i oni će putovati od ovih crnih rupa brzinom svetlosti
10:04
as they ring down and coalesce
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dok se lagano stišavaju i sjedinjuju
10:07
to one spinning, quiet black hole
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u jednu rotirajuću, tihu crnu rupu
10:09
at the end of the day.
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na kraju dana.
10:11
If you were standing near enough,
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Ukoliko bi stajali dovoljno blizu,
10:13
your ear would resonate
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vaše uvo bi rezoniralo
10:15
with the squeezing and stretching of space.
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sa širenjem i skupljanjem prostora.
10:17
You would literally hear the sound.
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Bukvalno biste čuli zvuk.
10:19
Now of course, your head would be squeezed and stretched unhelpfully,
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E sad, naravno, vaša glava bi se takođe širila i skupljala,
10:23
so you might have trouble understanding what's going on.
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pa biste možda imali problema da razumete šta se dešava.
10:26
But I'd like to play for you
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Ali voleo bih da vam pustim da odslušate
10:28
the sound that we predict.
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zvuk koji smo predvideli.
10:30
This is from my group --
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Ovo je od moje grupe --
10:32
a slightly less glamorous computer modeling.
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nešto manje glamurozno kompjutersko modelovanje.
10:35
Imagine a lighter black hole
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Zamislite svetliju crnu rupu
10:37
falling into a very heavy black hole.
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koja pada u veoma tešku crnu rupu.
10:39
The sound you're hearing
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Zvuk koji ćete čuti
10:41
is the light black hole banging on space
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je zvuk svetlije crne rupe koja bubnja kroz prostor
10:44
each time it gets close.
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dok se približava.
10:46
If it gets far away, it's a little too quiet.
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Da je udaljenija, zvuk bi bio slabiji.
10:49
But it comes in like a mallet,
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Ali ona nailazi poput malja,
10:51
and it literally cracks space,
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i bukvalno razbija prostor,
10:53
wobbling it like a drum.
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udarajući kao bubanj.
10:55
And we can predict what the sound will be.
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I možemo predvideti kakav bi zvuk bio.
10:58
We know that, as it falls in,
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Znamo i to da, kako propada,
11:00
it gets faster and it gets louder.
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ona se ubrzava i biva glasnija.
11:02
And eventually,
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I najzad,
11:04
we're going to hear the little guy just fall into the bigger guy.
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čućemo kako mala rupa upada u veliku.
11:07
(Thumping)
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(Udari)
11:24
Then it's gone.
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I onda je gotovo.
11:26
Now I've never heard it that loud -- it's actually more dramatic.
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Nikada nisam slušao ovako glasno -- zapravo je mnogo dramatičnije.
11:28
At home it sounds kind of anticlimactic.
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Kod kuće zvuči gotovo antiklimakteričko.
11:30
It's sort of like ding, ding, ding.
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Zvuči kao ding, ding, ding.
11:32
This is another sound from my group.
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Ovo je jedan drugi zvuk moje grupe.
11:36
No, I'm not showing you any images,
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Ne, neću vam pokazati nikakve slike,
11:38
because black holes don't leave behind
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jer crne rupe ne ostavljaju za sobom
11:40
helpful trails of ink,
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nikakve pomoćne tragove,
11:42
and space is not painted,
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i prostor nije obojan,
11:44
showing you the curves.
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kako bi pokazao zakrivljenost.
11:46
But if you were to float by in space on a space holiday
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Ali ako biste plovili svemirom na nekom svemirskom odmoru
11:48
and you heard this,
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i čujete ovaj zvuk,
11:50
you want to get moving.
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želeli biste da pobegnete.
11:52
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
11:54
Want to get away from the sound.
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Želeli biste da pobegnete od zvuka.
11:56
Both black holes are moving.
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Obe crne rupe se kreću.
11:58
Both black holes are getting closer together.
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Obe crne rupe se približavaju jedna drugoj.
12:01
In this case, they're both wobbling quite a lot.
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U ovom slučaju, obe bubnjaju prilično mnogo.
12:04
And then they're going to merge.
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I na putu su da se spoje.
12:06
(Thumping)
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(Bubnjanje)
12:14
Now it's gone.
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Gotovo je.
12:16
Now that chirp is very characteristic of black holes merging --
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Ovaj piskutav zvuk je veoma karakterističan za spajanje crnih rupa --
12:19
that it chirps up at the end.
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tako zvuči na kraju.
12:22
Now that's our prediction
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E sada, ovo je naše predviđanje
12:24
for what we'll see.
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za ono što ćemo videti.
12:26
Luckily we're at this safe distance in Long Beach, California.
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Na sreću, mi smo na sigurnoj udaljenosti ovde na Lng Biču, u Kaliforniji.
12:28
And surely, somewhere in the universe
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I sigurno, negde u univerzumu
12:30
two black holes have merged.
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dve crne rupe su se spojile.
12:32
And surely, the space around us
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I sigurno, prostor oko nas
12:34
is ringing
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odzvanja
12:36
after traveling maybe a million light years, or a million years,
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posle putovanja možda milionima svetlosnih godina, ili milionima godina,
12:39
at the speed of light to get to us.
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brzinom svetlosti da bi stigla do nas.
12:42
But the sound is too quiet for any of us to ever hear.
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Ali zvuk je previše tih da bi ga bilo ko od nas čuo.
12:45
There are very industrious experiments being built on Earth --
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Postoje veoma napredni eksperimenti koji se rade ovde na Zemlji --
12:48
one called LIGO --
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jedan nazvan LIGO --
12:50
which will detect deviations
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koji će detektovati neka odstupanja
12:52
in the squeezing and stretching of space
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u širenjima i skupljanjima prostora
12:55
at less than the fraction of a nucleus of an atom
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manjim od delića jezgra atoma
12:58
over four kilometers.
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pa preko četiri kilometra.
13:00
It's a remarkably ambitious experiment,
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To je prilično ambiciozan eksperiment,
13:02
and it's going to be at advanced sensitivity
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i odvijaće se na unapređenoj osetljivosti
13:04
within the next few years -- to pick this up.
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u narednih nekoliko godina -- kako bi uhvatili to.
13:07
There's also a mission proposed for space,
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Postoji takođe i predložena misija za svemir,
13:09
which hopefully will launch in the next ten years,
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koja bi trebalo da se odvije u narednih deset godina,
13:11
called LISA.
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zvana LISA.
13:13
And LISA will be able to see super-massive black holes --
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I LISA će biti u stanju da vidi super masivne crne rupe --
13:16
black holes millions or billions of times
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crne rupe milionima ili milijardama puta
13:19
the mass of the Sun.
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masivnijim od Sunca.
13:21
In this Hubble image, we see two galaxies.
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Na ovoj Hablovoj slici, vidimo dve galaksije.
13:24
They look like they're frozen in some embrace.
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Izgledaju kao da su zamrznute u nekakvom zagrljaju.
13:27
And each one probably harbors
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I svaka od njih verovatno skriva
13:29
a super-massive black hole at its core.
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super masivnu crnu rupu u svom središtu.
13:32
But they're not frozen;
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Ali one nisu zamrznute,
13:34
they're actually merging.
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one se zapravo spajaju.
13:36
These two black holes are colliding,
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Ove dve crne rupe se ujedinjuju,
13:38
and they will merge over a billion-year time scale.
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i one će se spojiti u periodu od milijardu godina.
13:41
It's beyond our human perception
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To je van domašaja ljudske percepcije
13:43
to pick up a song of that duration.
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da se uhvati muzika tog događaja.
13:46
But LISA could see the final stages
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Ali LISA bi mogla videti poslednje faze
13:48
of two super-massive black holes
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dve super masivne crne rupe
13:50
earlier in the universe's history,
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ranije tokom istorije univerzuma,
13:52
the last 15 minutes before they fall together.
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poslednjih 15 minuta pre nego što su se spojile.
13:55
And it's not just black holes,
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I to ne samo crne rupe,
13:57
but it's also any big disturbance in the universe --
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već bilo koju veću nepravilnost u univerzumu --
14:00
and the biggest of them all is the Big Bang.
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a najveća od njih je svakako Veliki Prasak.
14:02
When that expression was coined, it was derisive --
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Kada je taj izraz skovan, bio je prilično podrugljiv --
14:05
like, "Oh, who would believe in a Big Bang?"
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kao, "Oh, ko bi još poverovao u Veliki Prasak?"
14:07
But now it actually might be more technically accurate
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Ali sada je to već tehnički moguće proveriti,
14:09
because it might bang.
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jer bi moglo eksplodirati;
14:11
It might make a sound.
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moglo bi proizvesti zvuk.
14:13
This animation from my friends at Proton Studios
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Ova animacija je napravljena od strane mojiih prijatelja u Proton Studiju
14:16
shows looking at the Big Bang from the outside.
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i pokazuje Veliki Prasak spolja gledano.
14:18
We don't ever want to do that actually. We want to be inside the universe
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Ne bismo nikada želeli da to zaista uradimo; želimo biti unutar univerzuma,
14:21
because there's no such thing as standing outside the universe.
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jer ne postoji mogućnost postojati van univerzuma.
14:24
So imagine you're inside the Big Bang.
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Zamislite sada da ste unutar Velikog Praska.
14:26
It's everywhere, it's all around you,
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Svuda je, oko vas,
14:28
and the space is wobbling chaotically.
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i prostor se pomera haotično.
14:30
Fourteen billion years pass
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14 milijardi godina je prošlo
14:32
and this song is still ringing all around us.
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i ta muzika i dalje odjekuje oko nas.
14:35
Galaxies form,
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Galaktične forme,
14:37
and generations of stars form in those galaxies,
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i generacije zvezda iz tih galaksija.
14:39
and around one star,
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I oko jedne zvezde,
14:41
at least one star,
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najmanje jedna zvezda,
14:43
is a habitable planet.
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je nastanjiva planeta.
14:45
And here we are frantically building these experiments,
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I evo nas kako mahnito pokušavamo da napravimo eksperimente,
14:48
doing these calculations, writing these computer codes.
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radeći ove proračune, pišući ove kompjuterske kodove.
14:50
Imagine a billion years ago,
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Zamislite pre milijardu godina,
14:53
two black holes collided.
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dve crne rupe su se spojile.
14:55
That song has been ringing through space
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Ta muzika je odzvanjala kroz prostor
14:57
for all that time.
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sve ovo vreme.
14:59
We weren't even here.
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Nismo čak ni bili ovde.
15:01
It gets closer and closer --
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Postaje sve bliža i bliža --
15:03
40,000 years ago, we're still doing cave paintings.
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40.000 godina ranije, još uvek crtamo crteže u pećinama.
15:05
It's like hurry, build your instruments.
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Kao da smo u žurbi, da napravimo instrumente.
15:07
It's getting closer and closer, and in 20 ...
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Sve je bliže i bliže, i 20...
15:10
whatever year it will be
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koja god godina da bude
15:12
when our detectors are finally at advanced sensitivity --
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kada naši detektori najzad dostignu željenu osetljivost --
15:14
we'll build them, we'll turn on the machines
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sagradićemo ih, uključićemo mašine
15:16
and, bang, we'll catch it -- the first song from space.
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i, beng, uhvatićemo ga -- prvu muziku iz svemira.
15:19
If it was the Big Bang we were going to pick up,
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Ukoliko to bude zvuk Velikog Praska,
15:21
it would sound like this.
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zvučaće otprilike ovako.
15:23
(Static) It's a terrible sound.
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(Zvuk) To je užasan zvuk.
15:26
It's literally the definition of noise.
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To je bukvalno definicija buke.
15:28
It's white noise; it's such a chaotic ringing.
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To je beli šum, haotično odzvanjanje.
15:30
But it's around us everywhere, presumably,
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Ali oko nas je svuda, verovatno,
15:33
if it hasn't been wiped out
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ukoliko nije izbrisano
15:35
by some other process in the universe.
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nekim drugim procesom u univerzumu.
15:37
And if we pick it up, it will be music to our ears
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Ukoliko ga uhvatimo, biće to muzika za naše uši,
15:40
because it will be the quiet echo
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jer biće to tihi eho
15:42
of that moment of our creation,
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trenutka našeg stvaranja,
15:44
of our observable universe.
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našeg vidljivog univerzuma.
15:46
So within the next few years,
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I u narednih nekoliko godina,
15:48
we'll be able to turn up the soundtrack a little bit,
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moći ćemo da pojačamo zvuk malo,
15:51
render the universe in audio.
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pretvarajući univerzm u zuk.
15:54
But if we detect those earliest moments,
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ALi ako detektujemo ranije trenutke,
15:57
it'll bring us that much closer
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to će nas dovesti mnogo bliže
15:59
to an understanding of the Big Bang,
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razumevajnu Velikog Praska,
16:01
which brings us that much closer
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što nas približava
16:04
to asking some of the hardest, most elusive, questions.
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postavljanju jednog od najtežih, najnedostižnijih pitanja.
16:07
If we run the movie of our universe backwards,
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Ako pustimo film univerzuma unazad,
16:10
we know that there was a Big Bang in our past,
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znamo da se desio Veliki Prasak u prošlosti,
16:13
and we might even hear the cacophonous sound of it,
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i možda bismo čuli njegov zvuk,
16:17
but was our Big Bang the only Big Bang?
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ali da li je naš Veliki Prasak jedini Veliki Prasak?
16:19
I mean we have to ask, has it happened before?
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Mislim, moramo se zapitati, da li se desio i ranije?
16:22
Will it happen again?
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Da li će se desiti ponovo?
16:24
I mean, in the spirit of rising to TED's challenge
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Mislim, u duhu uzdizanja TEDovih izazova
16:27
to reignite wonder,
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kako bismo rasplamsali čudo,
16:29
we can ask questions, at least for this last minute,
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možemo postaviti pitanje, makar u ovom poslednjem minutu,
16:32
that honestly might evade us forever.
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koje nas zbilja može izbegavati zauvek.
16:34
But we have to ask:
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Ali moramo ga postaviti:
16:36
Is it possible that our universe
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Da li je moguće da naš univerzum
16:38
is just a plume off of some greater history?
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samo oznaka neke veće istorije?
16:41
Or, is it possible that we're just a branch off of a multiverse --
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Ili, da li je moguće da smo mi samo ogranak nekog multiverzuma --
16:45
each branch with its own Big Bang in its past --
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i svaka grana ima svoj sopstveni Veliki Prasak u prošlosti --
16:49
maybe some of them with black holes playing drums,
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neke od njih sa crnim rupama koje bubnjaju,
16:51
maybe some without --
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neke možda bez njih --
16:53
maybe some with sentient life, and maybe some without --
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možda neke sa živim svetom, možda neke bez --
16:56
not in our past, not in our future,
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ne u našoj prošlosti, ne u našoj budućnosti,
16:58
but somehow fundamentally connected to us?
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ali nekako fundamentalno povezane sa nama?
17:01
So we have to wonder, if there is a multiverse,
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Moramo se pitati, da li postoji multiverzum,
17:03
in some other patch of that multiverse,
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u nekom drugom delu tog multiverzuma,
17:05
are there creatures?
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postoje li stvorenja?
17:07
Here's my multiverse creatures.
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Evo mojih multiverznih stvorenja.
17:09
Are there other creatures in the multiverse,
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Da li postoje svorenja u multiverzumu,
17:11
wondering about us
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koja razmišljaju o nama
17:13
and wondering about their own origins?
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i razmišljaju o sopstvenom poreklu?
17:16
And if they are,
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I ako postoje,
17:18
I can imagine them as we are,
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mogu ih zamisliti da su poput nas,
17:21
calculating, writing computer code,
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računaju, pišu komjuterske kodove.
17:23
building instruments,
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grade instrumenete,
17:25
trying to detect that faintest sound
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pokušavaju da detektuhz taj sudbonosan zvuk
17:28
of their origins
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svog porekla
17:30
and wondering who else is out there.
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i pitaju se ko li je još tamo.
17:32
Thank you. Thank you.
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Hvala vam. Hvala.
17:35
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Janna Levin - PhysicistJanna Levin is a professor of physics and astronomy at Barnard, where she studies the early universe, chaos, and black holes. She's the author of “How the Universe Got Its Spots" and the novel “A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines.”
Why you should listen
Janna Levin is a Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Barnard College of Columbia University. Her scientific research concerns the early universe, chaos and black holes. Her second book – a novel, A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines – won the PEN/Bingham Fellowship for Writers and was a runner-up for the PEN/Hemingway award for "a distinguished book of first fiction." She is the author of the popular science book, How the Universe Got Its Spots: Diary of a Finite Time in a Finite Space.
She holds a BA in Physics and Astronomy from Barnard College with a concentration in Philosophy, and a PhD from MIT in Physics. She has worked at the Center for Particle Astrophysics (CfPA) at the University of California, Berkeley before moving to the UK where she worked at Cambridge University in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics (DAMTP). Just before returning to New York, she was the first scientist-in-residence at the Ruskin School of Fine Art and Drawing at Oxford with an award from the National Endowment for Science, Technology, and Arts (NESTA).
Listen to a Q&A with another TED speaker, Krista Tippett -- where they talk math and faith and truth and more ...
Janna Levin | Speaker | TED.com