TED2007
Michael Pollan: A plant's-eye view
Michael Pollan esitab taime vaatenurga
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Mis siis, kui inimteadvus polegi Darwinismi ülim tipp? Võibolla oleme me ainult etturid maisi kavalas strateegias tõusta Maa valitsejaks? Kirjanik Michael Pollan palub meil vaadata maailma taime vaatenurgast.
Michael Pollan - Environmental writer
Michael Pollan is the author of The Omnivore’s Dilemma, in which he explains how our food not only affects our health but has far-reaching political, economic, and environmental implications. His new book is In Defense of Food. Full bio
Michael Pollan is the author of The Omnivore’s Dilemma, in which he explains how our food not only affects our health but has far-reaching political, economic, and environmental implications. His new book is In Defense of Food. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
It's a simple idea about nature.
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Mul on looduse teemal üks lihtne mõte
00:20
I want to say a word for nature
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ja ma tahaksin öelda mõne sõna looduse teemal,
00:22
because we haven't talked that much about it the last couple days.
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sest me pole sellest viimasel paaril päeval eriti rääkinud.
00:24
I want to say a word for the soil and the bees and the plants and the animals,
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Ma tahan öelda paar sõna mulla ja mesilaste ja taimede ja loomade kohta.
00:29
and tell you about a tool, a very simple tool that I have found.
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Ja rääkida teile ühest võttest, väga lihtsast võttest, mille ma avastanud olen.
00:34
Although it's really nothing more than a literary conceit; it's not a technology.
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Kuigi see pole midagi enamat kui kirjanduslik pettekujund -- see ei ole tehnoloogia --
00:39
It's very powerful for, I think, changing our relationship to the natural world
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võib see, ma arvan, väga jõuliselt muuta meie suhet loodusega
00:45
and to the other species on whom we depend.
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ja teiste liikidega, kellest me sõltume.
00:48
And that tool is very simply, as Chris suggested,
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Ja see võte on, väga lihtsalt, nagu Chris vihjas,
00:51
looking at us and the world from the plants' or the animals' point of view.
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vaadata meid ja maailma taimede või loomade pilgu läbi.
00:56
It's not my idea, other people have hit on it,
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See ei ole minu mõte, teised inimesed tulid selle peale,
01:00
but I've tried to take it to some new places.
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aga ma olen proovinud seda võtet uutes kohtades kasutada.
01:04
Let me tell you where I got it.
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Las ma jutustan teile, kus ma selle avastasin.
01:06
Like a lot of my ideas, like a lot of the tools I use,
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Nagu paljud mu ideed ja võtted, mida ma kasutan,
01:09
I found it in the garden; I'm a very devoted gardener.
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leidsin ma selle aiast. Ma olen väga pühendunud aednik.
01:13
And there was a day about seven years ago: I was planting potatoes,
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Ning ühel päeval umbes seitse aastat tagasi, panin ma parasjagu kartuleid.
01:17
it was the first week of May --
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Oli mai esimene nädal.
01:19
this is New England, when the apple trees are just vibrating with bloom;
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See toimus Uus-Inglismaal, ajal kui õunapuud lausa särasid õites.
01:24
they're just white clouds above.
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Nad olid nagu valged pilved pea kohal.
01:26
I was here, planting my chunks,
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Mina olin siin, panin oma tükke maha,
01:29
cutting up potatoes and planting it,
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lõikasin kartuleid tükkideks ja istutasin maha.
01:31
and the bees were working on this tree;
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Ja mesilased töötasid sellel puul.
01:34
bumblebees, just making this thing vibrate.
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Suured mesilased, panid terve puu vibreerima.
01:36
And one of the things I really like about gardening
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Ja üks asi, mis mulle aiatöö juures väga meeldib,
01:39
is that it doesn't take all your concentration,
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on see, et see ei nõua täit keskendumist.
01:42
you really can't get hurt -- it's not like woodworking --
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Viga saada pole võimalik. See pole nagu puunikerdamine.
01:44
and you have plenty of kind of mental space for speculation.
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Ja sa võid -- sul on piisavalt palju ruumi lasta mõtetel rännata.
01:48
And the question I asked myself that afternoon in the garden,
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Ning küsimus, mille ma endale tol pärastlõunal aias esitasin, oli --
01:52
working alongside that bumblebee,
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töötades selle mesilasega kõrvuti --
01:55
was: what did I and that bumblebee have in common?
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oli: Mis oli minul ja mesilasel ühist?
01:59
How was our role in this garden similar and different?
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Kuidas oli meie roll selles aias sarnane ja erinev?
02:03
And I realized we actually had quite a bit in common:
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Ja ma mõistsin, et tegelikult oli meil üsna palju ühist.
02:05
both of us were disseminating the genes of one species and not another,
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Me mõlemad levitasime ühe liigi geene, kuid mitte teise omi.
02:11
and both of us -- probably, if I can imagine the bee's point of view --
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Ja me mõlemad, arvatavasti, kui ma suudan mesilase vaatepunkti ette kujutada,
02:16
thought we were calling the shots.
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arvasime, et meie olime olukorra peremehed.
02:18
I had decided what kind of potato I wanted to plant --
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Mina olin otsustanud, millist kartulit ma istutada tahtsin.
02:22
I had picked my Yukon Gold or Yellow Finn, or whatever it was --
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Ma olin valinud oma Yukoni kuldse või Kollase soomlase, või mis iganes sort see oli,
02:26
and I had summoned those genes from a seed catalog across the country,
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Ja ma olin need geenid riigi teisest otsast seemnekataloogi kaudu
02:31
brought it, and I was planting it.
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kohale tellinud, ja istutasin neid.
02:33
And that bee, no doubt, assumed that it had decided,
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Ning see mesilane, kahtlemata, arvas et tema oli otsustanud,
02:37
"I'm going for that apple tree, I'm going for that blossom,
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ma valin vaat selle õunapuu, selle õie,
02:40
I'm going to get the nectar and I'm going to leave."
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ma võtan nektari ja lähen ära.
02:43
We have a grammar that suggests that's who we are;
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Juba meie grammatika vihjab, et sellised me olemegi,
02:48
that we are sovereign subjects in nature, the bee as well as me.
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et me oleme looduses suveräänsed subjektid, nii mesilane kui ka mina.
02:53
I plant the potatoes, I weed the garden, I domesticate the species.
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Mina panen kartuleid, mina kitkun umbrohtu, mina kodustan liike.
02:59
But that day, it occurred to me:
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Aga tol päeval jõudis mulle kohale, et
03:01
what if that grammar is nothing more than a self-serving conceit?
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mis siis kui grammatika on kõigest eneseimetlus?
03:04
Because, of course, the bee thinks he's in charge or she's in charge,
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Sest loomulikult, mesilasepoiss või mesilasetüdruk arvab et tema on boss.
03:08
but we know better.
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Ja -- aga meie teame, kuidas tegelikult on.
03:10
We know that what's going on between the bee and that flower
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Me teame, et mis mesilase ja õie vahel toimub,
03:14
is that bee has been cleverly manipulated by that flower.
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on see, et mesilane on õie poolt kavalalt manipuleeritud.
03:18
And when I say manipulated, I'm talking about in a Darwinian sense, right?
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Ja kui ma ütlen manipuleeritud, ma pean silmas Darwini mõistes, eks?
03:21
I mean it has evolved a very specific set of traits --
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Ma pean silmas, õis on endale arendanud täpse komplekti omadusi --
03:24
color, scent, flavor, pattern -- that has lured that bee in.
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värv, lõhn, maitse, muster -- mis mesilase kohale meelitas.
03:29
And the bee has been cleverly fooled into taking the nectar,
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Ja mesilane peibutati kavalasti nektarit võtma,
03:33
and also picking up some powder on its leg,
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ja ühtlasi natuke õietolmu oma jalgade külge korjama,
03:36
and going off to the next blossom.
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ning teise õie juurde lendama.
03:38
The bee is not calling the shots.
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Mesilane ei ole olukorra peremees.
03:41
And I realized then, I wasn't either.
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Ja siis sain ma aru, et mina ka polnud.
03:43
I had been seduced by that potato and not another
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Minu oli ära võlunud just see kartul, mitte mõni teine,
03:46
into planting its -- into spreading its genes, giving it a little bit more habitat.
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ja pannud mind istutama -- levitama tema geene, andma talle natuke rohkem eluruumi.
03:51
And that's when I got the idea, which was, "Well, what would happen
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Ja siis tuligi mulle mõte, mis oli see, et noh, kuidas oleks -- mis juhtuks,
03:55
if we kind of looked at us from this point of view of these other species who are working on us?"
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kui me vaatleksime ennast nende teiste liikide pilgu läbi, kes meid töötlevad?
03:58
And agriculture suddenly appeared to me not as an invention, not as a human technology,
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Ja järsku nägin ma põllumajandust mitte kui leitutist, mitte kui inimeste tehnoloogiat,
04:03
but as a co-evolutionary development
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vaid kui kaas-evolutsioonilist arengut,
04:05
in which a group of very clever species, mostly edible grasses, had exploited us,
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milles rühm väga tarku liike, peamiselt söödavad rohttaimed, meid ära kasutasid,
04:11
figured out how to get us to basically deforest the world.
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nuputades välja, kuidas panna meid sisuliselt maailma metsi maha raiuma.
04:16
The competition of grasses, right?
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Mets on rohttaimede konkurent, eks?
04:19
And suddenly everything looked different.
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Ja järsku paistis kõik teistmoodi.
04:21
And suddenly mowing the lawn that day was a completely different experience.
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Ja muru niitmine tol päeval oli järsku hoopis teistsugune kogemus.
04:25
I had thought always -- and in fact, had written this in my first book;
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Ma olin alati mõelnud, ja kirjutasin sellest isegi oma esimeses raamatus --
04:28
this was a book about gardening --
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see raamat rääkis aiandusest --
04:29
that lawns were nature under culture's boot,
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et õuemuru on loodus, mis on surutud kultuuri saapatalla alla.
04:34
that they were totalitarian landscapes,
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Et muru on totalitaarne maastik.
04:36
and that when we mowed them we were cruelly suppressing the species
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Ja et kui me muru niidame, siis me surume seda liiki julmalt alla
04:40
and never letting it set seed or die or have sex.
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ning ei lase neil iialgi seemneid levitada, surra või seksida.
04:44
And that's what the lawn was.
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Ja see oligi muru.
04:46
But then I realized, "No, this is exactly what the grasses want us to do.
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Kuid siis sain ma aru: "Ei, täpselt seda rohi tahabki, et me teeksime.
04:50
I'm a dupe. I'm a dupe of the lawns, whose goal in life is to outcompete the trees,
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Ma olen tola. Ma olen tola muru jaoks, kelle elu eesmärk on puudele ära panna,
04:57
who they compete with for sunlight."
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sest ta võistleb nendega -- võistleb nendega päikesevalguse üle."
05:00
And so by getting us to mow the lawn, we keep the trees from coming back,
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Nii et pannes meid muru niitma, ei lase me puudel tagasi tulla,
05:04
which in New England happens very, very quickly.
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mis Uus-Inglismaal juhtub väga-väga ruttu.
05:07
So I started looking at things this way
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Nii et ma hakkasin asju sel moel vaatama,
05:10
and wrote a whole book about it called "The Botany of Desire."
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ning kirjutasin sellest terve raamatu pealkirjaga, "Iha botaanika."
05:12
And I realized that in the same way you can look at a flower
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Ja ma sain aru, et samal moel, nagu sa lille vaadata võid,
05:16
and deduce all sorts of interesting things about the taste and the desires of bees --
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ning teha igasuguseid huvitavaid järeldusi mesilaste maitsete ja ihade kohta,
05:21
that they like sweetness, that they like this color and not that color, that they like symmetry --
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et neile meeldib magus, et neile meeldib see värv ja mitte too värv, et neile meeldib sümmeetria,
05:27
what could we find out about ourselves by doing the same thing?
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mida me enda kohta sama meetodit kasutades teada saada võime?
05:30
That a certain kind of potato, a certain kind of drug,
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Et teatud tüüpi kartul, teatud tüüpi narkootikum,
05:33
a sativa-indica Cannabis cross has something to say about us.
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üks hariliku ja india kanepi ristand võib meie kohta midagi öelda.
05:39
And that, wouldn't this be kind of an interesting way to look at the world?
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Ja see -- kas see poleks huvitav viis, kuidas maailma vaadata?
05:44
Now, the test of any idea -- I said it was a literary conceit --
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Nüüd, iga mõtte test -- ma ütlesin, et see on kirjanduslik pettekujund --
05:48
is what does it get us?
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on, mis sellest kasu on?
05:51
And when you're talking about nature, which is really my subject as a writer,
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Ning kui sa räägid loodusest, mis on minu kui kirjaniku teema,
05:55
how does it meet the Aldo Leopold test?
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kuidas -- kas see läbib Aldo Leopoldi testi?
05:58
Which is, does it make us better citizens of the biotic community?
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Mis kõlab, kas see teeb meid biootilises ühiskonnas paremateks kodanikeks?
06:02
Get us to do things that leads to the support and perpetuation of the biota,
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Kas see paneb meid tegema asju, mis toetavad looduskeskkonda ja viivad selle jätkumiseni,
06:09
rather than its destruction?
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mitte hävimiseni?
06:10
And I would submit that this idea does this.
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Ja ma pakuksin, et see idee teeb seda.
06:12
So, let me go through what you gain when you look at the world this way,
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Nii et las ma seletan lähemalt, mida me maailma sel moel vaadates võidame,
06:15
besides some entertaining insights about human desire.
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peale, noh, huvitavate teadmiste inimese ihade kohta.
06:20
As an intellectual matter, looking at the world from other species' points of view
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Intellektuaalselt, maailma vaatamine teise liigi pilgu läbi
06:27
helps us deal with this weird anomaly,
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aitab meil hakkama saada imeliku anomaaliaga,
06:30
which is -- and this is in the realm of intellectual history --
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mis on -- ja see on intellektuaalse ajaloo vallast --
06:34
which is that we have this Darwinian revolution 150 years ago ...
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mis on see, et meil oli 150 aastat tagasi Darwini revolutsioon --
06:39
Ugh. Mini-Me. (Laughter)
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Ahh. Pisi-mina --
06:44
We have this intellectual, this Darwinian revolution in which, thanks to Darwin,
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meil on see intellektuaalne, see Darwini revolutsioon, mille jooksul, tänu Darwinile,
06:50
we figured out we are just one species among many;
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me saime aru, et me oleme ainult üks liik paljudest.
06:52
evolution is working on us the same way it's working on all the others;
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Evolutsioon töötleb meid samal moel nagu see töötleb kõiki teisi.
06:56
we are acted upon as well as acting;
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Meid mõjutatakse ja me mõjutame.
06:58
we are really in the fiber, the fabric of life.
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Me oleme tõesti elu kiud, elu kangas.
07:02
But the weird thing is, we have not absorbed this lesson 150 years later;
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Aga imelik on see, et me ei -- me ei ole seda õppetundi 150 aastat hiljem ikka omandanud.
07:06
none of us really believes this.
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Keegi meist ei usu seda.
07:08
We are still Cartesians -- the children of Descartes --
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Me oleme ikka karteeslased -- Descartes'i lapsed --
07:13
who believe that subjectivity, consciousness, sets us apart;
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kes usuvad et subjektiivsus, teadvus, teevad meid teistsugusteks.
07:18
that the world is divided into subjects and objects;
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Et maailm jaguneb subjektideks ja objektideks.
07:21
that there is nature on one side, culture on another.
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Et ühel pool on loodus, teisel pool on kultuur.
07:24
As soon as you start seeing things from the plant's point of view or the animal's point of view,
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Kohe, kui te hakkate asju taime või looma pilgu läbi nägema,
07:29
you realize that the real literary conceit is that --
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saate te aru, et tõeline kirjanduslik pettekujund ongi see.
07:33
is the idea that nature is opposed to culture,
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On see -- arvamus, et loodus on kultuuri vastand.
07:37
the idea that consciousness is everything --
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Arvamus, et teadvus on üle kõige.
07:41
and that's another very important thing it does.
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Ja see on veel üks asi, mida see võte teeb.
07:44
Looking at the world from other species' points of view
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Maailma vaatamine teise liigi pilgu läbi
07:47
is a cure for the disease of human self-importance.
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on ravim inimeste haigusliku enesekesksuse vastu.
07:51
You suddenly realize that consciousness --
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Sa saad järsku aru, et teadvus,
07:56
which we value and we consider
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mida me väärtustame ja peame, noh, krooniks --
08:00
the crowning achievement of nature,
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looduse krooniks,
08:02
human consciousness -- is really just another set of tools for getting along in the world.
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inimteadvus on tegelikult lihtsalt veel üks tööriistakomplekt maailmas hakkama saamiseks.
08:07
And it's kind of natural that we would think it was the best tool.
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Ning on ju loomulik, et me mõtleme, et see ongi parim tööriist.
08:11
But, you know, there's a comedian who said,
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Aga, teate, nagu -- oli üks koomik, kes ütles:
08:13
"Well, who's telling me that consciousness is so good and so important?
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"Noh, kes see on, kes mulle ütleb, et teadvus on nii hea ja nii tähtis?
08:17
Well, consciousness."
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Eks ole, teadvus."
08:19
So when you look at the plants, you realize that there are other tools
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Nii et kui sa vaatad taimi, siis sa mõistad, et neil on teised tööriistad,
08:23
and they're just as interesting.
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mis on sama huvitavad.
08:25
I'll give you two examples, also from the garden:
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Ma toon teile kaks näidet, samuti aiast.
08:29
lima beans. You know what a lima bean does when it's attacked by spider mites?
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Lima-nimeline oasort. Teate, mida teeb Lima uba, kui ämblikud seda ründavad?
08:34
It releases this volatile chemical that goes out into the world
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Ta eritab ühte lenduvat kemikaali, mis läheb mööda ilma laiali
08:37
and summons another species of mite
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ja kutsub kohale teist liiki satikad,
08:40
that comes in and attacks the spider mite, defending the lima bean.
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kes tulevad ja ründavad ämblikke, kaitstes Lima uba.
08:44
So what plants have -- while we have consciousness, tool making, language,
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Nii et taimedel on, kui meil on teadvus, tööriistade tegemine, keel,
08:50
they have biochemistry.
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siis neil on biokeemia.
08:52
And they have perfected that to a degree far beyond what we can imagine.
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Ja nad on seda täiustanud paremaks, kui me ette kujutada oskame.
08:57
Their complexity, their sophistication, is something to really marvel at,
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Ja nende keerukus, tarkus, on midagi imetlusväärset.
09:02
and I think it's really the scandal of the Human Genome Project.
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Ja see ongi Inimgenoomi Projekti skandaal.
09:04
You know, we went into it thinking, 40,000 or 50,000 human genes
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Teate, me alustasime seda mõeldes, et inimgeene on 40 või 50 000.
09:09
and we came out with only 23,000.
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Aga lõpuks oli neid ainult 23 000.
09:13
Just to give you grounds for comparison, rice: 35,000 genes.
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Lihtsalt teile võrdluseks: riisil on 35 000 geeni.
09:21
So who's the more sophisticated species?
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Nii et kumb on keerukam liik?
09:24
Well, we're all equally sophisticated.
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Nojah, me oleme mõlemad võrdselt keerukad.
09:25
We've been evolving just as long,
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Me oleme arenenud -- arenenud täpselt ühe kaua,
09:28
just along different paths.
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ainult et mööda erinevaid radu.
09:31
So, cure for self-importance, way to sort of make us feel the Darwinian idea.
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Nii et, ravida enesekesksust, panna meid Darwini ideed tunnetama.
09:39
And that's really what I do as a writer, as a storyteller,
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Ja seda ma kirjanikuna, jutuvestjana teengi,
09:42
is try to make people feel what we know and tell stories that actually
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panen inimesi mingil moel tunnetama, mida me teame ja jutustan lugusid, mis panevad meid --
09:49
help us think ecologically.
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aitavad meil ökoloogiliselt mõelda.
09:50
Now, the other use of this is practical.
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Nii, selle võtte teine kasutegur on praktiline.
09:52
And I'm going to take you to a farm right now,
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Ja ma räägin -- ma viin teid nüüd ühte farmi.
09:54
because I used this idea to develop my understanding of the food system
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Sest ma kasutasin seda ideed, et toidusüsteemist paremini aru saada,
09:58
and what I learned, in fact, is that we are all, now, being manipulated by corn.
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ja tegelikult sain ma teada, et meid kõiki manipuleerib nüüd mais.
10:03
And the talk you heard about ethanol earlier today,
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Ja ettekanne etanooli kohta, mida ta täna kuulsite,
10:08
to me, is the final triumph of corn over good sense. (Laughter) (Applause)
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minu jaoks on see maisi lõplik triumph terve mõistuse üle. (Naer)
10:13
It is part of corn's scheme for world domination.
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See on osa -- (Aplaus) maisi skeemist maailma vallutamiseks.
10:21
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
10:22
And you will see, the amount of corn planted this year will be up dramatically from last year
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Ja te näete, et tänavu külvati maisi palju rohkem kui möödunud aastal,
10:26
and there will be that much more habitat
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ja et maisil saab olema palju rohkem eluruumi,
10:28
because we've decided ethanol is going to help us.
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kuna me oleme otsustanud, et etanool on meile kasulik.
10:30
So it helped me understand industrial agriculture,
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Nii et -- aga las ma -- nii et see aitas mul tööstuslikust põllumajandusest aru saada,
10:34
which of course is a Cartesian system.
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mis loomulikult on karteesia süsteem
10:36
It's based on this idea that we bend other species to our will
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See põhineb arusaamal, et me allutame teisi liike oma tahtele,
10:39
and that we are in charge, and that we create these factories
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ja kontroll on meie käes ja et me ehitame neid tehaseid,
10:42
and we have these technological inputs and we get the food out of it
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ja meil on need tööstuslikud toorained, ja me saame sellest toitu,
10:45
or the fuel or whatever we want.
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või kütust, või mida iganes me tahame.
10:48
Let me take you to a very different kind of farm.
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Las ma viin teid ühte hoopis teistsugusesse farmi.
10:50
This is a farm in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia.
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See farm on Shenandoah orus Virginias.
10:53
I went looking for a farm where these ideas
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Ma otsisin farmi, kus need mõtted
10:56
about looking at things from the species' point of view are actually implemented,
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vaadata asju liikide pilgu läbi oleksid tegelikkuses rakendatud.
11:00
and I found it in a man. The farmer's name is Joel Salatin.
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Ja ma leidsin need ühes mehes, selle farmeri nimi on Joel Salatin,
11:02
And I spent a week as an apprentice on his farm,
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ja ma veetsin tema farmis õpipoisina nädala.
11:05
and I took away from this some of the most hopeful news about our relationship to nature
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Ja ma sain sealt teada meie suhte kohta loodusega kõige lootustandvama uudise,
11:11
that I've ever come across in 25 years of writing about nature.
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mida ma kunagi kohanud olen, olles 25 aastat looduse teemal kirjutanud.
11:14
And that is this:
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Ja see on see.
11:15
the farm is called Polyface, which means ...
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Farmi nimi on Polyface. Mis tähendab --
11:18
the idea is he's got six different species of animals, as well as some plants,
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mõte seisneb selles, et tal on kuus eri liiki loomi, lisaks mõned taimed,
11:22
growing in this very elaborate symbiotic arrangement.
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mis kasvavad väga peenes sümbiootilises seades.
11:25
It's permaculture, those of you who know a little bit about this,
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See on permakultuur -- neile teist, kes selle kohta midagi teavad,
11:27
such that the cows and the pigs and the sheep and the turkeys and the ...
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nii et lehmad ja sead ja lambad ja kalkunid ja -- ja --
11:35
what else does he have?
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mis veel, mis tal veel on?
11:37
All the six different species -- rabbits, actually --
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Kõik kuus liiki -- küülikud, õigupoolest --
11:39
are all performing ecological services for one another,
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kõik osutavad üksteisele ökoloogilisi teenuseid,
11:42
such that the manure of one is the lunch for the other
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nii et ühe sõnnik on teisele lõunasöök,
11:45
and they take care of pests for one another.
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ja nad hävitavad üksteise kahjureid.
11:47
It's a very elaborate and beautiful dance,
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Ja ma ei saa -- see on väga peen ja kaunis tants,
11:50
but I'm going to just give you a close-up on one piece of it,
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aga ma räägin lähemalt ainult ühest osast.
11:53
and that is the relationship between his cattle and his chickens, his laying hens.
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Ja see on suhe tema loomakarja ja munevate kanade vahel.
11:59
And I'll show you, if you take this approach, what you get, OK?
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Ja ma näitan teile kuidas, kui te sellele nii lähenete, mis te saate, OK?
12:04
And this is a lot more than growing food, as you'll see;
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Ja see on midagi enamat kui lihtsalt toidu kasvatamine, nagu te kohe näete.
12:06
this is a different way to think about nature
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See on teine viis loodusesse suhtuda,
12:08
and a way to get away from the zero-sum notion,
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ja viis pääseda sellest null-summa arusaamast, et --
12:12
the Cartesian idea that either nature's winning or we're winning,
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karteesia arusaamast, et kas loodus võidab või meie võidame,
12:15
and that for us to get what we want, nature is diminished.
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ja et meie saaksime mida me tahame, peab loodus tagasi tõmbuma.
12:19
So, one day, cattle in a pen.
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Nii et ühel päeval, kari, aedikus.
12:21
The only technology involved here is this cheap electric fencing:
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Ainus tehnoloogia, mis siin on, on odav elektriaed,
12:24
relatively new, hooked to a car battery;
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üsna uus, ühendatud autoaku külge.
12:26
even I could carry a quarter-acre paddock, set it up in 15 minutes.
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Isegi mina suutsin kanda veerandi aakri suurust aedikut, mille saab 15 minutiga püsti panna.
12:30
Cows graze one day. They move, OK?
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Ühel päeval söövad lehmad rohtu. Nad liiguvad ringi, eks?
12:34
They graze everything down, intensive grazing.
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Nad söövad kogu rohu ära -- intensiivselt.
12:36
He waits three days,
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Ta ootab kolm päeva.
12:38
and then we towed in something called the Eggmobile.
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Ja siis vedasime me kohale asja nimega munamobiil.
12:41
The Eggmobile is a very rickety contraption --
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Munamobiil on üks väga logisev puur.
12:44
it looks like a prairie schooner made out of boards --
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See näeb välja nagu laudadest tehtud preeriakuunar,
12:47
but it houses 350 chickens.
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aga sinna mahub 350 kana.
12:49
He tows this into the paddock three days later and opens the gangplank,
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Ta lohistab selle kolm päeva hiljem aedikusse ja teeb luugi lahti,
12:55
turns them down, and 350 hens come streaming down the gangplank --
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paneb selle maha ja 350 kana voolavad planku mööda alla --
12:59
clucking, gossiping as chickens will --
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kaagutades, kluksudes, nagu kanad ikka.
13:01
and they make a beeline for the cow patties.
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Ja nad lähevad otsejoones lehmakookide juurde.
13:06
And what they're doing is very interesting:
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Ja mida nad teevad on väga huvitav.
13:08
they're digging through the cow patties
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Nad tuhnivad lehmakoogid läbi,
13:10
for the maggots, the grubs, the larvae of flies.
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otsides tõuke, usse, kärbsevastseid.
13:14
And the reason he's waited three days
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Ja põhjus, miks ta kolm päeva ootas,
13:16
is because he knows that on the fourth day or the fifth day, those larvae will hatch
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on see, et ta teab, et neljandal või viiendal päeval vastsed kooruvad,
13:21
and he'll have a huge fly problem.
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ja siis on kõik kohad kärbseid täis.
13:23
But he waits that long to grow them as big and juicy and tasty as he can
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Aga ta ootab piisavalt kaua, et nad jõuaksid kasvada nii suureks ja mahlakaks ja maitsvaks kui ta saab,
13:29
because they are the chickens' favorite form of protein.
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sest nad on kanade kõige lemmikum valguallikas.
13:32
So the chickens do their kind of little breakdance
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Nii et kanad teevad nagu mingit oma breik-tantsu,
13:34
and they're pushing around the manure to get at the grubs,
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ja nad tuhnivad sõnnikus, et kõik ussikesed kätte saada,
13:38
and in the process they're spreading the manure out.
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ja selle käigus laotavad nad sõnniku laiali.
13:41
Very useful second ecosystem service.
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Väga kasulik. Teine ökosüsteemi teenus.
13:45
And third, while they're in this paddock
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Ja kolmas, selles aedikus olles,
13:48
they are, of course, defecating madly
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nad, loomulikult, roojavad nagu hullud,
13:51
and their very nitrogenous manure is fertilizing this field.
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ja nende lämmastikurikas sõnnik väetab seda põldu.
13:57
They then move out to the next one,
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Siis liiguvad nad edasi järgmise juurde,
13:59
and in the course of just a few weeks, the grass just enters this blaze of growth.
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ja kõigest mõne nädala jooksul hakkab rohi mühinal kasvama.
14:07
And within four or five weeks, he can do it again.
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Ja nelja või viie nädala pärast võib ta seda korrata.
14:09
He can graze again, he can cut, he can bring in another species,
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Ta võib uuesti lehmi sööta, ta võib niita, ta võib tuua mõne teise liigi,
14:12
like the lambs, or he can make hay for the winter.
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nagu lambad, või ta võib talveks heina teha.
14:17
Now, I want you to just look really close up onto what's happened there.
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Nii, ma tahan et te vaataksite hoolega, mis seal juhtus.
14:21
So, it's a very productive system.
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Nii et see on väga kõrge tootlikusega süsteem.
14:22
And what I need to tell you is that on 100 acres
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Ja mida ma teile ütlema pean, on see, et 100 aakrilt
14:24
he gets 40,000 pounds of beef; 30,000 pounds of pork; 25,000 dozen eggs;
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saab ta 18 tonni loomaliha, 14 tonni sealiha, 25 000 tosinat muna,
14:29
20,000 broilers; 1,000 turkeys; 1,000 rabbits --
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20 000 broilerit, 1000 kalkunit, 1000 küülikut --
14:32
an immense amount of food.
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meeletu kogus toitu.
14:34
You know, you hear, "Can organic feed the world?"
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Teate, tihti öeldakse, "Kas mahetoit suudab maailma toita?"
14:36
Well, look how much food you can produce on 100 acres if you do this kind of ...
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No vaata kui palju toitu saab toota 40 hektaril, kui sa teed sellist --
14:41
again, give each species what it wants,
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jällegi, anna igale liigile seda, mida ta tahab.
14:44
let it realize its desires, its physiological distinctiveness.
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Las ta realiseerib oma ihad, oma füsioloogilised eripärad.
14:48
Put that in play.
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Pane see mängu.
14:50
But look at it from the point of view of the grass, now.
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Ja vaata seda nüüd rohu vaatevinklist.
14:53
What happens to the grass when you do this?
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Mis juhtub rohuga, kui sa seda teed?
14:55
When a ruminant grazes grass, the grass is cut from this height to this height,
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Kui mäletseja rohtu sööb, siis lõigatakse rohi sellelt kõrguselt nii kõrgeks.
15:01
and it immediately does something very interesting.
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Ja see teeb kohe midagi väga huvitavat.
15:03
Any one of you who gardens knows that there is something called the root-shoot ratio,
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Kes teist aeda peab, teab, et on olemas asi nagu juure-võrse suhe.
15:07
and plants need to keep the root mass
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Ja taimed peavad hoidma oma juuremassi
15:11
in some rough balance with the leaf mass to be happy.
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mingis tasakaalus lehemassiga, et olla õnnelik.
15:14
So when they lose a lot of leaf mass, they shed roots;
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Nii et kui nad palju lehemassi kaotavad, siis nad heidavad osa juurtest ara.
15:18
they kind of cauterize them and the roots die.
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Nad kuidagi kõrvetavad neid, ja need juured surevad.
15:21
And the species in the soil go to work
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Ja mullas elavad liigid asuvad tööle,
15:24
basically chewing through those roots, decomposing them --
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sisuliselt neid juuri närides ja komposteerides --
15:28
the earthworms, the fungi, the bacteria -- and the result is new soil.
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vihmaussid, seened, bakterid -- ja tulemus on uus muld.
15:34
This is how soil is created.
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Nii tehaksegi mulda.
15:37
It's created from the bottom up.
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Seda luuakse alt üles.
15:38
This is how the prairies were built,
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Nii ehitati preeriad,
15:40
the relationship between bison and grasses.
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piisonite ja rohttaimede suhe.
15:43
And what I realized when I understood this --
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Ja kui ma sellest aru sain, siis ma mõistsin --
15:46
and if you ask Joel Salatin what he is, he'll tell you he's not a chicken farmer,
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ja kui sa Joel Salatinilt küsid, kes ta on, siis ta ütleb sulle, et ta pole kanafarmer,
15:50
he's not a sheep farmer, he's not a cattle rancher; he's a grass farmer,
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ta pole lambafarmer, ta pole karjapidaja, ta on rohufarmer,
15:55
because grass is really the keystone species of such a system --
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sest rohi on tegelikult sellises süsteemis põhiline liik --
15:59
is that, if you think about it, this completely contradicts the tragic idea of nature we hold in our heads,
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kui järele mõelda, siis see on meie peas oleva arusaamaga loodusest täielikus vastuolus,
16:08
which is that for us to get what we want, nature is diminished.
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mis on see, et kui meie saame mida me tahame, siis loodus tõmbub tagasi.
16:14
More for us, less for nature.
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Meile rohkem, loodusele vähem.
16:16
Here, all this food comes off this farm, and at the end of the season
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Siin, kogu see toit tuleb selles farmist, ja hooaja lõpus
16:21
there is actually more soil, more fertility and more biodiversity.
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on hoopis rohkem mulda, rohkem viljakust ja rohkem liigirikkust.
16:28
It's a remarkably hopeful thing to do.
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See on märkimisväärselt lootustandev asi.
16:31
There are a lot of farmers doing this today.
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Juba täna on palju farmereid, kes seda teevad.
16:33
This is well beyond organic agriculture,
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See on midagi palju enamat kui mahepõllundus,
16:36
which is still a Cartesian system, more or less.
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mis on ikka veel enam-vähem karteesia süsteem.
16:39
And what it tells you is that if you begin to take account of other species,
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Ja mida see tähendab, on see, et kui sa teisi liike arvesse võtad,
16:45
take account of the soil, that even with nothing more than this perspectival idea
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arvestad mulda, siis isegi ilma millegi muu kui selle perspektiivika mõtteta
16:52
-- because there is no technology involved here except for those fences,
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-- sest see ei sisalda ühtegi tehnoloogiat peale aedikute,
16:56
which are so cheap they could be all over Africa in no time --
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mis võivad, teate, need on nii odavad et need võivad hetkega üle kogu Aafrika levida --
17:01
that we can take the food we need from the Earth
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siis on võimalik, me võime saada Maalt toitu mida me vajame,
17:05
and actually heal the Earth in the process.
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ja samal ajal Maad tegelikult ravida.
17:10
This is a way to reanimate the world,
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See on viis maailma taaselustada.
17:12
and that's what's so exciting about this perspective.
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See ongi selle väljavaate juures nii põnev.
17:14
When we really begin to feel Darwin's insights in our bones,
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Kui me hakkame Darwini avastusi oma kontides tunnetama,
17:18
the things we can do with nothing more than these ideas
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siis me võime ainult nende ideede abil teha asju,
17:23
are something to be very hopeful about.
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mis on väga lootustandvad.
17:25
Thank you very much.
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Tänan väga.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Michael Pollan - Environmental writerMichael Pollan is the author of The Omnivore’s Dilemma, in which he explains how our food not only affects our health but has far-reaching political, economic, and environmental implications. His new book is In Defense of Food.
Why you should listen
Few writers approach their subjects with the rigor, passion and perspective that's typical of Michael Pollan. Whereas most humans think we are Darwin's most accomplished species, Pollan convincingly argues that plants — even our own front lawns — have evolved to use us as much as we use them.
The author and New York Times Magazine contributor is, as Newsweek asserts, “an uncommonly graceful explainer of natural science,” for his investigative stories about food, agriculture, and the environment. His most recent book, The Omnivore's Dilemma, was named one of the top ten nonfiction titles of 2006.
As the director of the Knight Program in Science and Environmental Journalism at UC Berkeley, Pollan is cultivating the next generation of green reporters.
Michael Pollan | Speaker | TED.com