TED2017
Rutger Bregman: Poverty isn't a lack of character; it's a lack of cash
Rutger Bregman: Kurangnya karakter tak menyebabkan kemiskinan; kemiskinan adalah kekurangan uang
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"Gagasan mampu dan memang mengubah dunia." Demikian ujar ahli sejarah Rutger Bregman saat membagikan pendapatnya yang provokatif: jaminan pendapatan dasar. Pelajari lebih lanjut mengenai sejarah berusia 500 tahun ini, serta eksperimen modern yang terlupakan namun benar-benar ampuh -- dan bayangkan sebesar apa energi dan bakat yang akan kita pancarkan jika kita menghapuskan kemiskinan untuk selama-lamanya.
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I'd like to start with a simple question:
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Saya mulai dengan
pertanyaan sederhana:
pertanyaan sederhana:
00:18
Why do the poor make
so many poor decisions?
so many poor decisions?
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Mengapa orang miskin
membuat banyak keputusan buruk?
membuat banyak keputusan buruk?
00:23
I know it's a harsh question,
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Pertanyaan ini terdengar kasar,
00:25
but take a look at the data.
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tapi lihat data yang ada.
00:27
The poor borrow more, save less,
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Hutang mereka banyak,
tabungan sedikit,
tabungan sedikit,
00:29
smoke more, exercise less, drink more
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perokok berat, jarang berolahraga,
mabuk-mabukan,
mabuk-mabukan,
00:31
and eat less healthfully.
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dan makan makanan tak sehat.
00:34
Why?
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Kenapa?
00:36
Well, the standard explanation
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Penjelasan umumnya
00:38
was once summed up by the British
Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher.
Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher.
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pernah disimpulkan oleh
Perdana Menteri Inggris, Margaret Thatcher
Perdana Menteri Inggris, Margaret Thatcher
00:41
And she called poverty
"a personality defect."
"a personality defect."
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Beliau menjuluki kemiskinan
sebagai "cacat kepribadian."
sebagai "cacat kepribadian."
00:44
(Laughter)
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(Tertawa)
00:46
A lack of character, basically.
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Dengan kata lain, kurangnya karakter.
00:49
Now, I'm sure not many of you
would be so blunt.
would be so blunt.
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Saya yakin kalian
tak berpikir sedangkal itu.
tak berpikir sedangkal itu.
00:54
But the idea that there's something
wrong with the poor themselves
wrong with the poor themselves
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Tapi pendapat bahwa
ada yang salah dengan orang miskin
ada yang salah dengan orang miskin
00:58
is not restricted to Mrs. Thatcher.
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bukan hanya pendapat Ibu Thatcher.
01:01
Some of you may believe that the poor
should be held responsible
should be held responsible
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Sebagian berpendapat
orang miskin harus bertanggung jawab
orang miskin harus bertanggung jawab
01:04
for their own mistakes.
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atas kesalahan mereka sendiri.
01:06
And others may argue that we should
help them to make better decisions.
help them to make better decisions.
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Sebagian lagi merasa harus membantu
orang miskin dalam pengambilan keputusan.
orang miskin dalam pengambilan keputusan.
01:10
But the underlying assumption is the same:
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Tapi asumsi dasarnya sama:
01:14
there's something wrong with them.
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ada yang salah dengan mereka.
01:18
If we could just change them,
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Seandainya kita bisa mengubah mereka,
01:19
if we could just teach them
how to live their lives,
how to live their lives,
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bisa mengajarkan
bagaimana menjalani hidup,
bagaimana menjalani hidup,
01:22
if they would only listen.
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andai saja mereka mau mendengar.
01:25
And to be honest,
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Sejujurnya,
01:26
this was what I thought for a long time.
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itu yang selama ini ada di pikiran saya.
01:31
It was only a few years ago
that I discovered
that I discovered
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Beberapa tahun yang lalu saya sadar,
01:33
that everything I thought I knew
about poverty was wrong.
about poverty was wrong.
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semua yang saya kira saya tahu
tentang kemiskinan ternyata salah.
tentang kemiskinan ternyata salah.
01:38
It all started when I accidentally
stumbled upon a paper
stumbled upon a paper
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Semuanya berawal saat saya
tak sengaja membaca tulisan
tak sengaja membaca tulisan
01:40
by a few American psychologists.
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dari beberapa psikolog Amerika.
01:42
They had traveled 8,000 miles,
all the way to India,
all the way to India,
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Mereka berkelana
sejauh 13.000 km ke India,
sejauh 13.000 km ke India,
01:45
for a fascinating study.
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demi sebuah penelitian unik.
01:47
And it was an experiment
with sugarcane farmers.
with sugarcane farmers.
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Mereka bereksperimen
dengan para petani tebu.
dengan para petani tebu.
01:50
You should know that these farmers
collect about 60 percent
collect about 60 percent
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Para petani ini mengumpulkan
sekitar 60 persen sekaligus
sekitar 60 persen sekaligus
01:54
of their annual income all at once,
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dari penghasilan tahunan mereka,
01:56
right after the harvest.
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tepat setelah hari panen.
01:58
This means that they're relatively
poor one part of the year
poor one part of the year
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Akibatnya, mereka miskin
selama kurun waktu tertentu,
selama kurun waktu tertentu,
02:01
and rich the other.
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dan kaya di lain waktu.
02:04
The researchers asked them to do
an IQ test before and after the harvest.
an IQ test before and after the harvest.
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Para peneliti meminta mereka mengambil
tes IQ sebelum dan setelah panen.
tes IQ sebelum dan setelah panen.
02:09
What they subsequently discovered
completely blew my mind.
completely blew my mind.
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Apa yang kemudian mereka temukan
benar-benar mengejutkan saya.
benar-benar mengejutkan saya.
02:15
The farmers scored much worse
on the test before the harvest.
on the test before the harvest.
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Nilai tes mereka jauh lebih buruk
sebelum panen.
sebelum panen.
02:20
The effects of living
in poverty, it turns out,
in poverty, it turns out,
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Ternyata, hidup dalam kemiskinan
mengakibatkan
mengakibatkan
02:22
correspond to losing 14 points of IQ.
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IQ mereka menurun 14 poin.
02:26
Now, to give you an idea,
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Sebagai gambaran,
02:28
that's comparable
to losing a night's sleep
to losing a night's sleep
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itu sama dengan
tidak tidur semalaman,
tidak tidur semalaman,
02:30
or the effects of alcoholism.
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atau efek alkoholisme.
02:34
A few months later,
I heard that Eldar Shafir,
I heard that Eldar Shafir,
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Beberapa bulan kemudian,
Eldar Shafir,
Eldar Shafir,
02:36
a professor at Princeton University
and one of the authors of this study,
and one of the authors of this study,
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profesor di Universitas Princeton
dan salah satu penulis penelitian ini,
dan salah satu penulis penelitian ini,
02:40
was coming over to Holland, where I live.
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mengunjungi Belanda, tempat tinggal saya.
02:42
So we met up in Amsterdam
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Kami bertemu di Amsterdam
02:44
to talk about his revolutionary
new theory of poverty.
new theory of poverty.
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untuk membahas teori kemiskinannya
yang baru dan revolusioner.
yang baru dan revolusioner.
02:48
And I can sum it up in just two words:
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Saya bisa rangkumkan
hanya dengan dua kata:
hanya dengan dua kata:
02:51
scarcity mentality.
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Mentalitas kelangkaan.
02:54
It turns out that people
behave differently
behave differently
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Ternyata, sikap manusia berbeda
02:56
when they perceive a thing to be scarce.
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jika mereka merasa sesuatu itu langka.
02:59
And what that thing is
doesn't much matter --
doesn't much matter --
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Tak penting sesuatu itu apa --
03:01
whether it's not enough time,
money or food.
money or food.
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baik itu waktu, uang, maupun makanan.
03:05
You all know this feeling,
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Kalian tahu perasaan ini,
03:06
when you've got too much to do,
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saat pekerjaan Anda menumpuk,
03:08
or when you've put off breaking for lunch
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atau saat Anda menunda
makan siang
makan siang
03:10
and your blood sugar takes a dive.
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lalu gula darah Anda menurun.
03:12
This narrows your focus
to your immediate lack --
to your immediate lack --
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Fokus Anda teralihkan
ke hal-hal berjangka pendek --
ke hal-hal berjangka pendek --
03:15
to the sandwich you've got to have now,
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roti yang harus Anda makan sekarang,
03:17
the meeting that's starting
in five minutes
in five minutes
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rapat yang akan segera dimulai,
03:19
or the bills that have
to be paid tomorrow.
to be paid tomorrow.
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atau tagihan yang harus dibayar besok.
03:23
So the long-term perspective
goes out the window.
goes out the window.
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Sehingga perspektif jangka panjang
menjadi terbengkalai.
menjadi terbengkalai.
03:27
You could compare it to a new computer
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Coba Anda bandingkan
dengan komputer baru
dengan komputer baru
03:30
that's running 10 heavy programs at once.
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yang menjalankan
10 program berat sekaligus.
10 program berat sekaligus.
03:33
It gets slower and slower, making errors.
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Komputer itu akan melambat
dan bermasalah,
dan bermasalah,
03:35
Eventually, it freezes --
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dan pada akhirnya berhenti bekerja --
03:37
not because it's a bad computer,
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bukan karena komputer itu jelek,
03:39
but because it has too much to do at once.
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tapi karena banyaknya tugas
yang dikerjakan sekaligus.
yang dikerjakan sekaligus.
03:43
The poor have the same problem.
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Orang miskin punya masalah yang sama.
03:46
They're not making dumb decisions
because they are dumb,
because they are dumb,
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Mereka membuat keputusan bodoh
bukan karena mereka bodoh,
bukan karena mereka bodoh,
03:49
but because they're living in a context
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tapi dengan situasi hidup yang demikian,
03:51
in which anyone would make dumb decisions.
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siapa pun akan membuat
keputusan bodoh.
keputusan bodoh.
03:54
So suddenly I understood
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Tiba-tiba saya menjadi paham
03:57
why so many of our anti-poverty
programs don't work.
programs don't work.
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kenapa program anti-kemiskinan
tak berjalan.
tak berjalan.
04:02
Investments in education, for example,
are often completely ineffective.
are often completely ineffective.
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Investasi di bidang pendidikan
seringkali tak efektif.
seringkali tak efektif.
04:07
Poverty is not a lack of knowledge.
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Kemiskinan bukan karena
kurang pengetahuan.
kurang pengetahuan.
04:10
A recent analysis of 201 studies
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Analisis terkini dari 201 penelitian
04:13
on the effectiveness
of money-management training
of money-management training
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tentang keampuhan
pelatihan mengatur uang
pelatihan mengatur uang
04:15
came to the conclusion
that it has almost no effect at all.
that it has almost no effect at all.
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menyimpulkan bahwa pelatihan itu
kurang berhasil.
kurang berhasil.
04:19
Now, don't get me wrong --
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Jangan salah tangkap --
04:20
this is not to say the poor
don't learn anything --
don't learn anything --
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bukan berarti orang miskin
tak belajar apa pun --
tak belajar apa pun --
04:23
they can come out wiser for sure.
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mereka tentu menjadi lebih bijak.
04:26
But it's not enough.
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Tapi itu saja tak cukup.
04:27
Or as Professor Shafir told me,
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Profesor Shafir pernah berkata,
"Itu sama seperti mengajari
seseorang berenang
seseorang berenang
04:30
"It's like teaching someone to swim
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04:32
and then throwing them in a stormy sea."
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kemudian melemparnya
ke laut berbadai."
ke laut berbadai."
04:36
I still remember sitting there,
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Saya pun duduk,
04:39
perplexed.
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merasa heran.
04:41
And it struck me
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Kemudian saya sadar
04:42
that we could have figured
this all out decades ago.
this all out decades ago.
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bahwa masalah ini bisa saja
diselesaikan sejak dulu.
diselesaikan sejak dulu.
04:45
I mean, these psychologists didn't need
any complicated brain scans;
any complicated brain scans;
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Para psikolog itu tak perlu
melakukan penelitian otak yang rumit;
melakukan penelitian otak yang rumit;
04:48
they only had to measure the farmer's IQ,
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mereka hanya perlu
mengukur IQ para petani,
mengukur IQ para petani,
04:50
and IQ tests were invented
more that 100 years ago.
more that 100 years ago.
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dan tes IQ diciptakan
lebih dari 100 tahun yang lalu.
lebih dari 100 tahun yang lalu.
04:53
Actually, I realized I had read about
the psychology of poverty before.
the psychology of poverty before.
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Sebenarnya, saya pernah membaca
tentang psikologi kemiskinan.
tentang psikologi kemiskinan.
04:57
George Orwell, one of the greatest
writers who ever lived,
writers who ever lived,
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George Orwell, salah satu penulis terhebat
sepanjang masa,
sepanjang masa,
05:01
experienced poverty
firsthand in the 1920s.
firsthand in the 1920s.
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mengalami sendiri
kemiskinan pada tahun 1920-an.
kemiskinan pada tahun 1920-an.
05:04
"The essence of poverty,"
he wrote back then,
he wrote back then,
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"Inti dari kemiskinan,"
tulisnya dulu,
tulisnya dulu,
05:07
is that it "annihilates the future."
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adalah bahwa ia
"membinasakan masa depan."
"membinasakan masa depan."
05:11
And he marveled at, quote,
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Dan dia takjub, tanda kutip,
05:13
"How people take it for granted
they have the right to preach at you
they have the right to preach at you
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"Bagaimana orang-orang merasa
mereka berhak berceramah
mereka berhak berceramah
05:17
and pray over you
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dan mendoakanmu
05:18
as soon as your income falls
below a certain level."
below a certain level."
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segera setelah pendapatanmu
jatuh ke angka tertentu."
jatuh ke angka tertentu."
05:20
Now, those words are every bit
as resonant today.
as resonant today.
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Ucapan itu sangat benar
di zaman sekarang.
di zaman sekarang.
05:27
The big question is, of course:
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Pertanyaan besarnya:
05:29
What can be done?
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Apa yang bisa dilakukan?
05:30
Modern economists have
a few solutions up their sleeves.
a few solutions up their sleeves.
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Ahli ekonomi modern
punya beberapa solusi.
punya beberapa solusi.
05:33
We could help the poor
with their paperwork
with their paperwork
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Kita bisa bantu orang miskin
mengisi dokumen
mengisi dokumen
05:35
or send them a text message
to remind them to pay their bills.
to remind them to pay their bills.
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atau mengingatkan lewat SMS
agar membayar iuran mereka.
agar membayar iuran mereka.
05:38
This type of solution is hugely popular
with modern politicians,
with modern politicians,
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Solusi sejenis itu sangat populer
di kalangan politikus modern,
di kalangan politikus modern,
05:43
mostly because,
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alasan utamanya karena,
05:44
well, they cost next to nothing.
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mereka tak butuh banyak biaya.
05:48
These solutions are, I think,
a symbol of this era
a symbol of this era
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Solusi tersebut
menyimbolkan zaman sekarang
menyimbolkan zaman sekarang
05:52
in which we so often treat the symptoms,
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yang seringkali kita mengobati gejala,
05:54
but ignore the underlying cause.
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namun mengabaikan masalah pokoknya.
05:57
So I wonder:
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Saya pun berpikir:
05:59
Why don't we just change the context
in which the poor live?
in which the poor live?
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Mengapa kita tak mengubah konteks
kehidupan orang miskin?
kehidupan orang miskin?
06:03
Or, going back to our computer analogy:
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Kembali lagi ke analogi komputer:
06:05
Why keep tinkering around
with the software
with the software
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Mengapa mengutak-atik
perangkat lunaknya
perangkat lunaknya
06:08
when we can easily solve the problem
by installing some extra memory instead?
by installing some extra memory instead?
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sementara masalahnya bisa dipecahkan
dengan memasang memori tambahan?
dengan memasang memori tambahan?
06:12
At that point, Professor Shafir
responded with a blank look.
responded with a blank look.
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Saat itu, Profesor Shafir
merespons dengan tatapan kosong.
merespons dengan tatapan kosong.
06:16
And after a few seconds, he said,
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Katanya beberapa detik kemudian,
06:18
"Oh, I get it.
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"Aku mengerti.
06:21
You mean you want to just hand out
more money to the poor
more money to the poor
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Kau ingin membagikan lebih banyak uang
kepada orang miskin
kepada orang miskin
06:26
to eradicate poverty.
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untuk membasmi kemiskinan.
06:28
Uh, sure, that'd be great.
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Ide yang bagus, tentu saja.
06:31
But I'm afraid that brand
of left-wing politics
of left-wing politics
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Sayangnya,
politik sayap kiri semacam itu,
politik sayap kiri semacam itu,
06:34
you've got in Amsterdam --
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yang ada di Amsterdam --
06:36
it doesn't exist in the States."
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tidak ada di Amerika Serikat."
06:38
But is this really
an old-fashioned, leftist idea?
an old-fashioned, leftist idea?
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Tapi apakah ini benar-benar
ide sayap kiri yang kuno?
ide sayap kiri yang kuno?
06:43
I remembered reading about an old plan --
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Saya pernah membaca
wacana kuno --
wacana kuno --
06:45
something that has been proposed
by some of history's leading thinkers.
by some of history's leading thinkers.
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yang diusulkan oleh
beberapa filsuf sejarah terkemuka.
beberapa filsuf sejarah terkemuka.
06:48
The philosopher Thomas More
first hinted at it in his book, "Utopia,"
first hinted at it in his book, "Utopia,"
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Filsuf Thomas Moore pertama kali
menulis di bukunya, "Utopia,"
menulis di bukunya, "Utopia,"
06:52
more than 500 years ago.
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lebih dari 500 tahun yang lalu.
06:55
And its proponents have spanned
the spectrum from the left to the right,
the spectrum from the left to the right,
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Gagasan ini didukung
pihak sayap kiri hingga kanan,
pihak sayap kiri hingga kanan,
06:58
from the civil rights campaigner,
Martin Luther King,
Martin Luther King,
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mulai dari aktivis hak sipil,
Martin Luther King,
Martin Luther King,
07:01
to the economist Milton Friedman.
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hingga ahli ekonomi MIlton Friedman.
07:05
And it's an incredibly simple idea:
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Gagasan ini sangat sederhana:
07:09
basic income guarantee.
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jaminan pendapatan dasar.
07:13
What it is?
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Apa itu?
07:15
Well, that's easy.
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Mudah saja.
07:16
It's a monthly grant, enough to pay
for your basic needs:
for your basic needs:
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Tunjangan bulanan, cukup untuk
membayar kebutuhan pokok:
membayar kebutuhan pokok:
07:19
food, shelter, education.
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makanan, rumah, pendidikan.
07:21
It's completely unconditional,
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1821
Tunjangan ini tak bersyarat,
07:23
so no one's going to tell you
what you have to do for it,
what you have to do for it,
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tak peduli apa pun pekerjaan Anda,
07:26
and no one's going to tell you
what you have to do with it.
what you have to do with it.
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dan tak peduli
Anda mau habiskan untuk apa.
Anda mau habiskan untuk apa.
07:29
The basic income
is not a favor, but a right.
is not a favor, but a right.
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Pendapatan dasar
bukan bantuan, tetapi hak.
bukan bantuan, tetapi hak.
07:31
There's absolutely no stigma attached.
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Tak ada stigma yang menempel.
07:34
So as I learned about the true
nature of poverty,
nature of poverty,
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Saat saya mempelajari
ciri-ciri kemiskinan yang sejati,
ciri-ciri kemiskinan yang sejati,
07:37
I couldn't stop wondering:
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Saya terus berpikir:
07:39
Is this the idea
we've all been waiting for?
we've all been waiting for?
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Apakah ini gagasan
yang kita semua nantikan?
yang kita semua nantikan?
07:42
Could it really be that simple?
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Mungkinkah ini sesederhana itu?
07:46
And in the three years that followed,
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Dalam tiga tahun berikutnya,
07:48
I read everything I could find
about basic income.
about basic income.
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saya membaca dengan giat
mengenai pendapatan dasar.
mengenai pendapatan dasar.
07:50
I researched the dozens of experiments
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458734
1937
Saya meneliti puluhan eksperimen
07:52
that have been conducted
all over the globe,
all over the globe,
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yang diadakan di seluruh penjuru dunia,
07:54
and it didn't take long before I stumbled
upon a story of a town
upon a story of a town
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dan tak lama,
saya membaca kisah sebuah kota
saya membaca kisah sebuah kota
07:57
that had done it --
had actually eradicated poverty.
had actually eradicated poverty.
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yang berhasil membasmi kemiskinan.
08:00
But then ...
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Tetapi...
08:02
nearly everyone forgot about it.
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hampir semua orang melupakannya.
08:05
This story starts in Dauphin, Canada.
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Kisah ini dimulai di Dauphin, Kanada.
08:09
In 1974, everybody in this small town
was guaranteed a basic income,
was guaranteed a basic income,
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Tahun 1974, semua orang di kota kecil ini
diberi jaminan pendapatan dasar,
diberi jaminan pendapatan dasar,
08:14
ensuring that no one fell
below the poverty line.
below the poverty line.
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sehingga tak ada yang jatuh
ke dalam garis kemiskinan.
ke dalam garis kemiskinan.
08:17
At the start of the experiment,
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Di awal eksperimen tersebut,
08:19
an army of researchers
descended on the town.
descended on the town.
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sekelompok peneliti
menetap di kota itu.
menetap di kota itu.
08:23
For four years, all went well.
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Selama empat tahun,
semua baik-baik saja.
semua baik-baik saja.
08:26
But then a new government
was voted into power,
was voted into power,
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3432
Tetapi, sesudah pemerintah baru berkuasa,
08:29
and the new Canadian cabinet saw
little point to the expensive experiment.
little point to the expensive experiment.
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kabinet Kanada yang baru merasa
eksperimen mahal itu tak bermanfaat.
eksperimen mahal itu tak bermanfaat.
08:33
So when it became clear there was
no money left to analyze the results,
no money left to analyze the results,
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4253
Akibat tak cukup uang
untuk menganalisis hasilnya,
untuk menganalisis hasilnya,
08:37
the researchers decided to pack
their files away in some 2,000 boxes.
their files away in some 2,000 boxes.
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para peneliti tersebut mengemas
berkas mereka ke dalam 2.000 kotak.
berkas mereka ke dalam 2.000 kotak.
08:44
Twenty-five years went by,
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25 tahun kemudian,
08:46
and then Evelyn Forget,
a Canadian professor,
a Canadian professor,
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Evelyn Forget,
seorang profesor Kanada,
seorang profesor Kanada,
08:49
found the records.
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menemukan berkas itu.
08:50
For three years, she subjected the data
to all manner of statistical analysis,
to all manner of statistical analysis,
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Selama 3 tahun, ia menganalisis
data itu dengan berbagai statistik,
data itu dengan berbagai statistik,
08:54
and no matter what she tried,
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dan tak peduli bagaimana caranya,
08:56
the results were the same every time:
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2736
hasilnya selalu sama setiap saat:
08:59
the experiment had been
a resounding success.
a resounding success.
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3818
eksperimen itu merupakan
suatu kesuksesan yang besar.
suatu kesuksesan yang besar.
09:05
Evelyn Forget discovered
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1160
Evelyn Forget menemukan
09:06
that the people in Dauphin
had not only become richer
had not only become richer
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2584
bahwa penduduk Dauphin
menjadi lebih kaya,
menjadi lebih kaya,
09:09
but also smarter and healthier.
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1531
lebih cerdas, dan lebih sehat.
09:10
The school performance of kids
improved substantially.
improved substantially.
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3506
Prestasi anak-anak di sekolah
meningkat tajam.
meningkat tajam.
09:15
The hospitalization rate decreased
by as much as 8.5 percent.
by as much as 8.5 percent.
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Pasien rumah sakit
menurun hingga 8,5 persen.
menurun hingga 8,5 persen.
09:20
Domestic violence incidents were down,
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1810
Kekerasan rumah tangga berkurang,
09:21
as were mental health complaints.
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1791
demikian juga
masalah kesehatan jiwa.
masalah kesehatan jiwa.
09:24
And people didn't quit their jobs.
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2056
Orang-orang
tak berhenti dari pekerjaan.
tak berhenti dari pekerjaan.
09:26
The only ones who worked a little less
were new mothers and students --
were new mothers and students --
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3734
Satu-satunya yang bekerja lebih jarang
adalah ibu baru dan para murid --
adalah ibu baru dan para murid --
09:30
who stayed in school longer.
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1445
mereka bersekolah
lebih tinggi.
lebih tinggi.
09:32
Similar results have since been found
190
560888
1875
Hasil yang sama juga ditemukan
09:34
in countless other experiments
around the globe,
around the globe,
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2396
di berbagai eksperimen
di seluruh penjuru dunia,
di seluruh penjuru dunia,
09:37
from the US to India.
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2247
dari AS hingga India.
09:41
So ...
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1220
Jadi ...
09:43
here's what I've learned.
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1334
inilah yang saya pelajari.
09:45
When it comes to poverty,
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2156
Berbicara tentang kemiskinan,
09:48
we, the rich, should stop
pretending we know best.
pretending we know best.
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5116
kita, orang kaya, harus berhenti
berpura-pura bahwa kita tahu yang terbaik.
berpura-pura bahwa kita tahu yang terbaik.
09:54
We should stop sending shoes
and teddy bears to the poor,
and teddy bears to the poor,
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2754
Berhentilah mengirim sepatu
dan boneka untuk orang miskin,
dan boneka untuk orang miskin,
09:56
to people we have never met.
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584989
1521
yang bahkan tak kalian kenal.
09:58
And we should get rid of the vast
industry of paternalistic bureaucrats
industry of paternalistic bureaucrats
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586534
3533
Kita harus memberantas
para birokrat yang "peduli",
para birokrat yang "peduli",
10:02
when we could simply
hand over their salaries
hand over their salaries
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590091
2181
yang mana seharusnya
gaji mereka disalurkan
gaji mereka disalurkan
10:04
to the poor they're supposed to help.
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1806
bagi orang miskin
yang butuh bantuan.
yang butuh bantuan.
10:06
(Applause)
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594126
2296
(Tepuk tangan)
10:08
Because, I mean, the great
thing about money
thing about money
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2873
Hal yang hebat dari uang adalah
10:11
is that people can use it
to buy things they need
to buy things they need
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599343
2351
kita bisa menggunakannya untuk beli barang
10:13
instead of things that self-appointed
experts think they need.
experts think they need.
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601718
3153
bukannya kebutuhan yang ditentukan
para ahli gadungan.
para ahli gadungan.
10:17
Just imagine how many brilliant scientists
and entrepreneurs and writers,
and entrepreneurs and writers,
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605882
4404
Begitu banyak ilmuwan, wirausahawan,
dan penulis yang brilian,
dan penulis yang brilian,
10:22
like George Orwell,
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610310
1151
seperti George Orwell,
10:23
are now withering away in scarcity.
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611485
2790
kini semakin langka.
10:26
Imagine how much energy
and talent we would unleash
and talent we would unleash
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614299
2456
Bayangkan energi dan bakat
yang bisa kita lahirkan
yang bisa kita lahirkan
10:28
if we got rid of poverty once and for all.
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616779
2739
jika kita menghapus
kemiskinan untuk selama-lamanya.
kemiskinan untuk selama-lamanya.
10:31
I believe that a basic income would work
like venture capital for the people.
like venture capital for the people.
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619542
4352
Saya percaya pendapatan dasar
berfungsi layaknya modal ventura.
berfungsi layaknya modal ventura.
10:37
And we can't afford not to do it,
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625093
2044
Dan kita harus menjalankannya,
10:39
because poverty is hugely expensive.
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627161
2845
karena kemiskinan sangatlah mahal.
10:42
Just look at the cost of child poverty
in the US, for example.
in the US, for example.
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630546
3392
Contohnya, lihat biaya kemiskinan
untuk anak-anak di US.
untuk anak-anak di US.
10:45
It's estimated at 500 billion
dollars each year,
dollars each year,
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633962
4232
Sekitar 500 milyar dolar
dihabiskan tiap tahunnya,
dihabiskan tiap tahunnya,
10:50
in terms of higher health care
spending, higher dropout rates,
spending, higher dropout rates,
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638218
2948
untuk biaya kesehatan,
angka putus sekolah yang lebih tinggi,
angka putus sekolah yang lebih tinggi,
10:53
and more crime.
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1383
dan kriminalitas yang tinggi.
10:54
Now, this is an incredible waste
of human potential.
of human potential.
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642597
3880
Potensi manusia menjadi sia-sia.
11:00
But let's talk about
the elephant in the room.
the elephant in the room.
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648365
2201
Mari membahas
masalah pokoknya saja.
masalah pokoknya saja.
11:03
How could we ever afford
a basic income guarantee?
a basic income guarantee?
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651326
3012
Bagaimana kita bisa membiayai
jaminan pendapatan dasar?
jaminan pendapatan dasar?
11:07
Well, it's actually a lot cheaper
than you may think.
than you may think.
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655052
3099
Sebenarnya ini jauh lebih murah
dari yang Anda pikirkan.
dari yang Anda pikirkan.
11:10
What they did in Dauphin is finance it
with a negative income tax.
with a negative income tax.
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658175
3564
Di Dauphin, mereka membiayainya
dengan pajak pendapatan negatif.
dengan pajak pendapatan negatif.
11:13
This means that your income is topped up
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661763
2008
Pendapatan Anda
akan ditambah
akan ditambah
11:15
as soon as you fall
below the poverty line.
below the poverty line.
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663795
2412
begitu Anda berada
di bawah garis kemiskinan.
di bawah garis kemiskinan.
11:18
And in that scenario,
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666231
1362
Dalam skenario tersebut,
11:19
according to our economists'
best estimates,
best estimates,
226
667617
2514
menurut perkiraan
para ahli ekonomi,
para ahli ekonomi,
11:22
for a net cost of 175 billion --
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670155
3025
dengan biaya bersih sebesar 175 milyar --
11:25
a quarter of US military spending,
one percent of GDP --
one percent of GDP --
228
673204
4907
seperempat dari pengeluaran militer AS,
satu persen dari PDB --
satu persen dari PDB --
11:30
you could lift all impoverished Americans
above the poverty line.
above the poverty line.
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678135
3554
Anda bisa membebaskan semua rakyat --
Amerika dari garis kemiskinan.
Amerika dari garis kemiskinan.
11:34
You could actually eradicate poverty.
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3141
Anda bisa membasmi kemiskinan.
11:38
Now, that should be our goal.
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1802
Ini harus menjadi tujuan kita.
11:40
(Applause)
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688716
1084
(Tepuk tangan)
11:41
The time for small thoughts
and little nudges is past.
and little nudges is past.
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689824
2932
Bukan waktunya lagi
memikirkan ide-ide kecil.
memikirkan ide-ide kecil.
11:44
I really believe that the time has come
for radical new ideas,
for radical new ideas,
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692780
3308
Saya sangat yakin
ide baru yang radikal telah tiba,
ide baru yang radikal telah tiba,
11:48
and basic income is so much more
than just another policy.
than just another policy.
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696112
3200
dan pendapatan dasar
jauh lebih dari sekadar kebijakan.
jauh lebih dari sekadar kebijakan.
11:51
It is also a complete rethink
of what work actually is.
of what work actually is.
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699336
4638
Ini sekaligus memikirkan ulang
fungsi pekerjaan.
fungsi pekerjaan.
11:55
And in that sense,
237
703998
1670
Dalam pengertian tersebut,
11:57
it will not only free the poor,
238
705692
1792
tak hanya orang miskin saja,
12:00
but also the rest of us.
239
708532
1468
kita semua juga terbebas.
12:03
Nowadays, millions of people feel
240
711261
2246
Dewasa ini, jutaan orang merasa
12:05
that their jobs have little
meaning or significance.
meaning or significance.
241
713531
2506
pekerjaan mereka
tak begitu berarti atau berguna.
tak begitu berarti atau berguna.
12:08
A recent poll among 230,000 employees
242
716061
2817
Berdasarkan survei terkini
terhadap 230.000 karyawan
terhadap 230.000 karyawan
12:10
in 142 countries
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718902
1906
di 142 negara,
12:12
found that only 13 percent of workers
actually like their job.
actually like their job.
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720832
4665
hanya 13 persen pekerja
suka pekerjaan mereka.
suka pekerjaan mereka.
12:18
And another poll found that as much
as 37 percent of British workers
as 37 percent of British workers
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726600
3667
Survei lain menemukan bahwa
sebanyak 37 persen pekerja di Inggris
sebanyak 37 persen pekerja di Inggris
12:22
have a job that they think
doesn't even need to exist.
doesn't even need to exist.
246
730291
2930
punya pekerjaan yang
menurut mereka tak perlu ada.
menurut mereka tak perlu ada.
12:26
It's like Brad Pitt says in "Fight Club,"
247
734387
2294
Seperti kata Brad Pitt di "Fight Club,"
12:28
"Too often we're working jobs we hate
so we can buy shit we don't need."
so we can buy shit we don't need."
248
736705
3656
"Kita melakukan pekerjaan yang kita benci
demi membeli hal-hal tak berguna."
demi membeli hal-hal tak berguna."
12:32
(Laughter)
249
740385
1478
(Tertawa)
12:33
Now, don't get me wrong --
250
741887
1397
Jangan salah tangkap --
12:35
I'm not talking about the teachers
and the garbagemen
and the garbagemen
251
743308
2554
Saya bukan membahas
para guru, tukang sampah
para guru, tukang sampah
12:37
and the care workers here.
252
745886
1482
dan perawat di sini.
12:39
If they stopped working,
253
747392
1614
Jika mereka berhenti bekerja,
12:41
we'd be in trouble.
254
749030
1317
kita akan mendapat masalah.
12:42
I'm talking about all those well-paid
professionals with excellent résumés
professionals with excellent résumés
255
750990
3625
Saya membahas para ahli
bergaji dan berprestasi tinggi
bergaji dan berprestasi tinggi
12:46
who earn their money doing ...
256
754639
1805
yang mendapat uang
dengan mengadakan
dengan mengadakan
12:48
strategic transactor peer-to-peer meetings
257
756468
2036
rapat strategis antara
berbagai pihak
berbagai pihak
12:50
while brainstorming the value
add-on of disruptive co-creation
add-on of disruptive co-creation
258
758528
3032
sementara berpikir
apa gunanya mempertemukan mereka
apa gunanya mempertemukan mereka
12:53
in the network society.
259
761584
1173
di komunitas jejaring.
12:54
(Laughter)
260
762781
1023
(Tertawa)
12:55
(Applause)
261
763828
1018
(Tepuk tangan)
12:56
Or something like that.
262
764870
1202
Kira-kira seperti itu.
12:58
Just imagine again how much
talent we're wasting,
talent we're wasting,
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766096
2924
Bayangkan seberapa besar
bakat yang kita sia-siakan,
bakat yang kita sia-siakan,
13:01
simply because we tell our kids
they'll have to "earn a living."
they'll have to "earn a living."
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769044
3840
hanya karena kita menasihati
anak-anak kita agar "bekerja demi hidup."
anak-anak kita agar "bekerja demi hidup."
13:05
Or think of what a math whiz working
at Facebook lamented a few years ago:
at Facebook lamented a few years ago:
265
773638
3742
Kata seorang ahli matematika
yang bekerja di Facebook:
yang bekerja di Facebook:
13:09
"The best minds of my generation
266
777404
1862
"Orang-orang terpintar di generasiku
13:11
are thinking about how
to make people click ads."
to make people click ads."
267
779290
3113
memikirkan cara-cara
agar orang mengeklik iklan."
agar orang mengeklik iklan."
13:16
I'm a historian.
268
784699
1245
Saya adalah ahli sejarah.
13:18
And if history teaches us anything,
269
786992
2069
Sejarah mengajarkan kita
13:21
it is that things could be different.
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789085
2792
bahwa segalanya bisa saja berbeda.
13:23
There is nothing inevitable
271
791901
1391
Tak ada yang tak mungkin
13:25
about the way we structured our society
and economy right now.
and economy right now.
272
793316
2957
bagaimana kita menyusun
masyarakat dan ekonomi kita saat ini.
masyarakat dan ekonomi kita saat ini.
13:28
Ideas can and do change the world.
273
796297
2356
Gagasan mampu mengubah dunia.
13:30
And I think that especially
in the past few years,
in the past few years,
274
798677
2511
Saya berbendapat bahwa
beberapa tahun belakangan ini,
beberapa tahun belakangan ini,
13:33
it has become abundantly clear
275
801212
1429
sudah sangat jelas bahwa
13:34
that we cannot stick to the status quo --
276
802665
1953
kita tak bisa
mengandalkan status quo --
mengandalkan status quo --
13:36
that we need new ideas.
277
804642
1575
kita butuh gagasan baru.
13:40
I know that many of you
may feel pessimistic
may feel pessimistic
278
808499
3213
Saya tahu banyak dari Anda
mungkin merasa pesimis
mungkin merasa pesimis
13:43
about a future of rising inequality,
279
811736
2063
akan ketidaksetaraan
yang semakin bertumbuh,
yang semakin bertumbuh,
13:45
xenophobia
280
813823
1277
xenofobia,
13:47
and climate change.
281
815124
1196
dan perubahan iklim.
13:48
But it's not enough
to know what we're against.
to know what we're against.
282
816986
2218
Tapi, menentang saja tak cukup.
13:51
We also need to be for something.
283
819228
1612
Kita harus
mendukung sesuatu.
mendukung sesuatu.
13:52
Martin Luther King didn't say,
"I have a nightmare."
"I have a nightmare."
284
820864
2534
Martin Luther tak berkata,
"Saya punya mimpi buruk."
"Saya punya mimpi buruk."
13:55
(Laughter)
285
823422
1873
(Tertawa)
13:57
He had a dream.
286
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1159
Beliau punya impian.
13:58
(Applause)
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(Tepuk tangan)
13:59
So ...
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Jadi ...
14:01
here's my dream:
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inilah impian saya:
14:04
I believe in a future
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Saya percaya masa depan;
14:05
where the value of your work
is not determined
is not determined
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pada masa nilai pekerjaan Anda
tak ditentukan
tak ditentukan
14:08
by the size of your paycheck,
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oleh seberapa besar gaji Anda,
14:09
but by the amount of happiness you spread
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namun oleh kebahagiaan yang Anda sebarkan
14:11
and the amount of meaning you give.
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dan nilai-nilai yang Anda berikan.
14:13
I believe in a future
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Saya percaya masa depan
14:15
where the point of education is not
to prepare you for another useless job
to prepare you for another useless job
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dengan pendidikan bukan untuk menyiapkan
diri untuk pekerjaan tak berguna
diri untuk pekerjaan tak berguna
14:18
but for a life well-lived.
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tapi demi kehidupan yang baik.
14:21
I believe in a future
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Saya percaya masa depan
14:22
where an existence
without poverty is not a privilege
without poverty is not a privilege
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dengan hidup tanpa kemiskinan
bukan merupakan hak istimewa,
bukan merupakan hak istimewa,
14:25
but a right we all deserve.
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tetapi hak yang kita semua patut terima.
14:27
So here we are.
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Jadi inilah kita.
14:29
Here we are.
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Inilah kita.
14:30
We've got the research,
we've got the evidence
we've got the evidence
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Kita punya penelitiannya,
buktinya,
buktinya,
14:32
and we've got the means.
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beserta sarananya.
14:33
Now, more than 500 years after Thomas More
first wrote about a basic income,
first wrote about a basic income,
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Sudah 500 tahun lebih sejak Thomas Moore
menulis tentang pendapatan dasar,
menulis tentang pendapatan dasar,
14:37
and 100 years after George Orwell
discovered the true nature of poverty,
discovered the true nature of poverty,
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dan 100 tahun sejak George Orwell
menulis ciri-ciri kemiskinan yang sejati.
menulis ciri-ciri kemiskinan yang sejati.
14:41
we all need to change our worldview,
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kita semua harus mengubah
pandangan dunia kita,
pandangan dunia kita,
14:44
because poverty
is not a lack of character.
is not a lack of character.
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karena kurangnya karakter
tak menyebabkan kemiskinan.
tak menyebabkan kemiskinan.
14:47
Poverty is a lack of cash.
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Kemiskinan adalah kekurangan uang.
14:51
Thank you.
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Terima kasih.
14:52
(Applause)
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(Tepuk tangan)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rutger Bregman - HistorianRutger Bregman is the author of "Utopia for Realists."
Why you should listen
Rutger Bregman is one of Europe's most prominent young thinkers. The 28-year-old historian and author has published four books on history, philosophy and economics. His book Utopia for Realists -- on universal basic income and other radical ideas -- has been translated in more than 20 languages. His work has been featured in The Washington Post and The Guardian and on the BBC.
Rutger Bregman | Speaker | TED.com