TED2013
Daniel Reisel: The neuroscience of restorative justice
Daniel Reisel: Neuroznanost popravne pravde
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Daniel Reisel proučava mozgove kriminalnih psihopata (i miševa). On se pita veliko pitanje: Umjesto pohranjivanja kriminalaca, ne bi smo li trebali koristiti ono što znamo o mozgu kako bi smo im pomogli pri rehabilitaciji? Drugačije rečeno: Ako mozak može izgraditi nove neuralne putove nakon ozlijede.....možemo li pomoći mozgu da ponovno izgadi moralnost?
Daniel Reisel - Neuroscientist
Daniel Reisel searches for the psychological and physical roots of human morality. Full bio
Daniel Reisel searches for the psychological and physical roots of human morality. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I'd like to talk today
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Danas ću pričati
00:14
about how we can change our brains
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o tome kako možemo promijeniti naš mozak
00:16
and our society.
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i društvo.
00:19
Meet Joe.
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Upoznajte Joa.
00:21
Joe's 32 years old and a murderer.
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Joe ima 32 godine i ubojica je.
00:25
I met Joe 13 years ago on the lifer wing
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Upoznao sam ga prije 13 godina kao doživotnog osuđenika
00:28
at Wormwood Scrubs high-security prison in London.
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u strogo čuvanom zatvoru Wormwood Scrubs u Londonu.
00:31
I'd like you to imagine this place.
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Želio bih da zamislite to mjesto.
00:33
It looks and feels like it sounds:
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Izgleda kao što zvuči:
00:37
Wormwood Scrubs.
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Wormwood Scrubs.
00:39
Built at the end of the Victorian Era
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Sagrađen je krajem viktorijanskog doba
00:41
by the inmates themselves,
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od strane samih zatvorenika,
00:43
it is where England's most
dangerous prisoners are kept.
dangerous prisoners are kept.
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mjesto je gdje se nalaze
najopasniji zatvorenici Engleske.
najopasniji zatvorenici Engleske.
00:46
These individuals have committed acts
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Oni su počinili
00:48
of unspeakable evil.
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neopisiva zlodjela.
00:50
And I was there to study their brains.
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Tamo sam proučavao njihov mozak.
00:54
I was part of a team of researchers
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Bio sam dio tima istraživača
00:56
from University College London,
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sa Sveučilišta u Londonu,
00:57
on a grant from the U.K. department of health.
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pod potporom britanskog Odjela za zdravstvo.
01:00
My task was to study a group of inmates
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Moj zadatak je bio proučiti grupu zatvorenika
01:02
who had been clinically diagnosed as psychopaths.
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koji su klinički dijagnosticirani kao psihopati.
01:05
That meant they were the most
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Što znači da su bili
01:07
callous and the most aggressive
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najbešćutniji i najagresivniji
01:08
of the entire prison population.
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od cijele zatvorske populacije.
01:12
What lay at the root of their behavior?
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Što leži u korijenu njihova ponašanja?
01:15
Was there a neurological cause for their condition?
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Postoji li neurološki razlog njihova stanja?
01:19
And if there was a neurological cause,
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Ako i postoji neurološki razlog,
01:22
could we find a cure?
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možemo li pronaći lijek?
01:25
So I'd like to speak about change, and
especially about emotional change.
especially about emotional change.
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Zato ću pričati o promjeni,
posebice emocionalnoj.
posebice emocionalnoj.
01:29
Growing up, I was always intrigued
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Odrastajući, uvijek me zanimalo
01:31
by how people change.
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kako se ljudi mijenjaju.
01:34
My mother, a clinical psychotherapist,
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Moja majka, klinički psihoterapeut,
01:37
would occasionally see patients at home
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bi ponekad primala pacijente kući
01:39
in the evening.
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navečer.
01:41
She would shut the door to the living room,
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Zatvorila bi vrata dnevne sobe,
01:42
and I imagined
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a ja sam zamišljao
01:44
magical things happened in that room.
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da se tamo događaju čarobne stvari.
01:47
At the age of five or six
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Kad sam imao pet-šest godina
01:49
I would creep up in my pajamas
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prišuljao bih se u pidžami,
01:51
and sit outside with my ear glued to the door.
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sjeo ispred vrata i prisluškivao.
01:54
On more than one occasion, I fell asleep
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U više navrata, zaspao bih
01:55
and they had to push me out of the way
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i morali su me odgurati s puta
01:57
at the end of the session.
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na kraju seanse.
01:59
And I suppose that's how I found myself
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Tako sam se našao
02:02
walking into the secure interview room
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kako hodam u sobu za ispitivanje
02:04
on my first day at Wormwood Scrubs.
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prvog dana u Wormwood Scrubsu.
02:08
Joe sat across a steel table
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Joe je sjedio preko puta čeličnog stola
02:10
and greeted me with this blank expression.
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i pozdravio me bezizražajno.
02:14
The prison warden, looking equally indifferent,
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Zatvorski nadzornik, jednako ravnodušno,
02:17
said, "Any trouble, just press the red buzzer,
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rekao je “U slučaju nevolje pritisnite crveni prekidač
02:20
and we'll be around as soon as we can."
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i doći ćemo što je prije moguće.”
02:22
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:25
I sat down.
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Sjeo sam.
02:27
The heavy metal door slammed shut behind me.
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Teška metalna vrata su zalupila.
02:30
I looked up at the red buzzer
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Pogledao sam u crveni prekidač
02:32
far behind Joe on the opposite wall.
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daleko iza Joa na suprotnom zidu.
02:34
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:37
I looked at Joe.
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Pogledao sam ga.
02:39
Perhaps detecting my concern,
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Uočio je moju zabrinutost,
02:41
he leaned forward, and said,
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nagnuo se naprijed i rekao,
02:42
as reassuringly as he could,
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što je uvjerljivije mogao
02:44
"Ah, don't worry about the buzzer,
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“Ne brini se za prekidač,
02:46
it doesn't work anyway."
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jer ionako ne radi. “
02:48
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
02:55
Over the subsequent months,
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Tijekom narednih mjeseci,
02:57
we tested Joe and his fellow inmates,
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ispitali smo Joa i ostale zatvorenike,
03:01
looking specifically at their ability
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posebice njihovu sposobnost
03:03
to categorize different images of emotion.
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da kategoriziraju različite slike emocija.
03:08
And we looked at their physical response
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i pratili smo njihov fizički odgovor
03:10
to those emotions.
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na te emocije.
03:12
So, for example, when most of us look
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Na primjer, kada mnogi vide
03:13
at a picture like this of somebody looking sad,
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tužnu osobu na slici
03:16
we instantly have a slight,
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primjeti se lagani
03:20
measurable physical response:
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mjerljivi fizički odgovor:
03:22
increased heart rate, sweating of the skin.
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ubrzan rad srca, znojenje.
03:25
Whilst the psychopaths in our study were able
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Iako su psihopati u našoj studiji mogli
03:27
to describe the pictures accurately,
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točno opisati slike,
03:29
they failed to show the emotions required.
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nisu pokazali emocije.
03:32
They failed to show a physical response.
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Kao ni fizički odgovor.
03:36
It was as though they knew the words
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Znali su riječi,
03:38
but not the music of empathy.
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ali ne i glazbu empatije.
03:41
So we wanted to look closer at this
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Htjeli smo pogledati ovo pobliže
03:43
to use MRI to image their brains.
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koristeći MRI za sliku njihova mozga.
03:47
That turned out to be not such an easy task.
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To nije bio tako lagan zadatak.
03:50
Imagine transporting a collection
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Zamislite prijevoz grupe
03:51
of clinical psychopaths across central London
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kliničkih psihopata Londonom
03:54
in shackles and handcuffs
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u okovima i lisicama
03:56
in rush hour,
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kroz gužvu,
03:58
and in order to place each
of them in an MRI scanner,
of them in an MRI scanner,
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kako bi svakog od njih
stavili u MRI skener
stavili u MRI skener
04:02
you have to remove all metal objects,
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prije toga treba ukloniti sve metalne objekte
04:04
including shackles and handcuffs,
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uključujući okove i lisice,
04:05
and, as I learned, all body piercings.
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te piercinge s tijela.
04:09
After some time, however,
we had a tentative answer.
we had a tentative answer.
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Nakon nekog vremena
dobili smo odgovor.
dobili smo odgovor.
04:14
These individuals were not just the victims
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Ovi pojedinci nisu bili samo žrtve
04:16
of a troubled childhood.
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problematičnog djetinjstva.
04:18
There was something else.
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Bilo je tu još nešto.
04:21
People like Joe have a deficit in a brain area
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Ljudi kao Joe imaju deficit u moždanom području
04:25
called the amygdala.
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koje se zove amigdala.
04:27
The amygdala is an almond-shaped organ
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Amigdala je organ nalik bademu
04:29
deep within each of the hemispheres of the brain.
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duboko u svakoj moždanoj hemisferi.
04:32
It is thought to be key to the experience of empathy.
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Smatra se da je ključna je za iskustvo empatije.
04:36
Normally, the more empathic a person is,
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Što osoba pokazuje više empatije,
04:39
the larger and more active their amygdala is.
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veća je aktivnost amigdale.
04:42
Our population of inmates
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Ova populacija zatvorenika
04:44
had a deficient amygdala,
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imala je deficit u amigdali
04:45
which likely led to their lack of empathy
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koji je doveo do manjka empatije
04:47
and to their immoral behavior.
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i nemoralnog ponašanja.
04:50
So let's take a step back.
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Vratimo se korak natrag.
04:54
Normally, acquiring moral behavior
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Stjecanje moralnog ponašanja
04:56
is simply part of growing up,
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dio je odrastanja,
04:59
like learning to speak.
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kao što je učiti govoriti.
05:01
At the age of six months, virtually every one of us
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Sa šest mjeseci, gotovo je svatko
05:04
is able to differentiate between
animate and inanimate objects.
animate and inanimate objects.
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sposoban razlikovati
žive od neživih stvari.
žive od neživih stvari.
05:08
At the age of 12 months,
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U dobi od 12 mjeseci,
05:11
most children are able to imitate
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većina djece može oponašati
05:14
the purposeful actions of others.
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usmjerene akcije drugih.
05:16
So for example, your mother raises her hands
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Primjerice, majka podigne ruke
05:18
to stretch, and you imitate her behavior.
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da se istegne i vi imitirate njeno ponašanje.
05:21
At first, this isn't perfect.
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Ispočetka nije savršeno.
05:24
I remember my cousin Sasha,
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Sjećam se kako je sestrična Saša,
05:26
two years old at the time,
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tada dvije godine stara,
05:28
looking through a picture book
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listala slikovnicu
05:30
and licking one finger and flicking
the page with the other hand,
the page with the other hand,
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i polizala bi prst jedne,
a okretala stranicu drugom rukom,
a okretala stranicu drugom rukom,
05:33
licking one finger and flicking
the page with the other hand.
the page with the other hand.
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polizala prst i okretala
stranicu drugom rukom.
stranicu drugom rukom.
05:35
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:37
Bit by bit, we build the foundations
of the social brain
of the social brain
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Malo po malo, gradimo osnove
društvenog mozga
društvenog mozga
05:41
so that by the time we're three, four years old,
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te u dobi od tri ili četiri godine
05:46
most children, not all,
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većina djece
05:47
have acquired the ability to understand
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stekne sposobnost razumijevanja
05:49
the intentions of others,
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tuđih namjera,
05:51
another prerequisite for empathy.
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jedan od preduvjeta za empatiju.
05:54
The fact that this developmental progression
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Činjenica da je ovaj razvojni napredak
05:57
is universal,
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univerzalan
05:58
irrespective of where you live in the world
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bez obzira gdje na svijetu živite
06:00
or which culture you inhabit,
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ili u kojoj kulturi živite,
06:03
strongly suggests that the foundations
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snažno upućuje da su temelji
06:05
of moral behavior are inborn.
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moralnog ponašanja urođeni.
06:08
If you doubt this,
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Ako sumnjate u ovo
06:11
try, as I've done, to renege on a promise you've made
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probajte prekršiti obećanje koje ste dali
06:14
to a four-year-old.
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četverogodišnjaku.
06:16
You will find that the mind of a four-year old
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Vidjet ćete da mozak četverogodišnjaka
06:18
is not naïve in the slightest.
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nije naivan ni najmanje.
06:20
It is more akin to a Swiss army knife
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Mnogo je srodniji švicarskom nožiću
06:23
with fixed mental modules
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sa utvrđenim mentalnim modulima
06:25
finely honed during development
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fino brušenim tijekom razvoja
06:27
and a sharp sense of fairness.
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i s oštrim osjećajem za pravednost.
06:30
The early years are crucial.
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Rane godine su ključne.
06:33
There seems to be a window of opportunity,
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Čini se da postoji pregršt mogućnosti,
06:35
after which mastering moral questions
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nakon kojih svladavanje moralnih pitanja
06:38
becomes more difficult,
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postaje sve teže,
06:39
like adults learning a foreign language.
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kao kad odrasli uče strani jezik.
06:43
That's not to say it's impossible.
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Ali nije nemoguće.
06:45
A recent, wonderful study from Stanford University
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Nedavno istraživanje Sveučilišta Stanford
06:48
showed that people who have played
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pokazalo je da ljudi koji su igrali
06:51
a virtual reality game in which they took on
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virtualnu igru u kojoj su bili
06:53
the role of a good and helpful superhero
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u ulozi dobroćudnog superheroja
06:56
actually became more caring and helpful
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su zapravo postali brižniji i bolji
06:58
towards others afterwards.
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prema drugima.
07:00
Now I'm not suggesting
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Ne predlažem da
07:02
we endow criminals with superpowers,
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podarimo kriminalce supermoćima
07:05
but I am suggesting that we need to find ways
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nego predlažem da pronađemo način
07:09
to get Joe and people like him
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da Joe i ostali poput njega
07:11
to change their brains and their behavior,
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promijene svoje ponašanje,
07:13
for their benefit
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za svoje dobro
07:15
and for the benefit of the rest of us.
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i dobro svih nas.
07:18
So can brains change?
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Može li se mozak mijenjati?
07:22
For over 100 years,
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Preko stotinu godina
07:24
neuroanatomists and later neuroscientists
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neuroanatomi i kasnije neuroznanstvenici
07:28
held the view that after initial
development in childhood,
development in childhood,
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smatrali su da nakon početnog
razvoja u djetinjstvu
razvoja u djetinjstvu
07:31
no new brain cells could grow
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ne mogu nastati nove moždane stanice
07:34
in the adult human brain.
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u odraslom ljudskom mozgu.
07:35
The brain could only change
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Mozak se može mijenjati
07:37
within certain set limits.
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unutar određenih granica.
07:39
That was the dogma.
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To je bila dogma.
07:41
But then, in the 1990s,
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Ali 1990.-ih
07:43
studies starting showing,
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istraživanja su pokazala,
07:45
following the lead of Elizabeth
Gould at Princeton and others,
Gould at Princeton and others,
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na čelu s Elizabeth
Gould sa Princetona
Gould sa Princetona
07:47
studies started showing the
evidence of neurogenesis,
evidence of neurogenesis,
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istraživanja su pokazala
dokaze o neurogoenezi,
dokaze o neurogoenezi,
07:51
the birth of new brain cells
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stvaranju novih neurona
07:53
in the adult mammalian brain,
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u odraslom mozgu sisavca,
07:56
first in the olfactory bulb,
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prvo u olfaktornom bulbusu,
07:57
which is responsible for our sense of smell,
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odgovornom za njuh,
07:59
then in the hippocampus
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zatim u hipokampusu
08:01
involving short-term memory,
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uključenom u kratkotrajno pamćenje,
08:04
and finally in the amygdala itself.
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i naposljetku u amigdali.
08:07
In order to understand
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Kako bih razumio
08:09
how this process works,
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ove procese,
08:11
I left the psychopaths and joined a lab in Oxford
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napustio sam psihopate i pridružio se laboratoriju na Oxfordu
08:13
specializing in learning and development.
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specijaliziranom za učenje i razvoj.
08:17
Instead of psychopaths, I studied mice,
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Proučavao sam miševe
08:20
because the same pattern of brain responses
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jer se isti obrasci moždanog odgovora
08:23
appears across many different
species of social animals.
species of social animals.
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pojavljuju u različitim
vrstama društvenih životinja.
vrstama društvenih životinja.
08:27
So if you rear a mouse in a standard cage,
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Ako se miš uzgoji u kavezu,
08:31
a shoebox, essentially, with cotton wool,
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kutiji za cipele s vatom,
08:34
alone and without much stimulation,
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sam i bez stimulacije
08:35
not only does it not thrive,
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ne samo da ne napreduje,
08:37
but it will often develop strange,
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već često razvija čudna
08:39
repetitive behaviors.
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ponavljajuća ponašanja.
08:40
This naturally sociable animal
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Ove prirodno društvene životinje
08:43
will lose its ability to bond with other mice,
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izgubit će sposobnost povezivanja s drugim miševima,
08:45
even becoming aggressive when introduced to them.
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te postati agresivni kod upoznavanja.
08:50
However, mice reared in what we called
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Miševi uzgajani u, kako to zovemo,
08:52
an enriched environment,
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obogaćenom okolišu,
08:53
a large habitation with other mice
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velikom staništu sa drugim miševima
08:55
with wheels and ladders and areas to explore,
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s kotačima i ljestvama te područjima za istraživanje,
08:59
demonstrate neurogenesis,
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pokazuju neurogenezu,
09:00
the birth of new brain cells,
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nastanak novih neurona,
09:03
and as we showed, they also perform better
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i također se pokazuju boljima
09:05
on a range of learning and memory tasks.
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u učenju i zadatcima pamćenja.
09:08
Now, they don't develop morality to the point of
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Ne razvijaju moralnost do te mjere
09:10
carrying the shopping bags of little old mice
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da nose vrećice za kupovinu starijim miševima
09:12
across the street,
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preko ulice,
09:14
but their improved environment results in healthy,
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nego imaju bolje rezultate u zdravom,
09:17
sociable behavior.
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društvenom ponašanju.
09:19
Mice reared in a standard cage, by contrast,
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Miševi uzgajani u običnom kavezu,
09:22
not dissimilar, you might say, from a prison cell,
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ne puno različitima od zatvorske ćelije
09:24
have dramatically lower levels of new neurons
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imaju dramatično manje novih neurona
09:27
in the brain.
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u mozgu.
09:29
It is now clear that the amygdala of mammals,
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Sada je jasno da amigdala sisavaca,
09:32
including primates like us,
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uključujući i primate,
09:33
can show neurogenesis.
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pokazuje neurogenezu.
09:36
In some areas of the brain,
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U nekim moždanim područjima,
09:37
more than 20 percent of cells are newly formed.
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više od 20 posto stanica su novorođene.
09:41
We're just beginning to understand
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Tek počinjemo shvaćati
09:43
what exact function these cells have,
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kakvu funkciju ove stanice imaju,
09:45
but what it implies is that the brain is capable
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ali upućuju na to da je mozak sposoban
09:48
of extraordinary change way into adulthood.
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za iznimne promjene u odrasloj dobi.
09:53
However, our brains are also
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Naš mozak je također
09:55
exquisitely sensitive to stress in our environment.
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izuzetno osjetljiv na stres u okolini.
09:59
Stress hormones, glucocorticoids,
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Hormoni stresa, glukokortikoidi,
10:01
released by the brain,
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oslobođeni iz mozga
10:03
suppress the growth of these new cells.
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potiskuju rast novih neurona.
10:06
The more stress, the less brain development,
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Više stresa znači manji razvoj mozga,
10:09
which in turn causes less adaptability
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što uzrokuje manju prilagodljivost
10:13
and causes higher stress levels.
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i veću razinu stresa.
10:16
This is the interplay between nature and nurture
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To je interakcija prirode i odgoja
10:20
in real time in front of our eyes.
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u stvarnom vremenu pred nama.
10:24
When you think about it,
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Kada bolje razmislite,
10:26
it is ironic that our current solution
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ironično je da je trenutno rješenje
10:28
for people with stressed amygdalae
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za ljude s oštećenom amigdalom
10:30
is to place them in an environment
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staviti ih u okruženje
10:32
that actually inhibits any chance of further growth.
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koje onemogućuje njezin daljnji rast.
10:36
Of course, imprisonment is a necessary part
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Zatvorska kazna je nužan dio
10:39
of the criminal justice system
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kaznenog pravosudnog sustava
10:41
and of protecting society.
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te zaštite društva.
10:43
Our research does not suggest
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Istraživanja ne upućuju
10:44
that criminals should submit their MRI scans
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da kriminalci trebaju podnijeti MRI
10:47
as evidence in court
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kao dokaz na sudu
10:48
and get off the hook because
they've got a faulty amygdala.
they've got a faulty amygdala.
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i biti pušteni zbog
neispravne amigdale.
neispravne amigdale.
10:52
The evidence is actually the other way.
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Dokaz upućuje na suprotno.
10:54
Because our brains are capable of change,
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Budući da je mozak promjenjiv,
10:57
we need to take responsibility for our actions,
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treba preuzeti odgovornost za vlastita djela
10:59
and they need to take responsibility
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a oni trebaju preuzeti odgovornost
11:01
for their rehabilitation.
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za svoju rehabilitaciju.
11:04
One way such rehabilitation might work
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Jedan način na koji bi rehabilitacija djelovala je
11:06
is through restorative justice programs.
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kroz program popravne pravde.
11:10
Here victims, if they choose to participate,
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Žrtve koje odluče sudjelovati
11:12
and perpetrators meet face to face
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i počinitelji susreću se
11:14
in safe, structured encounters,
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u sigurnim, osmišljenim susretima
11:17
and the perpetrator is encouraged
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i počinitelj je potaknut
11:19
to take responsibility for their actions,
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da preuzme odgovornost za svoja djela
11:21
and the victim plays an active role in the process.
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te žrtva ima aktivnu ulogu u tom procesu.
11:24
In such a setting, the perpetrator can see,
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U takvom okruženju počinitelj može vidjeti,
11:27
perhaps for the first time,
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po prvi put,
11:29
the victim as a real person
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žrtvu kao stvarnu osobu
11:31
with thoughts and feelings and a genuine
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s mislima i osjećajima i istinskim
11:33
emotional response.
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emocionalnim reakcijam.
11:35
This stimulates the amygdala
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To stimulira amigdalu
11:37
and may be a more effective rehabilitative practice
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i možda je učinkovitiji rehabilitacijski postupak
11:40
than simple incarceration.
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od obične zatvorske kazne.
11:43
Such programs won't work for everyone,
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Takvi programi neće pomoći svakome,
11:45
but for many, it could be a way
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ali mnogima može pomoći
11:48
to break the frozen sea within.
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osloboditi emocije kojih nisu svjesni.
11:52
So what can we do now?
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Što možemo učiniti?
11:55
How can we apply this knowledge?
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Kako primjeniti stečeno znanje?
11:57
I'd like to leave you with
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Želio bih vam prenijeti
12:00
three lessons that I learned.
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tri lekcije koje sam naučio.
12:01
The first thing that I learned was that
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Prvo što sam naučio je
12:04
we need to change our mindset.
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da moramo promijeniti način razmišljanja.
12:05
Since Wormwood Scrubs was built 130 years ago,
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Otkad je prije 130 godina sagrađen Wormwood Scrubs,
12:08
society has advanced in virtually every aspect,
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društvo je napredovalo u gotovo svakom pogledu,
12:11
in the way we run our schools, our hospitals.
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u načinu kojim vodimo škole i bolnice.
12:15
Yet the moment we speak about prisons,
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Ali kada spomenemo zatvore,
12:17
it's as though we're back in Dickensian times,
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kao da se vratimo u Dickensova vremena
12:20
if not medieval times.
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ili čak srednji vijek.
12:22
For too long, I believe,
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Predugo, vjerujem,
12:24
we've allowed ourselves to be persuaded
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smo si dopustili biti uvjereni
12:28
of the false notion that human
nature cannot change,
nature cannot change,
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u lažnu ideju da se ljudska priroda
ne može promijeniti,
ne može promijeniti,
12:31
and as a society, it's costing us dearly.
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što nas je, kao društvo, skupo koštalo.
12:35
We know that the brain is
capable of extraordinary change,
capable of extraordinary change,
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Znamo da je mozak
sposoban za iznimne promjene,
sposoban za iznimne promjene,
12:39
and the best way to achieve that,
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a najbolji način za postignuće toga,
12:42
even in adults, is to change and modulate
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čak i u odrasloj dobi, je da promjenimo
12:44
our environment.
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našu okolinu.
12:46
The second thing I have learned
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Druga stvar koju sam naučio
12:49
is that we need to create an alliance
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je da trebamo stvoriti zajednicu
12:51
of people who believe that science is integral
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ljudi koji vjeruju da je znanost sastavni dio
12:55
to bringing about social change.
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za uspostavljanje društvene promjene.
12:57
It's easy enough for a neuroscientist to place
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Jednostavno je neuroznanstvenicima postaviti
13:00
a high-security inmate in an MRI scanner.
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visokoosiguranog zatvorenika u MRI skener.
13:02
Well actually, that turns out not to be so easy,
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Iako se ispostavilo da nije tako lako,
13:05
but ultimately what we want to show
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ali u konačnici želimo pokazati
13:07
is whether we're able to
reduce the reoffending rates.
reduce the reoffending rates.
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Jesmo li u stanju smanjiti
stopu ponavljanja kaznenih djela.
stopu ponavljanja kaznenih djela.
13:11
In order to answer complex questions like that,
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Kako bi odgovorili na to složeno pitanje,
13:14
we need people of different backgrounds --
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potrebno je da ljudi različitih kadrova --
13:17
lab-based scientists and clinicians,
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laboranti i kliničari,
13:19
social workers and policy makers,
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socijalni radnici i političari,
13:21
philanthropists and human rights activists —
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filantropisti i borci za ljudska prava
13:24
to work together.
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rade zajedno.
13:26
Finally, I believe we need
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Smatram da trebamo
13:27
to change our own amygdalae,
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promijeniti vlastite amigdale,
13:29
because this issue goes to the heart
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jer problem je u srži
13:32
not just of who Joe is,
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ne samo Joa,
13:34
but who we are.
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nego i nas samih.
13:35
We need to change our view of Joe
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Trebamo promijeniti pogleda na Joa
13:38
as someone wholly irredeemable,
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kao beznadne osobe,
13:42
because if we see Joe as wholly irredeemable,
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jer ako ga vidimo beznadnim
13:46
how is he going to see himself as any different?
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kako će on sebe vidjeti drugačijim?
13:50
In another decade, Joe will be released
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Za deset godina Joe će biti pušten
13:52
from Wormwood Scrubs.
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iz Wormwood Scrubsa.
13:55
Will he be among the 70 percent of inmates
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Hoće li biti među 70 posto zatvorenika
13:57
who end up reoffending
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koji su ponovno počinili zlodjela
13:59
and returning to the prison system?
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i vratiti se u zatvor?
14:02
Wouldn't it be better if, while serving his sentence,
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Ne bi li bilo bolje da, dok služi svoju kaznu,
14:04
Joe was able to train his amygdala,
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bude u mogućnosti osposobiti svoju amigdalu
14:06
which would stimulate the growth of new brain cells
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što će stimulirati rast novih neurona
14:09
and connections,
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i neuronskih veza,
14:10
so that he will be able to face the world
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kako bi se mogao suočiti sa svijetom
14:13
once he gets released?
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nakon što ga oslobode?
14:15
Surely, that would be in the interest of all of us.
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To bi bilo u interesu svih nas.
14:21
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
14:24
Thank you. (Applause)
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Hvala lijepa. (Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Daniel Reisel - NeuroscientistDaniel Reisel searches for the psychological and physical roots of human morality.
Why you should listen
Daniel Reisel grew up in Norway but settled in the UK in 1995. He works as a hospital doctor and as a research fellow in epigenetics at University College London. He completed his PhD in Neuroscience in 2005, investigating how learning rewires the brain. Since then, his research has been concerned with the effect of life events on gene function. Daniel is currently training to become an accredited restorative justice facilitator with the UK Restorative Justice Council.
Daniel Reisel | Speaker | TED.com