TED2007
VS Ramachandran: 3 clues to understanding your brain
Vilayanur Ramachandranek: Zure burmuina ulertzeko hiru ideia
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Vilayanur Ramachandranek azaltzen digu burmuineko kalteek gogoaren eta burmuin-ehunaren arteko konexioari buruz adierazten digutena, hiru eldarnio mota harrigarrien bidez.
Vilayanur Ramachandran - Brain expert
Neurologist V.S. Ramachandran looks deep into the brain’s most basic mechanisms. By working with those who have very specific mental disabilities caused by brain injury or stroke, he can map functions of the mind to physical structures of the brain. Full bio
Neurologist V.S. Ramachandran looks deep into the brain’s most basic mechanisms. By working with those who have very specific mental disabilities caused by brain injury or stroke, he can map functions of the mind to physical structures of the brain. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:25
Well, as Chris pointed out, I study the human brain,
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Chrisek esan duenez,
nik gizakiaren burmuina ikertzen dut,
nik gizakiaren burmuina ikertzen dut,
00:29
the functions and structure of the human brain.
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bere funtzionamendu eta antolaketa.
00:31
And I just want you to think for a minute about what this entails.
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Pentsa ezazue minutu batez
zer esan nahi duen honek.
zer esan nahi duen honek.
00:35
Here is this mass of jelly, three-pound mass of jelly
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Hona hemen gelatina masa hau,
kilo eta erdikoa.
kilo eta erdikoa.
00:39
you can hold in the palm of your hand,
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Zure eskuan sartzen da
00:42
and it can contemplate the vastness of interstellar space.
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eta izarrarte amaigabeari
so egon daiteke.
so egon daiteke.
00:46
It can contemplate the meaning of infinity
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Hausnar dezake infinituaren zentzuaz
00:48
and it can contemplate itself contemplating on the meaning of infinity.
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eta bere burua infinituaren zentzuaz
hausnartzen kontenplatu.
hausnartzen kontenplatu.
00:53
And this peculiar recursive quality that we call self-awareness,
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Gaitasun errekurtsibo horri
autokontzientzia deritzogu
autokontzientzia deritzogu
00:58
which I think is the holy grail of neuroscience, of neurology,
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eta uste dut dela neurozientzia
eta neurologiaren Grial Santua.
eta neurologiaren Grial Santua.
01:02
and hopefully, someday, we'll understand how that happens.
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Agian noizbait ulertuko dugu
hori nola gertatzen den.
hori nola gertatzen den.
01:05
OK, so how do you study this mysterious organ?
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Nola ikertu organo misteriotsu hau?
01:08
I mean, you have 100 billion nerve cells,
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100.000 miloi neurona dauzka,
01:12
little wisps of protoplasm, interacting with each other,
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protoplasma sorta txikiak
elkarri eragiten,
elkarri eragiten,
01:15
and from this activity emerges the whole spectrum of abilities
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eta haren jardueratik
sortzen dira giza natura
sortzen dira giza natura
01:19
that we call human nature and human consciousness.
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eta giza-kontzientziaren
gaitasun guztiak.
gaitasun guztiak.
01:22
How does this happen?
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Nola gertatzen da hori?
01:23
Well, there are many ways of approaching the functions of the human brain.
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Giza-burmuinaren funtzioak
aztertzeko modu asko dago.
aztertzeko modu asko dago.
01:26
One approach, the one we use mainly,
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Erabiliena hau da:
01:29
is to look at patients with sustained damage to a small region of the brain,
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aztertzen ditugu burmuineko zatitxo baten
kaltea duten gaixoak,
kaltea duten gaixoak,
01:34
where there's been a genetic change in a small region of the brain.
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aldaketa genetiko bat egon den lekua.
01:36
What then happens is not an across-the-board reduction
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Kasu horietan, ez dira galtzen
gaitasun mental guztiak,
gaitasun mental guztiak,
01:40
in all your mental capacities,
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01:42
a sort of blunting of your cognitive ability.
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funtzio bakar bat galtzen da
01:45
What you get is a highly selective loss of one function,
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eta gainerako funtzioak ondo dabiltza.
01:48
with other functions being preserved intact,
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01:50
and this gives you some confidence in asserting
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Horrela badakigu
01:52
that that part of the brain is somehow involved in mediating that function.
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burmuineko zati hori
galdutako funtzioari lotuta dagoela.
galdutako funtzioari lotuta dagoela.
01:56
So you can then map function onto structure,
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Horrela estrukturan
kokatzen dugu funtzioa
kokatzen dugu funtzioa
01:58
and then find out what the circuitry's doing
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eta jakin nola jardun diren zirkuituak
02:01
to generate that particular function.
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funtzio berezi hori sortzeko.
02:03
So that's what we're trying to do.
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Horretan ari gara.
02:05
So let me give you a few striking examples of this.
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Utzidazue
adibide harrigarri batzuk jartzen.
adibide harrigarri batzuk jartzen.
02:08
In fact, I'm giving you three examples, six minutes each, during this talk.
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Hitzaldian 3 adibide emango dizkizuet,
sei minutukoa bakoitza.
sei minutukoa bakoitza.
02:12
The first example is an extraordinary syndrome called Capgras syndrome.
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Lehen adibidea Capgras sindromea da,
benetan ezohikoa eta txundigarria.
benetan ezohikoa eta txundigarria.
02:16
If you look at the first slide there,
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Begiratu lehen diapositibari:
02:18
that's the temporal lobes, frontal lobes, parietal lobes, OK --
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hor daude lobulu tenporalak,
frontalak, parietalak,
frontalak, parietalak,
02:23
the lobes that constitute the brain.
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burmuina osatzen duten lobuluak.
02:25
And if you look, tucked away inside the inner surface of the temporal lobes --
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Eta hemen, lobulu tenporalen
azalaren azpian ezkutaturik
azalaren azpian ezkutaturik
02:29
you can't see it there --
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-ezin duzue ikusi-
02:31
is a little structure called the fusiform gyrus.
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egitura txiki bat dago:
zirkunboluzio fusiformea.
zirkunboluzio fusiformea.
02:33
And that's been called the face area in the brain,
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“Aurpegien kokagunea” ere esaten zaio,
02:36
because when it's damaged, you can no longer recognize people's faces.
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kalteturik dagoenean ezin diezulako
pertsonen aurpegiei antzeman.
pertsonen aurpegiei antzeman.
02:39
You can still recognize them from their voice
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Haien ahotsa entzunda,
ezagut ditzakezu
ezagut ditzakezu
02:41
and say, "Oh yeah, that's Joe,"
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eta esan: “Bai, Jon da”.
02:43
but you can't look at their face and know who it is, right?
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Baina ezin duzu jakin nor den
aurpegia ikusita.
aurpegia ikusita.
02:46
You can't even recognize yourself in the mirror.
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Zeure burua ere ezin duzu
ispiluan ezagutu.
ispiluan ezagutu.
02:48
I mean, you know it's you because you wink and it winks,
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Badakizu zu zarela, kliskatu
eta ispiluko irudiak ere kliskatzen baitu
eta ispiluko irudiak ere kliskatzen baitu
02:51
and you know it's a mirror,
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eta badakizu ispilua dela.
02:53
but you don't really recognize yourself as yourself.
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Baina ez duzu benetan
zeure burua ezagutzen.
zeure burua ezagutzen.
02:56
OK. Now that syndrome is well known as caused by damage to the fusiform gyrus.
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Sindrome horren jatorria
zirkunboluzio fusiformean lesioa da.
zirkunboluzio fusiformean lesioa da.
03:00
But there's another rare syndrome, so rare, in fact,
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Bada beste sindrome bat
hain ezohikoa dela
hain ezohikoa dela
03:03
that very few physicians have heard about it, not even neurologists.
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ezen mediku eta neurologo gutxik
entzun baitute hari buruz:
entzun baitute hari buruz:
03:07
This is called the Capgras delusion,
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Capgras eldarnioa.
03:09
and that is a patient, who's otherwise completely normal,
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Horrelako gaixo batek,
bestaldetik guztiz normala,
bestaldetik guztiz normala,
03:12
has had a head injury, comes out of coma,
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buruko lesioa izan, komatik esnatu,
03:15
otherwise completely normal, he looks at his mother
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itxuraz normal, eta ama ikustean,
03:18
and says, "This looks exactly like my mother, this woman,
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dio: “Amaren antza osoa du emakume honek,
03:21
but she's an impostor.
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baina inpostore bat da.
03:23
She's some other woman pretending to be my mother."
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Beste emakume bat da
amarena egiten".
amarena egiten".
03:25
Now, why does this happen?
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Zergatik gertatzen da?
03:27
Why would somebody -- and this person is perfectly lucid and intelligent
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Zergatik pertsona bati,
bestela guztiz normala denari,
bestela guztiz normala denari,
03:30
in all other respects, but when he sees his mother,
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ama ikustean soilik
03:32
his delusion kicks in and says, it's not mother.
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pizten zaio eldarnioa, eta orduan
dio hori ez dela ama.
dio hori ez dela ama.
03:35
Now, the most common interpretation of this,
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Freuden ikuspegitik
03:37
which you find in all the psychiatry textbooks,
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interpretatu ohi da eldarnio hori
03:39
is a Freudian view, and that is that this chap --
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psikiatria liburuetan.
Horren arabera, gizon horrek --
Horren arabera, gizon horrek --
03:43
and the same argument applies to women, by the way,
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emakumeei buruz
antzeko azalpena ematen dute,
antzeko azalpena ematen dute,
03:45
but I'll just talk about guys.
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baina gizonezkoez arituko gara.
03:47
When you're a little baby, a young baby,
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Haur txikia zarenean,
03:50
you had a strong sexual attraction to your mother.
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amarekiko erakarpen sexual handia duzu.
03:52
This is the so-called Oedipus complex of Freud.
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Horretan datza Freuden Edipo konplexua.
03:54
I'm not saying I believe this,
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Ez diot
neuk horretan sinisten dudanik,
neuk horretan sinisten dudanik,
03:56
but this is the standard Freudian view.
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baina Freuden irizpidea da hau.
03:58
And then, as you grow up, the cortex develops,
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Handitzen zarenean,
kortexa garatu egiten zaizu
kortexa garatu egiten zaizu
04:01
and inhibits these latent sexual urges towards your mother.
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eta amarekiko grina sexuala
inhibitu egiten dizu kortexak.
inhibitu egiten dizu kortexak.
04:05
Thank God, or you would all be sexually aroused when you saw your mother.
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Eskerrak, zeren bestela
ama ikustean berotuko zinateke.
ama ikustean berotuko zinateke.
04:09
And then what happens is,
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Gero, kolpe batengatik edo,
04:11
there's a blow to your head, damaging the cortex,
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kortexa kaltetzen bada,
04:13
allowing these latent sexual urges to emerge,
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ezkutuko grina sexuala
argitara ateratzen da berriro.
argitara ateratzen da berriro.
04:17
flaming to the surface, and suddenly and inexplicably
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Bat-batean, ustekabean,
04:20
you find yourself being sexually aroused by your mother.
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zeure amarekiko
grina sexualak jota zaude.
grina sexualak jota zaude.
04:23
And you say, "My God, if this is my mom,
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Eta diozu:
“Ene, hau ama bada,
“Ene, hau ama bada,
04:25
how come I'm being sexually turned on?
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nola liteke ni bero-bero egotea?
04:27
She's some other woman. She's an impostor."
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Beste emakume bat da:
inpostorea da”.
inpostorea da”.
04:29
It's the only interpretation that makes sense to your damaged brain.
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Zure burmuin kaltetuarentzat, hori da
interpretazio zentzudun bakarra.
interpretazio zentzudun bakarra.
04:33
This has never made much sense to me, this argument.
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Nire ustez
horrek ez dauka zentzu handirik.
horrek ez dauka zentzu handirik.
04:36
It's very ingenious, as all Freudian arguments are --
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Zorrotza da,
Freuden beste teoriak bezala.
Freuden beste teoriak bezala.
04:39
(Laughter)
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(Barreak)
04:41
-- but didn't make much sense because I have seen the same delusion,
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Ez dauka zentzu handirik,
eldarnio bera ikusi baitut
eldarnio bera ikusi baitut
04:46
a patient having the same delusion, about his pet poodle.
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gaixo bat eldarnio berberarekin
baina bere canichearekiko.
baina bere canichearekiko.
04:48
(Laughter)
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04:49
He'll say, "Doctor, this is not Fifi. It looks exactly like Fifi,
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(Barreak)
Zioen: “Doktorea, hau ez da Fifi.
Haren itxura du,
Haren itxura du,
04:54
but it's some other dog." Right?
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baina beste txakur bat da”.
04:56
Now, you try using the Freudian explanation there.
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Bada, azaldu hori ikuspegi freudianotik.
04:58
(Laughter)
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04:59
You'll start talking about the latent bestiality in all humans,
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Gizakion bestialismorako joera ezkutuaz
05:03
or some such thing, which is quite absurd, of course.
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hasi beharko zinatekete,
eta hori nahiko absurdoa da.
eta hori nahiko absurdoa da.
05:06
Now, what's really going on?
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Zer da benetan
gertatzen ari dena?
gertatzen ari dena?
05:08
So, to explain this curious disorder,
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Gaitz bitxi hori azaltzeko,
05:10
we look at the structure and functions of the normal visual pathways in the brain.
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burmuineko ikusmenaren ibilbideak
aztertu behar ditugu.
aztertu behar ditugu.
05:14
Normally, visual signals come in, into the eyeballs,
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Normalean, ikusmen-seinaleak
begietan sartzen dira
begietan sartzen dira
05:17
go to the visual areas in the brain.
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eta burmuineko
ikusmen-eremuetara doaz.
ikusmen-eremuetara doaz.
05:19
There are, in fact, 30 areas in the back of your brain concerned with just vision,
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Burmuineko atzealdean badaude
30 eremu, ikusmenari hertsiki lotuak.
30 eremu, ikusmenari hertsiki lotuak.
05:22
and after processing all that, the message goes to a small structure
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Behin hori prozesatu ondoren,
mezua egitura txiki batera doa,
mezua egitura txiki batera doa,
05:25
called the fusiform gyrus, where you perceive faces.
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zirkunboluzio fusiformera,
non azkenean aurpegiak hautematen dituzun.
non azkenean aurpegiak hautematen dituzun.
05:30
There are neurons there that are sensitive to faces.
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Han daude
aurpegiei antzemateko neuronak.
aurpegiei antzemateko neuronak.
05:32
You can call it the face area of the brain, right?
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“Burmuineko aurpegien
kokagunea” deritzo.
kokagunea” deritzo.
05:35
I talked about that earlier.
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Arestian aipatu dut.
05:37
Now, when that area's damaged, you lose the ability to see faces, right?
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Eremu hori kalteturik dagoenean,
ez zara aurpegiak ezagutzeko gai.
ez zara aurpegiak ezagutzeko gai.
05:41
But from that area, the message cascades
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Eremu horretatik, mezua berrabiatzen da
05:44
into a structure called the amygdala in the limbic system,
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sistema linbikoko
“amigdala” izeneko egiturara,
“amigdala” izeneko egiturara,
05:47
the emotional core of the brain,
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burmuinaren gune emozionala.
05:49
and that structure, called the amygdala,
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Eta egitura horrek, amigdalak,
05:51
gauges the emotional significance of what you're looking at.
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garrantzi emozionala balioesten du.
05:53
Is it prey? Is it predator? Is it mate?
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Harrapakina al da?
Harraparia? Nire kidea?
Harraparia? Nire kidea?
05:57
Or is it something absolutely trivial, like a piece of lint,
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Edo zerbait arrunta: hauts pixka bat,
05:59
or a piece of chalk, or a -- I don't want to point to that, but --
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klarion zatia --
ez dut hori seinalatu nahi, --
ez dut hori seinalatu nahi, --
06:03
or a shoe, or something like that? OK?
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izan daiteke zapata bat
edo antzeko zerbait.
edo antzeko zerbait.
06:05
Which you can completely ignore.
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Alde batera utz dezakezun zerbait.
Amigdala kitzikaturik badago
eta hau garrantzizkoa da,
eta hau garrantzizkoa da,
06:07
So if the amygdala is excited, and this is something important,
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06:10
the messages then cascade into the autonomic nervous system.
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mezua nerbio-sistema autonomora
desbideratzen da.
desbideratzen da.
06:13
Your heart starts beating faster.
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Bihotz-taupadak bizkortzen zaizkizu,
06:15
You start sweating to dissipate the heat that you're going to
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izerditan hasten zara,
ariketa fisikoaren ondoriozko
ariketa fisikoaren ondoriozko
06:18
create from muscular exertion.
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muskuluen beroa arintzeko.
06:20
And that's fortunate, because we can put two electrodes on your palm
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Izerditan hasten zara. Beraz,
esku-azpietan elektrodoak jar ditzakegu
esku-azpietan elektrodoak jar ditzakegu
06:24
and measure the change in skin resistance produced by sweating.
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eta izerdiak sortutako
larruazalaren konduktantzia neurtu.
larruazalaren konduktantzia neurtu.
06:28
So I can determine, when you're looking at something,
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Horrela jakin dezaket
zerbaiti so egiten diozunean
zerbaiti so egiten diozunean
06:30
whether you're excited or whether you're aroused, or not, OK?
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kitzikaturik zauden ala ez.
06:34
And I'll get to that in a minute.
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Geroxeago komentatuko dugu hau.
06:36
So my idea was, when this chap looks at an object, when he looks at his --
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Nire susmoa da lagun honek
zerbaiti begiratzen dionean,
zerbaiti begiratzen dionean,
06:40
any object for that matter, it goes to the visual areas and,
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edozein gauzari, seinalea
ikusmen-eremuetara joaten dela
ikusmen-eremuetara joaten dela
06:44
however, and it's processed in the fusiform gyrus,
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eta zirkunboluzio fusiformean
prozesatzen dela.
prozesatzen dela.
06:47
and you recognize it as a pea plant, or a table,
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Orduan hautematen duzu
madariondoa, mahaia
madariondoa, mahaia
06:50
or your mother, for that matter, OK?
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edo zure ama, dena delakoa.
06:52
And then the message cascades into the amygdala,
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Gero mezua amigdalara abiatzen da
06:55
and then goes down the autonomic nervous system.
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eta, hortik, nerbio-sistema autonomora.
06:57
But maybe, in this chap, that wire that goes from the amygdala to the limbic system,
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Baina agian, lagun horrengan,
amigdalatik sistema linbikorako bidea,
amigdalatik sistema linbikorako bidea,
07:02
the emotional core of the brain, is cut by the accident.
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burmuineko gune emozionalerako bidea
moztuta dago istripuagatik.
moztuta dago istripuagatik.
07:05
So because the fusiform is intact,
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Fusiformea ondo dagoenez,
07:07
the chap can still recognize his mother,
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bere ama ezagut dezake,
07:10
and says, "Oh yeah, this looks like my mother."
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eta esaten du:
“Tira, amaren antza osoa du”.
“Tira, amaren antza osoa du”.
07:12
But because the wire is cut to the emotional centers,
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Baina gune emozionaletarako bidea
mozturik dagoenez,
mozturik dagoenez,
07:15
he says, "But how come, if it's my mother, I don't experience a warmth?"
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dio: “Baina ama bada, zergatik ez dut
inolako maitasunik sentitzen?”
inolako maitasunik sentitzen?”
07:19
Or terror, as the case may be? Right?
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Edo ikara, akaso?
07:21
(Laughter)
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(Barreak)
07:22
And therefore, he says, "How do I account for this inexplicable lack of emotions?
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Beraz, esaten du:
“Nola liteke hutsune emozional hori?
“Nola liteke hutsune emozional hori?
07:28
This can't be my mother.
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Ezin da nire ama izan,
07:30
It's some strange woman pretending to be my mother."
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emakume arrotza da,
ama ematen badu ere".
ama ematen badu ere".
07:32
How do you test this?
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Nola frogatu susmo hori?
07:34
Well, what you do is, if you take any one of you here, and put you in front of a screen,
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Honela: zuetako bat hemen jartzen dugu,
pantailaren aurrean,
pantailaren aurrean,
07:36
and measure your galvanic skin response,
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eta erantzun galbanikoa neurtzen dugu
07:39
and show pictures on the screen,
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irudiak pantailan erakustean.
07:41
I can measure how you sweat when you see an object,
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Jakin dezaket zenbat izerdi
egiten duzun objektu bat ikustean.
egiten duzun objektu bat ikustean.
07:44
like a table or an umbrella. Of course, you don't sweat.
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Mahaia edo euritakoa bada
ez zara izerditan hasiko.
ez zara izerditan hasiko.
07:47
If I show you a picture of a lion, or a tiger, or a pinup, you start sweating, right?
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Lehoi baten edo biluzi baten irudia
erakutsiz gero, izerditan hasiko zarete.
erakutsiz gero, izerditan hasiko zarete.
07:52
And, believe it or not, if I show you a picture of your mother --
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Eta, sinistu ala ez,
amaren irudia erakusten badizut
amaren irudia erakusten badizut
07:55
I'm talking about normal people -- you start sweating.
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-pertsona arruntez ari naiz-,
izerditan hasiko zara.
izerditan hasiko zara.
07:57
You don't even have to be Jewish.
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Juduak izan ez arren.
07:59
(Laughter)
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(Barreak).
08:01
Now, what happens if you show this patient?
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Aldiz, gaixo bati irudiak erakustean,
zer gertatzen da?
zer gertatzen da?
08:05
You take the patient and show him pictures on the screen
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Irudiak pantailan erakutsi
08:09
and measure his galvanic skin response.
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eta erantzun galbanikoa neurtuko dugu.
08:11
Tables and chairs and lint, nothing happens, as in normal people,
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Mahaiak, aulkiak eta hautsa: ez da
ezer gertatzen, jende normalarekin bezala.
ezer gertatzen, jende normalarekin bezala.
08:16
but when you show him a picture of his mother,
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Baina amaren irudia
erakusten badiozu,
erakusten badiozu,
08:18
the galvanic skin response is flat.
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larruazalaren erantzun galbanikoa
laua da ere.
laua da ere.
08:20
There's no emotional reaction to his mother,
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Ez du erantzun emozionalik
amaren aurrean
amaren aurrean
08:22
because that wire going from the visual areas to the emotional centers is cut.
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ikusmen-eremuak eta emozioak
lotzen dituen konexioa etenda duelako.
lotzen dituen konexioa etenda duelako.
08:27
So his vision is normal because the visual areas are normal,
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Hortaz, ikusmena eta
ikusmen-eremuak ondo dauzka.
ikusmen-eremuak ondo dauzka.
08:30
his emotions are normal -- he'll laugh, he'll cry, so on and so forth --
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Emozioak ere ondo ditu,
barre, negar egingo du.
barre, negar egingo du.
08:33
but the wire from vision to emotions is cut
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Ikusmena eta emozioen arteko konexioa,
berriz, hautsirik dauka,
berriz, hautsirik dauka,
08:36
and therefore he has this delusion that his mother is an impostor.
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eta, horren ondorioz, ama
inpostorea delako eldarnioa du.
inpostorea delako eldarnioa du.
08:39
It's a lovely example of the sort of thing we do:
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Adibide ona da
egiten dugun lana ikusteko.
egiten dugun lana ikusteko.
08:42
take a bizarre, seemingly incomprehensible, neural psychiatric syndrome
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Psikiatriaren sindrome bitxi bat hartu,
lehen itxuraz ulertezina.
lehen itxuraz ulertezina.
08:46
and say that the standard Freudian view is wrong,
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Irizpide freudianoa
okerra dela erakutsi
okerra dela erakutsi
08:48
that, in fact, you can come up with a precise explanation
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eta, gainera azalpen zehatza topatu dugu,
08:52
in terms of the known neural anatomy of the brain.
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burmuineko neurona-anatomian oinarrituta.
08:54
By the way, if this patient then goes,
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Bestalde, gaixo horri
08:56
and mother phones from an adjacent room -- phones him --
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amak telefonoz
alboko gelatik deitzen badio,
alboko gelatik deitzen badio,
telefonoa hartu eta erantzungo du:
“Ama, nola zaude? Non zaude?”
“Ama, nola zaude? Non zaude?”
09:01
and he picks up the phone, and he says, "Wow, mom, how are you? Where are you?"
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09:05
There's no delusion through the phone.
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Telefonoz, ez dago eldarniorik.
09:07
Then, she approaches him after an hour, he says, "Who are you?
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Ordu bat geroago ama hurbiltzean:
“Nor zara?
“Nor zara?
09:09
You look just like my mother." OK?
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Amaren antza duzu!”.
09:11
The reason is there's a separate pathway
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Izan ere, beste ibilbide bat dago,
09:13
going from the hearing centers in the brain to the emotional centers,
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burmuineko entzumen-guneetatik
emozioaren guneetara,
emozioaren guneetara,
09:17
and that's not been cut by the accident.
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eta ibilbide hori ez da hautsi istripuan.
09:19
So this explains why through the phone he recognizes his mother, no problem.
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Horregatik ezagutzen du ama
telefonoz arazorik gabe.
telefonoz arazorik gabe.
09:24
When he sees her in person, he says it's an impostor.
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Aurrez aurre ikustean, berriz,
inpostorea dela esaten du.
inpostorea dela esaten du.
09:27
OK, how is all this complex circuitry set up in the brain?
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Nola osatzen da zirkuitu
multzo hori guztia burmuinean?
multzo hori guztia burmuinean?
09:31
Is it nature, genes, or is it nurture?
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Natura da, geneak, ala kultura?
09:34
And we approach this problem
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Eztabaida hori argitzeko
09:36
by considering another curious syndrome called phantom limb.
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ikus dezagun beste sindrome bitxia:
gorputz-adar fantasma.
gorputz-adar fantasma.
09:40
And you all know what a phantom limb is.
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Badakizue zer den
gorputz-adar fantasma bat.
gorputz-adar fantasma bat.
09:42
When an arm is amputated, or a leg is amputated, for gangrene,
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Norbaiti besoa edo zangoa
ebakitzen diotenean
ebakitzen diotenean
09:45
or you lose it in war -- for example, in the Iraq war,
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gerra, Irakekoa adibidez,
edo gangrena dela eta,
edo gangrena dela eta,
09:47
it's now a serious problem --
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arazo larria da.
09:49
you continue to vividly feel the presence of that missing arm,
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Oraindik biziki sentitzen du
galdutako besoaren presentzia.
galdutako besoaren presentzia.
09:53
and that's called a phantom arm or a phantom leg.
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Horri deitzen diogu
beso edo zango fantasma.
beso edo zango fantasma.
09:56
In fact, you can get a phantom with almost any part of the body.
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Gorputzeko edozein zatiaren
fantasma eduki dezakezu.
fantasma eduki dezakezu.
09:58
Believe it or not, even with internal viscera.
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Sinistu ala ez,
barne-organo batena ere.
barne-organo batena ere.
10:01
I've had patients with the uterus removed -- hysterectomy --
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Benetako umetokia kendu ondoren,
histerektomia,
histerektomia,
10:05
who have a phantom uterus, including phantom menstrual cramps
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umetoki fantasmadun
gaixoak tratatu ditut,
gaixoak tratatu ditut,
menstruazio minekin eta guztiz.
10:10
at the appropriate time of the month.
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10:12
And in fact, one student asked me the other day,
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Ikasle batek galdetu zidan:
10:14
"Do they get phantom PMS?"
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“Ba al dute menstruazioaren
aurreko sindromea?”
aurreko sindromea?”
10:16
(Laughter)
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10:17
A subject ripe for scientific enquiry, but we haven't pursued that.
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(Barreak)
Zientifikoki ikertzea mereziko luke,
baina oraindik ez dugu egin.
baina oraindik ez dugu egin.
10:21
OK, now the next question is,
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Hurrengo galdera zera da:
10:24
what can you learn about phantom limbs by doing experiments?
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Nola ikertu gorputz-adar fantasmak
esperimentuen bidez?
esperimentuen bidez?
10:27
One of the things we've found was,
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Hau aurkitu dugu:
10:29
about half the patients with phantom limbs
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gorputz-adar fantasmadun gaixoen erdiek
10:31
claim that they can move the phantom.
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diote gai direla
fantasma mugitzeko.
fantasma mugitzeko.
10:33
It'll pat his brother on the shoulder,
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“Zaplada emango diot bizkarrean
adiskide honi.
adiskide honi.
10:35
it'll answer the phone when it rings, it'll wave goodbye.
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Telefonoa hartuko dut.
Eskuaz agurtuko dut”.
Eskuaz agurtuko dut”.
10:37
These are very compelling, vivid sensations.
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Sentipen hauek oso biziak dira,
sinistu beharrekoak.
sinistu beharrekoak.
10:40
The patient's not delusional.
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Gaixoak ez du eldarniorik.
10:42
He knows that the arm is not there,
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Badaki besorik ez daukala.
10:44
but, nevertheless, it's a compelling sensory experience for the patient.
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Hala ere, bizi-bizi sentitzen du hura.
10:47
But however, about half the patients, this doesn't happen.
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Gaixoen beste erdiei
ez zaie halakorik gertatzen.
ez zaie halakorik gertatzen.
10:50
The phantom limb -- they'll say, "But doctor, the phantom limb is paralyzed.
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Hau diote beso fantasmaz: “Doktorea,
beso fantasma paralizaturik dago.
beso fantasma paralizaturik dago.
10:54
It's fixed in a clenched spasm and it's excruciatingly painful.
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Espasmo gogorrean dago uzkurtuta,
min ikaragarria ematen dit.
min ikaragarria ematen dit.
10:57
If only I could move it, maybe the pain will be relieved."
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Behintzat mugitzerik izango banu,
mina arinduko litzaidake agian”.
mina arinduko litzaidake agian”.
11:00
Now, why would a phantom limb be paralyzed?
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Nola liteke gorputz-adar fantasma
paralizatuta egotea?
paralizatuta egotea?
11:03
It sounds like an oxymoron.
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Kontraesana ematen du.
11:05
But when we were looking at the case sheets, what we found was,
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Historia klinikoei begiratzean
hau ikusi genuen:
hau ikusi genuen:
11:08
these people with the paralyzed phantom limbs,
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gorputz-adar fantasma
paralizaturik dutenean,
paralizaturik dutenean,
11:10
the original arm was paralyzed because of the peripheral nerve injury.
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bere besoa ere egon zen paralizaturik
nerbio periferikoaren lesioagatik.
nerbio periferikoaren lesioagatik.
11:14
The actual nerve supplying the arm was severed,
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Besora heltzen den nerbioa
moztuta zuten,
moztuta zuten,
11:17
was cut, by say, a motorcycle accident.
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demagun motozikleta istripu batengatik.
11:19
So the patient had an actual arm, which is painful,
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Besoa euskarri bati lotuta izan zuten
11:22
in a sling for a few months or a year, and then,
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hilabete edo urteetan zehar,
mingarria dena
mingarria dena
11:26
in a misguided attempt to get rid of the pain in the arm,
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eta besoko mina kentzeko
modu okerra dena.
modu okerra dena.
11:29
the surgeon amputates the arm,
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Gero medikuak besoa anputatu du.
11:31
and then you get a phantom arm with the same pains, right?
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Hortaz, beso fantasma ere
mingarria izango da.
mingarria izango da.
11:35
And this is a serious clinical problem.
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Hau arazo kliniko larria da.
11:37
Patients become depressed.
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Gaixoak deprimitu egiten dira,
11:39
Some of them are driven to suicide, OK?
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batzuk beren buruaz beste egiten dute.
11:41
So, how do you treat this syndrome?
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Nola tratatu sindrome hori?
11:43
Now, why do you get a paralyzed phantom limb?
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Zergatik sortzen da
gorputz-adar fantasma paralizatua?
gorputz-adar fantasma paralizatua?
11:45
When I looked at the case sheet, I found that they had an actual arm,
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Historia klinikoei begiratuta,
ikusi nuen
ikusi nuen
11:49
and the nerves supplying the arm had been cut,
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benetako besoa maneiatzen duten
nerbioak moztu zirela aurretik
nerbioak moztu zirela aurretik
11:52
and the actual arm had been paralyzed,
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eta benetako besoa
paralizaturik egon zela,
paralizaturik egon zela,
11:55
and lying in a sling for several months before the amputation,
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euskarri baten hilabetetan gordeta,
anputatu arte.
anputatu arte.
11:59
and this pain then gets carried over into the phantom itself.
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Orduko min hura
beso fantasmara igaro zen.
beso fantasmara igaro zen.
12:05
Why does this happen?
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Zergatik gertatzen da hori?
Besoa osorik dagoenean,
baina paralizatuta,
baina paralizatuta,
12:07
When the arm was intact, but paralyzed,
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12:09
the brain sends commands to the arm, the front of the brain, saying, "Move,"
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burmuinaren aurrealdeak
besoari agintzen dio: “Mugi”
besoari agintzen dio: “Mugi”
12:12
but it's getting visual feedback saying, "No."
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Baina burmuinak
ikusmen-feedback hau jasotzen du: “Ez”.
ikusmen-feedback hau jasotzen du: “Ez”.
12:14
Move. No. Move. No. Move. No.
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Mugi. Ez. Mugi. Ez. Mugi. Ez
12:18
And this gets wired into the circuitry of the brain,
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Kontraesan hori grabatu egiten da
burmuineko zirkuiterian.
burmuineko zirkuiterian.
12:21
and we call this learned paralysis, OK?
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Horri “ikasitako paralisia” deitzen diogu.
12:24
The brain learns, because of this Hebbian, associative link,
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Burmuinak lotura hebbiano hori egiten du,
12:28
that the mere command to move the arm
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eta, ondorioz, besoa mugitzeko
aginduak berak
aginduak berak
12:31
creates a sensation of a paralyzed arm.
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sortzen du paralisiaren sentsazioa.
12:33
And then, when you've amputated the arm,
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Horrez gero, besoa anputatzen badizute,
12:35
this learned paralysis carries over into your body image
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ikasitako paralisi hori dator ere
zure gorputz-irudira,
zure gorputz-irudira,
12:39
and into your phantom, OK?
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eta zure fantasmara.
12:42
Now, how do you help these patients?
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Nola lagundu paziente hauei?
12:44
How do you unlearn the learned paralysis,
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Nola “desikasi” ikasitako paralisia,
12:46
so you can relieve him of this excruciating, clenching spasm
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nola askatu beso fantasma
12:50
of the phantom arm?
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uzkurdura mingarritik?
12:52
Well, we said, what if you now send the command to the phantom,
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Eta agindua fantasmari
bidaltzen badiogu
bidaltzen badiogu
12:57
but give him visual feedback that it's obeying his command, right?
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eta ikusmen-feedbacka eman
agindua betetzen ari dela?
agindua betetzen ari dela?
13:01
Maybe you can relieve the phantom pain, the phantom cramp.
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Agian horrela bare genezake
fantasmaren mina eta gogordura.
fantasmaren mina eta gogordura.
13:04
How do you do that? Well, virtual reality.
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Nola egin?
Bai, errealitate birtuala.
Bai, errealitate birtuala.
13:06
But that costs millions of dollars.
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Baina milioika euro kostatzen du.
13:08
So, I hit on a way of doing this for three dollars,
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3 eurogatik egiteko
modua asmatu nuen,
modua asmatu nuen,
13:11
but don't tell my funding agencies.
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baina ez esan nire diru-laguntzaileei.
13:13
(Laughter)
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(Barreak).
13:14
OK? What you do is you create what I call a mirror box.
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Ispilu-kutxa bat egin dugu.
13:18
You have a cardboard box with a mirror in the middle,
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Kartoizko kutxa baten erdian
ispilua jarri,
ispilua jarri,
13:20
and then you put the phantom -- so my first patient, Derek, came in.
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eta barruan beso fantasma kokatu.
Derek, nire lehen pazientea sartu zen.
Derek, nire lehen pazientea sartu zen.
13:24
He had his arm amputated 10 years ago.
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Besoa orain dela 10 urte
anputatu zioten.
anputatu zioten.
13:27
He had a brachial avulsion, so the nerves were cut
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Besoa moztu zitzaion,
nerbioak moztu,
nerbioak moztu,
13:30
and the arm was paralyzed, lying in a sling for a year, and then the arm was amputated.
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besoa paralizatu. Urte bat euskarrian
izan ondoren, anputatu zioten.
izan ondoren, anputatu zioten.
13:34
He had a phantom arm, excruciatingly painful, and he couldn't move it.
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Beso fantasma bat zuen,
paralizatuta eta sekulako minarekin.
paralizatuta eta sekulako minarekin.
13:36
It was a paralyzed phantom arm.
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Beso fantasma paralizatua.
13:38
So he came there, and I gave him a mirror like that, in a box,
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Etorri zenean
ispiludun kutxa bat eman nion,
ispiludun kutxa bat eman nion,
13:42
which I call a mirror box, right?
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ispilu-kutxa deitzen dudana.
13:45
And the patient puts his phantom left arm,
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Gaixoak ezkerreko
beso fantasma zurrun tolestua
beso fantasma zurrun tolestua
13:48
which is clenched and in spasm, on the left side of the mirror,
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ispiluaren ezkerraldean jartzen du
13:50
and the normal hand on the right side of the mirror,
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eta esku normala ispiluaren eskuinaldean
13:52
and makes the same posture, the clenched posture,
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eta bestearen modu berean
tolesten du.
tolesten du.
13:56
and looks inside the mirror. And what does he experience?
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Ispiluari begiratzean,
zer esperientzia izango du?
zer esperientzia izango du?
13:59
He looks at the phantom being resurrected,
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Beso fantasma berpiztu egin dela
irudituko zaio,
irudituko zaio,
14:02
because he's looking at the reflection of the normal arm in the mirror,
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beso normalaren
ispiluko isla ikusten baitu,
ispiluko isla ikusten baitu,
14:06
and it looks like this phantom has been resurrected.
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eta badirudi beso fantasma
bizirik dagoela.
bizirik dagoela.
14:08
"Now," I said, "now, look, wiggle your phantom --
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“Orain -esan nuen- astindu zure fantasma,
14:11
your real fingers, or move your real fingers while looking in the mirror."
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mugitu benetako atzamarrak,
ispiluari begira”.
ispiluari begira”.
14:15
He's going to get the visual impression that the phantom is moving, right?
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Fantasma mugitzen dela
irudituko zaio.
irudituko zaio.
14:19
That's obvious, but the astonishing thing is,
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Baina begira
zer gauza harrigarria
zer gauza harrigarria
14:21
the patient then says, "Oh my God, my phantom is moving again,
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esan zuen: “Ene! Nire fantasma
berriro mugitzen da,
berriro mugitzen da,
14:24
and the pain, the clenching spasm, is relieved."
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mina, uzkurduraren espasmoa arindu da”.
14:26
And remember, my first patient who came in --
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Gogoratu, niregana etorri zen
lehen pazientea...
lehen pazientea...
14:29
(Applause)
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(Txaloak)
14:30
-- thank you. (Applause)
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Eskerrik asko.
14:34
My first patient came in, and he looked in the mirror,
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Nire lehen pazienteak
ispiluan begiratu zuen
ispiluan begiratu zuen
14:37
and I said, "Look at your reflection of your phantom."
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eta esan nion:
"Begiratu zure fantasmaren islari".
"Begiratu zure fantasmaren islari".
14:40
And he started giggling, he says, "I can see my phantom."
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Irri egin zuen:
“Nire fantasma ikus dezaket”.
“Nire fantasma ikus dezaket”.
14:42
But he's not stupid. He knows it's not real.
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Ez da memeloa:
badaki ez dela erreala.
badaki ez dela erreala.
14:44
He knows it's a mirror reflection,
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Ispiluko isla dela,
14:46
but it's a vivid sensory experience.
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baina bizi-bizia sentitzen du.
14:48
Now, I said, "Move your normal hand and phantom."
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Esan nion esku normala
eta fantasma batera mugitzeko.
eta fantasma batera mugitzeko.
14:51
He said, "Oh, I can't move my phantom. You know that. It's painful."
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Berak: “Ezin dut fantasma mugitu,
mingarria da”.
mingarria da”.
14:53
I said, "Move your normal hand."
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Esku normala mugitzeko esan nion.
14:55
And he says, "Oh my God, my phantom is moving again. I don't believe this!
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Eta berak: “Ene! Fantasma mugitzen da,
ezin dut sinistu!
ezin dut sinistu!
14:57
And my pain is being relieved." OK?
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Mina desagertu da!”.
15:00
And then I said, "Close your eyes."
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Eta nik: “Begiak itxi”.
Begiak itxi zituen.
Begiak itxi zituen.
15:01
He closes his eyes.
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15:03
"And move your normal hand."
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- Esku normala mugitu.
15:04
"Oh, nothing. It's clenched again."
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- Ai! Berriro uzkurtu da.
15:05
"OK, open your eyes."
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- Zabaldu begiak.
15:07
"Oh my God, oh my God, it's moving again!"
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- Ene! Berriro mugitzen da!
15:08
So, he was like a kid in a candy store.
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Pozaren pozez zegoen.
15:10
So, I said, OK, this proves my theory about learned paralysis
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Horrek frogatzen du nire teoria
ikasitako paralisiari buruz
ikasitako paralisiari buruz
15:15
and the critical role of visual input,
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eta ikusmen input-aren
funtsezko eginkizuna.
funtsezko eginkizuna.
15:17
but I'm not going to get a Nobel Prize
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Baina ez dut Nobel Saria jasoko
15:19
for getting somebody to move his phantom limb.
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norbaitek beso fantasma mugitzea
lortu dudalako.
lortu dudalako.
15:21
(Laughter)
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(Barreak)
(Txaloak)
(Txaloak)
15:22
(Applause)
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15:23
It's a completely useless ability, if you think about it.
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Azken finean,
guztiz alferrikakoa da gaitasun hori.
guztiz alferrikakoa da gaitasun hori.
15:26
(Laughter)
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(Barreak)
15:27
But then I started realizing, maybe other kinds of paralysis
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Baina pentsatu nuen neurologiako
beste paralisi mota batzuetan ere
beste paralisi mota batzuetan ere
15:31
that you see in neurology, like stroke, focal dystonias --
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isurietan, foku-disfasietan,
15:36
there may be a learned component to this,
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egon zitekeela
antzeko ikasitako osagairik,
antzeko ikasitako osagairik,
15:38
which you can overcome with the simple device of using a mirror.
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ispilu soil baten bidez senda daitekeena.
15:41
So, I said, "Look, Derek" --
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Esan nion: "Tira, Derek" --
15:43
well, first of all, the guy can't just go around carrying a mirror to alleviate his pain --
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Ezin da batetik bestera ibili
ispilu batekin, mina kentzeko.
ispilu batekin, mina kentzeko.
15:46
I said, "Look, Derek, take it home and practice with it for a week or two.
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Esan nion: “Derek: etxera eraman
eta aste pare batez praktikatu".
eta aste pare batez praktikatu".
15:50
Maybe, after a period of practice,
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Praktikatu eta gero, agian,
15:52
you can dispense with the mirror, unlearn the paralysis,
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ispilua utzi, paralisia ‘desikasi’,
15:54
and start moving your paralyzed arm,
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zure beso paralizatua
mugitzen berriro hasi
mugitzen berriro hasi
15:56
and then, relieve yourself of pain."
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eta minetik askatuko zara”.
15:58
So he said OK, and he took it home.
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Berak baietz esan
eta etxera eraman zuen.
eta etxera eraman zuen.
16:00
I said, "Look, it's, after all, two dollars. Take it home."
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Esan nion:
“Bi euro dira, eraman etxera”.
“Bi euro dira, eraman etxera”.
16:02
So, he took it home, and after two weeks, he phones me,
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Bi aste geroago telefonoz deitu zidan:
16:05
and he said, "Doctor, you're not going to believe this."
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- Doktorea, ez didazu sinistuko.
16:07
I said, "What?"
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- Zer?
16:08
He said, "It's gone."
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- Desagertu da.
16:10
I said, "What's gone?"
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- Zer desagertu da?
16:11
I thought maybe the mirror box was gone.
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Uste nuen agian ispilua izango zela.
16:13
(Laughter)
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(Barreak)
16:14
He said, "No, no, no, you know this phantom I've had for the last 10 years?
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- Ez. Badakizu 10 urtetan
izan dudan fantasma?
izan dudan fantasma?
16:17
It's disappeared."
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Desagertu da!
16:19
And I said -- I got worried, I said, my God,
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Kezkatu nintzen.
16:21
I mean I've changed this guy's body image,
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Gizon honen gorputz-irudia aldatu dut.
16:23
what about human subjects, ethics and all of that?
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Non dira etika,
giza-arazo kontuak?
giza-arazo kontuak?
16:26
And I said, "Derek, does this bother you?"
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Esan nion:
- Gaizki zaude horregatik?
- Gaizki zaude horregatik?
16:28
He said, "No, last three days, I've not had a phantom arm
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- Ez, azken hiru egunetan
ez dut beso fantasmarik izan,
ez dut beso fantasmarik izan,
16:31
and therefore no phantom elbow pain, no clenching,
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ezta uzkurdurarik, ukondoko minik,
16:34
no phantom forearm pain, all those pains are gone away.
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besaurreko minik.
Min horiek guztiak joan zaizkit.
Min horiek guztiak joan zaizkit.
16:37
But the problem is I still have my phantom fingers dangling from the shoulder,
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Arazoa da oraindik ditudala
atzamar fantasmak lepotik eskegita,
atzamar fantasmak lepotik eskegita,
16:41
and your box doesn't reach."
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eta zure kutxa ez da haraino ailegatzen.
16:43
(Laughter)
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(Barreak)
16:44
"So, can you change the design and put it on my forehead,
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Kutxaren diseinua alda dezakezu,
nire bekokian jarri
nire bekokian jarri
16:47
so I can, you know, do this and eliminate my phantom fingers?"
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atzamar fantasmak ezabatzeko?
16:50
He thought I was some kind of magician.
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Aztitzat hartzen ninduen nonbait.
16:52
Now, why does this happen?
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Zergatik gertatzen da hau?
16:53
It's because the brain is faced with tremendous sensory conflict.
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Zentzumen-gatazka itzelari
aurre egiten dio burmuinak.
aurre egiten dio burmuinak.
16:56
It's getting messages from vision saying the phantom is back.
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Ikusmenak esaten dio besoa itzuli dela.
16:59
On the other hand, there's no appropriate reception,
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Beste aldetik,
muskuluek ez diote igortzen
muskuluek ez diote igortzen
17:01
muscle signals saying that there is no arm, right?
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itzuleraren seinalerik.
17:05
And your motor command saying there is an arm,
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Eta mugitzeko aginduek esaten dute
besoa hor dagoela.
besoa hor dagoela.
17:07
and, because of this conflict, the brain says, to hell with it,
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Gatazka hori dela-eta,
burmuinak erabakitzen du:
burmuinak erabakitzen du:
17:10
there is no phantom, there is no arm, right?
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“Pikutara. Ez dago besorik.
Ez dago fantasmarik”.
Ez dago fantasmarik”.
17:13
It goes into a sort of denial -- negates the signals.
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Uko egiten du,
seinaleak ukatzen ditu.
seinaleak ukatzen ditu.
17:15
And when the arm disappears, the bonus is, the pain disappears
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Besoarekin batera
mina ere desagertzen da,
mina ere desagertzen da,
17:19
because you can't have disembodied pain floating out there, in space.
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ezin delako
inongo kokapenik gabeko minik eduki.
inongo kokapenik gabeko minik eduki.
17:23
So, that's the bonus.
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Horixe da gertatzen dena.
17:25
Now, this technique has been tried on dozens of patients
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Egun, teknika hori
hamaika pazientekin probatu dute
hamaika pazientekin probatu dute
17:27
by other groups in Helsinki,
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Helsinkiko ikerlari batzuek.
17:29
so it may prove to be valuable as a treatment for phantom pain,
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Frogatu dute baliagarria dela
min fantasma tratatzeko.
min fantasma tratatzeko.
17:32
and indeed, people have tried it for stroke rehabilitation.
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Iktusaren errehabilitazioan
ere probatu dute.
ere probatu dute.
17:34
Stroke you normally think of as damage to the fibers,
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Iktusean, normalean,
zuntzen kaltea dagoenez
zuntzen kaltea dagoenez
17:37
nothing you can do about it.
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zereginik ez dagoela pentsatu ohi dugu.
17:39
But, it turns out some component of stroke paralysis is also learned paralysis,
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Baina paralisi horietako
osagai bat ikasitakoa da,
osagai bat ikasitakoa da,
17:44
and maybe that component can be overcome using mirrors.
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eta osagai hori, akaso,
ispiluak erabiliz gaindi genezake.
ispiluak erabiliz gaindi genezake.
17:47
This has also gone through clinical trials,
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Ideia hori klinikoki ere probatu dute
17:49
helping lots and lots of patients.
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eta gaixo askori lagundu dio.
17:51
OK, let me switch gears now to the third part of my talk,
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Abia gaitezen
hitzaldiaren hirugarren parterantz.
hitzaldiaren hirugarren parterantz.
17:55
which is about another curious phenomenon called synesthesia.
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Sinestesia izeneko
fenomeno bitxiari buruzkoa da.
fenomeno bitxiari buruzkoa da.
17:59
This was discovered by Francis Galton in the nineteenth century.
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Francis Galtonek
aurkitu zuen, XIX. mendean.
aurkitu zuen, XIX. mendean.
18:02
He was a cousin of Charles Darwin.
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Charles Darwinen lehengusua zen.
18:04
He pointed out that certain people in the population,
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Hura konturatu zen
pertsona jakin batzuek,
pertsona jakin batzuek,
18:06
who are otherwise completely normal, had the following peculiarity:
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guztiz normalak izan arren,
berezitasun hau dutela:
berezitasun hau dutela:
18:10
every time they see a number, it's colored.
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zenbakiak koloreztaturik
ikusten dituzte beti.
ikusten dituzte beti.
18:13
Five is blue, seven is yellow, eight is chartreuse,
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Haientzat bosta urdina da,
zazpia horia, zortzia berdexka,
zazpia horia, zortzia berdexka,
18:17
nine is indigo, OK?
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bederatzia morea.
18:19
Bear in mind, these people are completely normal in other respects.
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Guztiz normalak dira gainerako arloetan.
18:22
Or C sharp -- sometimes, tones evoke color.
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Edo, batzuetan,
soinuek kolorea ekartzen diete gogora.
soinuek kolorea ekartzen diete gogora.
18:25
C sharp is blue, F sharp is green,
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Do musika-notak urdina, Rek berdea,
18:28
another tone might be yellow, right?
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beste nota batek horia.
18:31
Why does this happen?
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Zergatik gertatzen da hori?
Sinestesia izena du.
Galtonek horrela deitu zion:
Galtonek horrela deitu zion:
18:33
This is called synesthesia. Galton called it synesthesia,
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18:35
a mingling of the senses.
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zentzumenen nahastea.
18:37
In us, all the senses are distinct.
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Oro har zentzumenak
bereizita egoten dira.
bereizita egoten dira.
18:39
These people muddle up their senses.
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Baina pertsona horiengan
nahastu egiten dira.
nahastu egiten dira.
18:41
Why does this happen?
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Zergatik?
18:42
One of the two aspects of this problem are very intriguing.
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Ezaugarri interesgarri pare bat du.
18:44
Synesthesia runs in families,
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Familien barruan hedatzen da.
18:46
so Galton said this is a hereditary basis, a genetic basis.
400
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Horregatik Galtonek esan zuen
oinarri genetikoa zuela.
oinarri genetikoa zuela.
18:49
Secondly, synesthesia is about -- and this is what gets me to my point
401
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Bigarrenik, eta honek
hitzaldiaren muinera garamatza,
hitzaldiaren muinera garamatza,
18:53
about the main theme of this lecture, which is about creativity --
402
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sormenera,
artista, poeta
eta bestelako sortzaileen artean
eta bestelako sortzaileen artean
18:56
synesthesia is eight times more common among artists, poets, novelists
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5000
zortzi aldiz gehiagotan gertatzen da
19:01
and other creative people than in the general population.
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biztanleria osoaren artean baino.
19:04
Why would that be?
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Zer dela eta?
19:05
I'm going to answer that question.
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Galdera hori erantzungo dut.
19:07
It's never been answered before.
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Sekula erantzun gabeko galdera da.
19:09
OK, what is synesthesia? What causes it?
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Zer da sinestesia?
Zerk sortzen du?
Zerk sortzen du?
19:10
Well, there are many theories.
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Teoria asko daude.
19:11
One theory is they're just crazy.
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Teoria baten arabera, zoroak dira.
19:13
Now, that's not really a scientific theory, so we can forget about it.
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3000
Ez da benetako teoria zientifikoa,
beraz bazter dezakegu.
beraz bazter dezakegu.
19:16
Another theory is they are acid junkies and potheads, right?
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Beste teoria baten arabera,
azido eta haxix-pipatzaileak dira.
19:20
Now, there may be some truth to this,
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Baliteke egiaren bat egotea,
19:22
because it's much more common here in the Bay Area than in San Diego.
414
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San Franciscon
San Diegon baino ohikoagoa delako .
San Diegon baino ohikoagoa delako .
19:24
(Laughter)
415
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1000
(Barreak).
19:25
OK. Now, the third theory is that --
416
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Hirugarren teoria da…
19:28
well, let's ask ourselves what's really going on in synesthesia. All right?
417
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Galde diezaiogun geure buruari
zertan datzan sinestesia.
zertan datzan sinestesia.
19:33
So, we found that the color area and the number area
418
1148000
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Aurkitu genuen
koloreen aldea eta zenbakien aldea
koloreen aldea eta zenbakien aldea
19:36
are right next to each other in the brain, in the fusiform gyrus.
419
1151000
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pare-parean daudela burmuinean,
zirkunboluzio fusiformean.
zirkunboluzio fusiformean.
19:39
So we said, there's some accidental cross wiring
420
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Esan genuen: ezusteko kable gurutzatuak
19:41
between color and numbers in the brain.
421
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daude burmuinean,
kolore eta zenbakien artean.
kolore eta zenbakien artean.
19:44
So, every time you see a number, you see a corresponding color,
422
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Zenbakia ikustean,
dagokion kolorea ere ikusten duzu
dagokion kolorea ere ikusten duzu
19:47
and that's why you get synesthesia.
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eta horregatik daukazu sinestesia.
19:49
Now remember -- why does this happen?
424
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Zergatik gertatzen da?
Zergatik kable-gurutzaketa
pertsona batzuengan?
pertsona batzuengan?
19:51
Why would there be crossed wires in some people?
425
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19:53
Remember I said it runs in families?
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Ez al genuen esan
familietan hedatzen dela?
familietan hedatzen dela?
19:55
That gives you the clue.
427
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Horrek ematen dizu arrasto bat.
19:57
And that is, there is an abnormal gene,
428
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Ezohiko gene batek,
19:59
a mutation in the gene that causes this abnormal cross wiring.
429
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3000
gene baten mutazioak
sortzen du nerbio-gurutzaketa hori.
sortzen du nerbio-gurutzaketa hori.
20:02
In all of us, it turns out
430
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Izan ere, denok
20:04
we are born with everything wired to everything else.
431
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jaiotzen garenean
dena daukagu konektatuta.
dena daukagu konektatuta.
20:08
So, every brain region is wired to every other region,
432
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Burmuineko alde bakoitza
beste guztiekin dago konektatuta.
beste guztiekin dago konektatuta.
20:11
and these are trimmed down to create
433
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2000
Gero, konexio horiek kimatu egiten dira
20:13
the characteristic modular architecture of the adult brain.
434
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burmuin helduaren
berezko arkitektura modularra sortzeko.
berezko arkitektura modularra sortzeko.
20:16
So, if there's a gene causing this trimming
435
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2000
Kimaketa hori eragiten duen
gene bat badago
gene bat badago
20:18
and if that gene mutates,
436
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2000
eta genea mutatzen bada,
20:20
then you get deficient trimming between adjacent brain areas.
437
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3000
orduan kimatze urria edukiko duzu
burmuineko alboko aldeen artean.
burmuineko alboko aldeen artean.
20:23
And if it's between number and color, you get number-color synesthesia.
438
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Zenbaki eta koloreen artean bada,
zenbaki-kolore sinestesia duzu.
zenbaki-kolore sinestesia duzu.
20:26
If it's between tone and color, you get tone-color synesthesia.
439
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Tonua eta kolorearen artean bada,
tonu-kolore sinestesia.
tonu-kolore sinestesia.
20:29
So far, so good.
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Honaino, dena argi.
20:31
Now, what if this gene is expressed everywhere in the brain,
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Eta gene horrek
burmuin osoan eragina balu,
burmuin osoan eragina balu,
20:33
so everything is cross-connected?
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eta dena konektatuta balego?
20:34
Well, think about what artists, novelists and poets have in common,
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Zer dute artista, nobelagile
eta poeta guztiek?
eta poeta guztiek?
20:40
the ability to engage in metaphorical thinking,
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Pentsamendu metaforikorako joera,
20:43
linking seemingly unrelated ideas,
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itxuraz loturik gabeko ideiak lotzen.
20:45
such as, "It is the east, and Juliet is the Sun."
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Adibidez:
“Hau Ekialdea eta Julieta Eguzkia”.
“Hau Ekialdea eta Julieta Eguzkia”.
20:48
Well, you don't say, Juliet is the sun,
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Ez duzu esaten Julieta eguzkia denik,
20:50
does that mean she's a glowing ball of fire?
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suzko bola gorri distiratsua denik.
20:52
I mean, schizophrenics do that, but it's a different story, right?
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Eskizofrenikoek ere egiten dute,
baina hori beste kontua da.
baina hori beste kontua da.
20:55
Normal people say, she's warm like the sun,
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Jende arruntak dio
Julieta eguzkia bezain beroa dela,
Julieta eguzkia bezain beroa dela,
20:58
she's radiant like the sun, she's nurturing like the sun.
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eguzkia bezain
distiratsua, suspergarria.
distiratsua, suspergarria.
21:00
Instantly, you've found the links.
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Bat-batean egiten dituzu loturak.
21:02
Now, if you assume that this greater cross wiring
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Onartzen bada
konexio-gurutzatze handiago hori
konexio-gurutzatze handiago hori
21:05
and concepts are also in different parts of the brain,
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eta kontzeptuak burmuinaren
beste alde batzuetan ere daudela,
beste alde batzuetan ere daudela,
21:08
then it's going to create a greater propensity
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pentsamendu metaforikoa eta sorkuntzarako
21:11
towards metaphorical thinking and creativity
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joera handiagoa aurkituko dugu
21:14
in people with synesthesia.
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sinestesia duten pertsonengan.
21:16
And, hence, the eight times more common incidence of synesthesia
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Eta, horregatik, sinestesia
zortzi aldiz hedatuago egotea
zortzi aldiz hedatuago egotea
21:19
among poets, artists and novelists.
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poeta, artista eta nobelagileen artean.
21:21
OK, it's a very phrenological view of synesthesia.
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Sinestesiaren oso ikuspegi frenologikoa.
21:24
The last demonstration -- can I take one minute?
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Azken froga -
Minutu bat gehiago?
Minutu bat gehiago?
21:26
(Applause)
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(Txaloak)
21:28
OK. I'm going to show you that you're all synesthetes, but you're in denial about it.
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Guztiak sinestetak zaretela
erakutsiko dizuet, baina ukatzen duzue.
erakutsiko dizuet, baina ukatzen duzue.
21:33
Here's what I call Martian alphabet. Just like your alphabet,
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Hona hemen “Marteko alfabetoa”.
Zuen alfabetoaren gisakoa.
Zuen alfabetoaren gisakoa.
21:37
A is A, B is B, C is C.
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A da A, B da B, C da C.
21:40
Different shapes for different phonemes, right?
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Zenbat forma, hainbat fonema, ezta?
21:43
Here, you've got Martian alphabet.
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Hemen duzue alfabeto martetarra.
21:45
One of them is Kiki, one of them is Buba.
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Bata Kiki da, eta bestea, Buba.
Zein Kiki eta zein Buba?
21:47
Which one is Kiki and which one is Buba?
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Nork uste du hau Kiki dela
eta hori Buba? Altxa eskua.
eta hori Buba? Altxa eskua.
21:49
How many of you think that's Kiki and that's Buba? Raise your hands.
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21:51
Well, it's one or two mutants.
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Tira, mutante bat edo bi.
21:53
(Laughter)
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(Barreak)
21:54
How many of you think that's Buba, that's Kiki? Raise your hands.
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Nork uste du hau dela Buba eta hori Kiki?
21:56
Ninety-nine percent of you.
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Zuetako %99k.
21:58
Now, none of you is a Martian. How did you do that?
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Ez dago martetarrik zuen artean.
Nola asmatu duzue?
Nola asmatu duzue?
22:00
It's because you're all doing a cross-model synesthetic abstraction,
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Guztiak ari zarete ereduak lotu
eta abstrakzio sinestetikoa egiten.
eta abstrakzio sinestetikoa egiten.
22:05
meaning you're saying that that sharp inflection -- ki-ki,
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Adierazten duzuena da
inflexio zorrotz horrek --ki-ki
inflexio zorrotz horrek --ki-ki
22:09
in your auditory cortex, the hair cells being excited -- Kiki,
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entzumen kortexean
zelula ziliatuak kitzikatzeak, Kiki,
zelula ziliatuak kitzikatzeak, Kiki,
imitatzen duela ikusmenaren inflexioa,
horzdun formaren inflexioa.
horzdun formaren inflexioa.
22:14
mimics the visual inflection, sudden inflection of that jagged shape.
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22:17
Now, this is very important, because what it's telling you
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Hau oso garrantzitsua da,
erakusten baitigu
erakusten baitigu
22:20
is your brain is engaging in a primitive --
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burmuina jokaera primitiboan…
22:22
it's just -- it looks like a silly illusion,
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Badirudi ilusio inozoa dela,
22:24
but these photons in your eye are doing this shape,
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baina begiko fotoiek
forma hau hartzen dute
forma hau hartzen dute
22:28
and hair cells in your ear are exciting the auditory pattern,
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eta belarriko zelula ziliatuek
entzumen-patroia kitzikatzen dute.
entzumen-patroia kitzikatzen dute.
22:31
but the brain is able to extract the common denominator.
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Baina burmuinak bien arteko
elementu komunak atera ditzake.
elementu komunak atera ditzake.
22:36
It's a primitive form of abstraction,
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Abstrakzioa egiteko
modu primitibo bat da.
modu primitibo bat da.
22:38
and we now know this happens in the fusiform gyrus of the brain,
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Egun badakigu zirkunboluzio
fusiformean gertatzen dela,
fusiformean gertatzen dela,
22:43
because when that's damaged,
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hondatzen denean
22:44
these people lose the ability to engage in Buba Kiki,
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Buba eta Kikiak erlazionatzeko
gaitasuna galtzen delako.
gaitasuna galtzen delako.
22:48
but they also lose the ability to engage in metaphor.
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Baita ere metaforak egiteko gaitasuna.
22:50
If you ask this guy, what -- "all that glitters is not gold,"
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Galdetzen badiozu:
“Ez da urrea distiratzen duen guztia.
“Ez da urrea distiratzen duen guztia.
22:54
what does that mean?"
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Zer esan nahi du honek?"
22:56
The patient says, "Well, if it's metallic and shiny, it doesn't mean it's gold.
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Gaixoak dio: “Metalikoa eta distiratsua,
baina ez da zertan urrea izan behar.
baina ez da zertan urrea izan behar.
22:58
You have to measure its specific gravity, OK?"
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Dentsitatea neurtu beharko duzu".
23:01
So, they completely miss the metaphorical meaning.
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Zentzu metaforikoa guztiz galdu du.
23:04
So, this area is about eight times the size in higher --
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Alde hau zortzi aldiz handiagoa da
primate garatuetan
primate garatuetan
23:07
especially in humans -- as in lower primates.
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gizakiarengan bereziki,
ez garatuetan baino.
ez garatuetan baino.
23:10
Something very interesting is going on here in the angular gyrus,
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Zerbait oso interesgarria gertatzen da
zirkunboluzio angularrean,
zirkunboluzio angularrean,
23:13
because it's the crossroads between hearing, vision and touch,
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entzumena, ikusmena
eta ukimenaren gurutzagunea baita.
eta ukimenaren gurutzagunea baita.
23:16
and it became enormous in humans. And something very interesting is going on.
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Izugarri handi bihurtu da gizakiongan -
eta gauza interesgarria ari da gertatzen.
eta gauza interesgarria ari da gertatzen.
23:20
And I think it's a basis of many uniquely human abilities
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Uste dut gizakiaren
trebezia bereizgarrien kokagunea dela.
trebezia bereizgarrien kokagunea dela.
23:23
like abstraction, metaphor and creativity.
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Abstrakzioarena,
metaforarena eta sormenarena.
metaforarena eta sormenarena.
23:26
All of these questions that philosophers have been studying for millennia,
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Filosofoek milaka urtetan
miatutako galderak
miatutako galderak
23:29
we scientists can begin to explore by doing brain imaging,
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zientzialariok azter ditzakegu
burmuin-irudien bidez,
burmuin-irudien bidez,
23:33
and by studying patients and asking the right questions.
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gaixoak ikertzen
eta galdera egokiak egiten.
eta galdera egokiak egiten.
23:35
Thank you.
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Eskerrik asko.
23:37
(Applause)
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(Txaloak)
23:38
Sorry about that.
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Barkatu horregatik.
23:39
(Laughter)
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(Barreak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Vilayanur Ramachandran - Brain expertNeurologist V.S. Ramachandran looks deep into the brain’s most basic mechanisms. By working with those who have very specific mental disabilities caused by brain injury or stroke, he can map functions of the mind to physical structures of the brain.
Why you should listen
V.S. Ramachandran is a mesmerizing speaker, able to concretely and simply describe the most complicated inner workings of the brain. His investigations into phantom limb pain, synesthesia and other brain disorders allow him to explore (and begin to answer) the most basic philosophical questions about the nature of self and human consciousness.
Ramachandran is the director of the Center for Brain and Cognition at the University of California, San Diego, and an adjunct professor at the Salk Institute. He is the author of Phantoms in the Brain (the basis for a Nova special), A Brief Tour of Human Consciousness and The Man with the Phantom Twin: Adventures in the Neuroscience of the Human Brain.
Vilayanur Ramachandran | Speaker | TED.com