TEDGlobal 2011
Cynthia Kenyon: Experiments that hint of longer lives
Cynthia Kenyon: Pokusi koji nagoviještaju duže živote
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Što upravlja starenjem? Biokemičarka Cynthia Kenyon pronašla je jednostavnu genetsku mutaciju koja može udvostručiti životni vijek običnog crva, C. elegans. Lekcije iz tog i ostalih otkrića pokazuju kako bi jednog dana značajno mogli produžiti kratki mladi ljudski život.
Cynthia Kenyon - Biochemist, geneticist
When it comes to aging well, having “good genes” (or rather, mutant ones) is key, says Cynthia Kenyon. She unlocked the genetic secret of longevity in roundworms — and now she’s working to do the same for humans. Full bio
When it comes to aging well, having “good genes” (or rather, mutant ones) is key, says Cynthia Kenyon. She unlocked the genetic secret of longevity in roundworms — and now she’s working to do the same for humans. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Have you ever wanted to stay young a little longer
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Jeste li ikada htjeli ostati mladi malo duže
00:18
and put off aging?
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i odgoditi starenje.
00:20
This is a dream of the ages.
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To je san našeg doba.
00:23
But scientists have for a long time
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Ali znanstvenici su dugo
00:25
thought this just was never going to be possible.
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smatrali da to nikada neće biti moguće.
00:27
They thought you just wear out, there's nothing you can do about it --
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Smatrali su kako se jednostavno potrošite, nema ništa što možete učiniti u vezi toga --
00:30
kind of like an old shoe.
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nekako poput stare cipele.
00:32
But if you look in nature,
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Ali ako pogledate u prirodu,
00:34
you see that different kinds of animals
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vidite da različite vrste životinja
00:36
can have really different lifespans.
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mogu imati zaista različite životne vijekove.
00:38
Now these animals are different from one another,
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A te se životinje razlikuju jedna od druge,
00:40
because they have different genes.
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zato jer imaju različite gene.
00:42
So that suggests
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To nam sugerira
00:44
that somewhere in these genes, somewhere in the DNA,
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da negdje u tim genima, negdje u DNK
00:46
are genes for aging,
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postoje geni za starenje,
00:48
genes that allow them to have different lifespans.
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geni koji im dopuštaju da imaju različite životne vijekove.
00:50
So if there are genes like that,
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Dakle, ako postoje geni poput tih,
00:52
then you can imagine that,
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onda možete zamisliti da
00:54
if you could change one of the genes in an experiment,
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ako možete promijeniti jedan od tih gena pomoću pokusa,
00:56
an aging gene,
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gen za starenje,
00:58
maybe you could slow down aging and extend lifespan.
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možda možete usporiti starenje i produžiti životni vijek.
01:01
And if you could do that, then you could find the genes for aging.
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A ako bi to mogli učiniti onda biste mogli pronaći gene za starenje.
01:04
And if they exist and you can find them,
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A ako oni postoje i možete ih pronaći,
01:06
then maybe one could eventually do something about it.
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onda bi možda netko s vremenom mogao nešto učiniti u vezi toga.
01:09
So we've set out to look for genes that control aging.
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Pa smo krenuli tražiti gene koji kontroliraju starenje.
01:12
And we didn't study any of these animals.
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I nismo proučavali nijednu od ovih životinja.
01:15
Instead, we studied a little, tiny, round worm called C. elegans,
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Umjesto toga, proučavali smo malenog, sićušnog, okruglog crva pod imenom C. elegans
01:18
which is just about the size of a comma in a sentence.
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koji je veličine zareza u rečenici.
01:21
And we were really optimistic that we could find something
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I bili smo zaista optimistični što bismo mogli pronaći
01:24
because there had been a report of a long-lived mutant.
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nešto jer je postojao izvještaj o dugovječnom mutantu.
01:27
So we started to change genes at random,
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Počeli smo mijenjati gene nasumično,
01:29
looking for long-lived animals.
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tražeći dugovječne životinje.
01:31
And we were very lucky to find
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I bili smo veoma sretni što smo pronašli
01:33
that mutations that damage one single gene called daf-2
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mutacije koje oštećuju jedan jedini gen zvan daf-2
01:37
doubled the lifespan of the little worm.
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koji je udvostručio životni vijek malenog crva.
01:40
So you can see in black, after a month --
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Dakle, možete u crnom vidjeti, nakon mjesec dana --
01:42
they're very short-lived; that's why we like to study them
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oni inače veoma kratko žive; zato ih volimo proučavati
01:44
for studies of aging --
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u studijama vezanim za starenje --
01:46
in black, after a month, the normal worms are all dead.
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u crnom, nakon mjesec dana, svi normalni crvi su mrtvi.
01:49
But at that time,
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Ali za to vrijeme,
01:51
most of the mutant worms are still alive.
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većina mutantnih crva još uvijek je živa.
01:53
And it isn't until twice as long
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I prošlo je dvostruko dulje
01:55
that they're all dead.
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dok svi nisu bili mrtvi.
01:57
And now I want to show what they actually look like in this movie here.
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I sada želim pokazati kako zapravo izgledaju u ovom ovdje filmu.
02:00
So the first thing you're going to see
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Prva stvar koju ćete vidjeti
02:02
is the normal worm
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je normalan crv
02:04
when it's about college student age -- a young adult.
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koji je u svojim studentskim godinama -- mlada osoba.
02:07
It's quite a cute little fellow.
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To je prilično simpatičan mladi momak.
02:10
And next you're going to see the long-lived mutant when it's young.
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A sljedeće što ćete vidjeti je dugovječni mutant za vrijeme mladosti.
02:13
So this animal is going to live twice as long.
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Dakle, ova životinja će živjeti duplo duže.
02:15
Is it miserable? It doesn't seem to be.
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Je li to jadno? Ne čini se da je.
02:17
It's active. You can't tell the difference really.
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Aktivno je. Zapravo ne možete vidjeti razliku.
02:20
And they can be completely fertile --
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I mogu biti potpuno plodni --
02:22
have the same number of progeny as the normal worms do.
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imaju isti broj potomaka kao i normalni crvi.
02:24
Now get out your handkerchiefs here.
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Sad izvadite svoje rupčiće.
02:26
You're going to see, in just two weeks,
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Vidjet ćete, u samo dva tjedna,
02:28
the normal worms are old.
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normalni crvi su stari.
02:30
You can see the little head moving down at the bottom there.
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Možete vidjeti malu glavu kako se miče prema dnu ovdje.
02:33
But everything else is just lying there.
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Ali sve ostalo samo leži tamo.
02:35
The animal's clearly in the nursing home.
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Životinja je očigledno u staračkom domu.
02:37
And if you look at the tissues of the animal, they're starting to deteriorate.
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A ako pogledate tkivo životinje, počinje propadati.
02:40
You know, even if you've never seen one of these little C. elegans --
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Znate, čak i ako nikada niste vidjeli jednog od ovih C. elegansa --
02:42
which probably most of you haven't seen one --
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a vjerojatno većina vas nije vidjela --
02:44
you can tell they're old -- isn't that interesting?
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možete reći da su stari -- nije li to zanimljivo?
02:47
So there's something about aging that's kind of universal.
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Postoji nešto u vezi starenja što je nekako univerzalno.
02:50
And now here is the daf-2 mutant.
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A sada je ovdje daf-2 mutant.
02:53
One gene is changed out of 20,000, and look at it.
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Promijenjen je jedan gen od njih 20.000 i pogledajte ga.
02:55
It's the same age, but it's not in the nursing home;
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Istih je godina, ali nije u staračkom domu;
02:58
it's going skiing.
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ide na skijanje.
03:01
This is what's really cool: it's aging more slowly.
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Evo zašto je to stvarno cool: on stari mnogo sporije.
03:04
It takes this worm two days
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Ovom crvu trebaju dva dana
03:06
to age as much as the normal worm ages in one day.
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da ostari onoliko koliko normalan crv ostari u jednom danu.
03:08
And when I tell people about this,
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I kada ljudima pričam o tome,
03:10
they tend to think of maybe an 80 or 90 year-old person
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oni pomisle na možda 80 ili 90 godina staru osobu
03:14
who looks really good for being 90 or 80.
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koja izgleda zaista dobro s obzirom da ima 90 ili 80 godina.
03:16
But it's really more like this:
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Ali zapravo je to ovako:
03:18
let's say you're a 30 year-old guy -- or in your 30s --
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recimo da ste vi čovjek koji ima 30 godina -- ili ste u tridesetima --
03:21
and you're a bachelor and you're dating people.
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niste se još oženili i izlazite
03:23
And you meet someone you really like, you get to know her.
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s ljudima. I upoznate nekog tko vam se stvarno svidi, upoznate je.
03:26
And you're in a restaurant, and you say, "Well how old are you?"
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U restoranu ste i kažete, „Koliko godina imaš?“
03:29
She says, "I'm 60."
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Ona kaže, „Imam 60 godina.“
03:31
That's what it's like. And you would never know.
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Tako vam to izgleda. I nikada ne biste znali.
03:33
You would never know, until she told you.
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Ne biste znali sve dok vam ona ne bi rekla.
03:35
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:39
Okay.
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Ok.
03:41
So what is the daf-2 gene?
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Što je dakle daf-2 gen?
03:43
Well as you know, genes, which are part of the DNA,
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Pa, kao što znate, geni koji su dio DNK,
03:45
they're instructions to make a protein that does something.
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su upute kako napraviti protein koji nešto radi.
03:48
And the daf-2 gene
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A daf-2 gen
03:50
encodes a hormone receptor.
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kodira hormonski receptor.
03:52
So what you see in the picture there
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Dakle, ono što vidite na slici ovdje
03:54
is a cell with a hormone receptor in red
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je stanica s hormonskim receptorom u crvenom
03:56
punching through the edge of the cell.
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koja perforira kroz rub stanice.
03:58
So part of it is like a baseball glove.
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Dio nje je poput bejzbolske rukavice.
04:00
Part of it's on the outside,
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Dio je izvana
04:02
and it's catching the hormone as it comes by in green.
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i hvata hormon koji nailazi u zelenom.
04:04
And the other part is on the inside
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A drugi dio je u unutrašnjosti
04:06
where it sends signals into the cell.
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gdje šalje signale u stanicu.
04:08
Okay, so what is the daf-2 receptor
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U redu, što daf-2 receptor
04:10
telling the inside of the cell?
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govori unutrašnjosti stanice?
04:12
I just told you that, if you make a mutation in the daf-2 gene cell,
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Upravo sam vam rekao da ako napravite mutaciju u daf-2 stanici,
04:15
that you get a receptor that doesn't work as well;
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dobit ćete receptor koji ne radi kako bi trebao;
04:17
the animal lives longer.
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životinje žive duže.
04:19
So that means that the normal function of this hormone receptor
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To znači da je normalna funkcija ovog hormonskog receptora
04:22
is to speed up aging.
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da ubrza starenje.
04:24
That's what that arrow means.
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To znači ta strelica.
04:26
It speeds up aging. It makes it go faster.
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Ubrzava starenje. Čini ga bržim.
04:28
So it's like the animal has the grim reaper inside of itself,
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To je kao da životinja ima razjarenog žeteoca unutar sebe
04:30
speeding up aging.
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koji ubrzava starenje.
04:32
So this is altogether really, really interesting.
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Dakle, sve je ovo skupa veoma veoma zanimljivo.
04:35
It says that aging is subject to control by the genes,
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Govori nam da geni, odnosno osobito hormoni
04:38
and specifically by hormones.
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kontroliraju starenje.
04:41
So what kind of hormones are these?
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Dakle, kakva vrsta hormona je to?
04:43
There's lots of hormones. There's testosterone, adrenalin.
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Postoji mnogo hormona. Imamo testosteron, adrenalin.
04:45
You know about a lot of them.
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Znate ih mnogo.
04:47
These hormones are similar
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Ovi hormoni su slični
04:49
to hormones that we have in our bodies.
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hormonima koje imamo u svojim tijelima.
04:51
The daf-2 hormone receptor
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Daf-2 hormonski receptor
04:53
is very similar to the receptor
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je veoma sličan receptoru
04:55
for the hormone insulin and IGF-1.
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za hormon inzulin i IGF-1.
04:58
Now you've all heard of at least insulin.
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Svi ste čuli barem za inzulin.
05:00
Insulin is a hormone that promotes the uptake of nutrients
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Inzulin je hormon koji unaprijeđuje unos hranjivih tvari
05:03
into your tissues after you eat a meal.
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u naša tkiva nakon što pojedete obrok.
05:05
And the hormone IGF-1 promotes growth.
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A hormon IGF-1 unaprijeđuje rast.
05:08
So these functions were known for these hormones for a long time,
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Ove funkcije su poznate po tim hormonima već jako dugo,
05:11
but our studies suggested
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ali naše su nas studije navele na to
05:13
that maybe they had a third function that nobody knew about --
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da možda imaju i treću funkciju za koju nitko nije znao --
05:15
maybe they also affect aging.
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možda oni također utječu na starenje.
05:17
And it's looking like that's the case.
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I izgleda da je to ovdje slučaj.
05:19
So after we made our discoveries with little C. elegans,
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Nakon otkrića s malim C. elegansom,
05:22
people who worked on other kinds of animals
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ljudi koji su radili na drugim vrstama životinja
05:24
started asking, if we made the same daf-2 mutation,
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počeli su ispitivati: ako napravimo istu daf-2 mutaciju,
05:27
the hormone receptor mutation, in other animals,
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mutaciju hormonskog receptora, na drugim životinjama,
05:30
will they live longer?
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hoće li one živjeti duže?
05:32
And that is the case in flies.
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A to je slučaj s muhama.
05:34
If you change this hormone pathway in flies, they live longer.
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Ako promijenite put ovog hormona kod muha, one žive dulje.
05:37
And also in mice -- and mice are mammals like us.
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Isto je i kod miševa -- a miševi su sisavci poput nas.
05:40
So it's an ancient pathway,
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Dakle, to je drevan put,
05:42
because it must have arisen a long time ago in evolution
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jer je dugo vremena morao nastajati tijekom evolucije
05:44
such that it still works in all these animals.
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da bi još uvijek radio u svim životinjama.
05:47
And also, the common precursor also gave rise to people.
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I također, zajednički prekusor je doveo do ljudi.
05:50
So maybe it's working in people the same way.
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Možda i kod ljudi radi na isti način.
05:52
And there are hints of this.
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I postoje naznake za to.
05:54
So for example, there was one study that was done
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Kao primjer postojala je jedna studija koja je provedena
05:56
in a population of Ashkenazi Jews in New York City.
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u populaciji Ashkenazi židova u New Yorku.
05:59
And just like any population,
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I kao i svaka populacija,
06:01
most of the people live to be about 70 or 80,
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većina ljudi doživi 70 ili 80,
06:04
but some live to be 90 or 100.
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ali neki dožive i 90 ili 100 godina.
06:06
And what they found
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Ono što su pronašli je
06:08
was that people who lived to 90 or 100
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da su ljudi koji su doživjeli 90 ili 100 godina
06:11
were more likely to have daf-2 mutations --
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vjerojatno imali daf-2 mutacije --
06:14
that is, changes in the gene
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odnosno, promjene u genu
06:16
that encodes the receptor for IGF-1.
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koje kodiraju receptor za IGF-1.
06:18
And these changes made the gene not act as well
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I te su promjene natjerale gen da se ne ponaša jednako
06:23
as the normal gene would have acted.
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kao i normalan gen.
06:25
It damaged the gene.
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Oštetilo je gen.
06:27
So those are hints
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To su naznake
06:29
suggesting that humans are susceptible
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koje nas navode da su ljudi podložni
06:31
to the effects of the hormones for aging.
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efektima hormona za starenje.
06:33
So the next question, of course, is:
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Naravno, sljedeće je pitanje:
06:35
Is there any effect on age-related disease?
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Postoji li kakva posljedica na bolesti povezane sa starenjem?
06:38
As you age, you're much more likely
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Kako starite, veća vam je šansa
06:40
to get cancer, Alzheimer's disease,
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da dobijete rak, Alzheimerovu bolest,
06:42
heart disease, all sorts of diseases.
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srčanu bolest, razne vrste bolesti.
06:44
It turns out that these long-lived mutants
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Ispada da su ovi dugovječni mutanti
06:46
are more resistant to all these diseases.
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otporniji na sve ove bolesti.
06:48
They hardly get cancer,
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Teško dobivaju rak,
06:50
and when they do it's not as severe.
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a kada i dobiju nije tako težak.
06:52
So it's really interesting, and it makes sense in a way,
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Dakle, zaista je zanimljivo i ima smisla na neki način,
06:54
that they're still young,
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jer su još uvijek mladi,
06:56
so why would they be getting diseases of aging until their old?
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zašto bi onda dobivali bolesti starenja sve dok ne budu stari?
07:00
So it suggests
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To nas navodi
07:02
that, if we could have a therapeutic or a pill to take
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da kada bismo mogli imati lijek ili pilulu koju bismo uzeli
07:05
to replicate some of these effects in humans,
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kako bismo napravili kopiju nekih od ovih efekata na ljudima,
07:07
maybe we would have a way
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možda bismo imali način
07:09
of combating lots of different age-related diseases
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kako se boriti s mnoštvom različitih bolesti povezanih s godinama,
07:11
all at once.
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odjednom.
07:13
So how can a hormone ultimately affect the rate of aging?
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Kako dakle hormon može naposljetku utjecati na brzinu starenja?
07:15
How could that work?
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Kako bi to moglo uspijevati?
07:17
Well it turns out that in the daf-2 mutants,
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Ispada da je kod daf-2 mutanata,
07:20
a whole lot of genes are switched on in the DNA
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velika količina gena zamijenjena na DNK
07:23
that encode proteins that protect the cells and the tissues,
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kako bi kodirala proteine koji štite stanice i tkiva
07:26
and repair damage.
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i popravljaju štetu.
07:28
And the way that they're switched on
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A način na koji su zamijenjeni
07:31
is by a gene regulator protein called FOXO.
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je pomoću genskog proteinskog regulatora zvanog FOXO.
07:34
So in a daf-2 mutant --
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Dakle, kod daf-2 mutanata --
07:36
you see that I have the X drawn here through the receptor.
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vidite da sam stavio X ovdje kroz receptor.
07:38
The receptor isn't working as well.
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Receptor ne radi kako bi trebao.
07:40
Under those conditions, the FOXO protein in blue
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Pod tim uvjetima, FOXO protein u plavom
07:43
has gone into the nucleus --
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je nestao u jezgru --
07:45
that little compartment there in the middle of the cell --
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ovaj mali odjeljak ovdje u sredini stanice --
07:47
and it's sitting down on a gene binding to it.
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i sjedi na genu koji se privezao za njega.
07:49
You see one gene. There are lots of genes actually that bind on FOXO.
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Vidite jedan gen. Zapravo postoji mnogo gena koji se vežu na FOXO.
07:51
And it's just sitting on one of them.
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I samo sjedi na jednom od njih.
07:53
So FOXO turns on a lot of genes.
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Dakle, FOXO pokreće mnogo gena.
07:55
And the genes it turns on includes antioxidant genes,
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A geni koje pokreće, uključuju gene antioksidante,
07:58
genes I call carrot-giver genes,
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gene koje zovem "geni koji daju mrkvu",
08:00
whose protein products
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čiji proteinski proizvodi
08:02
actually help other proteins to function well --
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zapravo pomažu drugim proteinima da dobro funkcioniraju --
08:04
to fold correctly and function correctly.
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da se ispravno smotaju i ispravno rade.
08:06
And it can also escort them to the garbage cans of the cell
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I također ih mogu pratiti do kanti za smeće u stanici
08:09
and recycle them if they're damaged.
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i reciklirati ih ako su oštećeni.
08:11
DNA repair genes
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DNK popravljajući geni
08:13
are more active in these animals.
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su aktivniji kod ovih životinja.
08:15
And the immune system is more active.
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I imunološki sustav je aktivniji.
08:17
And many of these different genes, we've shown,
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I mnogo od tih različitih gena koje smo pokazali,
08:20
actually contribute to the long lifespan of the daf-2 mutant.
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zapravo sudjeluju u dugom životnom vijeku daf-2 mutanata.
08:23
So it's really interesting.
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To je zaista zanimljivo.
08:25
These animals have within them
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Ove životinje unutar sebe imaju
08:27
the latent capacity to live much longer than they normally do.
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skriven kapacitet da žive mnogo dulje no što inače žive.
08:30
They have the ability
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Imaju sposobnost
08:32
to protect themselves from many kinds of damage,
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da same sebe zaštite od raznih vrsta oštećenja
08:34
which we think makes them live longer.
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za koje smatramo da zbog njih žive dulje.
08:37
So what about the normal worm?
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Što je s normalnim crvom?
08:39
Well when the daf-2 receptor is active,
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Kada je daf-2 receptor aktivan,
08:42
then it triggers a series of events
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onda aktivira seriju događaja
08:44
that prevent FOXO
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koji sprječavaju FOXO
08:46
from getting into the nucleus where the DNA is.
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od ulaska u jezgru gdje je DNK.
08:49
So it can't turn the genes on.
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Pa ne može pokrenuti gene.
08:51
That's how it works. That's why we don't see the long lifespan,
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Tako se to odvija. Zato ne vidimo dug životni vijek,
08:53
until we have the daf-2 mutant.
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sve dok nemamo daf-2 mutanta.
08:55
But what good is this for the worm?
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Ali što je tu dobro za crva?
08:57
Well we think that insulin and IGF-1 hormones
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Pa, mislimo kako su inzulin i IGF-1 hormoni,
09:00
are hormones that are particularly active
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hormoni koji su naročito aktivni
09:02
under favorable conditions -- in the good times --
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pod povoljnim uvjetima -- u dobrim vremenima --
09:04
when food is plentiful and there's not a lot of stress in the environment.
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kada postoji obilje hrane i nema mnogo stresa u okolini.
09:07
Then they promote the uptake of nutrients.
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Onda oni unaprijeđuju unos hranjivih tvari.
09:09
You can store the food, use it for energy,
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Možete pohraniti hranu, upotrijebiti je za energiju,
09:12
grow, etc.
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rast i tako dalje.
09:14
But what we think is that, under conditions of stress,
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Ali mi smatramo da pod stresnim uvjetima
09:17
the levels of these hormones drop --
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razina hormona pada --
09:19
for example, having limited food supply.
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na primjer kada imate ograničenu zalihu hrane.
09:22
And that, we think,
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I smatramo da je i to
09:24
is registered by the animal as a danger signal,
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registrirano kod životinja kao signal opasnosti,
09:26
a signal that things are not okay
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signal da stvari nisu u redu
09:28
and that it should roll out its protective capacity.
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i da bi trebalo smanjiti zaštitni kapacitet.
09:31
So it activates FOXO, FOXO goes to the DNA,
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To aktivira FOXO, FOXO ulazi u DNK
09:34
and that triggers the expression of these genes
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i to pokreće ekspresiju gena
09:36
that improves the ability of the cell
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koji poboljšavaju sposobnost stanice
09:38
to protect itself and repair itself.
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da štiti samu sebe i da se popravlja.
09:40
And that's why we think the animals live longer.
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I zato mislimo da životinje žive dulje.
09:42
So you can think of FOXO
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Dakle, možete si predočiti da je FOXO
09:44
as being like a building superintendent.
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nešto poput upravitelja gradnje.
09:47
So maybe he's a little bit lazy,
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Možda je malo lijen,
09:49
but he's there, he's taking care of the building.
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ali tamo je, brine se za zgradu.
09:51
But it's deteriorating.
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Ali zgrada propada.
09:53
And then suddenly, he learns that there's going to be a hurricane.
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I onda, odjednom, shvaća da će doći uragan.
09:56
So he doesn't actually do anything himself.
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Pa ništa ne radi sam.
09:58
He gets on the telephone --
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Primi se telefona --
10:00
just like FOXO gets on the DNA --
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kao što se FOXO prima na DNK --
10:02
and he calls up
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i zove
10:04
the roofer, the window person,
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krovopokrivača, stolara,
10:06
the painter, the floor person.
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soboslikara, osobu zaduženu za podove.
10:09
And they all come and they fortify the house.
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I svi dođu i ojačaju kuću.
10:11
And then the hurricane comes through,
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A onda kada uragan prođe
10:13
and the house is in much better condition than it would normally have been in.
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i kuća je u mnogo boljem stanju nego što bi inače bila.
10:15
And not only that, it can also just last longer,
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I ne samo to, također može duže trajati,
10:18
even if there isn't a hurricane.
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čak i ako nema uragana.
10:20
So that's the concept here
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To je koncept ovdje
10:22
for how we think this life extension ability exists.
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za to kako mislimo da ova sposobnost produženja života postoji.
10:26
Now the really cool thing about FOXO
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Odlična stvar u vezi FOXO-a
10:28
is that there are different forms of it.
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je ta da postoje različiti oblici.
10:30
We all have FOXO genes,
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Svi imamo FOXO gene,
10:33
but we don't all have exactly the same form of the FOXO gene.
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ali nemamo svi točno iste oblike FOXO gena.
10:36
Just like we all have eyes,
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Kao što svi imamo oči,
10:38
but some of us have blue eyes and some of us have brown eyes.
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ali neki od nas imaju plave oči, a neki od nas smeđe oči.
10:41
And there are certain forms of the FOXO gene
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I postoje određeni oblici FOXO gena
10:44
that have found to be more frequently present
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koji su češće pronađeni
10:46
in people who live to be 90 or 100.
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u ljudima koji dožive 90 ili 100 godina.
10:48
And that's the case all over the world,
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I tako je u cijelom svijetu,
10:50
as you can see from these stars.
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što možete vidjeti po ovim zvijezdama.
10:52
And each one of these stars represents a population
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I svaka od ovih zvijezda predstavlja populaciju
10:54
where scientists have asked,
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gdje su znanstvenici pitali,
10:56
"Okay, are there differences in the type of FOXO genes
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„U redu, jesu li ove različitosti u tipu FOXO gena
10:58
among people who live a really long time?" and there are.
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među ljudima koji zaista dugo žive?“ i jesu.
11:01
We don't know the details of how this works,
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Ne znamo pojedinosti toga kako to funkcionira,
11:03
but we do know then
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ali znamo da
11:05
that FOXO genes can impact
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FOXO geni mogu utjecati na
11:07
the lifespan of people.
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životni vijek ljudi.
11:09
And that means that, maybe if we tweak it a little bit,
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I to znači da, možda ako se malo prilagodimo,
11:12
we can increase the health and longevity of people.
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možemo povećati zdravlje i dugovječnost ljudi.
11:16
So this is really exciting to me.
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Ovo je veomo uzbudljivo za mene.
11:18
A FOXO is a protein that we found in these little, round worms
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FOXO je protein kojeg smo pronašli u tim malim, okruglim crvima,
11:20
to affect lifespan,
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a utječe na životni vijek,
11:22
and here it affects lifespan in people.
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a ovdje utječe na životni vijek kod ljudi.
11:24
So we've been trying in our lab now
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Pokušavali smo u svom laboratoriju
11:26
to develop drugs
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razviti lijek
11:28
that will activate this FOXO cell
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koji će aktivirati tu FOXO stanicu
11:30
using human cells now
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koristeći ljudske stanice
11:32
in order to try and come up with drugs
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kako bismo isprobali i smislili još lijekova
11:34
that will delay aging and age-related diseases.
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koji će odgoditi starenje i bolesti povezane sa starenjem.
11:37
And I'm really optimistic that this is going to work.
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I zaista sam optimistična da će to uspjeti.
11:40
There are lots of different proteins that are known to affect aging.
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Postoji mnogo različitih proteina koji su poznati po tom da utječu na starenje.
11:43
And for at least one of them, there is a drug.
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I barem za jednog od njih postoji lijek.
11:46
There's one called TOR, which is another nutrient sensor,
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Tu je jedan koji se zove TOR, on je senzor hranjivih tvari,
11:48
like the insulin pathway.
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poput puta inzulina.
11:50
And mutations that damage the TOR gene --
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I mutacije koje uništavaju TOR gen --
11:52
just like the daf-2 mutations --
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kao i daf-2 mutacije --
11:54
extend lifespan in worms
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produžuju životni vijek kod crva,
11:56
and flies and mice.
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muha i miševa.
11:59
But in this case, there's already a drug called rapamycin
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Ali u ovom slučaju već postoji lijek pod imenom rapamycin
12:01
that binds to the TOR protein
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koji se veže na TOR protein
12:03
and inhibits its activity.
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i potiče njegovu aktivnost.
12:05
And you can take rapamycin and give it to a mouse --
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I možete uzeti rapamycin i dati ga mišu
12:08
even when it's pretty old, like age 60 for a human,
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čak i kad je relativno star, recimo kao 60 ljudskih godina,
12:10
that old for a mouse --
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to je staro za miša --
12:12
if you give the mouse rapamycin,
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ako mišu date rapamycin,
12:14
it will live longer.
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živjet će dulje.
12:16
Now I don't want you all to go out taking rapamycin.
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Ne želim da sad svi krenete uzimati rapamycin.
12:18
It is a drug for people,
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To je lijek za ljude,
12:20
but the reason is it suppresses the immune system.
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a razlog je što uništava imunološki sustav.
12:23
So people take it to prevent organ transplants from being rejected.
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Ljudi ga uzimaju kako bi spriječili transplantirane organe od odbacivanja.
12:27
So this may not be the perfect drug
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Ovo možda nije savršen lijek
12:29
for staying young longer.
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za produženje mladosti.
12:31
But still, here in the year 2011,
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Ali ipak, sada u 2011. godini,
12:34
there's a drug that you can give to mice at a pretty old age
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postoji lijek koji možete dati mišu koji je relativno star
12:36
that will extend their lifespan,
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i to će produžiti njegov životni vijek,
12:38
which comes out of this science
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pri čemu dolazimo do znanosti
12:40
that's been done in all these different animals.
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koja je napravljena na svim tim ostalim životinjama.
12:42
So I'm really optimistic,
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Zato sam veoma optimistična
12:44
and I think it won't be too long, I hope,
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i smatram da neće proći još mnogo vremena, nadam se,
12:46
before this age-old dream begins to come true.
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prije no što se ovaj san o starenju krene ostvarivati.
12:49
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
12:51
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
13:00
Matt Ridley: Thank you, Cynthia.
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Matt Ridley: Hvala vam, Cynthia.
13:03
Let me get this straight.
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Da razjasnimo.
13:05
Although you're looking for a drug
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Iako tražite lijek
13:07
that can solve aging
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koji može razriješiti starenje
13:09
in old men like me,
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kod starih ljudi poput mene,
13:12
what you could do now pretty well in the lab,
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ono što biste sada mogli započeti u laboratoriju,
13:15
if you were allowed ethically,
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da vam je etički dozvoljeno,
13:17
is start a human life from scratch
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bi bilo započinjanje ljudskog života od početka
13:20
with altered genes that would make it live for a lot longer?
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s promijenjenim genima koji bi učinili da živi mnogo dulje?
13:23
CK: Ah, so the kinds of drugs I was talking about
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CK: Vrsta lijekova o kojima sam govorila
13:26
would not change the genes,
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ne bi promijenili gene,
13:28
they would just bind to the protein itself
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oni bi se samo vezali na protein
13:31
and change its activity.
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i promijenili njegovu aktivnost.
13:33
So if you stop taking the drug, the protein would go back to normal.
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Dakle, ako prestanete uzimati lijek, protein će se vratiti u normalu.
13:36
You could change the genes in principle.
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U principu bi mogli promijeniti gene.
13:39
There isn't the technology to do that.
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Ne postoji tehnologija kojom se to može učiniti.
13:41
But I don't think that's a good idea.
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Ali mislim da to nije dobra ideja.
13:43
And the reason is
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A razlog je to
13:45
that these hormones,
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što su ovi hormoni,
13:47
like the insulin and the IGF hormones and the TOR pathway,
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poput inzulina i IGF hormona i TOR ciklusa,
13:50
they're essential.
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temeljni.
13:52
If you knock them out completely, then you're very sick.
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Ako ih u potpunosti izbacite, onda ste veoma bolesni.
13:55
So it might be that you would just have to fine tune it very carefully
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Dakle, može biti da biste ih samo morali fino podesiti veoma oprezno
13:58
to get the benefits without getting any problems.
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da bi dobili korist od toga bez da zadobijete ikakve probleme.
14:01
And I think that's much better,
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I smatram da je to mnogo bolje,
14:03
that kind of control would be much better as a drug.
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takva vrsta kontrole bi bila mnogo bolja kao lijek.
14:05
And also, there are other ways of activating FOXO
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I također, postoje drugi načini za aktivaciju FOXO-a
14:08
that don't even involve insulin or IGF-1
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koji čak i ne uključuju inzulin ili IGF-1
14:10
that might even be safer.
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koji su možda i sigurniji.
14:12
MR: I wasn't suggesting that I was going to go and do it, but ...
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MR: Nisam vas navodio da ću otići i učiniti to, ali ...
14:15
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
14:19
There's a phenomenon which you have written about and spoken about,
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Postoji fenomen o kojem ste pisali i pričali,
14:23
which is a negligible senescence.
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a to je zanemarivo starenje.
14:26
There are some creatures on this planet already
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Postoje stvorenja na ovom planetu
14:28
that don't really do aging.
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koja zapravo ne stare.
14:31
Just move to one side for us, if you would.
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Samo to pomaknite na našu stranu, ako možete.
14:34
CK: There are. There are some animals that don't seem to age.
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CK: Postoje. Postoje neke životinje za koje se čini da ne stare.
14:37
For example, there are some tortoises called Blanding's turtles.
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Na primjer, ovo su kornjače zvane Blandingove kornjače.
14:41
And they grow to be about this size.
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I narastu do ove veličine.
14:43
And they've been tagged, and they've been found to be 70 years old.
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Označene su i pronađene neke koje imaju 70 godina.
14:46
And when you look at these 70 year-old turtles,
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I kada pogledate ovu 70 godina staru kornjaču,
14:48
you can't tell the difference, just by looking,
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ne možete vidjeti razliku,
14:51
between those turtles and 20 year-old turtles.
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između tih kornjača i 20-godišnjih kornjača.
14:53
And the 70 year-old ones,
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I sedamdesetogodišnjakinje
14:55
actually they're better at scouting out the good nesting places,
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zapravo su bolje u izviđanju dobrih gnijezda
14:58
and they also have more progeny every year.
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i također imaju više potomaka svake godine.
15:01
And there are other examples of these kinds of animals,
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I imamo druge primjere ove vrste životinja,
15:04
like turns, certain kinds of birds are like this.
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poput zaokreta, određene vrste ptica poput ovih.
15:07
And nobody knows if they really can live forever,
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I nitko ne zna mogu li one stvarno živjeti zauvijek
15:09
or what keeps them from aging.
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ili što je to što ih sprječava od starenja.
15:11
It's not clear.
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Nije jasno.
15:13
If you look at birds, which live a long time,
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Ako pogledate ptice koje žive dugo,
15:16
cells from the birds tend to be more resistant
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stanice iz ptica su otpornije
15:19
to a lot of different environmental stresses
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na mnogo različitih stresova iz okoliša
15:21
like high temperature
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poput visoke temperature
15:23
or hydrogen peroxide, things like that.
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ili hidrogen peroksida, stvari poput tih.
15:25
And our long-lived mutants are too.
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I naši dugovječni mutanti također.
15:27
They're more resistant to these kinds of stresses.
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Otporniji su na ovakvu vrstu stresova.
15:29
So it could be that the pathways that I've been talking about,
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Može biti da ciklusi o kojima sam pričala,
15:32
which are set to run really quickly in the worm,
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a odvijali su se brzo u crvu,
15:35
have a different normal set point
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imaju različite normalne odredišne točke
15:38
in something like a bird, so that a bird can live a lot longer.
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u nečemu poput ptice, tako da ptice mogu dulje živjeti.
15:41
And maybe they're even set really differently
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I možda su čak različito postavljeni
15:43
in animals with no senescence at all -- but we don't know.
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kod životinja bez starenja -- no to ne znamo.
15:46
MR: But what you're talking about here
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MR: Ali to što govorite ovdje
15:48
is not extending human lifespan
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nije produljenje ljudskog životnog vijeka
15:51
by preventing death,
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pomoću prevencije smrti,
15:53
so much as extending human youthspan.
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već produljenje ljudske mladosti.
15:55
CK: Yes, that's right.
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CK: Da, to je točno.
15:57
It's more like, say, if you were a dog.
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To je više poput toga da ste recimo pas.
15:59
You notice that you're getting old, and you look at your human
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Primjećujete da starite, gledate svog čovjeka
16:01
and you think, "Why isn't this human getting old?"
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i mislite, „Zašto ovaj čovjek ne stari?“
16:03
They're not getting old in the dog's lifespan.
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Ne stare u psećem životnom vijeku.
16:05
It's more like that.
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To je više poput toga.
16:07
But now we're the human looking out and imagining a different human.
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Ali sada smo ljudi koji gledaju i zamišljaju drugačijeg čovjeka.
16:11
MR: Thank you very much indeed, Cynthia Kenyon.
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MR: Veoma vam hvala, Cynthia Kenyon.
16:14
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Cynthia Kenyon - Biochemist, geneticistWhen it comes to aging well, having “good genes” (or rather, mutant ones) is key, says Cynthia Kenyon. She unlocked the genetic secret of longevity in roundworms — and now she’s working to do the same for humans.
Why you should listen
Cynthia Kenyon is revolutionizing our understanding of aging. As an expert in biochemistry and biophysics at the University of California at San Francisco, she is particularly interested in the influence that genetics have on age-related diseases (from cancer to heart failure) in living things.
Her biggest breakthrough was figuring out that there’s a “universal hormonal control for aging”: carbohydrate intake, which can have a dramatic effect on how two critical genes behave, reducing insulin production and boosting repair and renovation activities. So far, her theory has proved true for worms, mice, rats, and monkeys — and she suspects it applies to humans, too.
By studying aging, Kenyon believes that she and other scientists (many of whom have successfully duplicated her experiments) will be able to pinpoint the molecules responsible for the onset of age-related diseases in people and prevent them. She’s co-founded a drug-development company called Elixir Pharmaceuticals to do just that.
She says: "The link between aging and age-related disease suggests an entirely new way to combat many diseases all at once; namely, by going after their greatest risk factor: aging itself."
Cynthia Kenyon | Speaker | TED.com