TED2010
Jonathan Drori: Every pollen grain has a story
Jonathan Drori: Svako zrnce peluda ima svoju priču
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Pelud je neprimjećen od većine nas, osim kada nas pogodi peludna groznica. Ali mikroskopi nam otkrivaju da on dolazi u zapanjujućim bojama i oblicima -- i putuje začuđujuće dobro. Jonathan Drori omogućuje nam pobliži pogled na ove zadivljujuće pjege koje su dio procesa udvaranja biljaka.
Jonathan Drori - Educator
Jonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn. Full bio
Jonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Thank you. I have two missions here today.
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Hvala vam. Danas imam dvije misije.
00:18
The first is to tell you something about pollen, I hope,
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Prva je reći vam nešto o peludi, nadam se,
00:22
and to convince you that it's more than just something that gets up your nose.
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i uvjeriti vas da to nije samo nešto što vam se zavuče u nos.
00:25
And, secondly, to convince you
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I druga je, uvjeriti vas
00:27
that every home really ought to have a scanning electron microscope.
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da svaka kuća treba imati pretraživački elektronski mikroskop.
00:30
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
00:32
Pollen is a flower's way of making more flowers.
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Pelud je sredstvo kojim cvijet stvara još cvijeća.
00:36
It carries male sex cells
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On nosi muške spolne stanice
00:38
from one flower to another.
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od jednog cvijeta do drugog.
00:40
This gives us genetic diversity,
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Daje nam genetsku raznolikost,
00:42
or at least it gives the plants genetic diversity.
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ili barem daje biljkama genetsku raznolikost.
00:44
And it's really rather better not to mate with yourself.
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I stvarno je bolje ne pariti se sa sobom.
00:48
That's probably true of humans as well, mostly.
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To je vjerojatno i u većini slučajeva točno za ljude.
00:52
Pollen is produced by the anthers of flowers.
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Pelud se stvara na prašnicima cvjetova.
00:54
Each anther can carry up to 100,000 grains of pollen,
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Svaki prašnik može na sebi nositi do 100.000 zrnaca peluda.
00:59
so, it's quite prolific stuff.
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Tako da su to poprilično plodne stvari.
01:01
And it isn't just bright flowers
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I nemaju samo žarki cvjetovi
01:03
that have pollen; it's also trees and grasses.
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pelud, imaju ga i drveće i trave.
01:07
And remember that all our cereal crops are grasses as well.
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I sjetimo se i da su sve naše žitarice također trave.
01:12
Here is a scanning electron micrograph of a grain of pollen.
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Ovo je pretražujući elektronski mikrograf jednog zrnca peludi.
01:16
The little hole in the middle, we'll come to a bit later,
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Do objašnjenja ove male rupe u sredini ćemo doći malo kasnije.
01:19
but that's for the pollen tube
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Ali to je za peludnu cjevčicu
01:21
to come out later on. A very tiny tube.
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koja će se pojaviti kasnije, vrlo mala cjevčica.
01:23
So, that's 20 micrometers across,
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Dakle, to je 20 mikrometara poprečno,
01:25
that pollen grain there.
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to zrnce peluda.
01:27
That's about a 50th of a millimeter.
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To je otprilike pedeseti dio milimetra.
01:29
But not all pollen is quite so simple looking.
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Ali ne izgleda sav pelud tako jednostavno.
01:32
This is Morina. This is a plant --
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Ovo je Morina. To je biljka
01:35
which I've always thought to be rather tedious --
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za koju sam oduvijek mislio da je dosta monotona,
01:37
named after Morin,
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nazvana po Morinu,
01:39
who was an enterprising French gardener,
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koji je bio poduzetan francuski vrtlar,
01:41
who issued the first seed catalog
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koji je prvi izdao katalog sjemena,
01:43
in 1621.
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1621.
01:45
But anyway, take a look at its pollen.
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Svejedno, pogledajte njen pelud.
01:49
This is amazing, I think.
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Ovo je zadivljujuće, ja mislim.
01:51
That little hole in the middle there is for the pollen tube,
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Ta mala rupa na sredini ondje je za peludnu cjevčicu.
01:53
and when the pollen finds its special female spot
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I kada pelud nađe svoje posebno žensko mjesto
01:56
in another Morina flower,
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u drugog Morina cvijeta,
01:58
just on the right species, what happens?
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na pravoj vrsti, što se događa?
02:01
Like I said, pollen carries the male sex cells.
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Kako sam rekao, pelud nosi muške spolne stanice.
02:04
If you actually didn't realize that plants have sex,
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Ako stvarno niste shvaćali da biljke imaju spolni život,
02:07
they have rampant, promiscuous
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one imaju bujan, promiskuitetan
02:09
and really quite interesting and curious sex. Really.
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i zaista zanimljiv i znatiželjan spolni život.
02:11
(Laughter) A lot.
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(Smijeh)
02:15
My story is actually not about plant propagation,
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Moja priča zapravo nije o razmnožavanju biljaka,
02:18
but about pollen itself.
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već o samom peludu.
02:20
"So, what are pollen's properties?" I hear you ask.
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Pitate se koje su to osobine peludi?
02:23
First of all, pollen is tiny. Yes we know that.
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Kao prvo, pelud je sićušan. Da, to znamo.
02:25
It's also very biologically active,
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Također je biološki vrlo aktivan,
02:27
as anyone with hay fever will understand.
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što će bilo tko pogođen peludnom groznicom razumjeti.
02:29
Now, pollen from plants, which are wind-dispersed --
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Pelud iz biljaka koji se rasprostire zrakom,
02:32
like trees and grasses and so on --
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kao kod drveća, trava i tako dalje,
02:35
tend to cause the most hay fever.
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uzrokuje najviše alergijskih reakcija.
02:37
And the reason for that is they've got to chuck out
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A razlog je taj, da moraju izbaciti
02:39
masses and masses of pollen to have any chance
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mnoštva i mnoštva peluda kako bi imali bilo kakvu šansu
02:41
of the pollen reaching another plant of the same species.
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da pelud dođe do druge biljke iste vrste.
02:45
Here are some examples --
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Ovdje su neki primjeri.
02:47
they're very smooth if you look at them --
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Vrlo su uglađeni ako pogledate ove slike
02:50
of tree pollen that is meant to be carried by the wind.
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peludi drveća koje je namijenjeno da se raznosi vjetrom.
02:53
Again -- this time, sycamore -- wind-dispersed.
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Ponovno, ovog puta javor, koji se rasprostire vjetrom.
02:55
So, trees: very boring flowers,
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Dakle, drveće, vrlo dosadni cvjetovi,
02:58
not really trying to attract insects.
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koji ne pokušavaju privući kukce.
03:01
Cool pollen, though.
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Ali ipak pribran pelud.
03:03
This one I particularly like.
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Ovaj mi se posebno sviđa.
03:05
This is the Monterey Pine, which has little air sacks
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Ovo je bor iz Montereya, koji ima male zračne vrećice
03:08
to make the pollen carry even further.
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kako bi pelud išao što dalje.
03:10
Remember, that thing is just about 30 micrometers across.
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Zapamtite, ta stvar je velika otprilike 30 mikrometara poprečno.
03:14
Now, it's much more efficient if you can get insects to do your bidding.
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Naravno puno je učinkovitije ako insekti obavljaju taj posao.
03:17
This is a bee's leg
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Ovo je noga pčele,
03:20
with the pollen glommed onto it from a mallow plant.
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na koju se prihvatio sljezov pelud.
03:24
And this is the outrageous and beautiful
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I ovo je neobuzdani i prekrasni
03:26
flower of the mangrove palm.
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cvijet palme mangrova.
03:28
Very showy, to attract lots of insects to do its bidding.
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Vrlo razmetan, kako bi privukao što više insekata koji će raditi za njega.
03:31
The pollen has little barbs on it,
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Pelud ima male bodlje na sebi,
03:33
if we look.
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ako pogledamo.
03:35
Now, those little barbs
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Sada, te male bodlje
03:37
obviously stick to the insects well,
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se očito dobro hvataju za insekte,
03:40
but there is something else that we can tell from this photograph,
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ali postoji još nešto što nam je vidljivo s ove fotografije,
03:42
and that is that you might be able to see a fracture line
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a to je da možemo vidjeti liniju pucanja
03:44
across what would be the equator of this, if it was the Earth.
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po onome što bi bio ekvator, da je to Zemlja.
03:47
That tells me that it's actually been fossilized, this pollen.
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To mi govori da je ovaj pelud zapravo bio fosiliziran.
03:50
And I'm rather proud to say
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I s ponosom mogu reći
03:52
that this was found just near London, and that 55 million years ago
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da je ovo pronađeno blizu Londona, i da je prije 55 milijuna godina
03:55
London was full of mangroves.
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London bio pun palmi mangrova.
03:58
Isn't that cool?
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Nije li to cool?
04:00
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:03
Okay, so this is another species evolved to be dispersed by insects.
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U redu, ovo je još jedna vrsta koja se razvila kako bi ju rasprostranjivali kukci.
04:06
You can tell that from the little barbs on there.
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To možete vidjeti po malenim bodljama.
04:09
All these pictures were taken with a scanning electron microscope,
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Sve ove slike su napravljene pretraživačkim elektronskim mikroskopom
04:12
actually in the lab at Kew Laboratories.
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u laboratoriju tvrtke Kew Laboratoriji.
04:14
No coincidence that these were taken
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Nije slučajnost da je ove slike napravio
04:16
by Rob Kesseler, who is an artist,
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Rob Kessler, koji je umjetnik.
04:18
and I think it's someone with a design and artistic eye
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I mislim da nije slučajnost što je netko s umjetničkim pogledom
04:21
like him that has managed to bring out the best in pollen.
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poput njegovog uspio izvući ono najbolje iz peludi.
04:25
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:27
Now, all this diversity
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Sada, sva ova raznolikost,
04:29
means that you can look at a pollen grain
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u stvari znači da se pogledom na zrnce peluda
04:31
and tell what species it came from,
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može reći od koje je vrste došao.
04:34
and that's actually quite handy if you
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To je dosta zgodno ako vi
04:36
maybe have a sample and you want to see where it came from.
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slučajno imate uzorak i želite vidjeti odakle je došao.
04:39
So, different species of plants
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Različite vrste biljaka
04:41
grow in different places,
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rastu na različitim mjestima.
04:43
and some pollen carries further than others.
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I neki pelud leti dalje od ostalih.
04:47
So, if you have a pollen sample,
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Ako imate uzorak peluda
04:50
then in principle, you should be able to tell
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onda biste, u principu, mogli utvrditi
04:52
where that sample came from.
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odakle je taj uzorak došao.
04:54
And this is where it gets interesting for forensics.
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I ovdje stvar postaje zanimljiva za forenziku.
04:59
Pollen is tiny. It gets on to things, and it sticks to them.
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Pelud je sićušan, dolazi na stvari i ostaje na njima.
05:03
So, not only does each type of pollen look different,
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I ne samo da svaka vrsta peluda izgleda drugačije,
05:05
but each habitat has a different combination of plants.
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nego i svako stanište ima drugačiju kombinaciju biljaka,
05:09
A different pollen signature, if you like,
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drugačiji peludni potpis, ako želite,
05:11
or a different pollen fingerprint.
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ili drugačiji peludni otisak prsta.
05:16
By looking at the proportions and combinations
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Gledajući te veličine i kombinacije
05:18
of different kinds of pollen in a sample,
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različitih peludi u uzorku,
05:21
you can tell very precisely where it came from.
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može se s velikom preciznošću utvrditi odakle su došli.
05:24
This is some pollen embedded in a cotton shirt,
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Ovo je pelud koji se uhvatio za pamučnu majicu,
05:27
similar to the one that I'm wearing now.
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poput majice koju nosim sada.
05:30
Now, much of the pollen will still be there
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Dosta peluda će biti ovdje
05:32
after repeated washings.
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i nakon opetovanog pranja.
05:34
Where has it been?
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Gdje je bio?
05:37
Four very different habitats might look similar,
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Ćetiri vrlo različita staništa mogu izgledati slično
05:39
but they've got very different pollen signatures.
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ali imaju vrlo različite peludne potpise.
05:42
Actually this one is particularly easy, these pictures were all taken
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Ovaj je zapravo vrlo lagan. Sve ove slike napravljene su
05:44
in different countries.
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u različitim zemljama.
05:46
But pollen forensics can be very subtle.
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Ali forenzika peludi može biti vrlo suptilna.
05:48
It's being used now to track
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Sada ju koristimo kako bismo pratili
05:50
where counterfeit drugs have been made,
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gdje su napravljeni lažni lijekovi,
05:52
where banknotes have come from,
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odakle su došle novčanice,
05:55
to look at the provenance of antiques
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da bismo utvrdili porijeklo antikviteta
05:57
and see that they really did come from the place
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i mogli sa sigurnošću reći da su došli s mjesta
05:59
the seller said they did.
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za koje prodavač tvrdi da jesu.
06:02
And murder suspects have been tracked
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I sumnjivci u slučajevima ubojstva su pronađeni
06:04
using their clothing,
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koristeći njihovu odjeću,
06:06
certainly in the U.K., to within an area
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zasigurno u U.K., i to do područja
06:09
that's small enough that you can send in tracker dogs
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koje je dovoljno malo da se mogu poslati psi tragači
06:11
to find the murder victim.
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kako bi se pronašla žrtva ubojstva.
06:13
So, you can tell from a piece of clothing
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I s komadom odjeće može se utvrditi
06:15
to within about a kilometer or so,
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s preciznošću od jednog kilometra
06:19
where that piece of clothing has been recently
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gdje je taj komad odjeće bio nedavno,
06:21
and then send in dogs.
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i zatim poslati pse.
06:24
And finally, in a rather grizzly way,
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I na kraju, poprilično siv način,
06:27
the Bosnia war crimes;
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ratni zločini u Bosni.
06:29
some of the people brought to trial were brought to trial
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Neki od ljudi koji su izvedeni pred sud, izvedeni su pred sud
06:32
because of the evidence from pollen,
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zahvaljujući dokazima iz peludi,
06:34
which showed that bodies had been buried,
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koji je pokazao da su tijela bila zakopana,
06:36
exhumed and then reburied somewhere else.
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ekshumirana, i onda ponovno zakopana na drugom mjestu.
06:41
I hope I've opened your eyes,
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Nadam se da sam vam otvorio oči,
06:43
if you'll excuse the visual pun, (Laughter)
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ako nećete zamjeriti vizualnu dosjetku,
06:45
to some of pollen's secrets.
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prema nekim tajnama peluda.
06:47
This is a horse chestnut.
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Usput, ovo je Konjski Kesten.
06:49
There is an invisible beauty all around us,
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Postoji nevidljiva ljepota svuda oko nas,
06:51
each grain with a story to tell ...
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svako zrnce ima svoju priču,
06:53
each of us, in fact, with a story to tell
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svatko od nas, zapravo, ima priču,
06:55
from the pollen fingerprint that's upon us.
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od peludnog otiska prsta koji je na nama.
06:58
Thank you to the colleagues at Kew,
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Hvala kolegama u Kew-u.
07:00
and thank you to palynologists everywhere.
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I hvala palinolozima posvuda.
07:02
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Drori - EducatorJonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn.
Why you should listen
Jonathan Drori has dedicated his career to media and learning. As the Head of Commissioning for BBC Online, he led the effort to create bbc.co.uk, the online face of the BBC (an effort he recalls fondly). He came to the web from the TV side of the BBC, where as an editor and producer he headed up dozens of television series on science, education and the arts.
After almost two decades at the BBC, he's now a director at Changing Media Ltd., a media and education consultancy, and is a visiting professor at University of Bristol, where he studies educational media and misperceptions in science. He continues to executive produce the occasional TV series, including 2004's award-winning "The DNA Story" and 2009's "Great Sperm Race." He is on the boards of the Royal Botanic Gardens and the Woodland Trust.
(Photo: Lloyd Davis/flickr)
Jonathan Drori | Speaker | TED.com