TEDGlobal 2011
Cynthia Kenyon: Experiments that hint of longer lives
Sintija Kenjon (Cynthia Kenyon): Eksperimenti koji naslućuju duži život
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Šta kontroliše starenje? Biohemičarka Sintija Kenjon je pronašla jednostavnu genetsku mutaciju koja može udvostručiti životni vek jednostavne gliste, C. elegans. Pouka ovog i drugih istraživanja nam ukazuje kako da jednog dana značajno produžimo mladalački ljudski život.
Cynthia Kenyon - Biochemist, geneticist
When it comes to aging well, having “good genes” (or rather, mutant ones) is key, says Cynthia Kenyon. She unlocked the genetic secret of longevity in roundworms — and now she’s working to do the same for humans. Full bio
When it comes to aging well, having “good genes” (or rather, mutant ones) is key, says Cynthia Kenyon. She unlocked the genetic secret of longevity in roundworms — and now she’s working to do the same for humans. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Have you ever wanted to stay young a little longer
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Da li ste ikada poželeli da malo duže budete mladi
00:18
and put off aging?
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i odložite starenje?
00:20
This is a dream of the ages.
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Ovaj san postoji već vekovima.
00:23
But scientists have for a long time
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Naučnici su jako dugo vremena
00:25
thought this just was never going to be possible.
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mislili da je ovo nemoguće.
00:27
They thought you just wear out, there's nothing you can do about it --
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Mislili su da se jednostavno istrošimo i da ne postoji ništa
00:30
kind of like an old shoe.
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što možemo uraditi povodom toga - kao stara cipela.
00:32
But if you look in nature,
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Ali ako pogledate prirodu
00:34
you see that different kinds of animals
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vidite da različite vrste životinja
00:36
can have really different lifespans.
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imaju jako različit životni vek.
00:38
Now these animals are different from one another,
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Ove životinje se razlikuju jedna od druge
00:40
because they have different genes.
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zato što imaju različite gene.
00:42
So that suggests
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Ovo nam ukazuje
00:44
that somewhere in these genes, somewhere in the DNA,
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da su negde u ovim genima, negde u DNK,
00:46
are genes for aging,
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geni starenja,
00:48
genes that allow them to have different lifespans.
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geni koji im dozvoljavaju da imaju različit životni vek.
00:50
So if there are genes like that,
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Pa, ako postoje takvi geni,
00:52
then you can imagine that,
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možemo zamisliti da,
00:54
if you could change one of the genes in an experiment,
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ako bismo mogli da promenimo jedan od gena u eksperimentu,
00:56
an aging gene,
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gen starenja,
00:58
maybe you could slow down aging and extend lifespan.
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možda bismo mogli da usporimo starenje i produžimo životni vek.
01:01
And if you could do that, then you could find the genes for aging.
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Ako biste mogli da uradite to, onda biste mogli i da nađete gen starenja.
01:04
And if they exist and you can find them,
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A ako oni postoje i vi ih možete naći
01:06
then maybe one could eventually do something about it.
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onda bi eventualno mogli uraditi nešto sa time.
01:09
So we've set out to look for genes that control aging.
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Tako smo započeli potragu za genima koji kontrolišu starenje.
01:12
And we didn't study any of these animals.
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Nismo proučavali nijednu od ovih životinja.
01:15
Instead, we studied a little, tiny, round worm called C. elegans,
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Umesto toga, proučavali smo male, sićušne okrugle gliste, nazvane C. elegans,
01:18
which is just about the size of a comma in a sentence.
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koje su veličine zapete u rečenici.
01:21
And we were really optimistic that we could find something
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Bili smo optimistični da ćemo nešto pronaći
01:24
because there had been a report of a long-lived mutant.
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jer su postojali izveštaji o dugovečnim mutantima.
01:27
So we started to change genes at random,
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Tako smo nasumice počeli da menjamo gene,
01:29
looking for long-lived animals.
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tražeći dugovečne životinje.
01:31
And we were very lucky to find
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Imali smo puno sreće da otkrijemo
01:33
that mutations that damage one single gene called daf-2
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da mutacije koje oštećuju samo gen nazvan daf-2
01:37
doubled the lifespan of the little worm.
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udvostručuju životni vek ovog malog crva.
01:40
So you can see in black, after a month --
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Možete videti u crnoj boji, nakon mesec dana --
01:42
they're very short-lived; that's why we like to study them
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oni žive jako kratko, zato volimo da ih proučavamo
01:44
for studies of aging --
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za studije o starenju --
01:46
in black, after a month, the normal worms are all dead.
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u crnoj boji, nakon jednog meseca, normalni crvi su mrtvi.
01:49
But at that time,
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Ali u to vreme,
01:51
most of the mutant worms are still alive.
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većina glisti-mutanata je bila živa.
01:53
And it isn't until twice as long
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Treba da protekne dva puta više vremena
01:55
that they're all dead.
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da bi svi oni umrli.
01:57
And now I want to show what they actually look like in this movie here.
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Sada bih želela da vam pokažem kako oni zapravo izgledaju u ovom filmu.
02:00
So the first thing you're going to see
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Prva stvar koju ćete videti
02:02
is the normal worm
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je normalan crv,
02:04
when it's about college student age -- a young adult.
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kada je u studentskim godinama -- znači mlada odrasla osoba.
02:07
It's quite a cute little fellow.
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Baš je sladak mališa.
02:10
And next you're going to see the long-lived mutant when it's young.
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Sledeće što ćete videti je dugovečni mutant kada je mlad.
02:13
So this animal is going to live twice as long.
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Ova životinja će živeti dva puta duže.
02:15
Is it miserable? It doesn't seem to be.
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Da li je nesrećan? Svakako ne izgleda tako.
02:17
It's active. You can't tell the difference really.
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Aktivan je. Zapravo ih ne možete razlikovati.
02:20
And they can be completely fertile --
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Oni mogu biti potpuno plodni --
02:22
have the same number of progeny as the normal worms do.
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imaju isti broj potomaka kao i normalne gliste.
02:24
Now get out your handkerchiefs here.
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Sada izvadite vaše maramice.
02:26
You're going to see, in just two weeks,
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Videćete da su za samo dve nedelje
02:28
the normal worms are old.
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normalni crvi već stari.
02:30
You can see the little head moving down at the bottom there.
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Možete videti malu glavu kako se pomera tamo u dnu.
02:33
But everything else is just lying there.
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Ali sve ostalo jednostavno leži.
02:35
The animal's clearly in the nursing home.
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Životinja je očigledno u staračkom domu.
02:37
And if you look at the tissues of the animal, they're starting to deteriorate.
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Ako pogledate tkiva ove životinje, videćete da im se stanje pogoršava.
02:40
You know, even if you've never seen one of these little C. elegans --
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Znate, čak iako nikada niste videli jednog od ovih C. elegansa --
02:42
which probably most of you haven't seen one --
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koje verovatno većina vas nikada nije videla --
02:44
you can tell they're old -- isn't that interesting?
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možete reći da su stari -- zar to nije interesantno?
02:47
So there's something about aging that's kind of universal.
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Dakle, postoji nešto u vezi sa starenjem što je univerzalno.
02:50
And now here is the daf-2 mutant.
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Ovde vidimo daf-2 mutanta.
02:53
One gene is changed out of 20,000, and look at it.
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Promenjen je samo jedan od 20.000 gena i pogledajte ga.
02:55
It's the same age, but it's not in the nursing home;
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Iste je starosti, ali nije u staračkom domu;
02:58
it's going skiing.
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skija se.
03:01
This is what's really cool: it's aging more slowly.
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Ovo je ono što je zapravo sjajno: on sporije stari.
03:04
It takes this worm two days
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Ovoj glisti su neophodna dva dana
03:06
to age as much as the normal worm ages in one day.
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da ostari onoliko koliko normalna glista ostari za jedan dan.
03:08
And when I tell people about this,
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Kada ljudima kažem za ovo,
03:10
they tend to think of maybe an 80 or 90 year-old person
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oni obično pomisle na osobu staru 80 ili 90 godina
03:14
who looks really good for being 90 or 80.
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koja jako dobro izgleda za osobu te starosti.
03:16
But it's really more like this:
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Ali to bi u stvari izgledalo ovako:
03:18
let's say you're a 30 year-old guy -- or in your 30s --
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Recimo da imate trideset godina -- ili da ste možda u vašim tridesetim --
03:21
and you're a bachelor and you're dating people.
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i da ste neženja i da viđate druge ljude.
03:23
And you meet someone you really like, you get to know her.
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Onda upoznate nekoga ko vam se sviđa i želite da je bolje upoznate.
03:26
And you're in a restaurant, and you say, "Well how old are you?"
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I tako ste u restoranu i kažete: "Koliko godina imaš?"
03:29
She says, "I'm 60."
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A ona vam odgovori: "Imam 60 godina."
03:31
That's what it's like. And you would never know.
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To tako izgleda. A vi to nikada ne biste pretpostavili.
03:33
You would never know, until she told you.
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Ne biste znali da vam ona nije rekla.
03:35
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
03:39
Okay.
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U redu.
03:41
So what is the daf-2 gene?
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Pa, šta je to daf-2 gen?
03:43
Well as you know, genes, which are part of the DNA,
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Kao što znate, geni, koji su deo DNK,
03:45
they're instructions to make a protein that does something.
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su instrukcije za pravljenje proteina koji nešto čine.
03:48
And the daf-2 gene
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A daf-2 gen
03:50
encodes a hormone receptor.
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šifrira receptor hormona.
03:52
So what you see in the picture there
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Ovo što sada možete videti na slici
03:54
is a cell with a hormone receptor in red
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je ćelija sa receptorom hormona prikazanim crvenom bojom
03:56
punching through the edge of the cell.
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koji prodire kroz ćelijski zid.
03:58
So part of it is like a baseball glove.
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Jedan njegov deo je kao bejzbol rukavica.
04:00
Part of it's on the outside,
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To je njegov spoljašnji deo
04:02
and it's catching the hormone as it comes by in green.
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i on hvata hormone, označene zelenom bojom, kako nailaze.
04:04
And the other part is on the inside
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Drugi deo je u unutrašnjosti ćelije
04:06
where it sends signals into the cell.
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i šalje joj signale.
04:08
Okay, so what is the daf-2 receptor
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Dobro, šta gen daf-2
04:10
telling the inside of the cell?
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poručuje unutrašnjosti ćelije?
04:12
I just told you that, if you make a mutation in the daf-2 gene cell,
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Već sam vam rekla da, ako napravite mutaciju na daf-2 genu,
04:15
that you get a receptor that doesn't work as well;
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da dobijete receptor koji ne radi kako treba;
04:17
the animal lives longer.
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životinja živi duže.
04:19
So that means that the normal function of this hormone receptor
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To znači da je uobičajena funkcija ovog receptora hormona
04:22
is to speed up aging.
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da ubrza starenje.
04:24
That's what that arrow means.
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To ta strelica označava.
04:26
It speeds up aging. It makes it go faster.
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Ubrzava starenje. Čini ga ubrzanim.
04:28
So it's like the animal has the grim reaper inside of itself,
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To je kao da životinja nosi smrt u sebi,
04:30
speeding up aging.
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koja ubrzava starenje.
04:32
So this is altogether really, really interesting.
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Ovo je u celosti veoma, veoma interesantno.
04:35
It says that aging is subject to control by the genes,
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Govori nam da je starenje pod uticajem gena
04:38
and specifically by hormones.
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i pogotovo hormona.
04:41
So what kind of hormones are these?
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Pa kakvi su to hormoni?
04:43
There's lots of hormones. There's testosterone, adrenalin.
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Postoji mnoštvo hormona. Postoji testosteron, adrenalin.
04:45
You know about a lot of them.
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Znate puno njih.
04:47
These hormones are similar
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Ovi hormoni su slični
04:49
to hormones that we have in our bodies.
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hormonima koji su u našim telima.
04:51
The daf-2 hormone receptor
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Receptor za daf-2 hormon
04:53
is very similar to the receptor
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veoma je sličan receptoru
04:55
for the hormone insulin and IGF-1.
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za hormon insulina i IGF-1.
04:58
Now you've all heard of at least insulin.
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Sigurno ste svi čuli makar za insulin.
05:00
Insulin is a hormone that promotes the uptake of nutrients
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Insulin je hormon koji omogućava preuzimanje nutrijenata
05:03
into your tissues after you eat a meal.
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u vašim tkivima nakon što pojedete obrok.
05:05
And the hormone IGF-1 promotes growth.
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A hormon IGF-1 promoviše rast.
05:08
So these functions were known for these hormones for a long time,
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Dakle ove funkcije ovih hormona su poznate već dugo vremena,
05:11
but our studies suggested
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ali naše studije pokazuju
05:13
that maybe they had a third function that nobody knew about --
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da oni možda imaju i treću funkciju za koju niko nije znao --
05:15
maybe they also affect aging.
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možda takođe utiču na starenje.
05:17
And it's looking like that's the case.
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A izgleda da je to slučaj.
05:19
So after we made our discoveries with little C. elegans,
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Nakon što smo napravili ovo otkriće sa malenim C. elegansom,
05:22
people who worked on other kinds of animals
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ljudi koji su radili sa drugim životinjama
05:24
started asking, if we made the same daf-2 mutation,
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su počeli da se pitaju, ako napravimo istu daf-2 mutaciju,
05:27
the hormone receptor mutation, in other animals,
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mutaciju receptora hormona kod drugih životinja,
05:30
will they live longer?
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da li će one živeti duže?
05:32
And that is the case in flies.
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To je slučaj sa muvama.
05:34
If you change this hormone pathway in flies, they live longer.
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Ako promenite obrazac ovog hormona kod muva, one žive duže.
05:37
And also in mice -- and mice are mammals like us.
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Isti je slučaj i sa miševima -- a miševi su sisari, kao i mi.
05:40
So it's an ancient pathway,
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Dakle to je jedna stara staza,
05:42
because it must have arisen a long time ago in evolution
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zato što mora da je nastala pre mnogo vremena u evoluciji
05:44
such that it still works in all these animals.
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tako da i dalje radi za ove životinje.
05:47
And also, the common precursor also gave rise to people.
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Takođe, iz zajedničkog pretka su nastali i ljudi.
05:50
So maybe it's working in people the same way.
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Tako da možda i kod ljudi isto funkcioniše.
05:52
And there are hints of this.
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Postoje nagoveštaji ovoga.
05:54
So for example, there was one study that was done
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Tako je, na primer, sprovedena jedna studija
05:56
in a population of Ashkenazi Jews in New York City.
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među populacijom Aškenazi Jevreja u Njujorku.
05:59
And just like any population,
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Kao i kod svake druge populacije,
06:01
most of the people live to be about 70 or 80,
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većina ljudi živi 70 do 80 godina,
06:04
but some live to be 90 or 100.
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ali neki dočekaju i 90 ili 100 godina.
06:06
And what they found
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Ono što su oni otkrili jeste
06:08
was that people who lived to 90 or 100
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da su ljudi koji su dočekali 90. ili 100.
06:11
were more likely to have daf-2 mutations --
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najverovatnije imali daf-2 mutacije --
06:14
that is, changes in the gene
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to jest, promene u genu
06:16
that encodes the receptor for IGF-1.
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koji šifrira receptor za IGF-1.
06:18
And these changes made the gene not act as well
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Ove promene su navele gen da se ne ponaša tako dobro
06:23
as the normal gene would have acted.
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kako bi se ponašali drugi geni.
06:25
It damaged the gene.
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Oštetile su gen.
06:27
So those are hints
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Ovo su tragovi
06:29
suggesting that humans are susceptible
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koji nam ukazuju da su ljudi podložni
06:31
to the effects of the hormones for aging.
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efektima ovog hormona starenja.
06:33
So the next question, of course, is:
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Sledeće pitanje, naravno, je:
06:35
Is there any effect on age-related disease?
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Postoji li ikakav efekat na bolesti uzrokovane godinama?
06:38
As you age, you're much more likely
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Kako starite, raste verovatnoća
06:40
to get cancer, Alzheimer's disease,
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da ćete dobiti rak, Alchajmerovu bolest,
06:42
heart disease, all sorts of diseases.
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bolesti srca, svakakve bolesti.
06:44
It turns out that these long-lived mutants
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Ispostavilo se da su ovi dugovečni mutanti
06:46
are more resistant to all these diseases.
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otporniji na sve ove bolesti.
06:48
They hardly get cancer,
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Jedva da oboljevaju od raka
06:50
and when they do it's not as severe.
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i kada ga dobiju on nije tako ozbiljan.
06:52
So it's really interesting, and it makes sense in a way,
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Dakle, veoma je interesantno, a donekle ima i smisla,
06:54
that they're still young,
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da su oni još uvek mladi,
06:56
so why would they be getting diseases of aging until their old?
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pa zašto bi oboleli od bolesti starenja dok ne ostare?
07:00
So it suggests
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Ovo nam govori
07:02
that, if we could have a therapeutic or a pill to take
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da, kada bismo imali lek ili pilulu koju bismo popili
07:05
to replicate some of these effects in humans,
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da bi ponovili neke od ovih efekata kod ljudi
07:07
maybe we would have a way
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možda bismo pronašli način
07:09
of combating lots of different age-related diseases
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da pobedimo mnoge bolesti
07:11
all at once.
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uzrokovanih starenjem odjednom.
07:13
So how can a hormone ultimately affect the rate of aging?
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Kako hormon može na kraju da utiče na brzinu starenja?
07:15
How could that work?
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Kako bi to moglo da radi?
07:17
Well it turns out that in the daf-2 mutants,
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Ispostavilo se da je kod daf-2 mutanata,
07:20
a whole lot of genes are switched on in the DNA
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mnoštvo gena aktivirano u DNK
07:23
that encode proteins that protect the cells and the tissues,
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koji šifriraju proteine koji štite ćelije i tkiva
07:26
and repair damage.
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i popravljaju oštećenja.
07:28
And the way that they're switched on
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Oni su uključeni
07:31
is by a gene regulator protein called FOXO.
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uz pomoć gena regulatora proteina nazvanog FOXO.
07:34
So in a daf-2 mutant --
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Kod daf-2 mutanata --
07:36
you see that I have the X drawn here through the receptor.
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vidite da ovde imam znak X nacrtan preko receptora.
07:38
The receptor isn't working as well.
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Receptor ne radi kako treba.
07:40
Under those conditions, the FOXO protein in blue
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Pod ovim uslovima, FOXO protein označen plavom bojom
07:43
has gone into the nucleus --
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je premešten u nukleus --
07:45
that little compartment there in the middle of the cell --
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taj maleni pregradak u sredini ćelije --
07:47
and it's sitting down on a gene binding to it.
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i sedi na genu sa kojim je povezan.
07:49
You see one gene. There are lots of genes actually that bind on FOXO.
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Vidite jedan gen. Postoji mnoštvo gena koji se vezuju za FOXO.
07:51
And it's just sitting on one of them.
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I jednostavno stoji na jednom od njih.
07:53
So FOXO turns on a lot of genes.
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Dakle, FOXO uključuje mnogo gena.
07:55
And the genes it turns on includes antioxidant genes,
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Geni koje aktivira uključuju gene antioksidanasa,
07:58
genes I call carrot-giver genes,
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gene koje ja nazivam genima-namamljivačima
08:00
whose protein products
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čiji proizvodi proteina
08:02
actually help other proteins to function well --
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zapravo pomažu drugim proteinima da normalno funkcionišu --
08:04
to fold correctly and function correctly.
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da se tačno slažu i funkcionišu tačno.
08:06
And it can also escort them to the garbage cans of the cell
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Takođe ih mogu i otpratiti do korpi za smeće unutar ćelija
08:09
and recycle them if they're damaged.
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i reciklirati ih ukoliko su oštećeni.
08:11
DNA repair genes
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DNK geni za popravke
08:13
are more active in these animals.
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su mnogo aktivniji kod ovih životinja.
08:15
And the immune system is more active.
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I njihov imuni sistem je aktivniji.
08:17
And many of these different genes, we've shown,
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Mnogi od ovih gena, kako smo već pokazali,
08:20
actually contribute to the long lifespan of the daf-2 mutant.
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zapravo doprinose dugovečnosti daf-2 mutanata.
08:23
So it's really interesting.
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To je veoma zanimljivo.
08:25
These animals have within them
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Ove životinje u sebi nose
08:27
the latent capacity to live much longer than they normally do.
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latentni kapacitet da žive mnogo duže nego inače.
08:30
They have the ability
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Imaju sposobnost
08:32
to protect themselves from many kinds of damage,
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da se zaštite od raznih oštećenja,
08:34
which we think makes them live longer.
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i mislimo da im to omogućava da žive duže.
08:37
So what about the normal worm?
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Pa, šta je sa normalnom glistom?
08:39
Well when the daf-2 receptor is active,
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Kada je daf-2 receptor aktivan
08:42
then it triggers a series of events
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on aktivira niz događaja
08:44
that prevent FOXO
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koja FOXO-u onemogućava
08:46
from getting into the nucleus where the DNA is.
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da prodre u nukleus gde se DNK nalazi.
08:49
So it can't turn the genes on.
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Tako da ne može da aktivira gene.
08:51
That's how it works. That's why we don't see the long lifespan,
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Tako radi. Zato ne vidimo dugi životni vek
08:53
until we have the daf-2 mutant.
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sve dok nemamo daf-2 mutanta.
08:55
But what good is this for the worm?
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Ali od kakve je to koristi za glistu?
08:57
Well we think that insulin and IGF-1 hormones
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Mislimo da su insulin i IGF-1 hormoni
09:00
are hormones that are particularly active
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oni hormoni koji su naročito aktivni
09:02
under favorable conditions -- in the good times --
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pod povoljnim uslovima -- u dobrim vremenima --
09:04
when food is plentiful and there's not a lot of stress in the environment.
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kada hrane ima u izobilju i kada nema puno pritiska iz životnoj sredini.
09:07
Then they promote the uptake of nutrients.
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Onda oni promovišu preuzimanje hranljivih materija.
09:09
You can store the food, use it for energy,
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Možete da skladištite hranu, koristite je za energiju,
09:12
grow, etc.
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rast i tako dalje.
09:14
But what we think is that, under conditions of stress,
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Smatramo da, u uslovima stresa,
09:17
the levels of these hormones drop --
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nivo ovih hormona opada --
09:19
for example, having limited food supply.
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na primer, kada imamo ograničeni pristup hrani.
09:22
And that, we think,
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I to, po našem mišljenju,
09:24
is registered by the animal as a danger signal,
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neke životinje registruju kao znak za opasnost,
09:26
a signal that things are not okay
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signal koji nam kaže da nije sve u redu
09:28
and that it should roll out its protective capacity.
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i da treba da aktiviramo svoj zaštitni kapacitet.
09:31
So it activates FOXO, FOXO goes to the DNA,
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Tako aktivira FOXO, FOXO odlazi u DNK,
09:34
and that triggers the expression of these genes
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i to aktivira izražavanje ovih gena
09:36
that improves the ability of the cell
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koji poboljšavaju mogućnost ćelije
09:38
to protect itself and repair itself.
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da se zaštiti i popravi.
09:40
And that's why we think the animals live longer.
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Mislimo da zato životinje žive duže.
09:42
So you can think of FOXO
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Možete zamisliti FOXO-a
09:44
as being like a building superintendent.
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kao nadzornika zgrade.
09:47
So maybe he's a little bit lazy,
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Možda je pomalo lenj,
09:49
but he's there, he's taking care of the building.
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ali on je tu, stara se o zgradi.
09:51
But it's deteriorating.
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Međutim, zgrada propada.
09:53
And then suddenly, he learns that there's going to be a hurricane.
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Odjednom, on sazna da nailazi uragan.
09:56
So he doesn't actually do anything himself.
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On zapravo ništa ne radi sam.
09:58
He gets on the telephone --
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On je na telefonskoj liniji --
10:00
just like FOXO gets on the DNA --
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baš kao što je FOXO na DNK --
10:02
and he calls up
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i on poziva
10:04
the roofer, the window person,
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tesare, stolare,
10:06
the painter, the floor person.
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molere, parketare.
10:09
And they all come and they fortify the house.
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I oni svi dođu i ojačaju kuću.
10:11
And then the hurricane comes through,
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A kada uragan prođe,
10:13
and the house is in much better condition than it would normally have been in.
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kuća je u mnogo boljem stanju nego što bi inače bila.
10:15
And not only that, it can also just last longer,
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I ne samo to, ona može i da traje duže,
10:18
even if there isn't a hurricane.
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čak iako uragana nema.
10:20
So that's the concept here
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To je pojam našeg viđenja
10:22
for how we think this life extension ability exists.
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o postojanju sposobnosti za produžetak života.
10:26
Now the really cool thing about FOXO
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Zaista dobra stvar u vezi sa FOXO-m jeste
10:28
is that there are different forms of it.
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da postoji u različitim oblicima.
10:30
We all have FOXO genes,
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Mi svi imamo FOXO gene
10:33
but we don't all have exactly the same form of the FOXO gene.
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ali nemamo svi potpuno istu formu FOXO gena.
10:36
Just like we all have eyes,
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Baš kao što svi imamo oči,
10:38
but some of us have blue eyes and some of us have brown eyes.
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ali neki od nas imaju plave, a neki braon oči.
10:41
And there are certain forms of the FOXO gene
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Izvesne forme FOXO gena
10:44
that have found to be more frequently present
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su češće prisutne
10:46
in people who live to be 90 or 100.
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kod ljudi koji žive do 90. ili 100. godine.
10:48
And that's the case all over the world,
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To je slučaj širom sveta,
10:50
as you can see from these stars.
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kao što možete videti po ovim zvezdicama.
10:52
And each one of these stars represents a population
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Svaka od ovih zvezdica predstavlja populaciju
10:54
where scientists have asked,
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gde su naučnici pitali:
10:56
"Okay, are there differences in the type of FOXO genes
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"Dobro, postoje li razlike u tipu FOXO gena
10:58
among people who live a really long time?" and there are.
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među ljudima koji žive jako dugo?" I postoje.
11:01
We don't know the details of how this works,
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Nismo upućeni u detalje funkcionisanja ovoga,
11:03
but we do know then
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ali ono što znamo je
11:05
that FOXO genes can impact
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da FOXO geni imaju uticaj
11:07
the lifespan of people.
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na ljudski vek.
11:09
And that means that, maybe if we tweak it a little bit,
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To znači da, ako se možda malo pozabavimo njim,
11:12
we can increase the health and longevity of people.
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možemo unaprediti zdravlje i dugovečnost ljudi.
11:16
So this is really exciting to me.
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Zato je ovo tako uzbudljivo za mene.
11:18
A FOXO is a protein that we found in these little, round worms
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FOXO je protein koji smo našli u ovim malim, okruglim glistama
11:20
to affect lifespan,
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a koji utiče na životni vek,
11:22
and here it affects lifespan in people.
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a ovde utiče i na životni vek ljudi.
11:24
So we've been trying in our lab now
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U našoj laboratoriji pokušavamo
11:26
to develop drugs
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da razvijemo lekove
11:28
that will activate this FOXO cell
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koji bi aktivirali ovu FOXO ćeliju,
11:30
using human cells now
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koristeći ljudske ćelije,
11:32
in order to try and come up with drugs
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da bismo isprobali i otkrili lekove
11:34
that will delay aging and age-related diseases.
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koji bi odložili starenje i bolesti povezane sa njim.
11:37
And I'm really optimistic that this is going to work.
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Veoma sam optimistična povodom ovoga.
11:40
There are lots of different proteins that are known to affect aging.
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Postoji mnogo različitih proteina za koje se zna da utiču na starenje.
11:43
And for at least one of them, there is a drug.
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I za makar jednog od njih, postoji lek.
11:46
There's one called TOR, which is another nutrient sensor,
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Postoji jedan nazvan TOR, koji je još jedan senzor nutrijenata,
11:48
like the insulin pathway.
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poput insulinske staze.
11:50
And mutations that damage the TOR gene --
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Mutacije koje oštećuju TOR gen --
11:52
just like the daf-2 mutations --
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baš kao i daf-2 mutacije --
11:54
extend lifespan in worms
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produžavaju život glista,
11:56
and flies and mice.
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mušica i miševa.
11:59
But in this case, there's already a drug called rapamycin
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Ali u ovom slučaju, već postoji lek nazvan rapamicin
12:01
that binds to the TOR protein
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koji se vezuje za TOR protein
12:03
and inhibits its activity.
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i sprečava njegovu aktivnost.
12:05
And you can take rapamycin and give it to a mouse --
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Možete uzeti rapamicin i dati ga mišu --
12:08
even when it's pretty old, like age 60 for a human,
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čak i ako je veoma star, kao ljudi u 60. godini,
12:10
that old for a mouse --
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tako star miš --
12:12
if you give the mouse rapamycin,
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ako mu date rapamicin,
12:14
it will live longer.
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živeće duže.
12:16
Now I don't want you all to go out taking rapamycin.
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Ne želim da sada svi odete i uzmete rapamicin.
12:18
It is a drug for people,
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To jeste lek za ljude,
12:20
but the reason is it suppresses the immune system.
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ali vam to kažem zato što oslabljuje imuni sistem.
12:23
So people take it to prevent organ transplants from being rejected.
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Ljudi ga uzimaju da bi sprečili odbacivanje presađenih organa.
12:27
So this may not be the perfect drug
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Ovo možda nije savršeni lek
12:29
for staying young longer.
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za produženje mladosti.
12:31
But still, here in the year 2011,
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I dalje, u 2011. godini,
12:34
there's a drug that you can give to mice at a pretty old age
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postoji lek koji možete dati miševima u dubokoj starosti
12:36
that will extend their lifespan,
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koji će produžiti njihov vek,
12:38
which comes out of this science
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koji je rezultat ove nauke
12:40
that's been done in all these different animals.
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koja se pozabavila svim ovim različitim životinjama.
12:42
So I'm really optimistic,
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Zaista sam optimistična
12:44
and I think it won't be too long, I hope,
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i mislim da neće proći puno vremena, nadam se,
12:46
before this age-old dream begins to come true.
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pre nego što ovaj pradavni san počne da se ostvaruje.
12:49
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
12:51
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
13:00
Matt Ridley: Thank you, Cynthia.
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Met Ridli: Hvala ti, Sintija.
13:03
Let me get this straight.
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Hajde da razjasnimo ovo.
13:05
Although you're looking for a drug
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Iako tragaš za lekom
13:07
that can solve aging
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koji može rešiti starenje
13:09
in old men like me,
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kod starih ljudi kao što sam ja,
13:12
what you could do now pretty well in the lab,
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ono što bi sada mogla da uradiš u laboratoriji,
13:15
if you were allowed ethically,
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kada bi ti to bilo etički dozvoljeno,
13:17
is start a human life from scratch
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jeste da od nule započneš ljudski život
13:20
with altered genes that would make it live for a lot longer?
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sa izmenjenim genima koji bi mu omogućili da živi mnogo duže?
13:23
CK: Ah, so the kinds of drugs I was talking about
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SK: Ah, pa vrste lekova o kojima sam govorila
13:26
would not change the genes,
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ne bi promenile gene,
13:28
they would just bind to the protein itself
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već bi se vezale za protein
13:31
and change its activity.
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i promenile njegovu aktivnost.
13:33
So if you stop taking the drug, the protein would go back to normal.
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Ako biste prestali sa uzimanjem leka, protein bi se vratio u normalu.
13:36
You could change the genes in principle.
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U principu, možete izmeniti gene.
13:39
There isn't the technology to do that.
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Ali ne postoji tehnologija za tako nešto.
13:41
But I don't think that's a good idea.
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Međutim, ja smatram da to nije dobra ideja.
13:43
And the reason is
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Razlog za to je
13:45
that these hormones,
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što su ovi hormoni,
13:47
like the insulin and the IGF hormones and the TOR pathway,
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kao insulin, IGF hormoni i TOR staza,
13:50
they're essential.
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osnovni.
13:52
If you knock them out completely, then you're very sick.
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Ako ih potpuno uklonite, bićete veoma bolesni.
13:55
So it might be that you would just have to fine tune it very carefully
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Verovatno biste morali veoma pažljivo i fino da ih podesite
13:58
to get the benefits without getting any problems.
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da biste dobili beneficije, bez stvaranja problema.
14:01
And I think that's much better,
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Mislim da je to mnogo bolje,
14:03
that kind of control would be much better as a drug.
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takva vrsta kontrole bila bi mnogo bolja kao lek.
14:05
And also, there are other ways of activating FOXO
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Takođe, postoje drugi načini aktiviranja FOXO-a
14:08
that don't even involve insulin or IGF-1
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koji ne uključuju insulin i IGF-1
14:10
that might even be safer.
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koji su verovatno i bezbedniji.
14:12
MR: I wasn't suggesting that I was going to go and do it, but ...
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MR: Nisam sugerisao da ću to i uraditi, ali...
14:15
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
14:19
There's a phenomenon which you have written about and spoken about,
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Postoji fenomen o kome ste pisali i govorili,
14:23
which is a negligible senescence.
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a to je zanemarljivo starenje.
14:26
There are some creatures on this planet already
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Već sada postoje stvorenja na našoj planeti
14:28
that don't really do aging.
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koja zapravo ne stare.
14:31
Just move to one side for us, if you would.
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Samo se malo pomeri u stranu, da li bi htela?
14:34
CK: There are. There are some animals that don't seem to age.
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SK: Postoje. Postoje neka stvorenja koja naizgled ne stare.
14:37
For example, there are some tortoises called Blanding's turtles.
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Na primer, postoje kornjače nazvane Blandingove kornjače.
14:41
And they grow to be about this size.
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One rastu do otprilike ove visine.
14:43
And they've been tagged, and they've been found to be 70 years old.
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One su obeležene, i starost im je procenjena na 70 godina.
14:46
And when you look at these 70 year-old turtles,
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Kada gledate ove kornjače stare 70 godina,
14:48
you can't tell the difference, just by looking,
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samo pogledom ne možete uvideti razliku
14:51
between those turtles and 20 year-old turtles.
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između onih starih 70 i 20 godina.
14:53
And the 70 year-old ones,
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Ove kornjače, stare 70 godina,
14:55
actually they're better at scouting out the good nesting places,
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su zapravo bolje u nalaženju dobrih mesta za polaganje jaja
14:58
and they also have more progeny every year.
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i svake godine daju više potomaka.
15:01
And there are other examples of these kinds of animals,
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Postoje i drugi primerci ovih vrsta životinje,
15:04
like turns, certain kinds of birds are like this.
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poput čigre; neke ptice imaju te osobine.
15:07
And nobody knows if they really can live forever,
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Niko zapravo ne zna da li one mogu da žive doveka
15:09
or what keeps them from aging.
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i šta kod njih zaustavlja starenje.
15:11
It's not clear.
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To nam nije jasno.
15:13
If you look at birds, which live a long time,
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Ako pogledate ptice, koje žive jako dugo,
15:16
cells from the birds tend to be more resistant
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videćete da njihove ćelije mogu biti otpornije
15:19
to a lot of different environmental stresses
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na mnoštvo nepovoljnih uslova u životnoj sredini,
15:21
like high temperature
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poput visokih temperatura,
15:23
or hydrogen peroxide, things like that.
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ili hidrogen peroksida i sličnih stvari.
15:25
And our long-lived mutants are too.
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Isti su takvi i naši mutanti.
15:27
They're more resistant to these kinds of stresses.
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Oni su otporniji na ove vrste nepovoljnih uslova.
15:29
So it could be that the pathways that I've been talking about,
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Moguće je da staze o kojima sam govorila,
15:32
which are set to run really quickly in the worm,
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a koje su kod glisti tako postavljene da se kreću veoma brzo,
15:35
have a different normal set point
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imaju drugačiju postavku
15:38
in something like a bird, so that a bird can live a lot longer.
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u nečemu poput ptica, tako da ptice mogu da žive duže.
15:41
And maybe they're even set really differently
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Možda su čak postavljene veoma različito
15:43
in animals with no senescence at all -- but we don't know.
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kod organizama kod kojih uopšte nema starenja -- ali to ne znamo.
15:46
MR: But what you're talking about here
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MR: Ali ono o čemu vi sada govorite
15:48
is not extending human lifespan
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nije produženje života
15:51
by preventing death,
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kroz sprečavanje smrti,
15:53
so much as extending human youthspan.
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već kroz produženje mladosti.
15:55
CK: Yes, that's right.
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SK: Da, upravo tako.
15:57
It's more like, say, if you were a dog.
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Više je kao da ste, recimo, pas.
15:59
You notice that you're getting old, and you look at your human
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Primećujete da starite i gledate ljude,
16:01
and you think, "Why isn't this human getting old?"
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i mislite: "Zašto ovaj čovek ne stari?"
16:03
They're not getting old in the dog's lifespan.
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Oni ne stare u životnom veku psa.
16:05
It's more like that.
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Više je nalik tome.
16:07
But now we're the human looking out and imagining a different human.
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Ali mi smo ljudi koji gledaju unapred i koji zamišljaju druge ljude.
16:11
MR: Thank you very much indeed, Cynthia Kenyon.
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MR: Zaista ti mnogo hvala, Sintija Kenjon.
16:14
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Cynthia Kenyon - Biochemist, geneticistWhen it comes to aging well, having “good genes” (or rather, mutant ones) is key, says Cynthia Kenyon. She unlocked the genetic secret of longevity in roundworms — and now she’s working to do the same for humans.
Why you should listen
Cynthia Kenyon is revolutionizing our understanding of aging. As an expert in biochemistry and biophysics at the University of California at San Francisco, she is particularly interested in the influence that genetics have on age-related diseases (from cancer to heart failure) in living things.
Her biggest breakthrough was figuring out that there’s a “universal hormonal control for aging”: carbohydrate intake, which can have a dramatic effect on how two critical genes behave, reducing insulin production and boosting repair and renovation activities. So far, her theory has proved true for worms, mice, rats, and monkeys — and she suspects it applies to humans, too.
By studying aging, Kenyon believes that she and other scientists (many of whom have successfully duplicated her experiments) will be able to pinpoint the molecules responsible for the onset of age-related diseases in people and prevent them. She’s co-founded a drug-development company called Elixir Pharmaceuticals to do just that.
She says: "The link between aging and age-related disease suggests an entirely new way to combat many diseases all at once; namely, by going after their greatest risk factor: aging itself."
Cynthia Kenyon | Speaker | TED.com