EG 2007
Mark Bittman: What's wrong with what we eat
Mark Bittman räägib, mis on valesti meie söömisharjumustes
Filmed:
Readability: 4
4,713,450 views
Oma kirglikus ja vaimukas kõnes kaalutleb New York Timesi toiduteemaliste artiklite autor Mark Bittman selle üle, mis on valesti meie praeguste toitumisharjumuste juures (liiga palju liha, liiga vähe taimetoitu; liiga palju kiirtoitu, liiga vähe kodutoitu) ja miks see seab ohtu kogu planeedi.
Mark Bittman - Food writer
Mark Bittman is a bestselling cookbook author, journalist and television personality. His friendly, informal approach to home cooking has shown millions that fancy execution is no substitute for flavor and soul. Full bio
Mark Bittman is a bestselling cookbook author, journalist and television personality. His friendly, informal approach to home cooking has shown millions that fancy execution is no substitute for flavor and soul. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I write about food. I write about cooking.
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Ma kirjutan lugusid toidust. Kirjutan toiduvalmistamisest.
00:18
I take it quite seriously,
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Võtan seda üsna tõsiselt,
00:20
but I'm here to talk about something
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aga praegu siin tahan rääkida millestki,
00:22
that's become very important to me in the last year or two.
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mis on minu jaoks viimase aasta või paari jooksul väga oluliseks muutunud.
00:26
It is about food, but it's not about cooking, per se.
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Asi puudutab toitu, aga mitte otseselt toiduvalmistamist.
00:31
I'm going to start with this picture of a beautiful cow.
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Alustan selle pildiga ilusast lehmast.
00:34
I'm not a vegetarian -- this is the old Nixon line, right?
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Ma ei ole taimetoitlane - kuulus Nixoni lause, mis?
00:37
But I still think that this --
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Aga sellegipoolest arvan ma, et see ...
00:39
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
00:40
-- may be this year's version of this.
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... võib olla tänavune versioon sellest.
00:43
Now, that is only a little bit hyperbolic.
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See on ainult veidi liialdatud.
00:47
And why do I say it?
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Miks ma nii ütlen?
00:49
Because only once before has the fate of individual people
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Sest varem on vaid üheainsa korra üksikisiku saatus
00:53
and the fate of all of humanity
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ja kogu inimkonna saatus
00:55
been so intertwined.
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olnud niivõrd kokku põimunud.
00:57
There was the bomb, and there's now.
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Esiteks oli tuumapomm ja teiseks on praegune hetk.
01:00
And where we go from here is going to determine
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See, kuidas me siit edasi läheme, määrab
01:02
not only the quality and the length of our individual lives,
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mitte ainult meie kui üksikisikute elu kvaliteedi ja pikkuse,
01:06
but whether, if we could see the Earth a century from now,
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vaid selle, kas me tunneksime maailma ära, kui näeksime
01:08
we'd recognize it.
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seda saja aasta pärast.
01:10
It's a holocaust of a different kind,
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See on teistmoodi holokaust
01:12
and hiding under our desks isn't going to help.
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ja laua alla peitu pugemine siin ei aita.
01:15
Start with the notion that global warming
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Esiteks ei ole globaalne kliima soojenemine
01:17
is not only real, but dangerous.
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mitte ainult tõsiasi, vaid ka väga ohtlik.
01:19
Since every scientist in the world now believes this,
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Kuna sellesse usuvad nüüd kõik maailma teadlased
01:22
and even President Bush has seen the light, or pretends to,
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ja isegi president Bushile on see lõpuks - vähemalt pealtnäha - kohale jõudnud,
01:25
we can take this is a given.
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võime suhtuda sellesse kui fakti.
01:28
Then hear this, please.
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Palun kuulake seda.
01:30
After energy production, livestock is the second-highest contributor
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Energiatootmise järel on karjakasvatus suuruselt teiseks süüdlaseks
01:34
to atmosphere-altering gases.
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atmosfääri koostist muutvate gaaside tekitamises.
01:36
Nearly one-fifth of all greenhouse gas
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Peaaegu viiendiku kõigist kavuhoonegaasidest
01:40
is generated by livestock production --
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põhjustab karjakasvatus -
01:42
more than transportation.
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rohkem kui transport.
01:44
Now, you can make all the jokes you want about cow farts,
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Te võite ükskõik kui palju lehmade peeretamise kohta nalja visata,
01:48
but methane is 20 times more poisonous than CO2,
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aga metaan on 20 korda mürgisem kui CO2
01:51
and it's not just methane.
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ja tegu pole mitte ainult metaaniga.
01:53
Livestock is also one of the biggest culprits in land degradation,
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Karjakasvatus on ka üks suurimaid süüdlasi pinnase halvenemise,
01:57
air and water pollution, water shortages and loss of biodiversity.
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õhu ja vee saastumise, veepuuduse ja bioloogilise mitmekesisuse kahanemise osas.
02:02
There's more.
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Veelgi enam.
02:03
Like half the antibiotics in this country
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Meie maal antakse pooled antibiootikumidest
02:06
are not administered to people, but to animals.
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mitte inimestele, vaid loomadele.
02:09
But lists like this become kind of numbing, so let me just say this:
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Aga sellised nimekirjad nüristavad tähelepanu, sellepärast ütlen vaid,
02:12
if you're a progressive,
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et kui teil on progressiivne mõtteviis,
02:14
if you're driving a Prius, or you're shopping green,
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te sõidate Priusega või ostate ökopoest,
02:17
or you're looking for organic,
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või eelistate orgaanilisi tooteid,
02:19
you should probably be a semi-vegetarian.
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peaksite ilmselt olema pooleldi taimetoitlane.
02:23
Now, I'm no more anti-cattle than I am anti-atom,
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Ei, ma ei ole lehmade vastu, ega ka aatomite vastu,
02:27
but it's all in the way we use these things.
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aga kõik sõltub sellest, kuidas neid asju kasutada.
02:29
There's another piece of the puzzle,
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Mosaiiki kuulub veel üks tükike,
02:31
which Ann Cooper talked about beautifully yesterday,
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millest Ann Cooper eile imehästi rääkis,
02:33
and one you already know.
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ja te juba teate seda.
02:36
There's no question, none, that so-called lifestyle diseases --
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Pole vähimatki kahtlust, et niinimetatud elustiilihaigused -
02:40
diabetes, heart disease, stroke, some cancers --
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diabeet, südamehaigused, insult, mõned vähitüübid -
02:44
are diseases that are far more prevalent here
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esinevad meil palju sagedamini,
02:47
than anywhere in the rest of the world.
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kui kogu ülejäänud maailmas.
02:49
And that's the direct result of eating a Western diet.
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See on läänelike söömisharjumuste otsene tagajärg.
02:53
Our demand for meat, dairy and refined carbohydrates --
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Meie nõudlus liha, piimatoodete ja rafineeritud süsivesikute järele -
02:57
the world consumes one billion cans or bottles of Coke a day --
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maailmas juuakse miljard purki või pudelit Coca Colat päevas -
03:02
our demand for these things, not our need, our want,
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meie nõudlus nende asjade järgi - mitte vajadus, vaid soov -
03:06
drives us to consume way more calories than are good for us.
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sunnib meid tarbima rohkem kaloreid, kui meile kasulik on.
03:10
And those calories are in foods that cause, not prevent, disease.
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Ja need kalorid sisalduvad toidus, mis põhjustab haigusi, mitte ei hoia neid ära.
03:15
Now global warming was unforeseen.
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Keegi ei osanud globaalset kliima soojenemist ette näha.
03:17
We didn't know that pollution did more than cause bad visibility.
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Me ei teadnud, et saaste põhjustab enamat kui halba nähtavust.
03:21
Maybe a few lung diseases here and there,
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Võib-olla veidi kopsuhaigusi siin-seal,
03:23
but, you know, that's not such a big deal.
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aga teate, see on ju tühiasi.
03:26
The current health crisis, however,
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Kuid tänapäeva tervisekriis
03:28
is a little more the work of the evil empire.
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on palju enam kurjade jõudude põhjustatud.
03:31
We were told, we were assured,
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Meile öeldi, meile kinnitati,
03:34
that the more meat and dairy and poultry we ate,
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et mida rohkem liha, piimatooteid ja linnuliha me sööme,
03:36
the healthier we'd be.
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seda tervemad oleme.
03:38
No. Overconsumption of animals, and of course, junk food,
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Ei. Loomade ja muidugi rämpstoidu ületarbimine
03:41
is the problem, along with our paltry consumption of plants.
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on probleemiks, samuti nagu see, kui vähe me taimetoitu sööme.
03:45
Now, there's no time to get into the benefits of eating plants here,
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Meil ei ole hetkel aega, et taimede söömise kasulikkusest rääkida,
03:48
but the evidence is that plants -- and I want to make this clear --
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aga on tõestatud, et taimed - ja ma tahan selle asja selgeks teha -
03:51
it's not the ingredients in plants, it's the plants.
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et kasulikud ei ole mitte taimedes sisalduvad ained, vaid taimed ise.
03:55
It's not the beta-carotene, it's the carrot.
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Mitte beetakarotiin, vaid progand.
03:58
The evidence is very clear that plants promote health.
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On selgelt tõestatud, et taimed edendavad tervist.
04:02
This evidence is overwhelming at this point.
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Tõendusmaterjal on ülekaalukas siinkohal.
04:04
You eat more plants, you eat less other stuff, you live longer.
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Kui süüa rohkem taimi ja vähem teisi asju, elate kauem.
04:08
Not bad.
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Pole paha.
04:10
But back to animals and junk food.
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Aga tagasi loomade ja rämpstoidu juurde.
04:12
What do they have in common?
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Mis neil ühist on?
04:14
One: we don't need either of them for health.
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Esiteks: meil pole neist kumbagi vaja, et tervena püsida.
04:17
We don't need animal products,
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Meil pole vaja loomseid tooteid
04:19
and we certainly don't need white bread or Coke.
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ja kindlasti ei vaja me saia ega Coca Colat.
04:22
Two: both have been marketed heavily,
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Teiseks: mõlemaid reklaamitakse intensiivselt,
04:24
creating unnatural demand.
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tekitades ebaloomuliku nõudluse.
04:26
We're not born craving Whoppers or Skittles.
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Me ei sünni himustades burgereid või Skittlesi komme.
04:31
Three: their production has been supported by government agencies
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Kolmandaks: nende tootmist toetasid riiklikud asutused
04:34
at the expense of a more health- and Earth-friendly diet.
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tervislikuma ja keskkonnasõbralikuma toiduvaliku arvelt.
04:37
Now, let's imagine a parallel.
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Mõelgem ühe võrdluse peale.
04:41
Let's pretend that our government supported an oil-based economy,
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Kujutleme, et meie valitsus toetaks naftale üles ehitatud majandust,
04:44
while discouraging more sustainable forms of energy,
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tõrjudes säästvamaid energiavorme,
04:48
knowing all the while that the result would be
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teades samas kogu aeg, et tulemuseks on
04:50
pollution, war and rising costs.
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saaste, sõda ja tõusvad kulud.
04:52
Incredible, isn't it?
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Uskumatu, kas pole?
04:54
Yet they do that.
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Aga ometi teevad nad seda.
04:56
And they do this here. It's the same deal.
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Ja nad teevad sama ka siin. Sellega on sama lugu.
04:58
The sad thing is, when it comes to diet,
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Kurb on see, et mis toiduvalikusse puutub, siis
05:00
is that even when well-intentioned Feds
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isegi kui heade kavatsustega valitsusametnikud
05:02
try to do right by us, they fail.
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püüavad kaitsta meie huve, kukuvad nad läbi.
05:07
Either they're outvoted by puppets of agribusiness,
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Põllumajandustööstuse hüpiknukud hääletavad nad maha,
05:10
or they are puppets of agribusiness.
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või saavad neist endist põllumajandustööstuse hüpiknukud.
05:12
So, when the USDA finally acknowledged
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Nii et kui USA põllumajandusministeerium lõpuks tunnistas,
05:16
that it was plants, rather than animals, that made people healthy,
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et mitte liha, vaid taimed hoiavad inimese tervist,
05:20
they encouraged us, via their overly simplistic food pyramid,
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julgustasid nad meid oma üle-lihtsustatud toidupüramiidi kaudu
05:24
to eat five servings of fruits and vegetables a day,
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sööma viis portsu puu- ja köögivilju päevas
05:27
along with more carbs.
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koos veel rohkemate süsivesikutega.
05:29
What they didn't tell us is that some carbs are better than others,
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Nad ei öelnud meile, et mõned süsivesikud on paremad kui teised,
05:32
and that plants and whole grains
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või et taimed ja täisteratooted
05:34
should be supplanting eating junk food.
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peaksid tõrjuma välja rämpstoidu.
05:36
But industry lobbyists would never let that happen.
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Aga tööstuse lobitegijad ei laseks sellel iialgi juhtuda.
05:39
And guess what?
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Arvake miks?
05:41
Half the people who developed the food pyramid
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Pooltel inimestest, kes töötasid välja toidupüramiidi,
05:43
have ties to agribusiness.
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on sidemeid põllumajandustööstuses.
05:45
So, instead of substituting plants for animals,
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Selle asemel, et asendada liha taimse toiduga,
05:48
our swollen appetites simply became larger,
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paisus meie niigi kasvanud isu veelgi
05:51
and the most dangerous aspects of them remained unchanged.
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ja kõige ohtlikumad aspektid jäid samaks.
05:55
So-called low-fat diets, so-called low-carb diets --
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Niinimetatud väherasvane toiduvalik, madala süsivesikusisaldusega toiduvalik -
05:59
these are not solutions.
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see ei ole lahendus.
06:01
But with lots of intelligent people
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Samal ajal, kui paljud intelligentsed inimesed
06:03
focusing on whether food is organic or local,
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keskenduvad sellele, kas toit on orgaaniline või kohalik
06:06
or whether we're being nice to animals,
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või kas loomi on hästi koheldud,
06:08
the most important issues just aren't being addressed.
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jäävad kõige olulisemad teemad tähelepanuta.
06:11
Now, don't get me wrong.
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Ärge saage minust valesti aru.
06:13
I like animals,
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Mulle meeldivad loomad
06:15
and I don't think it's just fine to industrialize their production
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ja ma ei arva, et karjakasvatus tuleks industrialiseerida
06:18
and to churn them out like they were wrenches.
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ja neid kohelda nagu rauatükke.
06:21
But there's no way to treat animals well,
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Aga pole mõtet rääkida loomade heast kohtlemisest,
06:24
when you're killing 10 billion of them a year.
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kui me tapame neid 10 miljardit aastas.
06:27
That's our number. 10 billion.
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Selline see arv on. 10 miljardit.
06:29
If you strung all of them --
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Kui me paneksime nad kõik ritta -
06:31
chickens, cows, pigs and lambs -- to the moon,
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kanad, lehmad, sead ja lambad - siis ulatuks
06:35
they'd go there and back five times, there and back.
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see rodu viis korda kuule ja tagasi.
06:37
Now, my math's a little shaky, but this is pretty good,
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Mu arvutamisoskus on veidi kahtlane, aga pilt on tore,
06:40
and it depends whether a pig is four feet long or five feet long,
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ja muidugi sõltub see sellest, kas siga on neli või viis jalga pikk,
06:43
but you get the idea.
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aga põhimõtteliselt saate ju aru.
06:45
That's just the United States.
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See käib ainuüksi USA kohta.
06:48
And with our hyper-consumption of those animals
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Arvestades, et me tarbime absurdselt palju loomi,
06:50
producing greenhouse gases and heart disease,
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mis põhjustab kasvuhoonegaase ja südamehaigusi,
06:53
kindness might just be a bit of a red herring.
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tundub loomade kena kohtlemise teema tõe väänamisena.
06:56
Let's get the numbers of the animals we're killing for eating down,
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Arvutame kõigepealt kokku, kui palju loomi me söögiks tapame,
07:00
and then we'll worry about being nice to the ones that are left.
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ja siis muretseme selle üle, kas me ülejäänutega hästi käitume.
07:04
Another red herring might be exemplified by the word "locavore,"
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Veel ühte tõe väänamist näitlikustab sõna "lokavoor",
07:08
which was just named word of the year by the New Oxford American Dictionary.
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mille New Oxford American Dictionary just "aasta sõnaks" valis.
07:11
Seriously.
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Tõsiselt.
07:13
And locavore, for those of you who don't know,
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Lokavoor, kui te juhuslikult ei tea,
07:15
is someone who eats only locally grown food --
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on keegi, kes sööb ainult kohalikku toitu.
07:17
which is fine if you live in California,
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Mis on tore, kui te elate Californias,
07:20
but for the rest of us it's a bit of a sad joke.
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aga teiste jaoks on see pigem nukker nali.
07:23
Between the official story -- the food pyramid --
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Ametliku versiooni - toidupüramiidi -
07:26
and the hip locavore vision,
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ja moodsa lokavoori nägemuse vahele
07:28
you have two versions of how to improve our eating.
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jääb kaks võimalust, kuidas oma toitumisharjumusi parandada.
07:30
(Laughter).
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(Naer)
07:32
They both get it wrong, though.
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Aga nad mõlemad eksivad siiski.
07:34
The first at least is populist, and the second is elitist.
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Esimene on vähemalt populistlik, teine elitaristlik.
07:38
How we got to this place is the history of food in the United States.
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Kuidas me USA-s oma söömisharjumustega niikaugele jõudsime?
07:42
And I'm going to go through that,
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Kirjeldan ruttu, mis on
07:44
at least the last hundred years or so, very quickly right now.
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toimunud vähemalt viimase saja aasta jooksul.
07:47
A hundred years ago, guess what?
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Arvake, mis oli sada aastat tagasi?
07:49
Everyone was a locavore: even New York had pig farms nearby,
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Kõik olid lokavoorid, isegi New Yorgi lähedal asusid seafarmid
07:53
and shipping food all over the place was a ridiculous notion.
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ja toidu transportimine kuhugi kaugele oleks olnud naeruväärne.
07:57
Every family had a cook, usually a mom.
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Igas peres oli oma kokk, tavaliselt pereema.
08:00
And those moms bought and prepared food.
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Emad ostsid ja valmistasid toitu.
08:03
It was like your romantic vision of Europe.
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See sarnanes meie romantilise nägemusega Euroopast.
08:05
Margarine didn't exist.
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Margariini polnud olemas.
08:07
In fact, when margarine was invented,
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Muuseas, kui margariin leiutati,
08:10
several states passed laws declaring that it had to be dyed pink,
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võttis mitu osariiki vastu seaduse, et see tuleb roosaks värvida,
08:14
so we'd all know that it was a fake.
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nii et me teaksime, et see pole ehtne kraam.
08:17
There was no snack food, and until the '20s,
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Polnud mingeid suupistekesi ja kuni 1920. aastateni,
08:19
until Clarence Birdseye came along, there was no frozen food.
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kui ilmus välja Clarence Birdseye, polnud olemas külmutatud toitu.
08:22
There were no restaurant chains.
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Polnud restoranikette.
08:25
There were neighborhood restaurants run by local people,
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Olid kohalikud restoranid, mida pidasid kohalikud inimesed,
08:27
but none of them would think to open another one.
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kuid keegi neist ei tulnud selle peale, et avada veel üks.
08:29
Eating ethnic was unheard of unless you were ethnic.
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Võõramaise toidu söömine oli kujuteldamatu, kui sa polnud ise vastavast rahvusest.
08:32
And fancy food was entirely French.
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Peen toit oli täielikult Prantsuse teema.
08:35
As an aside, those of you who remember
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Kõrvalmärkusena, need, kes mäletavad, kuidas
08:38
Dan Aykroyd in the 1970s doing Julia Child imitations
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Dan Aykroyd matkis 1970ndatel Julia Childi,
08:42
can see where he got the idea of stabbing himself from this fabulous slide.
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näevad sellelt toredalt pildilt, kust ta võttis idee end pussitada.
08:47
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
08:48
Back in those days, before even Julia,
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Tookord ammu, isegi enne Julia aega,
08:52
back in those days, there was no philosophy of food.
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tookord ammu polnud olemas toidu filosoofiat.
08:54
You just ate.
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Sa lihtsalt sõid.
08:56
You didn't claim to be anything.
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Sa ei nimetanud end kuidagi.
08:58
There was no marketing. There were no national brands.
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Polnud mingit turundust. Polnud üleriiklikke tootenimetusi.
09:01
Vitamins had not been invented.
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Vitamiine polnud veel leiutatud.
09:04
There were no health claims, at least not federally sanctioned ones.
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Polnud mingeid tervishoiualaseid nõudeid, vähemalt mitte riiklikult sätestatud.
09:07
Fats, carbs, proteins -- they weren't bad or good, they were food.
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Rasvad, süsivesikud, valgud - nad ei olnud head või halvad, nad olid toit.
09:11
You ate food.
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Sa sõid toitu.
09:14
Hardly anything contained more than one ingredient,
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Peaaegu ükski asi ei sisaldanud rohkem kui ühte koostisosa,
09:16
because it was an ingredient.
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sest ta ise oligi see koostisosa.
09:18
The cornflake hadn't been invented.
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Maisihelbeid polnud leiutatud.
09:20
(Laughter)
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(Naer.)
09:21
The Pop-Tart, the Pringle, Cheez Whiz, none of that stuff.
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Pop-Tart küpsiseid, Pringles kartulikrõpse, Cheez Whiz juustukastet - ei midagi.
09:24
Goldfish swam.
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Kuldkalad ujusid ringi.
09:26
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
09:28
It's hard to imagine. People grew food, and they ate food.
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Raske kujutleda. Inimesed kasvatasid toitu ja sõid seda.
09:31
And again, everyone ate local.
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Ja kõik sõid kohalikku toitu.
09:34
In New York, an orange was a common Christmas present,
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New Yorgis oli apelsin traditsiooniliseks jõulukingiks,
09:37
because it came all the way from Florida.
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sest seda toodi kaugelt Floridast.
09:41
From the '30s on, road systems expanded,
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Alates 1930ndatest laienes teedevõrk,
09:43
trucks took the place of railroads,
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raudtee asemel hakati kasutama veoautosid,
09:45
fresh food began to travel more.
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värske toit hakkas jõudma kaugemale.
09:47
Oranges became common in New York.
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Apelsinid muutusid New Yorgis tavaliseks.
09:49
The South and West became agricultural hubs,
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Lõuna- ja lääneosariikidest said põllumajanduslikud keskused
09:52
and in other parts of the country, suburbs took over farmland.
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ja riigi teistes osades kerkisid põllumaade asemele eeslinnad.
09:55
The effects of this are well known. They are everywhere.
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Selle tagajärjed on hästi teada, need on kõikjal.
09:58
And the death of family farms is part of this puzzle,
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Perefarmi väljasuremine on osa sellest mosaiigist,
10:01
as is almost everything
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nagu ka muud asjad,
10:03
from the demise of the real community
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alates tõelise kogukonna kadumisest
10:05
to the challenge of finding a good tomato, even in summer.
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kuni selleni, kui raske on isegi suvel leida korralikku tomatit.
10:09
Eventually, California produced too much food to ship fresh,
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Lõpuks toodeti Californias liiga palju toitu, et seda värskelt transportida,
10:13
so it became critical to market canned and frozen foods.
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niisiis muutus oluliseks turustada konserveeritud ja külmutatud toitu.
10:16
Thus arrived convenience.
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Nii saabus mugavus.
10:18
It was sold to proto-feminist housewives
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Seda müüdi feminismi-eelsetele koduperenaistele
10:20
as a way to cut down on housework.
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kui viisi, kuidas vähendada majapidamistöid.
10:22
Now, I know everybody over the age of, like 45 --
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Ma tean, et kõigil, kes on üle 45 aasta vanad,
10:25
their mouths are watering at this point.
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hakkab praegu suu vett jooksma.
10:27
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
10:28
(Applause)
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(Aplaus)
10:29
If we had a slide of Salisbury steak, even more so, right?
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Salisbury biifsteegi peale veelgi enam, eks?
10:33
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
10:35
But this may have cut down on housework,
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Võib-olla vähendas see kodutööde hulka,
10:37
but it cut down on the variety of food we ate as well.
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aga see vähendas ka meie toidulaua mitmekesisust.
10:40
Many of us grew up never eating a fresh vegetable
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Paljud meist kasvasid üles, ilma et oleks kunagi värsket köögivilja söönud,
10:44
except the occasional raw carrot or maybe an odd lettuce salad.
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välja arvatud mõni üksik toores porgand või vahel harva roheline salatileht.
10:48
I, for one -- and I'm not kidding --
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Mina - ja ma ei tee nalja -
10:50
didn't eat real spinach or broccoli till I was 19.
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sõin ehtsat spinatit või brokkolit esimest korda 19-aastasena.
10:54
Who needed it though? Meat was everywhere.
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Aga kellele seda vaja oli? Liha oli külluses.
10:56
What could be easier, more filling or healthier for your family
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Mis oleks lihtsam, kõhtutäitvam või tervislikum teie perele,
10:59
than broiling a steak?
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kui grillitud biifsteek?
11:01
But by then cattle were already raised unnaturally.
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Selleks ajaks kasvatati kariloomi juba ebaloomulikult.
11:05
Rather than spending their lives eating grass,
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Selle asemel, et veeta elu rohtu süües,
11:07
for which their stomachs were designed,
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milleks nende kõht oli loodud,
11:10
they were forced to eat soy and corn.
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pidid nad sööma soja ja maisi.
11:12
They have trouble digesting those grains, of course,
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Muidugi oli neil probleeme teravilja seedimisega,
11:15
but that wasn't a problem for producers.
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aga see polnud tootjate jaoks probleem.
11:18
New drugs kept them healthy.
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Uued rohud hoidsid neid tervena.
11:21
Well, they kept them alive.
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Nojah, need hoidsid neid elus.
11:23
Healthy was another story.
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Tervisega olid teised lood.
11:25
Thanks to farm subsidies,
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Tänu farmidele makstud toetustele,
11:27
the fine collaboration between agribusiness and Congress,
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tänu peenele koostööle põllumajandustööstuse ja Kongressi vahel
11:30
soy, corn and cattle became king.
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muutusid soja, mais ja karjakasvatus kuningateks.
11:32
And chicken soon joined them on the throne.
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Varsti ühines nendega troonil ka kana.
11:35
It was during this period that the cycle of
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Sel perioodil algas
11:38
dietary and planetary destruction began,
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toitlustuse ja planeedi hävingutsükkel,
11:40
the thing we're only realizing just now.
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mida alles nüüd oleme taibanud.
11:42
Listen to this,
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Kuulake seda:
11:44
between 1950 and 2000, the world's population doubled.
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1950. ja 2000. aasta vahel maailma rahvastik kahekordistus.
11:49
Meat consumption increased five-fold.
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Lihatarbimine suurenes viiekordselt.
11:52
Now, someone had to eat all that stuff, so we got fast food.
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Keegi pidi kogu selle kraami ära sööma, niisiis tekkis kiirtoit.
11:59
And this took care of the situation resoundingly.
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Ja see hoolitses olukorra eest hiilgavalt.
12:02
Home cooking remained the norm, but its quality was down the tubes.
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Kodus tehti endiselt süüa, aga selle kvaliteet langes.
12:06
There were fewer meals with home-cooked breads, desserts and soups,
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Vähem tuli ette kodutehtud leiba, magustoitu ja suppi,
12:10
because all of them could be bought at any store.
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sest neid võis osta igast poest.
12:12
Not that they were any good, but they were there.
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Nad ei olnud eriti head, aga nad olid olemas.
12:15
Most moms cooked like mine:
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Enamik emadest tegi süüa samamoodi nagu minu oma -
12:17
a piece of broiled meat, a quickly made salad with bottled dressing,
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tükk grillitud liha, kiiresti valmistatud salat pudelist valatud kastmega,
12:21
canned soup, canned fruit salad.
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purgisupp, konserveeritud puuviljasalat.
12:23
Maybe baked or mashed potatoes,
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Võib-olla keedetud kartulid või kartulipuder
12:26
or perhaps the stupidest food ever, Minute Rice.
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või ilmselt kõige totram söök, mis iial leiutatud - kiirkeeduriis.
12:29
For dessert, store-bought ice cream or cookies.
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Magustoiduks poest ostetud jäätis või küpsised.
12:33
My mom is not here, so I can say this now.
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Mu ema pole siin, niisiis võin selle välja öelda.
12:37
This kind of cooking drove me to learn how to cook for myself.
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Selline toiduvalmistamine sundis mind õppima ise süüa tegema.
12:41
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
12:42
It wasn't all bad.
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Kõik ei olnud muidugi halvasti.
12:44
By the '70s, forward-thinking people
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1970ndatel hakkasid edumeelselt mõtlevad inimesed
12:46
began to recognize the value of local ingredients.
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tunnistama kohapeal kasvanud toiduainete väärtust.
12:49
We tended gardens, we became interested in organic food,
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Me harisime aeda, huvitusime orgaanilisest toidust,
12:52
we knew or we were vegetarians.
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meie sõbrad või meie ise olime taimetoitlased.
12:54
We weren't all hippies, either.
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Me ei olnud kõik sugugi hipid.
12:56
Some of us were eating in good restaurants and learning how to cook well.
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Mõned meist sõid heades restoranides ja õppisid hästi süüa tegema.
12:59
Meanwhile, food production had become industrial. Industrial.
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Samal ajal oli toidu tootmine muutunud tööstuslikuks.
13:04
Perhaps because it was being produced rationally,
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Võib-olla sellepärast, et seda toodeti ratsionaalselt,
13:07
as if it were plastic,
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jutkui see oleks plastmass,
13:09
food gained magical or poisonous powers, or both.
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sai toit imelised või mürgised võimed, või mõlemad.
13:13
Many people became fat-phobic.
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Paljudel inimestel tekkis rasvafoobia.
13:15
Others worshiped broccoli, as if it were God-like.
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Teised ülistasid brokkolit, nagu see oleks jumal.
13:19
But mostly they didn't eat broccoli.
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Aga brokkolit sõid nad harva.
13:21
Instead they were sold on yogurt,
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Selle asemel armastasid nad jogurtit,
13:23
yogurt being almost as good as broccoli.
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sest jogurt on peaaegu sama kasulik kui brokkoli.
13:25
Except, in reality, the way the industry sold yogurt
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Aga tegelikult müüs tööstus jogurtit,
13:28
was to convert it to something much more akin to ice cream.
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mis oli muudetud rohkem millekski jäätisesarnaseks.
13:31
Similarly, let's look at a granola bar.
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Sama kehtib müslibatooni kohta.
13:34
You think that that might be healthy food,
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Te arvate, et see võiks olla tervislik,
13:36
but in fact, if you look at the ingredient list,
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aga tegelikult, kui te vaatate koostisainete nimekirja,
13:38
it's closer in form to a Snickers than it is to oatmeal.
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sarnaneb see rohkem Snickersi kui kaerahelbepudruga.
13:43
Sadly, it was at this time that the family dinner was put in a coma,
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Kahjuks langes sel ajal perekondlike õhtusöökide tava koomasse,
13:46
if not actually killed --
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võib-olla isegi suri.
13:49
the beginning of the heyday of value-added food,
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Võidukäiku alustasid lisaväärtusega toiduained,
13:52
which contained as many soy and corn products
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mis sisaldasid nii palju soja ja maisi,
13:54
as could be crammed into it.
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kui vähegi mahtus.
13:56
Think of the frozen chicken nugget.
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Mõelge külmutatud kananagitsa peale.
13:58
The chicken is fed corn, and then its meat is ground up,
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Kana toidetakse maisiga, siis hakitakse ta liha peeneks
14:01
and mixed with more corn products to add bulk and binder,
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ja segatakse maisitoodetega, et lisada massi ja sideainet,
14:05
and then it's fried in corn oil.
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ning praetakse maisiõlis.
14:09
All you do is nuke it. What could be better?
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Sina pead selle ainult mikrosse pistma. Mis võiks veel parem olla?
14:12
And zapped horribly, pathetically.
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Masendavalt mikrolaineahjus ära kärsatatud.
14:15
By the '70s, home cooking was in such a sad state
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1970ndateks oli kodune kokakunst nii kurvas olukorras,
14:19
that the high fat and spice contents of foods
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et kõrge rasva- ja maitseainete sisaldus toitudes
14:22
like McNuggets and Hot Pockets --
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nagu McNuggets ja Hot Pockets -
14:24
and we all have our favorites, actually --
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muidugi on meil kõigil oma lemmikud -
14:27
made this stuff more appealing than the bland things
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muutis selle kraami isuäratavamaks kui lahjad toidud,
14:29
that people were serving at home.
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mida kodus pakuti.
14:31
At the same time, masses of women were entering the workforce,
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Samal ajal läks suur osa naistest tööle
14:35
and cooking simply wasn't important enough
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ja toiduvalmistamine polnud enam nii oluline,
14:37
for men to share the burden.
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et mehed peaksid seda koormat jagama.
14:39
So now, you've got your pizza nights, you've got your microwave nights,
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Nii tekkisid pitsaõhtud, mikrolaineahjus valmistatud toidu õhtud,
14:42
you've got your grazing nights,
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suupistete näksimise õhtud.
14:44
you've got your fend-for-yourself nights and so on.
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vaata-ise-kuidas-saad õhtud jne.
14:47
Leading the way -- what's leading the way?
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Mis on juhtival positsioonil?
14:50
Meat, junk food, cheese:
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Liha, rämpstoit, juust.
14:52
the very stuff that will kill you.
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Kõik need ained, mis tapavad su.
14:54
So, now we clamor for organic food.
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Nüüd nõuame kärarikkalt orgaanilist toitu.
14:56
That's good.
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See on tore.
14:58
And as evidence that things can actually change,
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See on tõend, et asi võib tegelikult muutuda,
15:00
you can now find organic food in supermarkets,
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te leiate nüüd orgaanilist toitu supermarketitest
15:02
and even in fast-food outlets.
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ja isegi kiirtoidusööklatest.
15:04
But organic food isn't the answer either,
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Aga ka orgaaniline toit ei ole lahendus,
15:06
at least not the way it's currently defined.
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vähemalt mitte sellisena, nagu seda praegu määratletakse.
15:09
Let me pose you a question.
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Lubage, ma küsin teilt midagi.
15:11
Can farm-raised salmon be organic,
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Kas farmis kasvatatud lõhe võib olla orgaaniline,
15:13
when its feed has nothing to do with its natural diet,
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kui tema söödal pole midagi pistmist sellega, mida ta looduses sööks,
15:18
even if the feed itself is supposedly organic, and the fish themselves
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isegi kui sööt on väidetavalt orgaaniline, ja kui kala ise
15:22
are packed tightly in pens, swimming in their own filth?
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elab kitsas basseinis, ujudes omaenda mustuses?
15:27
And if that salmon's from Chile, and it's killed down there
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Kui see lõhe pärineb Tšiilist ja tapetakse seal
15:31
and then flown 5,000 miles, whatever,
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ja siis lennutatakse 5000 miili kaugusele,
15:34
dumping how much carbon into the atmosphere?
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paisates atmosfääri suure hulga süsinikdioksiidi?
15:37
I don't know.
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Ma ei tea.
15:39
Packed in Styrofoam, of course,
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Muidugi on ta pakitud vahtplasti,
15:41
before landing somewhere in the United States,
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enne kui ta maandub kuskil USA-s
15:44
and then being trucked a few hundred more miles.
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ja sõidutatakse veoautoga mitmesaja miili kaugusele.
15:46
This may be organic in letter, but it's surely not organic in spirit.
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See võib kirjade järgi olla orgaaniline, aga vaimus pole ta seda kindlasti mitte.
15:52
Now here is where we all meet.
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See ongi meie kokkusaamispunkt.
15:54
The locavores, the organivores, the vegetarians,
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Lokavoorid, organivoorid, taimetoitlased,
15:57
the vegans, the gourmets
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veganid, gurmaanid
15:59
and those of us who are just plain interested in good food.
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ja need, keda lihtsalt huvitab hea toit.
16:03
Even though we've come to this from different points,
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Kuigi me oleme jõudnud siia erinevatest lähtepunktidest,
16:06
we all have to act on our knowledge
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peame me tegutsema vastavalt oma teadmistele
16:08
to change the way that everyone thinks about food.
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ja muutma seda, kuidas inimesed toidust mõtlevad.
16:12
We need to start acting.
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Me peame hakkama tegutsema.
16:14
And this is not only an issue of social justice, as Ann Cooper said --
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Ja küsimus pole mitte ainult sotsiaalses õigluses, nagu Ann Cooper ütles -
16:18
and, of course, she's completely right --
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ja muidugi on tal täiesti õigus -
16:20
but it's also one of global survival.
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aga ka ülemaailmses ellujäämises.
16:22
Which bring me full circle and points directly to the core issue,
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See toob mind ringiga tagasi ja viitab otse peamisele probleemile,
16:27
the overproduction and overconsumption of meat and junk food.
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liha ja rämpstoidu ületootmine ja ületarbimine.
16:31
As I said, 18 percent of greenhouse gases
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Nagu ütlesin, 18% kasvuhoonegaasidest
16:34
are attributed to livestock production.
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pannakse karjakasvatuse arvele.
16:37
How much livestock do you need to produce this?
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Kui palju kariloomi on vaja, et seda toota?
16:40
70 percent of the agricultural land on Earth,
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70% maailma põllumajanduspinnast,
16:43
30 percent of the Earth's land surface is directly or indirectly devoted
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30% maakera maismaapinnast on otseselt või kaudselt seotud
16:49
to raising the animals we'll eat.
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nende loomade kasvatamisega, keda me sööme.
16:52
And this amount is predicted to double in the next 40 years or so.
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Arvatakse, et 40 aasta jooksul see kahekordistub.
16:55
And if the numbers coming in from China
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Kui Hiinast tulev statistika
16:57
are anything like what they look like now,
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jätkub samamoodi nagu praegu,
17:00
it's not going to be 40 years.
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ei võta see isegi 40 aastat.
17:02
There is no good reason for eating as much meat as we do.
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Pole ühtegi head põhjust, miks me peaksime nii palju liha sööma.
17:06
And I say this as a man who has eaten a fair share of corned beef in his life.
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Ja ma ütlen seda inimesena, kes on elus üksjagu palju sinki söönud.
17:11
The most common argument is that we need nutrients --
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Kõige levinum argument on, et me vajame toitaineid -
17:14
even though we eat, on average, twice as much protein
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kuigi me sööme keskmiselt kaks korda nii palju valke,
17:17
as even the industry-obsessed USDA recommends.
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kui isegi tööstuse mõju all olev USA põllumajandusministeerium soovitab.
17:22
But listen: experts who are serious about disease reduction
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Aga kuulake - eksperdid, kes võtavad haiguste vähendamist tõsiselt,
17:26
recommend that adults eat just over half a pound of meat per week.
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soovitavad, et täiskasvanu sööks alla 300 grammi liha nädalas.
17:32
What do you think we eat per day? Half a pound.
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Mis te arvate, kui palju me sööme ühes päevas? Kolmsada grammi.
17:36
But don't we need meat to be big and strong?
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Aga kas me ei vaja liha, et olla suured ja tugevad?
17:39
Isn't meat eating essential to health?
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Kas liha ei ole tervisele kasulik?
17:42
Won't a diet heavy in fruit and vegetables
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Kas peamiselt puu- ja köögiviljadest koosnev toiduvalik
17:44
turn us into godless, sissy, liberals?
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ei muuda meid uskmatuteks, tossikesteks, liberaalideks?
17:47
(Laughter)
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(Naer)
17:48
Some of us might think that would be a good thing.
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Mõned meie hulgast leiaksid, et see on hea.
17:51
But, no, even if we were all steroid-filled football players,
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Aga ei, isegi kui me oleksime steroididest pungil jalgpallurid,
17:56
the answer is no.
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on vastus ikka ei.
17:58
In fact, there's no diet on Earth that meets
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Maailmas pole olemas toiduvalikut, mis vastaks
18:02
basic nutritional needs that won't promote growth,
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peamistele toitevajadustele, aga ei soodustaks kasvamist,
18:06
and many will make you much healthier than ours does.
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ja paljud neist muudaksid teid palju tervemaks kui meie oma.
18:09
We don't eat animal products for sufficient nutrition,
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Me mitte ei tarbi loomseid tooteid piisava toitumuse tagamiseks,
18:12
we eat them to have an odd form of malnutrition, and it's killing us.
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vaid nende söömine põhjustab hoopis toitainete puudust ja see saab meile saatuslikuks.
18:18
To suggest that in the interests of personal and human health
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Kui isikliku ja inimkonna tervise huvides
18:21
Americans eat 50 percent less meat --
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hakkaksid ameeriklased sööma 50% vähem liha,
18:24
it's not enough of a cut, but it's a start.
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ei oleks see veel piisav, aga vähemasti oleks see algus.
18:27
It would seem absurd, but that's exactly what should happen,
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See tundub absurdsena, aga just seda peakski tegema
18:32
and what progressive people, forward-thinking people
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ja progressiivsed, edumeelselt mõtlevad inimesed
18:35
should be doing and advocating,
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peaksid seda tegema ja propageerima,
18:38
along with the corresponding increase in the consumption of plants.
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nii et taimse toidu tarbimine vastavalt kasvaks.
18:42
I've been writing about food more or less omnivorously --
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Olen kirjutanud toidust kui kõigesööja -
18:45
one might say indiscriminately -- for about 30 years.
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võiks öelda, et valimatult - viimase 30 aasta jooksul.
18:48
During that time, I've eaten
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Selle aja jooksul olen söönud
18:50
and recommended eating just about everything.
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ja soovitanud süüa peaaegu kõike.
18:54
I'll never stop eating animals, I'm sure,
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Olen kindel, et ma ei lakka kunagi loomi söömast,
18:57
but I do think that for the benefit of everyone,
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aga usun, et kõigi heaolu nimel
18:59
the time has come to stop raising them industrially
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on saabunud aeg lõpetada nende tööstuslik kasvatamine
19:02
and stop eating them thoughtlessly.
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ja lõpetada nende mõtlematu söömine.
19:04
Ann Cooper's right.
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Ann Cooperil on õigus.
19:06
The USDA is not our ally here.
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USA põllumajandusministeerium ei ole meie liitlane siin.
19:11
We have to take matters into our own hands,
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Me peame võtma selle küsimuse enda kätte,
19:13
not only by advocating for a better diet for everyone --
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mitte ainult propageerides paremat toiduvalikut -
19:16
and that's the hard part -- but by improving our own.
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ja see on raske - vaid parandades enda oma.
19:20
And that happens to be quite easy.
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Ja see on muuseas üsna lihtne.
19:22
Less meat, less junk, more plants.
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Vähem liha, vähem rämpstoitu, rohkem taimetoitu.
19:25
It's a simple formula: eat food.
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See on lihtne valem - sööge toitu.
19:27
Eat real food.
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Sööge päris toitu.
19:29
We can continue to enjoy our food, and we continue to eat well,
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Me võime jätkuvalt toitu nautida ja hästi süüa
19:33
and we can eat even better.
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ning me võime süüa isegi paremini.
19:35
We can continue the search for the ingredients we love,
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Me võime jätkuvalt otsida kokku oma armastatud toiduained
19:38
and we can continue to spin yarns about our favorite meals.
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ja jätkuvalt pajatada oma lemmiktoitudest.
19:43
We'll reduce not only calories, but our carbon footprint.
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Me ei vähenda mitte ainult kaloreid, vaid ka oma ökoloogilist jalajälge.
19:47
We can make food more important, not less,
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Võime suurendada, mitte vähendada toidu tähtsust
19:50
and save ourselves by doing so.
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ja päästa sellega iseend.
19:52
We have to choose that path.
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Me peame valima selle tee.
19:55
Thank you.
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Tänan teid.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Mark Bittman - Food writerMark Bittman is a bestselling cookbook author, journalist and television personality. His friendly, informal approach to home cooking has shown millions that fancy execution is no substitute for flavor and soul.
Why you should listen
Although Mark Bittman never formally trained as a chef, his pursuits as a curious and tenacious foodie have made him a casual culinary master. His weekly New York Times food column, The Minimalist, meshes accessible and inexpensive ingredients with "anyone-can" cooking techniques to produce exceedingly delicious dishes. Bittman's funny, friendly attitude and trademark informal approach to food-craft extend to his blockbuster TV programs (which retain delays and mishaps that other producers would edit out), his blog, Bitten, and ambitious cookbooks, like How to Cook Everything and The Best Recipes in the World.
After a decade as the "Minimalist," Bittman has emerged a respected spokesperson on all things edible: He's concerned about the ecological and health impacts of our modern diet, which he characterizes as overwhelmingly meat-centered and hooked on fast food. His criticism has the world listening: His revolutionary How to Cook Everything Vegetarian (sequel to How to Cook Everything), is a bestseller, and his memorable talk at the 2007 EG Conference (available now on TED.com) delivered a stinging condemnation of the way we eat now. A subsequent New York Times article pursued the same argument.
Bittman's newest book, Food Matters, explores the link between our eating habits and the environment, offering an accessible plan for a planet-friendly diet.
Mark Bittman | Speaker | TED.com