TED2010
Jonathan Drori: Every pollen grain has a story
Jonathan Drori: Každé zrnko peľu má svoj príbeh
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Peľ si väčšina z nás nevšíma, okrem období, keď nás zasiahne senná nádcha. Ale mikroskopy odhaľujú ohromné farby a tvary peľu a jeho schopnosť pozoruhodne dobre cestovať. Jonathan Drori nám zblízka ukazuje tieto fascinujúce zrniečka dvorenia rastlín.
Jonathan Drori - Educator
Jonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn. Full bio
Jonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Thank you. I have two missions here today.
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Ďakujem. Dnes tu mám dve poslania.
00:18
The first is to tell you something about pollen, I hope,
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Prvou je povedať vám niečo o peli, aspoň dúfam,
00:22
and to convince you that it's more than just something that gets up your nose.
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a presvedčiť vás, že je to niečo viac ako len to, čo vás obťažuje.
00:25
And, secondly, to convince you
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A po druhé, presvedčiť vás,
00:27
that every home really ought to have a scanning electron microscope.
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že v každej rodine by mal byť funkčný elektrónový mikroskop.
00:30
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
00:32
Pollen is a flower's way of making more flowers.
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Peľ je pre kvety spôsob, ako vyrobiť viac kvetov.
00:36
It carries male sex cells
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Prenáša samčie pohlavné bunky
00:38
from one flower to another.
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z jedného kvetu na druhý.
00:40
This gives us genetic diversity,
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To nám umožňuje genetickú rozmanitosť
00:42
or at least it gives the plants genetic diversity.
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alebo prinajmenšom to umožňuje rastlinám genetickú rozmanitosť.
00:44
And it's really rather better not to mate with yourself.
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A je naozaj lepšie nepáriť sa sám so sebou.
00:48
That's probably true of humans as well, mostly.
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To platí asi aj pre ľudí, väčšinou.
00:52
Pollen is produced by the anthers of flowers.
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Peľ sa vyrába v peľniciach kvetov.
00:54
Each anther can carry up to 100,000 grains of pollen,
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Každá peľnica môže niesť až 100 000 zrniek peľu.
00:59
so, it's quite prolific stuff.
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Takže je to celkom plodné.
01:01
And it isn't just bright flowers
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A nielen pestré kvety
01:03
that have pollen; it's also trees and grasses.
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majú peľ, ale aj stromy a trávy.
01:07
And remember that all our cereal crops are grasses as well.
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Ako viete, všetky naše obilniny sú trávy.
01:12
Here is a scanning electron micrograph of a grain of pollen.
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Tu je mikroskopická snímka zrnka peľu.
01:16
The little hole in the middle, we'll come to a bit later,
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K malej dierke uprostred prídeme neskôr.
01:19
but that's for the pollen tube
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Tá je pre peľový vačok,
01:21
to come out later on. A very tiny tube.
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veľmi malú rúrku.
01:23
So, that's 20 micrometers across,
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To zrnko peľu tam
01:25
that pollen grain there.
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má priemer 20 mikrometrov.
01:27
That's about a 50th of a millimeter.
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To je asi jedna päťdesiatina milimetra.
01:29
But not all pollen is quite so simple looking.
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Ale nie každý peľ vyzerá tak jednoducho.
01:32
This is Morina. This is a plant --
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Toto je morina. To je rastlina,
01:35
which I've always thought to be rather tedious --
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o ktorej som si vždy myslel, že je nudná,
01:37
named after Morin,
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pomenovaná po Morinovi,
01:39
who was an enterprising French gardener,
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francúzskom záhradkárovi,
01:41
who issued the first seed catalog
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ktorý vydal prvý katalóg semien
01:43
in 1621.
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v roku 1621.
01:45
But anyway, take a look at its pollen.
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Pozrite sa na jej peľ.
01:49
This is amazing, I think.
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Myslím, že je úžasný.
01:51
That little hole in the middle there is for the pollen tube,
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Tá malá dierka uprostred je pre peľový vačok.
01:53
and when the pollen finds its special female spot
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A keď peľ nájde určité samičie miesto
01:56
in another Morina flower,
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na inom kvete moriny,
01:58
just on the right species, what happens?
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presne na tom istom druhu, čo sa stane?
02:01
Like I said, pollen carries the male sex cells.
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Ako som povedal, peľ nesie samčie pohlavné bunky.
02:04
If you actually didn't realize that plants have sex,
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Ak ste si doteraz neuvedomili, že rastliny majú sex,
02:07
they have rampant, promiscuous
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tak vedzte, že majú divý, promiskuitný
02:09
and really quite interesting and curious sex. Really.
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a naozaj zaujímavý a podivný sex, naozaj.
02:11
(Laughter) A lot.
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(Smiech)
02:15
My story is actually not about plant propagation,
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Môj príbeh ale nie je o propagácii rastlín,
02:18
but about pollen itself.
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ale samotného peľu.
02:20
"So, what are pollen's properties?" I hear you ask.
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Takže, aké má peľ vlastnosti, pýtate sa.
02:23
First of all, pollen is tiny. Yes we know that.
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Ako prvé, peľ je malinký. Áno, to vieme.
02:25
It's also very biologically active,
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A je tiež veľmi biologicky aktívny,
02:27
as anyone with hay fever will understand.
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čo vám potvrdí hocikto so sennou nádchou.
02:29
Now, pollen from plants, which are wind-dispersed --
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Peľ z rastlín, ktoré ho prenášajú vzduchom,
02:32
like trees and grasses and so on --
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ako stromy a trávy a tak ďalej,
02:35
tend to cause the most hay fever.
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zvyknú spôsobovať sennú nádchu.
02:37
And the reason for that is they've got to chuck out
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A dôvodom je, že musia vypustiť
02:39
masses and masses of pollen to have any chance
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masy a masy peľu, aby mali nejakú šancu,
02:41
of the pollen reaching another plant of the same species.
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že ten peľ dosiahne druhú rastlinu rovnakého druhu.
02:45
Here are some examples --
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Tu vidíte nejaké príklady.
02:47
they're very smooth if you look at them --
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Keď sa pozriete na tieto obrázky troch zrniek peľu,
02:50
of tree pollen that is meant to be carried by the wind.
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môžete vidieť, že sú hladké, čo znamená, že sa prenášajú vetrom.
02:53
Again -- this time, sycamore -- wind-dispersed.
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Znova, tentokrát platan - peľ roznášaný vetrom.
02:55
So, trees: very boring flowers,
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Takže, stromy, veľmi nudné kvety,
02:58
not really trying to attract insects.
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sa nesnažia privábiť hmyz.
03:01
Cool pollen, though.
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Aj napriek tomu, zaujímavý peľ.
03:03
This one I particularly like.
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Tento sa mi obzvlášť páči.
03:05
This is the Monterey Pine, which has little air sacks
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To je borovica lúčovitá, ktorá má malé vzduchové vrecká,
03:08
to make the pollen carry even further.
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aby sa peľ dostal ešte ďalej.
03:10
Remember, that thing is just about 30 micrometers across.
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Spomeňte si, že táto vec má len 30 mikrometrov v priemere.
03:14
Now, it's much more efficient if you can get insects to do your bidding.
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Takže je oveľa efektívnejšie, keď to za vás urobí hmyz.
03:17
This is a bee's leg
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To je noha včely
03:20
with the pollen glommed onto it from a mallow plant.
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s peľom, ktorý sa na ňu prichytil zo slezu.
03:24
And this is the outrageous and beautiful
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A toto je ten nemravný a nádherný
03:26
flower of the mangrove palm.
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kvet palmy (Nypa fruticans).
03:28
Very showy, to attract lots of insects to do its bidding.
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Veľmi nápadný, aby priťahoval hmyz, ktorý mu poroznáša peľ.
03:31
The pollen has little barbs on it,
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Peľ má na sebe malé háčiky,
03:33
if we look.
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ako vidíme.
03:35
Now, those little barbs
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A tie malé háčiky
03:37
obviously stick to the insects well,
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sa dobre zachytia o hmyz.
03:40
but there is something else that we can tell from this photograph,
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Na tejto fotografii môžeme vidieť ešte niečo,
03:42
and that is that you might be able to see a fracture line
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a to zlomovú čiaru po celom priemere,
03:44
across what would be the equator of this, if it was the Earth.
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ktorá by bola rovníkom, ak by to bola Zem.
03:47
That tells me that it's actually been fossilized, this pollen.
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To mi hovorí, že tento peľ bol skamenený.
03:50
And I'm rather proud to say
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A som hrdý, že môžem povedať,
03:52
that this was found just near London, and that 55 million years ago
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že bol nájdený hneď pri Londýne, a teda pred 55 miliónmi rokov
03:55
London was full of mangroves.
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bol Londýn plný paliem.
03:58
Isn't that cool?
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Nie je to skvelé?
04:00
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
04:03
Okay, so this is another species evolved to be dispersed by insects.
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Toto je ďalší druh vyvinutý tak, aby mu peľ roznášal hmyz.
04:06
You can tell that from the little barbs on there.
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Môžete to povedať podľa tých malých háčikov.
04:09
All these pictures were taken with a scanning electron microscope,
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Všetky tieto obrázky boli získané zo skenovacieho elektrónového mikroskopu
04:12
actually in the lab at Kew Laboratories.
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v laboratóriu v Kew Laboratories.
04:14
No coincidence that these were taken
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Nie je náhoda, že ich urobil
04:16
by Rob Kesseler, who is an artist,
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Rob Kessler, umelec.
04:18
and I think it's someone with a design and artistic eye
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A myslím si, že nie je náhoda, že niekto s umeleckým pohľadom na svet,
04:21
like him that has managed to bring out the best in pollen.
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niekto ako on, dostal z peľu to najlepšie.
04:25
(Laughter)
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(Smiech)
04:27
Now, all this diversity
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Všetka táto rozmanitosť
04:29
means that you can look at a pollen grain
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nám umožňuje pozrieť sa na zrnko peľu
04:31
and tell what species it came from,
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a povedať, z akého druhu pochádza.
04:34
and that's actually quite handy if you
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A to sa zíde,
04:36
maybe have a sample and you want to see where it came from.
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ak máte vzorku a chcete vedieť, odkiaľ je.
04:39
So, different species of plants
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Pretože rôzne druhy rastlín
04:41
grow in different places,
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rastú na rozličných miestach
04:43
and some pollen carries further than others.
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a niektorý peľ sa dostane ďalej ako iný.
04:47
So, if you have a pollen sample,
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Takže ak máte vzorku peľu,
04:50
then in principle, you should be able to tell
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potom v princípe viete povedať,
04:52
where that sample came from.
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odkiaľ tá vzorka pochádza.
04:54
And this is where it gets interesting for forensics.
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A tu sa to stáva zaujímavým pre forenzné vedy.
04:59
Pollen is tiny. It gets on to things, and it sticks to them.
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Peľ je malinký. Dostane sa na veci a prichytí sa o ne.
05:03
So, not only does each type of pollen look different,
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A nielenže každý druh peľu vyzerá inak,
05:05
but each habitat has a different combination of plants.
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ale každá lokalita má inú kombináciu rastlín,
05:09
A different pollen signature, if you like,
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iný podpis peľu, alebo ak chcete
05:11
or a different pollen fingerprint.
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iný peľový odtlačok prsta.
05:16
By looking at the proportions and combinations
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Keď sa pozrieme na pomery a kombinácie
05:18
of different kinds of pollen in a sample,
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rozličných druhov peľov vo vzorke,
05:21
you can tell very precisely where it came from.
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vieme povedať veľmi presne, odkiaľ pochádza.
05:24
This is some pollen embedded in a cotton shirt,
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Toto je nejaký peľ zachytený v bavlnenom tričku,
05:27
similar to the one that I'm wearing now.
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podobnom ako to, čo mám teraz na sebe.
05:30
Now, much of the pollen will still be there
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Väčšina toho peľu by tam stále bola
05:32
after repeated washings.
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aj po niekoľkých praniach.
05:34
Where has it been?
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Kde to tričko bolo?
05:37
Four very different habitats might look similar,
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Štyri veľmi odlišné lokality môžu vyzerať podobne,
05:39
but they've got very different pollen signatures.
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ale majú veľmi odlišné peľové podpisy.
05:42
Actually this one is particularly easy, these pictures were all taken
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Tento prípad je vlastne jednoduchý. Tieto fotky sú
05:44
in different countries.
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z rôznych krajín.
05:46
But pollen forensics can be very subtle.
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Ale forenzná veda peľu môže byť veľmi jemná.
05:48
It's being used now to track
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Teraz sa používa na sledovanie toho,
05:50
where counterfeit drugs have been made,
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kde boli vyrobené falzifikáty liekov,
05:52
where banknotes have come from,
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odkiaľ pochádzajú bankovky,
05:55
to look at the provenance of antiques
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pozrieme sa na pôvod starožitností
05:57
and see that they really did come from the place
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a vidíme, či naozaj pochádzajú z miesta,
05:59
the seller said they did.
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ktoré uvádza predajca.
06:02
And murder suspects have been tracked
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A podozriví zločinci sú vystopovaní
06:04
using their clothing,
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pomocou ich oblečenia,
06:06
certainly in the U.K., to within an area
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vo Veľkej Británii až na územie,
06:09
that's small enough that you can send in tracker dogs
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ktoré je dostatočne malé na to, aby sme tam poslali stopovacích psov,
06:11
to find the murder victim.
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a našli obeť vraždy.
06:13
So, you can tell from a piece of clothing
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Takže viete o kúsku oblečenia povedať,
06:15
to within about a kilometer or so,
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s presnosťou na kilometer,
06:19
where that piece of clothing has been recently
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kde ten kus oblečenia bol v nedávnej dobe
06:21
and then send in dogs.
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a potom tam poslať psov.
06:24
And finally, in a rather grizzly way,
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A napokon, príšerným spôsobom
06:27
the Bosnia war crimes;
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bosnianske vojnové zločiny.
06:29
some of the people brought to trial were brought to trial
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Niektorí ľudia predvedení pred súd tam boli
06:32
because of the evidence from pollen,
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kvôli dôkazom založenom na peli,
06:34
which showed that bodies had been buried,
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ktorý ukazoval, že telá boli pochované,
06:36
exhumed and then reburied somewhere else.
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exhumované a pochované niekde inde.
06:41
I hope I've opened your eyes,
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Dúfam, že som vám otvoril oči,
06:43
if you'll excuse the visual pun, (Laughter)
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ak dovolíte vizuálnu slovnú hračku,
06:45
to some of pollen's secrets.
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smerom k tajomstvám peľu.
06:47
This is a horse chestnut.
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Toto je mimochodom pagaštan konský.
06:49
There is an invisible beauty all around us,
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Okolo nás je neviditeľná nádhera,
06:51
each grain with a story to tell ...
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každé zrnko má svoj príbeh,
06:53
each of us, in fact, with a story to tell
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každý z nás má svoj príbeh
06:55
from the pollen fingerprint that's upon us.
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z peľového otlačku prsta, ktorý na sebe máme.
06:58
Thank you to the colleagues at Kew,
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Ďakujem kolegom v Kew.
07:00
and thank you to palynologists everywhere.
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A ďakujem všetkým palynológom.
07:02
(Applause)
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(Potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jonathan Drori - EducatorJonathan Drori commissioned the BBC's very first websites, one highlight in a long career devoted to online culture and educational media -- and understanding how we learn.
Why you should listen
Jonathan Drori has dedicated his career to media and learning. As the Head of Commissioning for BBC Online, he led the effort to create bbc.co.uk, the online face of the BBC (an effort he recalls fondly). He came to the web from the TV side of the BBC, where as an editor and producer he headed up dozens of television series on science, education and the arts.
After almost two decades at the BBC, he's now a director at Changing Media Ltd., a media and education consultancy, and is a visiting professor at University of Bristol, where he studies educational media and misperceptions in science. He continues to executive produce the occasional TV series, including 2004's award-winning "The DNA Story" and 2009's "Great Sperm Race." He is on the boards of the Royal Botanic Gardens and the Woodland Trust.
(Photo: Lloyd Davis/flickr)
Jonathan Drori | Speaker | TED.com