TED2007
VS Ramachandran: 3 clues to understanding your brain
Vilayanur Ramachandran o umu
Filmed:
Readability: 4.3
5,019,899 views
Vilayanur Ramachandran nam, pomoću triju zapanjujućih primjera sumanutih misli, objašnjava što oštećenje mozga može otkriti o vezi između moždanog tkiva i uma.
Vilayanur Ramachandran - Brain expert
Neurologist V.S. Ramachandran looks deep into the brain’s most basic mechanisms. By working with those who have very specific mental disabilities caused by brain injury or stroke, he can map functions of the mind to physical structures of the brain. Full bio
Neurologist V.S. Ramachandran looks deep into the brain’s most basic mechanisms. By working with those who have very specific mental disabilities caused by brain injury or stroke, he can map functions of the mind to physical structures of the brain. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:25
Well, as Chris pointed out, I study the human brain,
0
0
4000
Kao što je Chris spomenuo, bavim se proučavanjem ljudskog mozga --
00:29
the functions and structure of the human brain.
1
4000
2000
funkcijom i građom ljudskog mozga.
00:31
And I just want you to think for a minute about what this entails.
2
6000
4000
Želio bi da promislite na trenutak o svemu što to povlači za sobom.
00:35
Here is this mass of jelly, three-pound mass of jelly
3
10000
4000
Ta želatinozna masa -- kilogram i pol teška
00:39
you can hold in the palm of your hand,
4
14000
3000
može vam stati na dlan ruke,
00:42
and it can contemplate the vastness of interstellar space.
5
17000
4000
a sposobna je promišljati o međuzvjezdanim prostranstvima.
00:46
It can contemplate the meaning of infinity
6
21000
2000
Sposobna je promišljati o značenju beskonačnosti
00:48
and it can contemplate itself contemplating on the meaning of infinity.
7
23000
5000
i može samu sebe promatrati kako promišlja o značenju beskonačnosti.
00:53
And this peculiar recursive quality that we call self-awareness,
8
28000
5000
Tu neobičnu rekurzivnost, koju nazivamo samosvijest,
00:58
which I think is the holy grail of neuroscience, of neurology,
9
33000
4000
osobno smatram Svetim Gralom neuroznanosti, neurologije,
01:02
and hopefully, someday, we'll understand how that happens.
10
37000
2000
te se nadam da ćemo, jednog dana, razumjeti kako ona nastaje.
01:05
OK, so how do you study this mysterious organ?
11
40000
3000
Dakle, kako proučavati ovaj misteriozni organ?
01:08
I mean, you have 100 billion nerve cells,
12
43000
4000
100 milijardi živčanih stanica,
01:12
little wisps of protoplasm, interacting with each other,
13
47000
3000
sitnih snopova protoplazme u medusobnoj interakciji,
01:15
and from this activity emerges the whole spectrum of abilities
14
50000
4000
iz čega izranja čitav spektar sposobnosti
01:19
that we call human nature and human consciousness.
15
54000
3000
koje nazivamo ljudskom prirodom i ljudskom svijesti.
01:22
How does this happen?
16
57000
1000
Kako do toga dolazi?
01:23
Well, there are many ways of approaching the functions of the human brain.
17
58000
3000
Pa, postoji mnogo načina kako bi se objasnile funkcije mozga.
01:26
One approach, the one we use mainly,
18
61000
3000
Jedan, najčešće korišten,
01:29
is to look at patients with sustained damage to a small region of the brain,
19
64000
5000
jest proučavanje pacijenata s trajnim oštećenjem neke male regije mozga,
01:34
where there's been a genetic change in a small region of the brain.
20
69000
2000
u kojoj je došlo do genetske promjene.
01:36
What then happens is not an across-the-board reduction
21
71000
4000
U tom slučaju ne dolazi do sveobuhvatnog umanjenja
01:40
in all your mental capacities,
22
75000
2000
svih vaših mentalnih kapaciteta,
01:42
a sort of blunting of your cognitive ability.
23
77000
3000
niti do otupljenja kognitivnih sposobnosti.
01:45
What you get is a highly selective loss of one function,
24
80000
3000
U stvari, dobijemo visoko selektivan gubitak jedne funkcije
01:48
with other functions being preserved intact,
25
83000
2000
dok druge funkcije mozga ostanu netaknute,
01:50
and this gives you some confidence in asserting
26
85000
2000
na temelju čega možemo pouzdano pretpostaviti
01:52
that that part of the brain is somehow involved in mediating that function.
27
87000
4000
da je taj dio mozga umiješan u ostvarivanje te određene funkcije.
01:56
So you can then map function onto structure,
28
91000
2000
Tako možete mapirati funkciju unutar strukture,
01:58
and then find out what the circuitry's doing
29
93000
3000
i potom otkriti koji dio mozga je važan
02:01
to generate that particular function.
30
96000
2000
za nastanak određene funkcije.
02:03
So that's what we're trying to do.
31
98000
2000
I to je ono što pokušavamo napraviti.
02:05
So let me give you a few striking examples of this.
32
100000
3000
Prikazat ću vam nekoliko iznenađujućih primjera.
02:08
In fact, I'm giving you three examples, six minutes each, during this talk.
33
103000
4000
Zapravo, tri primjera, svaki u trajanju od šest minuta.
02:12
The first example is an extraordinary syndrome called Capgras syndrome.
34
107000
4000
Prvi primjer je izuzetno neobičan sindrom po imenu Capgras.
02:16
If you look at the first slide there,
35
111000
2000
Ako pogledate prvi slajd,
02:18
that's the temporal lobes, frontal lobes, parietal lobes, OK --
36
113000
5000
vidite sljepoočni, čeoni i tjemeni režanj mozga --
02:23
the lobes that constitute the brain.
37
118000
2000
oni tvore mozak.
02:25
And if you look, tucked away inside the inner surface of the temporal lobes --
38
120000
4000
Ukoliko pogledate, smještena u unutrašnjoj površini sljepoočnih režnjeva --
02:29
you can't see it there --
39
124000
2000
ovdje je ne možete vidjeti --
02:31
is a little structure called the fusiform gyrus.
40
126000
2000
nalazi se mala struktura, vretenasta vijuga (gyrus fusiformis).
02:33
And that's been called the face area in the brain,
41
128000
3000
Nju nazivaju licem mozga
02:36
because when it's damaged, you can no longer recognize people's faces.
42
131000
3000
jer, kada je ona oštećena, više ne možete prepoznati ljudska lica.
02:39
You can still recognize them from their voice
43
134000
2000
Možete ih još uvijek prepoznati po glasu
02:41
and say, "Oh yeah, that's Joe,"
44
136000
2000
i reći -- da, to je Joe,
02:43
but you can't look at their face and know who it is, right?
45
138000
3000
ali ne možete ih pogledati u lice i znati tko je to.
02:46
You can't even recognize yourself in the mirror.
46
141000
2000
Čak ni sebe ne možete prepoznati u zrcalu.
02:48
I mean, you know it's you because you wink and it winks,
47
143000
3000
Mislim, znate da ste to vi jer kad namignete i odraz namigne,
02:51
and you know it's a mirror,
48
146000
2000
i znate da je to zrcalo,
02:53
but you don't really recognize yourself as yourself.
49
148000
3000
ali ne prepoznajete sebe kao sebe.
02:56
OK. Now that syndrome is well known as caused by damage to the fusiform gyrus.
50
151000
4000
OK. Taj sindrom je dobro poznat i izaziva ga oštećenje vretenaste vijuge.
03:00
But there's another rare syndrome, so rare, in fact,
51
155000
3000
Ali postoji još jedan rijedak, zapravo toliko rijedak sindrom
03:03
that very few physicians have heard about it, not even neurologists.
52
158000
4000
da je vrlo malo liječnika, čak i neurologa, uopće čulo za njega.
03:07
This is called the Capgras delusion,
53
162000
2000
Zove se Capgrasov sumanuti poremećaj,
03:09
and that is a patient, who's otherwise completely normal,
54
164000
3000
a to je pacijent koji je sasvim normalan,
03:12
has had a head injury, comes out of coma,
55
167000
3000
koji je imao ozljedu glave, izašao iz kome,
03:15
otherwise completely normal, he looks at his mother
56
170000
3000
inače sasvim normalan, pogleda svoju majku
03:18
and says, "This looks exactly like my mother, this woman,
57
173000
3000
i kaže, "Ovo izgleda kao moja majka, ova žena,
03:21
but she's an impostor.
58
176000
2000
ali ona je uljez --
03:23
She's some other woman pretending to be my mother."
59
178000
2000
to je neka druga žena koja se pretvara da je moja majka."
03:25
Now, why does this happen?
60
180000
2000
Zašto se to događa?
03:27
Why would somebody -- and this person is perfectly lucid and intelligent
61
182000
3000
Zašto bi netko -- a radi se o sobi koja je inače razumna i inteligentna
03:30
in all other respects, but when he sees his mother,
62
185000
2000
u svakom pogledu, ali kada pogleda svoju majku,
03:32
his delusion kicks in and says, it's not mother.
63
187000
3000
pojavi se sumanuta ideja i kaže da to nije majka.
03:35
Now, the most common interpretation of this,
64
190000
2000
Najčešće objašnjenje ovoga,
03:37
which you find in all the psychiatry textbooks,
65
192000
2000
koje ćete pronaći u svim udžbenicima psihijatrije,
03:39
is a Freudian view, and that is that this chap --
66
194000
4000
jest frojdovsko i glasi da je taj momak --
03:43
and the same argument applies to women, by the way,
67
198000
2000
i isto se može primijeniti na žene
03:45
but I'll just talk about guys.
68
200000
2000
ali ja ću pričati o momcima --
03:47
When you're a little baby, a young baby,
69
202000
3000
kada je bio mala beba,
03:50
you had a strong sexual attraction to your mother.
70
205000
2000
osjećao je snažnu seksualnu privlačnost prema majci.
03:52
This is the so-called Oedipus complex of Freud.
71
207000
2000
To je takozvani Edipov kompleks.
03:54
I'm not saying I believe this,
72
209000
2000
Ne kažem da vjerujem u to,
03:56
but this is the standard Freudian view.
73
211000
2000
ali to je klasično frojdovsko gledište.
03:58
And then, as you grow up, the cortex develops,
74
213000
3000
Kako rastete, moždana kora se razvija,
04:01
and inhibits these latent sexual urges towards your mother.
75
216000
4000
i inhibiraju se latentni seksualni porivi prema vašoj majci.
04:05
Thank God, or you would all be sexually aroused when you saw your mother.
76
220000
4000
Hvala Bogu, jer biste inače svi bili seksualno uzbuđeni kada vidite svoju majku.
04:09
And then what happens is,
77
224000
2000
A onda se dogodi
04:11
there's a blow to your head, damaging the cortex,
78
226000
2000
da vas nešto udari u glavu, ošteti vam moždanu koru,
04:13
allowing these latent sexual urges to emerge,
79
228000
4000
i omogući da svi latentni porivi izrone,
04:17
flaming to the surface, and suddenly and inexplicably
80
232000
3000
buknu na površinu, te iznenada i neobjašnjivo
04:20
you find yourself being sexually aroused by your mother.
81
235000
3000
zateknete sebe kako vas seksualno uzbuđuje vlastita majka.
04:23
And you say, "My God, if this is my mom,
82
238000
2000
Pa kažete sebi, "Bože, ako je to moja mama,
04:25
how come I'm being sexually turned on?
83
240000
2000
kako to da me seksualno privlači?
04:27
She's some other woman. She's an impostor."
84
242000
2000
To je sigurno neka druga žena. Neki uljez."
04:29
It's the only interpretation that makes sense to your damaged brain.
85
244000
4000
Ta interpretacija vašem oštećenom mozgu jedino ima smisla.
04:33
This has never made much sense to me, this argument.
86
248000
3000
Meni to objašnjenje nikada nije imalo smisla.
04:36
It's very ingenious, as all Freudian arguments are --
87
251000
3000
Ono je vrlo genijalno, kao i svi frojdovski argumenti --
04:39
(Laughter)
88
254000
2000
(smijeh)
04:41
-- but didn't make much sense because I have seen the same delusion,
89
256000
5000
-- ali meni nije imalo smisla, jer sam vidio tu istu sumanutost,
04:46
a patient having the same delusion, about his pet poodle.
90
261000
2000
pacijent koji ima istu sumanutost prema svojoj pudlici.
04:48
(Laughter)
91
263000
1000
(smijeh)
04:49
He'll say, "Doctor, this is not Fifi. It looks exactly like Fifi,
92
264000
5000
Rekao bi, "Doktore, ovo nije Fifi, izgleda isto kao Fifi,
04:54
but it's some other dog." Right?
93
269000
2000
ali to je neki drugi pas." -- Istina?
04:56
Now, you try using the Freudian explanation there.
94
271000
2000
E sad pokušajte tu primijeniti frojdovsko objašnjenje.
04:58
(Laughter)
95
273000
1000
(smijeh)
04:59
You'll start talking about the latent bestiality in all humans,
96
274000
4000
Počet ćete govoriti o prikrivenoj sodomiji u ljudi,
05:03
or some such thing, which is quite absurd, of course.
97
278000
3000
ili o sličnom, što je prilično apsurdno.
05:06
Now, what's really going on?
98
281000
2000
Dakle, što se stvarno ovdje događa?
05:08
So, to explain this curious disorder,
99
283000
2000
Kako bismo objasnili taj čudnovat poremećaj,
05:10
we look at the structure and functions of the normal visual pathways in the brain.
100
285000
4000
proučavamo građu i funkciju normalnih vidnih puteva u mozgu.
05:14
Normally, visual signals come in, into the eyeballs,
101
289000
3000
Normalno, vidni podražaji dolaze do očne jabučice,
05:17
go to the visual areas in the brain.
102
292000
2000
pa idu u vidna područja moždane kore.
05:19
There are, in fact, 30 areas in the back of your brain concerned with just vision,
103
294000
3000
Postoji 30 vidnih područja u zatiljnom diijelu mozga,
05:22
and after processing all that, the message goes to a small structure
104
297000
3000
nakon što se sve to obradi, poruka odlazi u malenu strukturu
05:25
called the fusiform gyrus, where you perceive faces.
105
300000
5000
po imenu vretenasta vijuga, gdje opažate lica.
05:30
There are neurons there that are sensitive to faces.
106
305000
2000
Tamo su smješteni neuroni osjetljivi na lica.
05:32
You can call it the face area of the brain, right?
107
307000
3000
Možete ih zvati licem mozga, je l' tako?
05:35
I talked about that earlier.
108
310000
2000
O tome sam govorio ranije.
05:37
Now, when that area's damaged, you lose the ability to see faces, right?
109
312000
4000
Kad je to područje oštećeno, izgubili ste sposobnost da vidite lice, je l' tako?
05:41
But from that area, the message cascades
110
316000
3000
Ali iz tog područja, poruka odlazi
05:44
into a structure called the amygdala in the limbic system,
111
319000
3000
u strukturu nazvanu amigdala u limbičkom sustavu,
05:47
the emotional core of the brain,
112
322000
2000
emocionalnoj srži mozga,
05:49
and that structure, called the amygdala,
113
324000
2000
a ta struktura, amigdala,
05:51
gauges the emotional significance of what you're looking at.
114
326000
2000
procijenjuje emotivni značaj onoga što gledate.
05:53
Is it prey? Is it predator? Is it mate?
115
328000
4000
Je li to lovina? Grabežnjivac? Partner?
05:57
Or is it something absolutely trivial, like a piece of lint,
116
332000
2000
Ili je to nešto beznačajno poput komada tkanine,
05:59
or a piece of chalk, or a -- I don't want to point to that, but --
117
334000
4000
ili komada krede ili... ili -- ne bih baš pokazao u to ali --
06:03
or a shoe, or something like that? OK?
118
338000
2000
ili cipela ili nešto poput toga? OK?
06:05
Which you can completely ignore.
119
340000
2000
Nešto što možete u potpunosti zanemariti.
06:07
So if the amygdala is excited, and this is something important,
120
342000
3000
Ukoliko je amigdala podražena i radi se o nečem važnom,
06:10
the messages then cascade into the autonomic nervous system.
121
345000
3000
poruka odlazi u autonomni živčani sustav.
06:13
Your heart starts beating faster.
122
348000
2000
Srce počinje brže kucati,
06:15
You start sweating to dissipate the heat that you're going to
123
350000
3000
počinjete se znojiti kako biste oslobodili toplinu koju ćete stvoriti
06:18
create from muscular exertion.
124
353000
2000
mišićnim radom.
06:20
And that's fortunate, because we can put two electrodes on your palm
125
355000
4000
I sva sreća da je tako jer vam možemo staviti dvije elektrode na dlan
06:24
and measure the change in skin resistance produced by sweating.
126
359000
4000
i izmjeriti promjenu otpora kože, koja nastaje znojenjem.
06:28
So I can determine, when you're looking at something,
127
363000
2000
Tako mogu utvrditi, kada gledate nešto,
06:30
whether you're excited or whether you're aroused, or not, OK?
128
365000
4000
jeste li uzbuđeni ili niste, OK?
06:34
And I'll get to that in a minute.
129
369000
2000
Vratit ću se na to za tren.
06:36
So my idea was, when this chap looks at an object, when he looks at his --
130
371000
4000
Dakle moja je ideja bila da, kada taj momak pogleda u objekt, u svoju --
06:40
any object for that matter, it goes to the visual areas and,
131
375000
4000
u bilo koji objekt, zapravo -- to ide u vidna područja
06:44
however, and it's processed in the fusiform gyrus,
132
379000
3000
i obrađuje se u vretenastoj vijugi,
06:47
and you recognize it as a pea plant, or a table,
133
382000
3000
i prepoznajete ga kao grašak, stol,
06:50
or your mother, for that matter, OK?
134
385000
2000
ili svoju majku, OK?
06:52
And then the message cascades into the amygdala,
135
387000
3000
Tada se poruka seli u amigdalu
06:55
and then goes down the autonomic nervous system.
136
390000
2000
i odlazi u autonomni živčani sustav.
06:57
But maybe, in this chap, that wire that goes from the amygdala to the limbic system,
137
392000
5000
Ali je možda kod tog momka spona koja ide od amigdale do limbičkog sustava
07:02
the emotional core of the brain, is cut by the accident.
138
397000
3000
prekinuta tijekom nesreće.
07:05
So because the fusiform is intact,
139
400000
2000
A zato što je vijuga netaknuta
07:07
the chap can still recognize his mother,
140
402000
3000
može još uvijek prepoznati svoju majku,
07:10
and says, "Oh yeah, this looks like my mother."
141
405000
2000
te reći, "O da, ovo izgleda kao moja majka."
07:12
But because the wire is cut to the emotional centers,
142
407000
3000
Ali pošto je spona do emocionalnih centara presječena
07:15
he says, "But how come, if it's my mother, I don't experience a warmth?"
143
410000
4000
on kaže, "Ali kako to da, ako je to moja majka, ne osjećam nikakvu toplinu?"
07:19
Or terror, as the case may be? Right?
144
414000
2000
Ili užas, kao što zna biti slučaj. Jel' tako?
07:21
(Laughter)
145
416000
1000
(smijeh)
07:22
And therefore, he says, "How do I account for this inexplicable lack of emotions?
146
417000
6000
Stoga on kaže, "Kako da opravdam ovaj, neobjašnjivi, nedostatak emocija?
07:28
This can't be my mother.
147
423000
2000
Ovo ne može biti moja majka.
07:30
It's some strange woman pretending to be my mother."
148
425000
2000
To je neka druga žena koja se pretvara da je moja majka."
07:32
How do you test this?
149
427000
2000
Kako to ispitati?
07:34
Well, what you do is, if you take any one of you here, and put you in front of a screen,
150
429000
2000
Kada biste bilo koga od prisutnih stavili ispred ekrana
07:36
and measure your galvanic skin response,
151
431000
3000
i mjerili galvansku reakciju kože
07:39
and show pictures on the screen,
152
434000
2000
te prikazali slike na ekranu
07:41
I can measure how you sweat when you see an object,
153
436000
3000
mogao bi izmjeriti kako se znojite kada vidite objekt
07:44
like a table or an umbrella. Of course, you don't sweat.
154
439000
3000
poput slola ili kišobrana -- naravno, ne znojite se.
07:47
If I show you a picture of a lion, or a tiger, or a pinup, you start sweating, right?
155
442000
5000
Ali ako vam pokažem sliku lava, tigra ili erotsku sliku, počet ćete se znojiti, jel'da?
07:52
And, believe it or not, if I show you a picture of your mother --
156
447000
3000
I, vjerovali ili ne, ako vam pokažem sliku vaše majke --
07:55
I'm talking about normal people -- you start sweating.
157
450000
2000
govorim o normalnim ljudima -- počet ćete se znojiti.
07:57
You don't even have to be Jewish.
158
452000
2000
Čak ne morate biti Židov.
07:59
(Laughter)
159
454000
2000
(smijeh)
08:01
Now, what happens if you show this patient?
160
456000
4000
E sad, što se događa ukoliko to pokazujete ovom pacijentu?
08:05
You take the patient and show him pictures on the screen
161
460000
4000
Uzmete pacijenta i pokazujete mu slike na ekranu
08:09
and measure his galvanic skin response.
162
464000
2000
i mjerite njegovu galvansku reakciju kože.
08:11
Tables and chairs and lint, nothing happens, as in normal people,
163
466000
5000
Stolovi, stolice, tkanina...ništa se ne događa, kao kod normalnih ljudi,
08:16
but when you show him a picture of his mother,
164
471000
2000
ali kad mu pokažete sliku majke,
08:18
the galvanic skin response is flat.
165
473000
2000
galvanska reakcija kože izostaje.
08:20
There's no emotional reaction to his mother,
166
475000
2000
Ne postoji emotivna reakcija prema majci
08:22
because that wire going from the visual areas to the emotional centers is cut.
167
477000
5000
zato što je prekinuta spona između vidnih područja i emotivnih centara.
08:27
So his vision is normal because the visual areas are normal,
168
482000
3000
Dakle, vid mu je uredan jer su vidna područja netaknuta,
08:30
his emotions are normal -- he'll laugh, he'll cry, so on and so forth --
169
485000
3000
emocije su mu normalne -- smijat će se, plakati... --
08:33
but the wire from vision to emotions is cut
170
488000
3000
ali je spona vid-emocije prekinuta
08:36
and therefore he has this delusion that his mother is an impostor.
171
491000
3000
i to dovodi do sumanutosti da je majka uljez.
08:39
It's a lovely example of the sort of thing we do:
172
494000
3000
To je divan primjer onoga čime se bavimo,
08:42
take a bizarre, seemingly incomprehensible, neural psychiatric syndrome
173
497000
4000
uzmemo bizaran, naizgled neshvatljiv neuropsihijatrijski sindrom,
08:46
and say that the standard Freudian view is wrong,
174
501000
2000
kažemo da je frojdovsko gledište pogrešno,
08:48
that, in fact, you can come up with a precise explanation
175
503000
4000
te da je moguće pronaći točan mehanizam
08:52
in terms of the known neural anatomy of the brain.
176
507000
2000
u okviru i s pomoću neuroanatomije.
08:54
By the way, if this patient then goes,
177
509000
2000
E da, ako taj pacijent ode
08:56
and mother phones from an adjacent room -- phones him --
178
511000
5000
i majka ga nazove
09:01
and he picks up the phone, and he says, "Wow, mom, how are you? Where are you?"
179
516000
4000
on će podići slušalicu i reći, " Ej mama, kako si? Gdje si?"
09:05
There's no delusion through the phone.
180
520000
2000
Ne postoji sumanutost preko telefona.
09:07
Then, she approaches him after an hour, he says, "Who are you?
181
522000
2000
A onda mu ona nakon sat vremena priđe , a on kaže, "Tko si ti?
09:09
You look just like my mother." OK?
182
524000
2000
Izgledaš kao moja majka." OK?
09:11
The reason is there's a separate pathway
183
526000
2000
Razlog je postojanje zasebnog puta,
09:13
going from the hearing centers in the brain to the emotional centers,
184
528000
4000
od slušnih centara u mozgu do emotivnih,
09:17
and that's not been cut by the accident.
185
532000
2000
koji nije prekinut nesrećom.
09:19
So this explains why through the phone he recognizes his mother, no problem.
186
534000
5000
To objašnjava činjenicu zašto majku prepoznaje preko telefona.
09:24
When he sees her in person, he says it's an impostor.
187
539000
3000
A kada je vidi uživo, kaže da je to uljez.
09:27
OK, how is all this complex circuitry set up in the brain?
188
542000
4000
OK! Kako su ti putevi postavljeni u mozgu?
09:31
Is it nature, genes, or is it nurture?
189
546000
3000
Da li je to urođeno ili zavisi o odgoju?
09:34
And we approach this problem
190
549000
2000
Tome problemu pristupamo
09:36
by considering another curious syndrome called phantom limb.
191
551000
4000
razmatranjem drugog zanimljivog sindroma poznatog kao fantomski ud.
09:40
And you all know what a phantom limb is.
192
555000
2000
Svi znate što je fantomski ud.
09:42
When an arm is amputated, or a leg is amputated, for gangrene,
193
557000
3000
Kada nekome amputirate ruku ili nogu,
09:45
or you lose it in war -- for example, in the Iraq war,
194
560000
2000
zbog neke bolesti poput gangrene
09:47
it's now a serious problem --
195
562000
2000
ili sve učestalijih nesreća,
09:49
you continue to vividly feel the presence of that missing arm,
196
564000
4000
još uvijek imate jak osjećaj prisustva nestale ruke,
09:53
and that's called a phantom arm or a phantom leg.
197
568000
3000
te se to zove fantomska ruka ili noga.
09:56
In fact, you can get a phantom with almost any part of the body.
198
571000
2000
U stvari, možete dobiti fantom skoro pa bilo kojeg dijela tijela.
09:58
Believe it or not, even with internal viscera.
199
573000
3000
Vjerovali ili ne, čak i unutrašnjih organa.
10:01
I've had patients with the uterus removed -- hysterectomy --
200
576000
4000
Imao sam histerektomirane pacijentice
10:05
who have a phantom uterus, including phantom menstrual cramps
201
580000
5000
koje su imale fantomsku maternicu, ukljičujući i menstrualne grčeve
10:10
at the appropriate time of the month.
202
585000
2000
u odgovarajuće doba mjeseca.
10:12
And in fact, one student asked me the other day,
203
587000
2000
Jedan me je student pitao neki dan,
10:14
"Do they get phantom PMS?"
204
589000
2000
imaju li i fantomski PMS?
10:16
(Laughter)
205
591000
1000
(smijeh)
10:17
A subject ripe for scientific enquiry, but we haven't pursued that.
206
592000
4000
Tema zrela za znanstveno proučavanje...OK
10:21
OK, now the next question is,
207
596000
3000
Znači sljedeće pitanje je,
10:24
what can you learn about phantom limbs by doing experiments?
208
599000
3000
što možemo saznati o fantomskim udovima eksperimentiranjem?
10:27
One of the things we've found was,
209
602000
2000
Jedna od stvari koju smo otkrili je
10:29
about half the patients with phantom limbs
210
604000
2000
da oko polovice pacijenata s fantomskim udovima
10:31
claim that they can move the phantom.
211
606000
2000
tvrdi kako mogu micati njima.
10:33
It'll pat his brother on the shoulder,
212
608000
2000
Potapšat će brata po ramenu,
10:35
it'll answer the phone when it rings, it'll wave goodbye.
213
610000
2000
podići će slušalicu telefona, mahnuti njime.
10:37
These are very compelling, vivid sensations.
214
612000
3000
To su vrlo snažni, živopisni osjećaji.
10:40
The patient's not delusional.
215
615000
2000
Pacijent nema sumanute misli.
10:42
He knows that the arm is not there,
216
617000
2000
Zna da ruka nije tu
10:44
but, nevertheless, it's a compelling sensory experience for the patient.
217
619000
3000
ali je to ipak snažan osjećaj koji pacijent doživljava.
10:47
But however, about half the patients, this doesn't happen.
218
622000
3000
Ipak, polovini pacijenata se to ne događa.
10:50
The phantom limb -- they'll say, "But doctor, the phantom limb is paralyzed.
219
625000
4000
Fantomski ud -- reći će, "Ali doktore, on je paraliziran.
10:54
It's fixed in a clenched spasm and it's excruciatingly painful.
220
629000
3000
Fiksiran je, u grču i nepodnošljivo bolan.
10:57
If only I could move it, maybe the pain will be relieved."
221
632000
3000
Možda bi bol popustila kada bih ga mogao pomaknuti."
11:00
Now, why would a phantom limb be paralyzed?
222
635000
3000
Zašto bi fantomski ud bio nepomičan?
11:03
It sounds like an oxymoron.
223
638000
2000
Zvuči kao oksimoron.
11:05
But when we were looking at the case sheets, what we found was,
224
640000
3000
Ali kada smo pogledali u dokumentaciju,
11:08
these people with the paralyzed phantom limbs,
225
643000
2000
otkrili smo da je kod pacijeneta s paraliziranim fantomskim udom
11:10
the original arm was paralyzed because of the peripheral nerve injury.
226
645000
4000
ta ruka i prije amputacije bila paralizirana zbog ozljede perifernih živca,
11:14
The actual nerve supplying the arm was severed,
227
649000
3000
živac koji inervira ruku je prekinut
11:17
was cut, by say, a motorcycle accident.
228
652000
2000
u, npr., automobilskoj nesreći.
11:19
So the patient had an actual arm, which is painful,
229
654000
3000
Tako da je pacijent imao pravu ruku koja boli,
11:22
in a sling for a few months or a year, and then,
230
657000
4000
koja je u zavoju mjesecima, te je onda
11:26
in a misguided attempt to get rid of the pain in the arm,
231
661000
3000
obmanut željom da ukloni bol u ruci
11:29
the surgeon amputates the arm,
232
664000
2000
kirurg amputirao ruku,
11:31
and then you get a phantom arm with the same pains, right?
233
666000
4000
i onda dobijete fantomsku ruku sa istim bolovima, jel' tako?
11:35
And this is a serious clinical problem.
234
670000
2000
To je ozbiljan klinički problem.
11:37
Patients become depressed.
235
672000
2000
Pacijenti postanu depresivni.
11:39
Some of them are driven to suicide, OK?
236
674000
2000
Neki čak dovedeni do samoubojstva, OK?
11:41
So, how do you treat this syndrome?
237
676000
2000
Pa kako onda liječiti taj sindrom?
11:43
Now, why do you get a paralyzed phantom limb?
238
678000
2000
Zašto se pojavljuje paralizirani fantomski ud?
11:45
When I looked at the case sheet, I found that they had an actual arm,
239
680000
4000
Kada sam pregledao dokumentaciju, otkrio sam da su imali pravu ruku
11:49
and the nerves supplying the arm had been cut,
240
684000
3000
i da su živci bili prekinuti,
11:52
and the actual arm had been paralyzed,
241
687000
3000
te da je prava ruka bila paralizirana
11:55
and lying in a sling for several months before the amputation,
242
690000
4000
i u zavoju nekoliko mjeseci prije amputacije,
11:59
and this pain then gets carried over into the phantom itself.
243
694000
6000
i da se bol prenijela na fantom.
12:05
Why does this happen?
244
700000
2000
Zašto se ovo događa?
12:07
When the arm was intact, but paralyzed,
245
702000
2000
Kada je ruka čitava, ali paralizirana,
12:09
the brain sends commands to the arm, the front of the brain, saying, "Move,"
246
704000
3000
mozak govor ruci, "Pokreni se",
12:12
but it's getting visual feedback saying, "No."
247
707000
2000
ali dobiva odgovor, "Neću."
12:14
Move. No. Move. No. Move. No.
248
709000
4000
Pokreni se. Neću. Pokreni se. Neću.
12:18
And this gets wired into the circuitry of the brain,
249
713000
3000
I to se ugradi u moždane puteve,
12:21
and we call this learned paralysis, OK?
250
716000
3000
i to nazivamo naučenom paralizom.
12:24
The brain learns, because of this Hebbian, associative link,
251
719000
4000
Mozak, zbog Hebbianove teorije, uči
12:28
that the mere command to move the arm
252
723000
3000
da sama naredba da se ruka pomakne
12:31
creates a sensation of a paralyzed arm.
253
726000
2000
stvara osjećaj paralizirane ruke,
12:33
And then, when you've amputated the arm,
254
728000
2000
a kada amputirate ruku,
12:35
this learned paralysis carries over into your body image
255
730000
4000
ova naučena paraliza se prenese u sliku vašeg tijela
12:39
and into your phantom, OK?
256
734000
3000
i u fantom, OK?
12:42
Now, how do you help these patients?
257
737000
2000
Kako pomoći ovim pacijentima?
12:44
How do you unlearn the learned paralysis,
258
739000
2000
Kako ga odučiti naučenu paralizu
12:46
so you can relieve him of this excruciating, clenching spasm
259
741000
4000
da biste ga oslobodili iscrpljujućeg grča
12:50
of the phantom arm?
260
745000
2000
fantomske ruke?
12:52
Well, we said, what if you now send the command to the phantom,
261
747000
5000
Što ako pošaljemo naredbu fantomu,
12:57
but give him visual feedback that it's obeying his command, right?
262
752000
4000
ali mu damo vizualni odgovor da je naredba poslušana?
13:01
Maybe you can relieve the phantom pain, the phantom cramp.
263
756000
3000
Moža biste ga mogli osloboditi fantomske boli i grča.
13:04
How do you do that? Well, virtual reality.
264
759000
2000
Kako to postići? Pa...virtualnom stvarnošću.
13:06
But that costs millions of dollars.
265
761000
2000
Ali to košta milijune dolara.
13:08
So, I hit on a way of doing this for three dollars,
266
763000
3000
Pronašao sam način da to napravim za tri dolara,
13:11
but don't tell my funding agencies.
267
766000
2000
ali nemojte to reći mojim sponzorima.
13:13
(Laughter)
268
768000
1000
(smijeh)
13:14
OK? What you do is you create what I call a mirror box.
269
769000
4000
Potrebno je napraviti, takozvanu, kutiju zrcala.
13:18
You have a cardboard box with a mirror in the middle,
270
773000
2000
Uzmete kartonsku kutiju sa zrcalom u sredini,
13:20
and then you put the phantom -- so my first patient, Derek, came in.
271
775000
4000
i onda stavite fantom -- tako je došao Derek, moj prvi pacijent.
13:24
He had his arm amputated 10 years ago.
272
779000
3000
Amputirana mu je ruka prije 10 godina.
13:27
He had a brachial avulsion, so the nerves were cut
273
782000
3000
Imao je brahijalno otrgnuće, tako da su živci bili presječeni
13:30
and the arm was paralyzed, lying in a sling for a year, and then the arm was amputated.
274
785000
4000
i ruka paralizirana u zavoju godinu dana, a potom amputirana.
13:34
He had a phantom arm, excruciatingly painful, and he couldn't move it.
275
789000
2000
Imao je fantomsku ruku, iscrpljujuće bolnu i nepokretnu.
13:36
It was a paralyzed phantom arm.
276
791000
2000
Bila je to paralizirana fantomska ruka.
13:38
So he came there, and I gave him a mirror like that, in a box,
277
793000
4000
Ja sam mu dao tu kutiju sa zrcalom,
13:42
which I call a mirror box, right?
278
797000
3000
koju zovem kutijom zrcala, jel' tako?
13:45
And the patient puts his phantom left arm,
279
800000
3000
I on je stavio lijevu fantomsku ruku unutra,
13:48
which is clenched and in spasm, on the left side of the mirror,
280
803000
2000
na lijevu stranu zrcala
13:50
and the normal hand on the right side of the mirror,
281
805000
2000
i normalnu, zdravu ruku na desnu stranu zrcala,
13:52
and makes the same posture, the clenched posture,
282
807000
4000
i zauzeo isti, zgrčeni, položaj
13:56
and looks inside the mirror. And what does he experience?
283
811000
3000
i pogledao u zrcalo -- i što je doživio?
13:59
He looks at the phantom being resurrected,
284
814000
3000
Vidio je kako je fantom "uskrsnuo",
14:02
because he's looking at the reflection of the normal arm in the mirror,
285
817000
4000
zato što zapravo gleda u zdravu ruku u zrcalu,
14:06
and it looks like this phantom has been resurrected.
286
821000
2000
koja izgleda kao da je fantom "uskrsnuo".
14:08
"Now," I said, "now, look, wiggle your phantom --
287
823000
3000
"Sad", rekao sam, "sad gledaj, mrdaj fantom --
14:11
your real fingers, or move your real fingers while looking in the mirror."
288
826000
4000
svoje prave prste ili pomiči svoje prave prste dok gledaš zrcalo."
14:15
He's going to get the visual impression that the phantom is moving, right?
289
830000
4000
Dobit će dojam da se fantom pomiče, jel' tako?
14:19
That's obvious, but the astonishing thing is,
290
834000
2000
To je očigledno, ali zapanjujuće je to
14:21
the patient then says, "Oh my God, my phantom is moving again,
291
836000
3000
da pacijent tada kaže, "O Bože, moj fantom se ponovno pomiče,
14:24
and the pain, the clenching spasm, is relieved."
292
839000
2000
a bol i grč nestaju."
14:26
And remember, my first patient who came in --
293
841000
3000
I zapamtite, moj prvi pacijent koji je došao --
14:29
(Applause)
294
844000
1000
(Pljesak)
14:30
-- thank you. (Applause)
295
845000
4000
Hvala!
14:34
My first patient came in, and he looked in the mirror,
296
849000
3000
Moj prvi pacijent je došao i pogledao u zrcalo,
14:37
and I said, "Look at your reflection of your phantom."
297
852000
3000
a ja sam mu rekao, "Pogledaj odraz fantoma u zrcalu."
14:40
And he started giggling, he says, "I can see my phantom."
298
855000
2000
I on se počeo hihotati, "Vidim svoj fantom."
14:42
But he's not stupid. He knows it's not real.
299
857000
2000
Ali nije on glup. Zna da to nije stvarno.
14:44
He knows it's a mirror reflection,
300
859000
2000
Zna da je to odraz u zrcalu,
14:46
but it's a vivid sensory experience.
301
861000
2000
ali je to živopisno osjetno iskustvo.
14:48
Now, I said, "Move your normal hand and phantom."
302
863000
3000
"A sada pomiči svoju normalnu ruku i fantom", rekao sam mu.
14:51
He said, "Oh, I can't move my phantom. You know that. It's painful."
303
866000
2000
On kaže, "O, mogu pomicati fantom. Znate. Boli."
14:53
I said, "Move your normal hand."
304
868000
2000
Ja kažem, "Pomakni svoju normalnu ruku."
14:55
And he says, "Oh my God, my phantom is moving again. I don't believe this!
305
870000
2000
A on će, "O moj Bože, fantom se ponovno miče, ne mogu vjerovati!
14:57
And my pain is being relieved." OK?
306
872000
3000
A bol nestaje." OK?
15:00
And then I said, "Close your eyes."
307
875000
1000
I onda sam rekao, "Zatvori oči."
15:01
He closes his eyes.
308
876000
2000
Zatvorio ih je.
15:03
"And move your normal hand."
309
878000
1000
"I pomakni normalnu ruku."
15:04
"Oh, nothing. It's clenched again."
310
879000
1000
"O, ništa -- opet je u grču."
15:05
"OK, open your eyes."
311
880000
2000
"OK, otvori oči."
15:07
"Oh my God, oh my God, it's moving again!"
312
882000
1000
"O Bože, o Bože, opet se pomiče!"
15:08
So, he was like a kid in a candy store.
313
883000
2000
Bio je kao dijete i slastičarnici.
15:10
So, I said, OK, this proves my theory about learned paralysis
314
885000
5000
Ovo dokazuje moju teoriju o naučenoj paralizi
15:15
and the critical role of visual input,
315
890000
2000
i ključnoj ulozi vizualnih ulaznih podataka,
15:17
but I'm not going to get a Nobel Prize
316
892000
2000
ali neću baš dobiti Nobelovu nagradu
15:19
for getting somebody to move his phantom limb.
317
894000
2000
zato što sam nekoga natjerao da pomakne fantomski ud.
15:21
(Laughter)
318
896000
1000
(Smijeh)
15:22
(Applause)
319
897000
1000
(Pljesak)
15:23
It's a completely useless ability, if you think about it.
320
898000
3000
To je potpuno beskorisna sposobnost, ako malo razmislite.
15:26
(Laughter)
321
901000
1000
(Smijeh)
15:27
But then I started realizing, maybe other kinds of paralysis
322
902000
4000
Ali onda sam počeo shavćati, da možda i druge vrste paralize
15:31
that you see in neurology, like stroke, focal dystonias --
323
906000
5000
koje možete susresti u neurologiji
15:36
there may be a learned component to this,
324
911000
2000
možda imaju naučenu komponentu
15:38
which you can overcome with the simple device of using a mirror.
325
913000
3000
koje se možete riješiti pomoću zrcala.
15:41
So, I said, "Look, Derek" --
326
916000
2000
Pa sam mu rekao, "Vidi, Derek" --
15:43
well, first of all, the guy can't just go around carrying a mirror to alleviate his pain --
327
918000
3000
prije svega, ne može čovjek okolo hodati s zrcalom da bi umanjio bol --
15:46
I said, "Look, Derek, take it home and practice with it for a week or two.
328
921000
4000
"uzmi ga doma i vježbaj s njim tjedan, dva.
15:50
Maybe, after a period of practice,
329
925000
2000
Možda, nakon nekog vremena,
15:52
you can dispense with the mirror, unlearn the paralysis,
330
927000
2000
uspiješ odučiti paralizu
15:54
and start moving your paralyzed arm,
331
929000
2000
i počneš pomicati svoju paraliziranu ruku,
15:56
and then, relieve yourself of pain."
332
931000
2000
i riješiš se tada boli."
15:58
So he said OK, and he took it home.
333
933000
2000
Pristao je i uzeo ga sa sobom.
16:00
I said, "Look, it's, after all, two dollars. Take it home."
334
935000
2000
"Na kraju krajeva to je dva dolara. Nosi ga kući."
16:02
So, he took it home, and after two weeks, he phones me,
335
937000
3000
I on ga je odnio kući i nakon dva tjedna me nazvao,
16:05
and he said, "Doctor, you're not going to believe this."
336
940000
2000
i rekao mi, "Doktore, nećete vjerovati."
16:07
I said, "What?"
337
942000
1000
"Što?"
16:08
He said, "It's gone."
338
943000
2000
"Nestao je."
16:10
I said, "What's gone?"
339
945000
1000
"Što je nestalo?", pitam ja.
16:11
I thought maybe the mirror box was gone.
340
946000
2000
Mislio sam da je kutija zrcala nestala.
16:13
(Laughter)
341
948000
1000
(Smijeh)
16:14
He said, "No, no, no, you know this phantom I've had for the last 10 years?
342
949000
3000
"Ne, ne, ne, znate onog fantoma kojeg sam imao 10 godina?
16:17
It's disappeared."
343
952000
2000
Nestao je."
16:19
And I said -- I got worried, I said, my God,
344
954000
2000
Ja sam rekao -- zabrinuo sam se. Rekao sam, Bože,
16:21
I mean I've changed this guy's body image,
345
956000
2000
mislim, promijenio sam ovom čovjeku sliku o tijelu,
16:23
what about human subjects, ethics and all of that?
346
958000
3000
a što je s eksperimentiranjem na ljudima, etikom i ostalim?
16:26
And I said, "Derek, does this bother you?"
347
961000
2000
Rekao sam: "Derek, da li ti to smeta?"
16:28
He said, "No, last three days, I've not had a phantom arm
348
963000
3000
On kaže, "Ne, posljednja tri dana nemam fantomsku ruku
16:31
and therefore no phantom elbow pain, no clenching,
349
966000
3000
pa ni bol, ni grčeve,
16:34
no phantom forearm pain, all those pains are gone away.
350
969000
3000
svi bolovi su nestali.
16:37
But the problem is I still have my phantom fingers dangling from the shoulder,
351
972000
4000
Ali problem je što mi fantomski prsti i dalje vise sa ramena,
16:41
and your box doesn't reach."
352
976000
2000
a vaša kutija ne doseže do tamo."
16:43
(Laughter)
353
978000
1000
(Smijeh)
16:44
"So, can you change the design and put it on my forehead,
354
979000
3000
"Pa ako biste mogli promijeniti dizajn i staviti mi je na čelo
16:47
so I can, you know, do this and eliminate my phantom fingers?"
355
982000
3000
znate, da bih mogao ukloniti i fantomske prste?"
16:50
He thought I was some kind of magician.
356
985000
2000
Mislio je da sam mađioničar.
16:52
Now, why does this happen?
357
987000
1000
Ali, zašto se ovo dogodilo?
16:53
It's because the brain is faced with tremendous sensory conflict.
358
988000
3000
Zato što je mozak suočen s ogromnim konfliktom osjetila.
16:56
It's getting messages from vision saying the phantom is back.
359
991000
3000
Dobiva vidne poruke koje kažu da se fantom vratio.
16:59
On the other hand, there's no appropriate reception,
360
994000
2000
S druge strane, nema odgovarajućeg odziva,
17:01
muscle signals saying that there is no arm, right?
361
996000
4000
mišićni signali kažu da nema ruke, jel' tako?
17:05
And your motor command saying there is an arm,
362
1000000
2000
A sustav motoričkih naredbi kaže da je ruka tu,
17:07
and, because of this conflict, the brain says, to hell with it,
363
1002000
3000
i zbog toga konflikta mozak kaže, ma dovraga,
17:10
there is no phantom, there is no arm, right?
364
1005000
3000
nema fantoma, nema ruke, jel 'tako?
17:13
It goes into a sort of denial -- negates the signals.
365
1008000
2000
Povuče se u neku vrstu poricanja -- negira signale.
17:15
And when the arm disappears, the bonus is, the pain disappears
366
1010000
4000
A kada nestane ruka, nestaje i bol
17:19
because you can't have disembodied pain floating out there, in space.
367
1014000
4000
zato što ne možete imati bol bez tijela.
17:23
So, that's the bonus.
368
1018000
2000
Tako da je to bonus.
17:25
Now, this technique has been tried on dozens of patients
369
1020000
2000
E sad, te tehnika je isprobana na desecima pacijenata
17:27
by other groups in Helsinki,
370
1022000
2000
od strane drugih istraživača,
17:29
so it may prove to be valuable as a treatment for phantom pain,
371
1024000
3000
tako da bi se mogla pokazati kao vrijedna za liječenje fantomske boli,
17:32
and indeed, people have tried it for stroke rehabilitation.
372
1027000
2000
i čak je isprobana u rehabilitaciji nakon moždanog udara.
17:34
Stroke you normally think of as damage to the fibers,
373
1029000
3000
Moždani udar se smatra oštećenjem živaca,
17:37
nothing you can do about it.
374
1032000
2000
s kojim ništa ne možete napraviti.
17:39
But, it turns out some component of stroke paralysis is also learned paralysis,
375
1034000
5000
Ali se čini kako je jedan dio paralize također naučen,
17:44
and maybe that component can be overcome using mirrors.
376
1039000
3000
i da se može riješiti pomoću zrcala.
17:47
This has also gone through clinical trials,
377
1042000
2000
Ovo je također je prošlo klinička testiranja,
17:49
helping lots and lots of patients.
378
1044000
2000
i pomoglo mnogim pacijentima.
17:51
OK, let me switch gears now to the third part of my talk,
379
1046000
4000
OK, promijenit ću brzinu za treći dio mojeg govora,
17:55
which is about another curious phenomenon called synesthesia.
380
1050000
4000
koji se odnosi na čudnovat fenomen nazvan sinestezija.
17:59
This was discovered by Francis Galton in the nineteenth century.
381
1054000
3000
Otkrio ju je Francis Galton u 19. stoljeću.
18:02
He was a cousin of Charles Darwin.
382
1057000
2000
Inače rođak Charlesa Darwina.
18:04
He pointed out that certain people in the population,
383
1059000
2000
On je istaknuo da postoje određeni ljudi u populaciji,
18:06
who are otherwise completely normal, had the following peculiarity:
384
1061000
4000
koji, inače potpuno normalni, imaju sljedeću posebnost --
18:10
every time they see a number, it's colored.
385
1065000
3000
svaki put kada vide broj on je obojan.
18:13
Five is blue, seven is yellow, eight is chartreuse,
386
1068000
4000
5 je plava, 7 žuta, 8 boje kruške,
18:17
nine is indigo, OK?
387
1072000
2000
9 indigo plava, OK?
18:19
Bear in mind, these people are completely normal in other respects.
388
1074000
3000
Imajte na umu da su oni potpuno normalni u svakom drugom pogledu.
18:22
Or C sharp -- sometimes, tones evoke color.
389
1077000
3000
Nekada tonovi evociraju boje.
18:25
C sharp is blue, F sharp is green,
390
1080000
3000
C je plavo, F zeleno,
18:28
another tone might be yellow, right?
391
1083000
3000
drugi ton može biti žut, jel' tako?
18:31
Why does this happen?
392
1086000
2000
Zašto se ovo događa?
18:33
This is called synesthesia. Galton called it synesthesia,
393
1088000
2000
Galton je to nazvao sinestezija,
18:35
a mingling of the senses.
394
1090000
2000
miješanje osjetila.
18:37
In us, all the senses are distinct.
395
1092000
2000
Sva naša osjetila su odvojena, zasebna.
18:39
These people muddle up their senses.
396
1094000
2000
Ovim ljudima su ona zbrkana.
18:41
Why does this happen?
397
1096000
1000
Zašto?
18:42
One of the two aspects of this problem are very intriguing.
398
1097000
2000
Jedan od dva aspekta problema je veoma intrigantan.
18:44
Synesthesia runs in families,
399
1099000
2000
Sinestezija se javlja u obiteljima,
18:46
so Galton said this is a hereditary basis, a genetic basis.
400
1101000
3000
tako da je Galton rekao da je nasljedna, zasnovana na genetici.
18:49
Secondly, synesthesia is about -- and this is what gets me to my point
401
1104000
4000
Drugo, sinestezija je -- što me dovodi do poante
18:53
about the main theme of this lecture, which is about creativity --
402
1108000
3000
glavne teme ovog predavanja, a to je kreativnost --
18:56
synesthesia is eight times more common among artists, poets, novelists
403
1111000
5000
osam puta češća među umjetnicima
19:01
and other creative people than in the general population.
404
1116000
3000
i ostalim kreativnim ljudima u općoj populaciji.
19:04
Why would that be?
405
1119000
1000
Zašto je tome tako?
19:05
I'm going to answer that question.
406
1120000
2000
Odgovorit ću vam.
19:07
It's never been answered before.
407
1122000
2000
Nikada prije nije odgovoreno zašto je tako.
19:09
OK, what is synesthesia? What causes it?
408
1124000
1000
OK, što je sinestezija? Što je izaziva?
19:10
Well, there are many theories.
409
1125000
1000
Pa, postoje mnoge teorije.
19:11
One theory is they're just crazy.
410
1126000
2000
Jedna teorija je da su doslovno ludi.
19:13
Now, that's not really a scientific theory, so we can forget about it.
411
1128000
3000
To baš i nije znanstvena teorija, pa je možemo zanemariti.
19:16
Another theory is they are acid junkies and potheads, right?
412
1131000
4000
Druga teorija je da su napušeni, jel' tako?
19:20
Now, there may be some truth to this,
413
1135000
2000
E sad, tu bi moglo i biti istine
19:22
because it's much more common here in the Bay Area than in San Diego.
414
1137000
2000
zato što je puno češća tu nego u San Diegu.
19:24
(Laughter)
415
1139000
1000
(Smijeh)
19:25
OK. Now, the third theory is that --
416
1140000
3000
OK. Sad, treća teorija kaže --
19:28
well, let's ask ourselves what's really going on in synesthesia. All right?
417
1143000
5000
idemo se zapitati što se zaista događa u sinesteziji? U redu?
19:33
So, we found that the color area and the number area
418
1148000
3000
Otkrili smo da su regije mozga za boje i brojeve
19:36
are right next to each other in the brain, in the fusiform gyrus.
419
1151000
3000
jedna pored druge u vretenastoj vijugi.
19:39
So we said, there's some accidental cross wiring
420
1154000
2000
Pa smo rekli da je došlo do slučajnog prespajanja
19:41
between color and numbers in the brain.
421
1156000
3000
između boja i brojeva u mozgu.
19:44
So, every time you see a number, you see a corresponding color,
422
1159000
3000
Tako da svaki put kada vidite broj, vidite i odgovarajuću boju,
19:47
and that's why you get synesthesia.
423
1162000
2000
i zato dobijete sinesteziju.
19:49
Now remember -- why does this happen?
424
1164000
2000
Podsjetite se -- zašto se to zbiva?
19:51
Why would there be crossed wires in some people?
425
1166000
2000
Zašto bi došlo do prespajanja kod nekih ljudi?
19:53
Remember I said it runs in families?
426
1168000
2000
Sjećate se da se pojavljuje u obiteljima?
19:55
That gives you the clue.
427
1170000
2000
To vam nešto govori.
19:57
And that is, there is an abnormal gene,
428
1172000
2000
I to da postoji abnormalan gen,
19:59
a mutation in the gene that causes this abnormal cross wiring.
429
1174000
3000
mutacija gena, koja uzrokuje abnormalno prespajanje.
20:02
In all of us, it turns out
430
1177000
2000
Svi mi, kako je dokazano,
20:04
we are born with everything wired to everything else.
431
1179000
4000
smo rođeni s međusobno povezanim regijama mozga.
20:08
So, every brain region is wired to every other region,
432
1183000
3000
Svaka regija mozga je povezana s drugom regijom,
20:11
and these are trimmed down to create
433
1186000
2000
i one su uređene tako da stvaraju
20:13
the characteristic modular architecture of the adult brain.
434
1188000
3000
karakterističnu modularnu građu odraslog mozga.
20:16
So, if there's a gene causing this trimming
435
1191000
2000
Tako da ako postoji gen koji to uređuje,
20:18
and if that gene mutates,
436
1193000
2000
i ako on mutira,
20:20
then you get deficient trimming between adjacent brain areas.
437
1195000
3000
onda imate smanjenu uređenost između susjednih regija mozga,
20:23
And if it's between number and color, you get number-color synesthesia.
438
1198000
3000
a ako je to između brojeva i boja onda dobijete broj-boja sinesteziju.
20:26
If it's between tone and color, you get tone-color synesthesia.
439
1201000
3000
Ako je između tona i boje onda dobijete ton-boja sinesteziju.
20:29
So far, so good.
440
1204000
2000
Do sada je sve jasno.
20:31
Now, what if this gene is expressed everywhere in the brain,
441
1206000
2000
Ali što ako se taj gen ispoljava svugdje u mozgu,
20:33
so everything is cross-connected?
442
1208000
1000
tako da je sve međusobno povezano?
20:34
Well, think about what artists, novelists and poets have in common,
443
1209000
6000
Razmislite što sve umjetnici, pisci i pjesnici imaju zajedničko,
20:40
the ability to engage in metaphorical thinking,
444
1215000
3000
sposobnost da se upuste u metaforičko mišljenje,
20:43
linking seemingly unrelated ideas,
445
1218000
2000
povezujući naizgled nepovezive ideje,
20:45
such as, "It is the east, and Juliet is the Sun."
446
1220000
3000
kao što je, "to je istok, a Julia je Sunce."
20:48
Well, you don't say, Juliet is the sun,
447
1223000
2000
Ne kaže se da je Julia sunce --
20:50
does that mean she's a glowing ball of fire?
448
1225000
2000
znači li to da je ona sjajna kugla vatre?
20:52
I mean, schizophrenics do that, but it's a different story, right?
449
1227000
3000
Mislim, shizofreničari to rade, ali je to sasvim druga priča.
20:55
Normal people say, she's warm like the sun,
450
1230000
3000
Normalni ljudi kažu da je topla poput sunca,
20:58
she's radiant like the sun, she's nurturing like the sun.
451
1233000
2000
da je sjajna kao sunce, da je njegovana kao sunce.
21:00
Instantly, you've found the links.
452
1235000
2000
Odmah ste našli veze.
21:02
Now, if you assume that this greater cross wiring
453
1237000
3000
Ako pretpostavite da je ovo veće prespajanje
21:05
and concepts are also in different parts of the brain,
454
1240000
3000
zajedno s konceptima u različitim dijelovima mozga,
21:08
then it's going to create a greater propensity
455
1243000
3000
onda će to stvoriti veću sklonost
21:11
towards metaphorical thinking and creativity
456
1246000
3000
metaforičkom razmišljanju i kreativnosti
21:14
in people with synesthesia.
457
1249000
2000
u ljudi s sinestezijom.
21:16
And, hence, the eight times more common incidence of synesthesia
458
1251000
3000
i otuda osam puta češća pojavnost sinestezije
21:19
among poets, artists and novelists.
459
1254000
2000
među pjesnicima, umjetnicima i piscima.
21:21
OK, it's a very phrenological view of synesthesia.
460
1256000
3000
OK -- to je frenološki pogled na sinesteziju.
21:24
The last demonstration -- can I take one minute?
461
1259000
2000
Posljednja demonstracija -- mogu li dobiti minutu još?
21:26
(Applause)
462
1261000
2000
(Pljesak)
21:28
OK. I'm going to show you that you're all synesthetes, but you're in denial about it.
463
1263000
5000
OK. Pokazat ću vam da ste svi vi sinesteti, ali to poričete.
21:33
Here's what I call Martian alphabet. Just like your alphabet,
464
1268000
4000
Evo nešto što ja zovem marsovska abeceda, baš kao vaša,
21:37
A is A, B is B, C is C.
465
1272000
3000
A je A, B je B, C je C,
21:40
Different shapes for different phonemes, right?
466
1275000
3000
različiti oblici za različite glasove, jel' tako?
21:43
Here, you've got Martian alphabet.
467
1278000
2000
Evo imate marsovsku abecedu.
21:45
One of them is Kiki, one of them is Buba.
468
1280000
2000
Jedno je Kiki, a jedno je Buba?
21:47
Which one is Kiki and which one is Buba?
469
1282000
2000
Koje je Kiki, a koje Buba?
21:49
How many of you think that's Kiki and that's Buba? Raise your hands.
470
1284000
2000
Koliko vas misli da je ovo Kiki, a ovo Buba? Podignite ruke.
21:51
Well, it's one or two mutants.
471
1286000
2000
Pa, jedan ili dva mutanata.
21:53
(Laughter)
472
1288000
1000
(Smijeh)
21:54
How many of you think that's Buba, that's Kiki? Raise your hands.
473
1289000
2000
Koliko vas misli da je ovo Buba, a ovo Kiki? Podignite ruke.
21:56
Ninety-nine percent of you.
474
1291000
2000
99%
21:58
Now, none of you is a Martian. How did you do that?
475
1293000
2000
E sad, nitko nije Marsovac, kako ste to uradili?
22:00
It's because you're all doing a cross-model synesthetic abstraction,
476
1295000
5000
Zato što ste svi izveli poprečno modeliranje -- sinestetsku apstrakciju --
22:05
meaning you're saying that that sharp inflection -- ki-ki,
477
1300000
4000
što znači da mislite da je ova oštra modulacija, Kiki,
22:09
in your auditory cortex, the hair cells being excited -- Kiki,
478
1304000
5000
u slušnoj kori mozga, trepetljikave stanice se podraže, Kiki,
22:14
mimics the visual inflection, sudden inflection of that jagged shape.
479
1309000
3000
imitirajućii vizualnu modulaciju -- iznenadnu modulaciju -- tog šiljastog oblika.
22:17
Now, this is very important, because what it's telling you
480
1312000
3000
Ovo je vrlo važno, jer vam govori
22:20
is your brain is engaging in a primitive --
481
1315000
2000
da se vaš mozak prepustio primitivnom --
22:22
it's just -- it looks like a silly illusion,
482
1317000
2000
ali tako je -- izgleda kao blesava iluzija
22:24
but these photons in your eye are doing this shape,
483
1319000
4000
ali ti fotoni u vašim očima obrađuju taj oblik
22:28
and hair cells in your ear are exciting the auditory pattern,
484
1323000
3000
i trepetljikave stanice u ušima aktiviraju zvučni obrazac,
22:31
but the brain is able to extract the common denominator.
485
1326000
5000
ali mozak je sposoban izvući zajednički nazivnik.
22:36
It's a primitive form of abstraction,
486
1331000
2000
To je primitivan oblik apstrakcije,
22:38
and we now know this happens in the fusiform gyrus of the brain,
487
1333000
5000
i sada znamo da se on zbiva u vretenastoj vijugi mozga
22:43
because when that's damaged,
488
1338000
1000
zato što kada je on oštećen,
22:44
these people lose the ability to engage in Buba Kiki,
489
1339000
4000
ovi ljudi gube sposobnost da izvedu Buba Kiki,
22:48
but they also lose the ability to engage in metaphor.
490
1343000
2000
ali također gube sposobnost za metaforu.
22:50
If you ask this guy, what -- "all that glitters is not gold,"
491
1345000
4000
Ako pitate tog čovjeka što znači "Nije zlato sve što sja",
22:54
what does that mean?"
492
1349000
2000
Pacijent na to kaže,
22:56
The patient says, "Well, if it's metallic and shiny, it doesn't mean it's gold.
493
1351000
2000
"Pa, ako je metalno i sjajno, ne znači da je zlato.
22:58
You have to measure its specific gravity, OK?"
494
1353000
3000
Morate mu izmjeriti težinu." OK?
23:01
So, they completely miss the metaphorical meaning.
495
1356000
3000
Dakle, potpuno su izgubili smisao za metaforu.
23:04
So, this area is about eight times the size in higher --
496
1359000
3000
Ta regija je oko osam puta veća kod viših --
23:07
especially in humans -- as in lower primates.
497
1362000
3000
naročito kod ljudi -- nego kod nižih primata.
23:10
Something very interesting is going on here in the angular gyrus,
498
1365000
3000
Nešto vrlo zanimljivo se događa ovdje u angularnoj vijugi,
23:13
because it's the crossroads between hearing, vision and touch,
499
1368000
3000
zato što je sjecište između sluha, vida i dodira,
23:16
and it became enormous in humans. And something very interesting is going on.
500
1371000
4000
i postalo je ogromno kod ljudi -- i nešto se vrlo zanimljivo tu događa.
23:20
And I think it's a basis of many uniquely human abilities
501
1375000
3000
I ja mislim da je to osnova mnogih sposobnosti jedinstvenih ljudima
23:23
like abstraction, metaphor and creativity.
502
1378000
3000
kao što je apstrakcija, metafora i kreativnost.
23:26
All of these questions that philosophers have been studying for millennia,
503
1381000
3000
Sva pitanja koja su filozofi proučavali tisućljećima,
23:29
we scientists can begin to explore by doing brain imaging,
504
1384000
4000
mi znanstvenici možemo istraživati snimanjem mozga,
23:33
and by studying patients and asking the right questions.
505
1388000
2000
proučavajući pacijente i postavljajući prava pitanja.
23:35
Thank you.
506
1390000
2000
Hvala vam.
23:37
(Applause)
507
1392000
1000
(Pljesak)
23:38
Sorry about that.
508
1393000
1000
Oprostite na ovome.
23:39
(Laughter)
509
1394000
1000
(Smijeh)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Vilayanur Ramachandran - Brain expertNeurologist V.S. Ramachandran looks deep into the brain’s most basic mechanisms. By working with those who have very specific mental disabilities caused by brain injury or stroke, he can map functions of the mind to physical structures of the brain.
Why you should listen
V.S. Ramachandran is a mesmerizing speaker, able to concretely and simply describe the most complicated inner workings of the brain. His investigations into phantom limb pain, synesthesia and other brain disorders allow him to explore (and begin to answer) the most basic philosophical questions about the nature of self and human consciousness.
Ramachandran is the director of the Center for Brain and Cognition at the University of California, San Diego, and an adjunct professor at the Salk Institute. He is the author of Phantoms in the Brain (the basis for a Nova special), A Brief Tour of Human Consciousness and The Man with the Phantom Twin: Adventures in the Neuroscience of the Human Brain.
Vilayanur Ramachandran | Speaker | TED.com