TED2017
Rutger Bregman: Poverty isn't a lack of character; it's a lack of cash
Rutger Bregman: 贫穷不是缺少品格；贫困就是缺少金钱
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历史学家Rutger Bregman说道，“思想可以并且正在改变世界。”他分享了他关于一个备受争议的话题——基础保障收入——的看法。了解有五百年历史的观点，探索确实有效但被遗忘的现代实验，并想象如果我们可以一劳永逸的解决贫困问题，我们能够释放出的能量和才华。
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I'd like to start with a simple question:
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让我们从一个简单的问题开始：
00:18
Why do the poor make
so many poor decisions?
so many poor decisions?
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为什么穷人总是做出不好的决策？
00:23
I know it's a harsh question,
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我知道这是一个残酷的问题，
00:25
but take a look at the data.
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但是让我们看看数据。
穷人借钱越多，积蓄越少，
00:27
The poor borrow more, save less,
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抽烟越多，锻炼越少，喝酒越多，
00:29
smoke more, exercise less, drink more
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饮食越不健康。
00:31
and eat less healthfully.
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00:34
Why?
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为什么呢？
标准的解释
00:36
Well, the standard explanation
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00:38
was once summed up by the British
Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher.
Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher.
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是由英国首相Margaret Thatcher总结的。
她将贫穷称为“一种人格缺陷”。
00:41
And she called poverty
"a personality defect."
"a personality defect."
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（笑）
00:44
(Laughter)
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简而言之，就是缺少一种品格。
00:46
A lack of character, basically.
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00:49
Now, I'm sure not many of you
would be so blunt.
would be so blunt.
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我知道你们大部分人不会这么直接。
00:54
But the idea that there's something
wrong with the poor themselves
wrong with the poor themselves
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但是，不止Thatcher夫人一个人持有这种观点——
穷人之所以贫穷是因为他们自己有问题。
00:58
is not restricted to Mrs. Thatcher.
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01:01
Some of you may believe that the poor
should be held responsible
should be held responsible
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一些人会认为
01:04
for their own mistakes.
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穷人应该为他们自己的错误买单。
另一些人会反驳，我们应该帮助他们去做正确的决定。
01:06
And others may argue that we should
help them to make better decisions.
help them to make better decisions.
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01:10
But the underlying assumption is the same:
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但是潜在的假设是相同的：
01:14
there's something wrong with them.
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穷人一定有问题。
01:18
If we could just change them,
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如果我们能改变他们，
01:19
if we could just teach them
how to live their lives,
how to live their lives,
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如果我们能教他们去正确地生活，
01:22
if they would only listen.
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如果他们能听从我们的劝告。
01:25
And to be honest,
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坦诚地说，
01:26
this was what I thought for a long time.
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长期以来，我也是这么认为的。
01:31
It was only a few years ago
that I discovered
that I discovered
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然而，就在几年前，我才发现
01:33
that everything I thought I knew
about poverty was wrong.
about poverty was wrong.
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我对于贫困的一切看法都是错误的。
01:38
It all started when I accidentally
stumbled upon a paper
stumbled upon a paper
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一切都源于一次偶然的机会，我发现了一篇
01:40
by a few American psychologists.
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由几位美国心理学家发表的文章。
01:42
They had traveled 8,000 miles,
all the way to India,
all the way to India,
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他们前往印度，跋涉8000英里，
01:45
for a fascinating study.
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去进行一项有趣的研究。
01:47
And it was an experiment
with sugarcane farmers.
with sugarcane farmers.
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这是一个针对甘蔗种植者的实验。
01:50
You should know that these farmers
collect about 60 percent
collect about 60 percent
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你们应该知道，农民们60%的年收入
01:54
of their annual income all at once,
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都来自于
01:56
right after the harvest.
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丰收之后。
01:58
This means that they're relatively
poor one part of the year
poor one part of the year
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这意味着他们每年有一段时间相对贫穷
02:01
and rich the other.
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另一段时间相对富裕。
02:04
The researchers asked them to do
an IQ test before and after the harvest.
an IQ test before and after the harvest.
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研究人员分别在丰收前和丰收后对农民们进行智商测试。
02:09
What they subsequently discovered
completely blew my mind.
completely blew my mind.
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他们随后的发现令我震惊。
02:15
The farmers scored much worse
on the test before the harvest.
on the test before the harvest.
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测试表明，农民们在丰收前的智商较低。
02:20
The effects of living
in poverty, it turns out,
in poverty, it turns out,
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在贫困中生活的结果就是——
02:22
correspond to losing 14 points of IQ.
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智商降低14点。
02:26
Now, to give you an idea,
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现在，再讲一个
02:28
that's comparable
to losing a night's sleep
to losing a night's sleep
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能让你们彻底失眠的观点，
02:30
or the effects of alcoholism.
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甚至连酗酒也不管用。
02:34
A few months later,
I heard that Eldar Shafir,
I heard that Eldar Shafir,
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几个月后，我听说
02:36
a professor at Princeton University
and one of the authors of this study,
and one of the authors of this study,
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普林斯顿大学的教授、该研究的作者之一Eldar Shafir
02:40
was coming over to Holland, where I live.
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将要来到我所在的荷兰。
02:42
So we met up in Amsterdam
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于是我们在阿姆斯特丹见面
02:44
to talk about his revolutionary
new theory of poverty.
new theory of poverty.
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谈到了他那革命性的贫困新理论。
02:48
And I can sum it up in just two words:
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我将这个理论总结为几个字：
02:51
scarcity mentality.
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匮乏心态。
02:54
It turns out that people
behave differently
behave differently
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当人们察觉到缺乏某种东西时
02:56
when they perceive a thing to be scarce.
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他们的行为就会发生变化。
02:59
And what that thing is
doesn't much matter --
doesn't much matter --
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无论这个“东西”是什么——
03:01
whether it's not enough time,
money or food.
money or food.
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缺时间、缺钱或缺食物。
03:05
You all know this feeling,
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你们都知道这种感觉，
03:06
when you've got too much to do,
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当你有太多事情要做时，
03:08
or when you've put off breaking for lunch
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或者当你没吃早餐时
03:10
and your blood sugar takes a dive.
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你的血糖骤降。
03:12
This narrows your focus
to your immediate lack --
to your immediate lack --
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你满脑子都是你所缺乏的东西——
03:15
to the sandwich you've got to have now,
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你现在必须得吃的三明治（缺乏食物），
03:17
the meeting that's starting
in five minutes
in five minutes
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将在5分钟内开始的会议（缺少时间）
03:19
or the bills that have
to be paid tomorrow.
to be paid tomorrow.
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或是必须于明天前支付的账单（缺钱）。
03:23
So the long-term perspective
goes out the window.
goes out the window.
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这就导致你无法从长远的角度去思考。
03:27
You could compare it to a new computer
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就像一台新电脑
03:30
that's running 10 heavy programs at once.
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一次性运行10个庞杂的程序。
03:33
It gets slower and slower, making errors.
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它会变得越来越慢，出现错误。
03:35
Eventually, it freezes --
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最终，死机了——
03:37
not because it's a bad computer,
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不是因为它是一台坏电脑，
03:39
but because it has too much to do at once.
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而是因为它一次性要处理太多程序。
03:43
The poor have the same problem.
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穷人面临着同样的问题。
03:46
They're not making dumb decisions
because they are dumb,
because they are dumb,
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他们做出不好的决定，不是因为他们是蠢人，
03:49
but because they're living in a context
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而是因为他们生活在一个
03:51
in which anyone would make dumb decisions.
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任何人都会做出愚蠢的决定的环境中。
03:54
So suddenly I understood
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瞬间我明白了
03:57
why so many of our anti-poverty
programs don't work.
programs don't work.
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为什么这么多反贫穷计划都不管用。
04:02
Investments in education, for example,
are often completely ineffective.
are often completely ineffective.
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比如在教育上加大投资，往往一点用都没有。
04:07
Poverty is not a lack of knowledge.
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贫穷不是因为知识匮乏。
04:10
A recent analysis of 201 studies
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最近，一项针对201起
04:13
on the effectiveness
of money-management training
of money-management training
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金钱管理训练的有效性分析表明
04:15
came to the conclusion
that it has almost no effect at all.
that it has almost no effect at all.
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这种训练完全无效。
04:19
Now, don't get me wrong --
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请不要误解了我的意思——
04:20
this is not to say the poor
don't learn anything --
don't learn anything --
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我不是说穷人不学无术——
04:23
they can come out wiser for sure.
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他们当然可以变得更加聪明。
04:26
But it's not enough.
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但这还不够。
04:27
Or as Professor Shafir told me,
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或者说，就像Shafir教授所说，
04:30
"It's like teaching someone to swim
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“就像是刚开始教一个人游泳
04:32
and then throwing them in a stormy sea."
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却立马把他们扔进波涛汹涌的大海。”
04:36
I still remember sitting there,
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我仍然记得，我坐在那，
04:39
perplexed.
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困惑不解。
04:41
And it struck me
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教授的话给我带来了巨大的冲击——
04:42
that we could have figured
this all out decades ago.
this all out decades ago.
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我们本应在几十年前就想明白。
04:45
I mean, these psychologists didn't need
any complicated brain scans;
any complicated brain scans;
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我的意思是说，这些心理学家不需要任何复杂的大脑扫描；
04:48
they only had to measure the farmer's IQ,
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他们只需要测量一下农民们的智商，
04:50
and IQ tests were invented
more that 100 years ago.
more that 100 years ago.
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而智商测试在100多年前就被发明出来了。
04:53
Actually, I realized I had read about
the psychology of poverty before.
the psychology of poverty before.
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事实上，我意识到我以前读过关于贫穷心理学的书籍。
04:57
George Orwell, one of the greatest
writers who ever lived,
writers who ever lived,
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世界上最著名的作家之一George Orwell
05:01
experienced poverty
firsthand in the 1920s.
firsthand in the 1920s.
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在1920年代曾亲身经历过贫穷。
05:04
"The essence of poverty,"
he wrote back then,
he wrote back then,
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他在书中写到：“贫穷的本质，
05:07
is that it "annihilates the future."
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是摧毁未来。”
05:11
And he marveled at, quote,
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他感叹道：
05:13
"How people take it for granted
they have the right to preach at you
they have the right to preach at you
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“人们理所应当地认为
05:17
and pray over you
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当你的收入在贫困线以下时
05:18
as soon as your income falls
below a certain level."
below a certain level."
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他们有权教导你并为你祈祷。”
05:20
Now, those words are every bit
as resonant today.
as resonant today.
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如今，这些话仍然能引起共鸣。
05:27
The big question is, of course:
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当然，最大的问题是：
05:29
What can be done?
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我们能做些什么？
05:30
Modern economists have
a few solutions up their sleeves.
a few solutions up their sleeves.
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现代经济学家已经想出一些解决办法。
05:33
We could help the poor
with their paperwork
with their paperwork
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我们可以帮助穷人做一些文书工作
05:35
or send them a text message
to remind them to pay their bills.
to remind them to pay their bills.
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或者给他们发消息提醒他们支付账单。
05:38
This type of solution is hugely popular
with modern politicians,
with modern politicians,
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这种类型的解决办法颇受当代政客欢迎，
05:43
mostly because,
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主要是因为，
05:44
well, they cost next to nothing.
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这几乎没有成本。
05:48
These solutions are, I think,
a symbol of this era
a symbol of this era
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我认为，这种解决办法是这个时代的一个标签——
05:52
in which we so often treat the symptoms,
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我们往往只关注表象，
05:54
but ignore the underlying cause.
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却忽略深层原因。
05:57
So I wonder:
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试问：
05:59
Why don't we just change the context
in which the poor live?
in which the poor live?
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我们为什么不去改变穷人的生活环境？
06:03
Or, going back to our computer analogy:
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让我们回到前面提到的电脑类比：
06:05
Why keep tinkering around
with the software
with the software
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与其一直纠结于一点点改进软件，
06:08
when we can easily solve the problem
by installing some extra memory instead?
by installing some extra memory instead?
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为什么我们不简单地直接增加一些额外的内存呢？
06:12
At that point, Professor Shafir
responded with a blank look.
responded with a blank look.
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这时，Shafir教授露出一副茫然的表情。
06:16
And after a few seconds, he said,
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几秒钟后，他说：
06:18
"Oh, I get it.
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“噢，我知道了。
06:21
You mean you want to just hand out
more money to the poor
more money to the poor
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你的意思是你想给穷人发钱
06:26
to eradicate poverty.
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以根除贫困。
06:28
Uh, sure, that'd be great.
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额，当然，这是个好想法。
06:31
But I'm afraid that brand
of left-wing politics
of left-wing politics
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但是，恐怕你在阿姆斯特丹提出的
06:34
you've got in Amsterdam --
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这种左翼政策的想法——
06:36
it doesn't exist in the States."
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在美国并不存在。”
06:38
But is this really
an old-fashioned, leftist idea?
an old-fashioned, leftist idea?
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但这真的是一个过时的左派想法吗？
06:43
I remembered reading about an old plan --
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我记得我看到过一个以前的计划——
06:45
something that has been proposed
by some of history's leading thinkers.
by some of history's leading thinkers.
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由一些历史上重要的思想家提出。
06:48
The philosopher Thomas More
first hinted at it in his book, "Utopia,"
first hinted at it in his book, "Utopia,"
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500多年前，哲学家Thmas More在他的著作“乌托邦”
06:52
more than 500 years ago.
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最先提及了这个计划。
06:55
And its proponents have spanned
the spectrum from the left to the right,
the spectrum from the left to the right,
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它的支持者遍布左翼和右翼，
06:58
from the civil rights campaigner,
Martin Luther King,
Martin Luther King,
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包括人权运动者Martin Luther King，
07:01
to the economist Milton Friedman.
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及经济学家Milton Friedman。
07:05
And it's an incredibly simple idea:
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这个计划简单得不可置信：
07:09
basic income guarantee.
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保障基本收入。
07:13
What it is?
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什么意思呢？
07:15
Well, that's easy.
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很简单。
07:16
It's a monthly grant, enough to pay
for your basic needs:
for your basic needs:
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就是每月的补助金，保障基本开支：
07:19
food, shelter, education.
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食物，住宿，教育。
07:21
It's completely unconditional,
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这是无条件给予的，
07:23
so no one's going to tell you
what you have to do for it,
what you have to do for it,
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没有人会告诉你如何去得到它，
07:26
and no one's going to tell you
what you have to do with it.
what you have to do with it.
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没有人会告诉你如何去使用它。
07:29
The basic income
is not a favor, but a right.
is not a favor, but a right.
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这个基本收入不是一种恩惠，而是一种权利。
07:31
There's absolutely no stigma attached.
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这绝对不是什么见不得人的事。
07:34
So as I learned about the true
nature of poverty,
nature of poverty,
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正如我对贫穷本质的理解一样。
07:37
I couldn't stop wondering:
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我止不住在想：
07:39
Is this the idea
we've all been waiting for?
we've all been waiting for?
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这是我们一直都在期待的想法吗？
07:42
Could it really be that simple?
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它真的就这么简单吗？
07:46
And in the three years that followed,
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随后的三年中，
07:48
I read everything I could find
about basic income.
about basic income.
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我阅读了一切我能找到的关于基本收入的书籍。
07:50
I researched the dozens of experiments
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我研究了几十个
07:52
that have been conducted
all over the globe,
all over the globe,
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遍布全球进行的实验，
07:54
and it didn't take long before I stumbled
upon a story of a town
upon a story of a town
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很快我发现了一个镇子的故事——
07:57
that had done it --
had actually eradicated poverty.
had actually eradicated poverty.
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真正根除了贫困。
08:00
But then ...
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然而...
08:02
nearly everyone forgot about it.
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几乎没有人记得。
08:05
This story starts in Dauphin, Canada.
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这个故事开始于加拿大Dauphin。
08:09
In 1974, everybody in this small town
was guaranteed a basic income,
was guaranteed a basic income,
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1974年，这个镇子上的每个人都得到了基本收入保障金，
08:14
ensuring that no one fell
below the poverty line.
below the poverty line.
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没有人掉到贫困线以下。
08:17
At the start of the experiment,
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在实验的开始，
08:19
an army of researchers
descended on the town.
descended on the town.
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一队研究学者空降在镇子上。
08:23
For four years, all went well.
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在随后的四年，一切都很顺利。
08:26
But then a new government
was voted into power,
was voted into power,
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然而，新政府掌权，
08:29
and the new Canadian cabinet saw
little point to the expensive experiment.
little point to the expensive experiment.
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加拿大新内阁认为这项昂贵的实验没有任何意义。
08:33
So when it became clear there was
no money left to analyze the results,
no money left to analyze the results,
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所以，很明显，没有足够的资金去支撑结果分析工作，
08:37
the researchers decided to pack
their files away in some 2,000 boxes.
their files away in some 2,000 boxes.
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学者们将这些文件打包装进2000个箱子里并带走。
08:44
Twenty-five years went by,
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25年过去了，
08:46
and then Evelyn Forget,
a Canadian professor,
a Canadian professor,
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一位加拿大教授Evelyn Forget
08:49
found the records.
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发现了这些记录。
08:50
For three years, she subjected the data
to all manner of statistical analysis,
to all manner of statistical analysis,
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三年间，她用尽各种方法对这些数据进行统计分析，
08:54
and no matter what she tried,
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不管何种方法，
08:56
the results were the same every time:
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每一次的结果都是一样的：
08:59
the experiment had been
a resounding success.
a resounding success.
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这是一个彻彻底底成功的实验。
09:05
Evelyn Forget discovered
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Evely Forget发现
09:06
that the people in Dauphin
had not only become richer
had not only become richer
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在Dauphin，人们不仅变得更加富有，
09:09
but also smarter and healthier.
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还变得更加聪明且健康。
09:10
The school performance of kids
improved substantially.
improved substantially.
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孩子们在学校的表现有了大幅度进步。
09:15
The hospitalization rate decreased
by as much as 8.5 percent.
by as much as 8.5 percent.
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就医率下降了8.5%。
09:20
Domestic violence incidents were down,
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家庭暴力事件减少了，
09:21
as were mental health complaints.
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精神健康问题也减少了。
09:24
And people didn't quit their jobs.
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而且人们都去工作。
09:26
The only ones who worked a little less
were new mothers and students --
were new mothers and students --
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只有新晋母亲和学生们工作得少一些——
09:30
who stayed in school longer.
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学生们在学校的时间增加。
09:32
Similar results have since been found
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从美国到印度，全球范围内，
09:34
in countless other experiments
around the globe,
around the globe,
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不计其数的其他实验
09:37
from the US to India.
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也得到了相似的结论。
09:41
So ...
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所以...
09:43
here's what I've learned.
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我得到了如下结论。
09:45
When it comes to poverty,
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当贫困出现时，
09:48
we, the rich, should stop
pretending we know best.
pretending we know best.
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我们这些富有的人，应该停止我们假装最了解穷人。
09:54
We should stop sending shoes
and teddy bears to the poor,
and teddy bears to the poor,
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我们应该停止给穷人们、我们没见过的人们
09:56
to people we have never met.
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送去鞋子和泰迪熊。
09:58
And we should get rid of the vast
industry of paternalistic bureaucrats
industry of paternalistic bureaucrats
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我们应该根除大张旗鼓式的专断官僚主义，
10:02
when we could simply
hand over their salaries
hand over their salaries
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我们可以把工资
10:04
to the poor they're supposed to help.
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给那些应该受到帮助的穷人们。
10:06
(Applause)
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（掌声）
10:08
Because, I mean, the great
thing about money
thing about money
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因为，我认为，钱应该花在
10:11
is that people can use it
to buy things they need
to buy things they need
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穷人们需要的地方
10:13
instead of things that self-appointed
experts think they need.
experts think they need.
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而不是专家们认为他们需要的地方。
10:17
Just imagine how many brilliant scientists
and entrepreneurs and writers,
and entrepreneurs and writers,
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想象一下有多少杰出的科学家、企业家和作家，
10:22
like George Orwell,
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例如George Orwell，
10:23
are now withering away in scarcity.
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因为缺钱而陨落。
10:26
Imagine how much energy
and talent we would unleash
and talent we would unleash
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想象一下，如果我们能一次性让所以人彻底摆脱贫困
10:28
if we got rid of poverty once and for all.
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有多少能量和天赋能够被释放。
10:31
I believe that a basic income would work
like venture capital for the people.
like venture capital for the people.
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我认为，保障基本收入是对人们的一项风险投资。
10:37
And we can't afford not to do it,
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而且我们不得不这么做，
10:39
because poverty is hugely expensive.
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因为贫穷的代价太昂贵了。
10:42
Just look at the cost of child poverty
in the US, for example.
in the US, for example.
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比如，让我们看看在美国用于儿童贫困的支出。
10:45
It's estimated at 500 billion
dollars each year,
dollars each year,
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每年估计有5000亿美元
10:50
in terms of higher health care
spending, higher dropout rates,
spending, higher dropout rates,
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用于解决越来越高的卫生保健开支，越来越高的辍学率
10:53
and more crime.
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及越来越多的犯罪。
10:54
Now, this is an incredible waste
of human potential.
of human potential.
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现在看来，这是对于人类潜能的一种不可置信的浪费。
11:00
But let's talk about
the elephant in the room.
the elephant in the room.
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让我们讨论一下最关键的问题。
11:03
How could we ever afford
a basic income guarantee?
a basic income guarantee?
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我们是否能够承担基本收入保障？
11:07
Well, it's actually a lot cheaper
than you may think.
than you may think.
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其实这比你们想象的要便宜得多。
11:10
What they did in Dauphin is finance it
with a negative income tax.
with a negative income tax.
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在Dauphin，政府给予人民最低收入补贴。
11:13
This means that your income is topped up
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这意味着只要你掉到贫困线以下
11:15
as soon as you fall
below the poverty line.
below the poverty line.
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你的收入就会提高。
11:18
And in that scenario,
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在这种情形下，
11:19
according to our economists'
best estimates,
best estimates,
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据我们的经济学家最乐观的估计，
11:22
for a net cost of 175 billion --
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净支出1750亿美金——
11:25
a quarter of US military spending,
one percent of GDP --
one percent of GDP --
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美国军费支出的四分之一，全国GDP的百分之一——
11:30
you could lift all impoverished Americans
above the poverty line.
above the poverty line.
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你就可以将美国所有的贫困人口拉至贫困线以上。
11:34
You could actually eradicate poverty.
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你就可以实实在在地彻底驱除贫困。
11:38
Now, that should be our goal.
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现在来看，这应该是我们共同的目标。
11:40
(Applause)
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（掌声）
11:41
The time for small thoughts
and little nudges is past.
and little nudges is past.
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前面所讲都是一些琐碎的想法和说服...
11:44
I really believe that the time has come
for radical new ideas,
for radical new ideas,
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现在到了最根本的新想法的时间，
11:48
and basic income is so much more
than just another policy.
than just another policy.
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保障基本收入不仅仅是一个新政策。
11:51
It is also a complete rethink
of what work actually is.
of what work actually is.
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它还是关于对于“工作”本质的全面的再思考。
11:55
And in that sense,
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就其意义而言，
11:57
it will not only free the poor,
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它不仅将解放穷人，
12:00
but also the rest of us.
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还将解放我们其余的人。
12:03
Nowadays, millions of people feel
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现如今，成千上万的人认为
12:05
that their jobs have little
meaning or significance.
meaning or significance.
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他们的工作没有任何意义或并不重要。
12:08
A recent poll among 230,000 employees
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最近的一个针对142个国家共23,0000员工
12:10
in 142 countries
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1906
的问卷调查发现
12:12
found that only 13 percent of workers
actually like their job.
actually like their job.
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只有13%的员工真正热爱他们的工作。
12:18
And another poll found that as much
as 37 percent of British workers
as 37 percent of British workers
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另一项调查发现英国37%的员工
12:22
have a job that they think
doesn't even need to exist.
doesn't even need to exist.
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认为他们的工作根本没有存在的价值。
12:26
It's like Brad Pitt says in "Fight Club,"
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就像Brad Pitt在搏击俱乐部中所说
12:28
"Too often we're working jobs we hate
so we can buy shit we don't need."
so we can buy shit we don't need."
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“我们总是在做着那些我们憎恨的工作，
买着那些我们根本不需要的东西。”
买着那些我们根本不需要的东西。”
12:32
(Laughter)
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1478
（笑）
12:33
Now, don't get me wrong --
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1397
现在，请不要误解我——
12:35
I'm not talking about the teachers
and the garbagemen
and the garbagemen
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2554
在这里我不是说老师、清洁工
12:37
and the care workers here.
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1482
及看护工作者。
12:39
If they stopped working,
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如果他们停止工作，
12:41
we'd be in trouble.
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1317
那麻烦可就大了。
12:42
I'm talking about all those well-paid
professionals with excellent résumés
professionals with excellent résumés
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我是说那些所有的有着出色的履历、拿着高薪水的专家们
12:46
who earn their money doing ...
256
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1805
他们在社交网络中
12:48
strategic transactor peer-to-peer meetings
257
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2036
通过战略性的会议，
12:50
while brainstorming the value
add-on of disruptive co-creation
add-on of disruptive co-creation
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3032
并努力想出创造性毁灭的附加价值
12:53
in the network society.
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1173
来赚钱。
12:54
(Laughter)
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（笑）
12:55
(Applause)
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1018
（掌声）
12:56
Or something like that.
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1202
或者类似的情况。
12:58
Just imagine again how much
talent we're wasting,
talent we're wasting,
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2924
让我们想象一下我们浪费了多少天分，
13:01
simply because we tell our kids
they'll have to "earn a living."
they'll have to "earn a living."
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3840
仅仅因为我们告诉我们的孩子们他们不得不为了生存而工作。
13:05
Or think of what a math whiz working
at Facebook lamented a few years ago:
at Facebook lamented a few years ago:
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或者，看看几年前在Facebook工作的一个数学天才抱怨的，
13:09
"The best minds of my generation
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“我这代最优秀的思想
13:11
are thinking about how
to make people click ads."
to make people click ads."
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是考虑如何让人们点击更多的广告。”
13:16
I'm a historian.
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我是一个历史学家。
13:18
And if history teaches us anything,
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2069
如果历史教给我们任何东西，
13:21
it is that things could be different.
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2792
那就是事情可以不一样。
13:23
There is nothing inevitable
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1391
我们建立起我们的社会和经济
13:25
about the way we structured our society
and economy right now.
and economy right now.
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2957
不是只有一种方式。
13:28
Ideas can and do change the world.
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2356
思想可以并且正在改变世界。
13:30
And I think that especially
in the past few years,
in the past few years,
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2511
我认为，特别是在过去几年，
13:33
it has become abundantly clear
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1429
我们不能安于现状，
13:34
that we cannot stick to the status quo --
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1953
这变得越来越明确了——
13:36
that we need new ideas.
277
804642
1575
我们需要新的想法。
13:40
I know that many of you
may feel pessimistic
may feel pessimistic
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3213
我知道你们中的许多人对未来加剧的不平等、
13:43
about a future of rising inequality,
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2063
仇外、
13:45
xenophobia
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1277
以及气候变化
13:47
and climate change.
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1196
感到悲观。
13:48
But it's not enough
to know what we're against.
to know what we're against.
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2218
但是光知道我们反对什么是不够的。
13:51
We also need to be for something.
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819228
1612
我们需要做些什么。
13:52
Martin Luther King didn't say,
"I have a nightmare."
"I have a nightmare."
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2534
Martin Luther King没有说，“我有一个噩梦。”
13:55
(Laughter)
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823422
1873
（笑）
13:57
He had a dream.
286
825319
1159
他有一个梦想。
13:58
(Applause)
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1079
（掌声）
13:59
So ...
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827605
1152
所以...
14:01
here's my dream:
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1225
这是我的梦想：
14:04
I believe in a future
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832303
1638
我相信在未来，
14:05
where the value of your work
is not determined
is not determined
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2353
你工作的价值
14:08
by the size of your paycheck,
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836342
1477
不由你赚的钱决定，
14:09
but by the amount of happiness you spread
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2032
而是由你传播的快乐和
14:11
and the amount of meaning you give.
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839899
1977
你创造的意义决定。
14:13
I believe in a future
295
841900
1232
我相信在未来，
14:15
where the point of education is not
to prepare you for another useless job
to prepare you for another useless job
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3660
教育的目的不在于为一个无意义的工作做好准备，
14:18
but for a life well-lived.
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1610
而在于为有意义的一生做好准备。
14:21
I believe in a future
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1279
我相信在未来，
14:22
where an existence
without poverty is not a privilege
without poverty is not a privilege
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850507
3094
脱离贫困不是一项特权，
14:25
but a right we all deserve.
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853625
2013
而是我们应得的一项权利。
14:27
So here we are.
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855662
1465
所以有我们。
14:29
Here we are.
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857151
1151
有我们。
14:30
We've got the research,
we've got the evidence
we've got the evidence
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2190
我们进行研究，我们得到证据，
14:32
and we've got the means.
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860540
1163
我们创造意义。
14:33
Now, more than 500 years after Thomas More
first wrote about a basic income,
first wrote about a basic income,
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3909
现在，在Thomas More第一次描述基础收入500年之后
14:37
and 100 years after George Orwell
discovered the true nature of poverty,
discovered the true nature of poverty,
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4055
以及在George Orwell发现贫穷的实质100年之后，
14:41
we all need to change our worldview,
307
869739
2441
我们需要改变我们的世界观，
14:44
because poverty
is not a lack of character.
is not a lack of character.
308
872204
2989
因为贫穷不是缺少一种人格。
14:47
Poverty is a lack of cash.
309
875832
2568
贫穷就是缺少金钱。
14:51
Thank you.
310
879321
1184
谢谢。
14:52
(Applause)
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4423
（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rutger Bregman - HistorianRutger Bregman is the author of "Utopia for Realists."
Why you should listen
Rutger Bregman is one of Europe's most prominent young thinkers. The 28-year-old historian and author has published four books on history, philosophy and economics. His book Utopia for Realists -- on universal basic income and other radical ideas -- has been translated in more than 20 languages. His work has been featured in The Washington Post and The Guardian and on the BBC.
Rutger Bregman | Speaker | TED.com