TEDxJacksonville
Joy Wolfram: How nanoparticles could change the way we treat cancer
Joy Wolfram: Bagaimana nanopartikel bisa mengubah pengobatan kanker
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Sebanyak 99 persen obat kanker tak bisa mencapai tumor dan terbuang dari tubuh sebelum bisa berfungsi. Bagaimana kita bisa menyalurkan obat kanker dengan lebih baik? Peneliti kanker Joy Wolfram membahas penelitian medis terkini tentang nanopartikel, yaitu partikel kecil yang bisa digunakan untuk menyalurkan obat secara akurat menuju tumor, dan menjelaskan bagaimana nanopartikel bisa menjaga obat di dalam tubuh lebih lama untuk menyerang sel ganas.
Joy Wolfram - Nanotechnologist
Joy Wolfram leads a nanomedicine research lab with the goal of developing innovative nanoparticles that bring the next generation of treatments directly to the clinic. Full bio
Joy Wolfram leads a nanomedicine research lab with the goal of developing innovative nanoparticles that bring the next generation of treatments directly to the clinic. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
It was a Sunday afternoon
back in April of this year.
back in April of this year.
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Saat itu Minggu siang, bulan April lalu.
00:17
My phone was ringing,
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Ponselku berbunyi.
00:19
I picked it up.
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Aku mengangkatnya.
00:21
The voice said, "It's Rebecca.
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Seseorang berkata, "Ini Rebecca.
00:24
I'm just calling to invite you
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Aku ingin mengundangmu
00:27
to my funeral."
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ke pemakamanku."
00:30
I said, "Rebecca,
what are you talking about?"
what are you talking about?"
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Kubilang, "Rebecca, apa maksudmu?"
00:33
She said, "Joy, as my friend,
you have to let me go.
you have to let me go.
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Dia bilang, "Joy, sebagai temanku,
kau harus relakan aku.
kau harus relakan aku.
00:39
It's my time."
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Ini saatnya."
00:41
The next day, she was dead.
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Esok harinya, dia meninggal.
00:46
Rebecca was 31 years old when she died.
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Rebecca berusia 31 tahun saat dia wafat.
00:49
She had an eight-year struggle
with breast cancer.
with breast cancer.
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Dia berjuang melawan kanker payudara
selama delapan tahun.
selama delapan tahun.
00:53
It came back three times.
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Kankernya kembali tiga kali.
00:55
I failed her.
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Aku gagal membantunya.
00:58
The scientific community failed her.
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Komunitas ilmiah tak bisa membantunya.
01:01
And the medical community failed her.
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Komunitas medis juga tak bisa membantunya.
01:05
And she's not the only one.
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Dia bukan satu-satunya.
01:07
Every five seconds,
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Setiap lima detik,
01:09
someone dies of cancer.
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seseorang meninggal akibat kanker.
01:13
Today, we medical
researchers are committed
researchers are committed
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Saat ini, kami peneliti medis berkomitmen
01:17
to having Rebecca and people like her
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agar Rebecca dan orang-orang sepertinya
01:20
be one of the last patients that we fail.
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menjadi pasien terakhir
yang tak tertolong.
yang tak tertolong.
01:24
The US government alone has spent
over 100 billion on cancer research
over 100 billion on cancer research
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Pemerintah AS saja menghabiskan
100 miliar lebih untuk penelitian kanker
100 miliar lebih untuk penelitian kanker
01:30
since the 1970s,
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sejak tahun 1970an
01:32
with limited progress
in regards to patient survival,
in regards to patient survival,
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dengan sedikit kemajuan
dalam kesembuhan pasien,
dalam kesembuhan pasien,
01:36
especially for certain types
of very aggressive cancers.
of very aggressive cancers.
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terutama untuk beberapa tipe
kanker agresif.
kanker agresif.
01:40
So we need a change because, clearly,
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Kami harus berubah, karena sudah jelas
01:43
what we've been doing so far
has not been working.
has not been working.
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yang kami lakukan selama ini
tidak berhasil.
tidak berhasil.
01:48
And what we do in medicine
is to send out firefighters,
is to send out firefighters,
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Kami seperti mengirim pemadam kebakaran dalam dunia kedokteran,
01:51
because cancer is like a big fire.
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karena kanker seperti kebakaran besar.
01:54
And these firefighters
are the cancer drugs.
are the cancer drugs.
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Damkar ini adalah obat kanker.
01:58
But we're sending them out
without a fire truck --
without a fire truck --
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Namun, kami mengirimnya tanpa branwir.
02:02
so without transportation, without ladders
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Jadi, tanpa transportasi, tangga,
02:05
and without emergency equipment.
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dan tanpa peralatan darurat.
02:08
And over 99 percent of these firefighters
never make it to the fire.
never make it to the fire.
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Sebanyak 99 persen damkar ini
tidak mencapai apinya.
tidak mencapai apinya.
02:15
Over 99 percent of cancer drugs
never make it to the tumor
never make it to the tumor
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Lebih dari 99 persen obat kanker
tidak mencapai tumornya,
tidak mencapai tumornya,
02:20
because they lack transportation and tools
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karena tak ada transportasi dan peralatan
02:24
to take them to the location
they're aiming for.
they're aiming for.
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untuk membawa mereka ke lokasi tujuannya.
02:29
Turns out, it really is all about
location, location, location.
location, location, location.
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Ternyata, lokasi yang terpenting.
02:33
(Laughter)
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(Tertawa)
02:35
So we need a fire truck
to get to the right location.
to get to the right location.
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Jadi, kita butuh branwir
untuk mencapai lokasi yang tepat.
untuk mencapai lokasi yang tepat.
02:40
And I'm here to tell you
that nanoparticles are the fire trucks.
that nanoparticles are the fire trucks.
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Aku ingin memberi tahu
bahwa nanopartikel adalah branwirnya.
bahwa nanopartikel adalah branwirnya.
02:45
We can load cancer drugs
inside nanoparticles,
inside nanoparticles,
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Kami bisa mengisi obat kanker
di dalam nanopartikel,
di dalam nanopartikel,
02:49
and nanoparticles
can function as the carrier
can function as the carrier
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dan nanopartikel bisa menjadi pengangkut
02:53
and necessary equipment
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dan peralatan yang diperlukan
02:55
to bring the cancer drugs
to the heart of the tumor.
to the heart of the tumor.
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untuk membawa obat kanker
ke inti tumornya.
ke inti tumornya.
03:00
So what are nanoparticles,
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Apa itu nanopartikel
03:01
and what does it really mean
to be nano-sized?
to be nano-sized?
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dan apa artinya ukuran nano?
03:05
Well, there are many different
types of nanoparticles
types of nanoparticles
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Ada berbagai jenis nanopartikel
03:09
made out of various materials,
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terbuat dari berbagai material,
03:10
such as metal-based nanoparticles
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seperti nanopartikel dari logam
03:14
or fat-based nanoparticles.
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atau nanopartikel dari lemak.
03:17
But to really illustrate
what it means to be nano-sized,
what it means to be nano-sized,
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Namun, untuk menggambarkan
ukuran nano,
ukuran nano,
03:20
I took one of my hair strands
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aku ambil satu helai rambutku
03:23
and placed it under the microscope.
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dan kuletakkan di mikroskop.
03:26
Now, I have very thin hair,
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Rambutku sangat tipis,
03:27
so my hair is approximately
40,000 nanometers in diameter.
40,000 nanometers in diameter.
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jadi diameter rambutku
sekitar 40.000 nanometer.
sekitar 40.000 nanometer.
03:33
So this means, if we take
400 of our nanoparticles
400 of our nanoparticles
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Artinya, jika kita
mengambil 400 nanopartikel kita
mengambil 400 nanopartikel kita
03:36
and we stack them on top of each other,
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dan menumpuk semuanya,
03:39
we get the thickness
of a single hair strand.
of a single hair strand.
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itulah ketebalan sehelai rambut.
03:43
I lead a nanoparticle laboratory
to fight cancer and other diseases
to fight cancer and other diseases
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Aku memimpin laboratorium nanopartikel
untuk melawan kanker dan penyakit lain
untuk melawan kanker dan penyakit lain
03:49
at Mayo Clinic here in Jacksonville.
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di Mayo Clinic di Jacksonville.
03:52
And at Mayo Clinic,
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Di Mayo Clinic,
03:53
we really have the tools
to make a difference for patients,
to make a difference for patients,
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kami memiliki alat
untuk benar-benar membantu pasien,
untuk benar-benar membantu pasien,
03:57
thanks to the generous donations
and grants to fund our research.
and grants to fund our research.
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itu semua berkat donasi
dan hibah untuk penelitian kami.
dan hibah untuk penelitian kami.
04:03
And so, how do these nanoparticles
manage to transport cancer drugs
manage to transport cancer drugs
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Lalu bagaimana nanopartikel ini
mampu mengantar obat kanker
mampu mengantar obat kanker
04:08
to the tumor?
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ke lokasi tumor?
04:09
Well, they have an extensive toolbox.
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Nanopartikel memiliki banyak sarana.
04:13
Cancer drugs without nanoparticles
are quickly washed out of the body
are quickly washed out of the body
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Obat kanker tanpa nanopartikel
mudah terbuang dari tubuh
mudah terbuang dari tubuh
04:18
through the kidneys
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melalui ginjal,
04:19
because they're so small.
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karena ukurannya sangat kecil.
04:21
So it's like water going through a sieve.
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Seperti air yang melewati saringan.
04:24
And so they don't really have time
to reach the tumor.
to reach the tumor.
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Obatnya tidak sempat sampai ke tumor.
04:27
Here we see an illustration of this.
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Berikut adalah ilustrasinya.
04:30
We have the firefighters,
the cancer drugs.
the cancer drugs.
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Inilah damkar, yaitu obat kanker.
04:32
They're circulating in the blood,
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Obatnya beredar di dalam darah,
04:34
but they're quickly
washed out of the body
washed out of the body
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tapi mudah terbuang dari tubuh
04:36
and they don't really end up
inside the tumor.
inside the tumor.
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dan tidak sampai ke dalam tumor.
04:40
But if we put these cancer drugs
inside nanoparticles,
inside nanoparticles,
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Namun, jika kita menyimpan obat kanker
di dalam nanopartikel,
di dalam nanopartikel,
04:45
they will not get washed out by the body
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obatnya takkan terbuang oleh tubuh
04:47
because the nanoparticles are too big.
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karena nanopartikel terlalu besar.
04:49
And they will continue
to circulate in the blood,
to circulate in the blood,
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Obatnya akan terus beredar
di dalam darah
di dalam darah
04:52
giving them more time to find the tumor.
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dan memiliki lebih banyak waktu
menemukan tumornya.
menemukan tumornya.
04:56
And here we see the cancer drug,
the firefighters,
the firefighters,
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Kita lihat di sini obat kanker,
yaitu damkar
yaitu damkar
04:58
inside the fire truck, the nanoparticles.
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di dalam branwir, yaitu nanopartikel.
05:02
They're circulating in the blood,
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Obatnya beredar dalam darah,
05:04
they don't get washed out
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tidak terbuang
05:05
and they actually end up
reaching the tumor.
reaching the tumor.
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dan obatnya bisa mencapai tumor.
05:11
And so what other tools
do nanoparticles have?
do nanoparticles have?
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Lalu sarana apa lagi
yang dimiliki nanopartikel?
yang dimiliki nanopartikel?
05:14
Well, they can protect cancer drugs
from getting destroyed inside the body.
from getting destroyed inside the body.
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Mereka bisa melindungi obat kanker
agar tidak hancur di dalam tubuh.
agar tidak hancur di dalam tubuh.
05:20
There are certain very important
but sensitive drugs
but sensitive drugs
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Ada beberapa obat penting tapi sensitif
05:24
that are easily degraded
by enzymes in the blood.
by enzymes in the blood.
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yang mudah dihancurkan enzim dalam darah.
05:27
So unless they have
this nanoparticle protection,
this nanoparticle protection,
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Jika tak dilindungi nanopartikel,
05:30
they will not be able to function.
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obat itu tak akan bisa berfungsi.
05:34
Another nanoparticle tool
are these surface extensions
are these surface extensions
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Sarana nanopartikel lainnya
adalah perluasan permukaan
adalah perluasan permukaan
05:37
that are like tiny hands with fingers
that grab on to the tumor
that grab on to the tumor
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berbentuk seperti tangan kecil berjari
yang menggenggam tumornya
yang menggenggam tumornya
05:42
and fit exactly onto it,
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dan menempel di sana,
05:44
so that when the nanoparticles
are circulating,
are circulating,
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jadi ketika nanopartikel beredar di tubuh,
05:46
they can attach onto the cancer cells,
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mereka bisa menempel pada sel kanker
05:49
buying the cancer drugs
more time to do their job.
more time to do their job.
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dan obatnya memiliki lebih banyak waktu
untuk berfungsi.
untuk berfungsi.
05:53
And these are just some of the many tools
that nanoparticles can have.
that nanoparticles can have.
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Itu hanya beberapa dari banyak sarana
yang dimiliki nanopartikel.
yang dimiliki nanopartikel.
05:58
And today,
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Hari ini,
ada lebih dari sepuluh nanopartikel
yang disetujui secara klinis untuk kanker
yang disetujui secara klinis untuk kanker
05:59
we have more than 10 clinically approved
nanoparticles for cancer
nanoparticles for cancer
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06:03
that are given to patients
all over the world.
all over the world.
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yang diberikan pada pasien
di seluruh dunia.
di seluruh dunia.
06:08
Yet, we have patients,
like Rebecca, who die.
like Rebecca, who die.
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Namun, ada pasien seperti Rebecca
yang tak tertolong.
yang tak tertolong.
06:13
So what are the major
challenges and limitations
challenges and limitations
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Apa tantangan dan hambatan terbesar
06:17
with currently approved nanoparticles?
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dengan nanopartikel yang sudah disetujui?
06:21
Well, a major challenge is the liver,
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Tantangan terbesar adalah hati,
06:24
because the liver is the body's
filtration system,
filtration system,
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karena hati
adalah sistem penyaringan tubuh,
adalah sistem penyaringan tubuh,
06:28
and the liver recognizes
and destroys foreign objects,
and destroys foreign objects,
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hati mengenali
dan menghancurkan objek asing,
dan menghancurkan objek asing,
06:31
such as viruses, bacteria
and also nanoparticles.
and also nanoparticles.
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seperti virus, bakteri, dan nanopartikel.
06:36
And the immune cells in the liver
eat the nanoparticles,
eat the nanoparticles,
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Sel imun di hati juga memakan nanopartikel
06:39
preventing them from reaching the tumor.
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dan mencegahnya mencapai tumor.
06:45
And here we see an illustration
where the kidney is no longer a problem,
where the kidney is no longer a problem,
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Ini adalah ilustrasi
di mana ginjal tak lagi menghalangi,
di mana ginjal tak lagi menghalangi,
06:49
but these fire trucks, the nanoparticles,
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tapi branwir ini, yaitu nanopartikel,
06:51
get stuck in the liver
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terjebak di hati
06:53
and, actually, less of them
end up reaching the tumor.
end up reaching the tumor.
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dan hanya sedikit yang mencapai tumor.
06:59
So a future strategy
to improve nanoparticles
to improve nanoparticles
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Strategi mendatang
untuk meningkatkan nanopartikel
untuk meningkatkan nanopartikel
07:02
is to temporarily disarm
the immune cells in the liver.
the immune cells in the liver.
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adalah menghentikan sel imun di hati
untuk sementara.
untuk sementara.
07:07
So how do we disarm these cells?
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Bagaimana kita menghentikan sel itu?
07:09
Well, we looked at drugs
that were already clinically approved
that were already clinically approved
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Kami mencari obat
yang sudah disetujui secara klinis
yang sudah disetujui secara klinis
07:13
for other indications
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untuk penyakit lain
07:15
to see if any of them
could stop the immune cells
could stop the immune cells
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untuk melihat apakah ada yang bisa
menghentikan sel imun
menghentikan sel imun
07:18
from eating the nanoparticles.
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agar tak memakan nanopartikel.
07:21
And unexpectedly,
in one of our preclinical studies,
in one of our preclinical studies,
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Ternyata, dalam salah satu
studi praklinis kami,
studi praklinis kami,
07:25
we found that a 70-year-old malaria drug
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kami menemukan
obat malaria berusia 70 tahun
obat malaria berusia 70 tahun
07:30
was able to stop the immune cells
from internalizing the nanoparticles
from internalizing the nanoparticles
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yang bisa mencegah sel imun
memasuki nanopartikel
memasuki nanopartikel
07:34
so that they could escape the liver
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agar obatnya bisa melewati hati
07:37
and continue their journey
to their goal, the tumor.
to their goal, the tumor.
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dan melanjutkan perjalanan
menuju tujuan mereka, yaitu tumor.
menuju tujuan mereka, yaitu tumor.
07:42
And here we see the illustration
of blocking the liver.
of blocking the liver.
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Ini ilustrasi
untuk menghalangi hati.
untuk menghalangi hati.
07:45
The nanoparticles don't go there,
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Nanopartikel tidak melaluinya
07:47
and they instead end up in the tumor.
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dan sampai ke tumor.
07:51
So, sometimes, unexpected connections
are made in science
are made in science
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Kadang, koneksi tak terduga
dibuat dalam sains
dibuat dalam sains
07:55
that lead to new solutions.
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dan mengarah pada solusi baru.
07:59
Another strategy
for preventing nanoparticles
for preventing nanoparticles
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Strategi lain untuk mencegah nanopartikel
08:03
from getting stuck in the liver
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terjebak di hati
08:06
is to use the body's own nanoparticles.
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adalah menggunakan nanopartikel tubuh.
08:09
Yes -- surprise, surprise.
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Ya, mengejutkan.
08:10
You, and you and you, and all of us
have a lot of nanoparticles
have a lot of nanoparticles
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Kau dan kita semua
memiliki banyak nanopartikel
memiliki banyak nanopartikel
08:16
circulating in our bodies.
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beredar di dalam tubuh kita.
08:18
And because they're part of our bodies,
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Karena nanopartikel itu
bagian dari tubuh kita,
bagian dari tubuh kita,
08:21
the liver is less likely
to label them as foreign.
to label them as foreign.
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hati tak akan menganggapnya
sebagai objek asing.
sebagai objek asing.
08:26
And these biological nanoparticles
can be found in the saliva,
can be found in the saliva,
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Nanopartikel biologis ini
bisa ditemukan di air liur,
bisa ditemukan di air liur,
08:30
in the blood, in the urine,
in pancreatic juice.
in pancreatic juice.
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dalam darah, urin, dan getah pankreas.
08:33
And we can collect them from the body
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Kita bisa mengambilnya dari tubuh
08:35
and use them as fire trucks
for cancer drugs.
for cancer drugs.
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dan digunakan sebagai branwir
untuk obat kanker.
untuk obat kanker.
08:40
And in this case,
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Dalam hal ini,
08:42
the immune cells in the liver
are less likely to eat
are less likely to eat
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sel imun di hati tidak akan memakan
08:45
the biological nanoparticles.
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nanopartikel biologis ini.
08:47
So we're using
a Trojan-horse-based concept
a Trojan-horse-based concept
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Kami gunakan konsep Kuda Troya
08:50
to fool the liver.
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untuk menipu hati.
08:52
And here we see
the biological nanoparticles
the biological nanoparticles
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Di sini, nanopartikel biologis
08:55
circulating in the blood.
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beredar dalam darah.
08:56
They don't get recognized by the liver,
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Mereka tak dikenali oleh hati
08:59
and they end up in the tumor.
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dan sampai ke tumor.
09:02
And in the future,
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Di masa mendatang,
09:03
we want to exploit
nature's own nanoparticles
nature's own nanoparticles
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kami ingin memanfaatkan
nanopartikel dari alam
nanopartikel dari alam
09:07
for cancer drug delivery,
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untuk mengantarkan obat kanker,
09:10
to reduce side effects and save lives
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untuk mengurangi efek samping
dan menyelamatkan nyawa
dan menyelamatkan nyawa
09:13
by preventing the cancer drugs
from being in the wrong location.
from being in the wrong location.
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dengan mencegah obat kanker
sampai di lokasi yang salah.
sampai di lokasi yang salah.
09:19
However, a major problem has been:
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Namun, ada satu masalah utama.
09:21
How do we isolate these biological
nanoparticles in large quantities
nanoparticles in large quantities
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Bagaimana kita memisahkan
nanopartikel biologis dalam jumlah besar
nanopartikel biologis dalam jumlah besar
09:27
without damaging them?
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tanpa merusaknya?
09:30
My lab has developed
an efficient method for doing this.
an efficient method for doing this.
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Lab kami mengembangkan metode efisien
untuk melakukannya.
untuk melakukannya.
09:33
We can process large quantities
of liquids from the body
of liquids from the body
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Kami bisa memproses cairan tubuh
dalam jumlah besar
dalam jumlah besar
09:38
to produce a highly concentrated,
high-quality formulation
high-quality formulation
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untuk menghasilkan
formulasi nanopartikel biologis
formulasi nanopartikel biologis
09:43
of biological nanoparticles.
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dengan konsentrasi dan kualitas tinggi.
09:46
And these nanoparticles
are not yet in clinical use,
are not yet in clinical use,
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Nanopartikel ini
belum digunakan secara klinis,
belum digunakan secara klinis,
09:50
because it takes an average of 12 years
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karena rata-rata dibutuhkan 12 tahun
09:53
to get something from the lab
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agar hasil uji coba lab
09:55
to your medicine cabinet.
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bisa digunakan publik.
10:00
And this is the type of challenge
that requires teamwork
that requires teamwork
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Tantangan seperti ini
membutuhkan kerja sama tim
membutuhkan kerja sama tim
10:04
from scientists and physicians,
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dari ilmuwan dan dokter
10:07
who dedicate their lives to this battle.
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yang mengabdikan hidupnya
dalam bidang ini.
dalam bidang ini.
10:12
And we keep going,
thanks to inspiration from patients.
thanks to inspiration from patients.
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Kami terus maju
berkat inspirasi dari pasien.
berkat inspirasi dari pasien.
10:17
And I believe that if we keep working
on these nanomedicines,
on these nanomedicines,
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Aku yakin jika kami terus maju
dalam ilmu kedokteran nano ini,
dalam ilmu kedokteran nano ini,
10:21
we will be able to reduce harm
to healthy organs,
to healthy organs,
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kami bisa mengurangi kerusakan
pada organ sehat,
pada organ sehat,
10:25
improve quality of life
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meningkatkan kualitas hidup,
10:27
and save future patients.
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dan menyelamatkan pasien
di masa mendatang.
di masa mendatang.
10:32
I like to imagine
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Aku ingin membayangkan
10:34
that if these treatments
had been available for Rebecca,
had been available for Rebecca,
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jika pengobatan ini
tersedia untuk Rebecca,
tersedia untuk Rebecca,
10:39
that call from her
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telepon darinya
10:41
could have been an invitation
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mungkin adalah undangan
10:44
not to her funeral,
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bukan untuk pemakamannya,
10:46
but her wedding.
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tapi pernikahannya.
10:47
Thank you.
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Terima kasih.
10:48
(Applause)
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(Tepuk tangan)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Joy Wolfram - NanotechnologistJoy Wolfram leads a nanomedicine research lab with the goal of developing innovative nanoparticles that bring the next generation of treatments directly to the clinic.
Why you should listen
Dr. Joy Wolfram has designed many preclinical nanoparticles for treating cancer and other life-threatening diseases, and has authored more than 50 publications in the past five years. She is the director of the Nanomedicine and Extracellular Vesicles Laboratory at Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida, and holds affiliate faculty positions at the Houston Methodist Hospital, the University of North Florida and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. She is a board member and scientific advisor of several companies around the world with a cumulative customer base of more than 18 million.
Wolfram's mission is to inspire and support underrepresented minorities in science. She is actively involved in community outreach and scientific education, including serving as the chair of an education and outreach working group of the National Cancer Institute in the United States. She was included in the Amgen Scholars "ten to watch" list, which highlights the best and brightest up-and-comers in science and medicine across 42 countries.
A native of Finland, Wolfram was selected as one of 12 internationally accomplished Finns, alongside Nobel laureates. She was also listed on the Forbes "30 under 30" in healthcare in 2019. Additionally, she is part of the Global Young Academy, which represents 83 countries and is limited to 200 members who are selected based on scientific excellence and commitment to service.
Joy Wolfram | Speaker | TED.com