TEDxJacksonville
Joy Wolfram: How nanoparticles could change the way we treat cancer
Džoj Volfram (Joy Wolfram): Kako nanočestice mogu promeniti lečenje kancera
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Devedesed devet posto lekova za kancer ne stižu do tumora, jer budu isprani iz tela pre vremena koje im treba da odrade svoj posao. Kako možemo efikasnije isporučiti ove lekove? Istraživač kancera Džoj Volfram deli poslednja medicinska istraživanja o nanočesticama - malenim česticama koje se mogu koristiti za precizniji prenos lekova do tumora - i objašnjava kako mogu zadržati lekove u telu duže da bi napali maligne ćelije.
Joy Wolfram - Nanotechnologist
Joy Wolfram leads a nanomedicine research lab with the goal of developing innovative nanoparticles that bring the next generation of treatments directly to the clinic. Full bio
Joy Wolfram leads a nanomedicine research lab with the goal of developing innovative nanoparticles that bring the next generation of treatments directly to the clinic. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
It was a Sunday afternoon
back in April of this year.
back in April of this year.
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Bila je nedelja popodne
u aprilu ove godine.
u aprilu ove godine.
00:17
My phone was ringing,
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Zazvonio mi je telefon.
00:19
I picked it up.
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Javila sam se.
00:21
The voice said, "It's Rebecca.
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Glas je rekao: "Rebeka je.
00:24
I'm just calling to invite you
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Htela sam samo da te pozovem
00:27
to my funeral."
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na moju sahranu."
00:30
I said, "Rebecca,
what are you talking about?"
what are you talking about?"
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Rekla sam: "Rebeka,
o čemu govoriš?"
o čemu govoriš?"
00:33
She said, "Joy, as my friend,
you have to let me go.
you have to let me go.
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Rekla je: "Džoj, prijatelj si mi,
moraš me pustiti.
moraš me pustiti.
00:39
It's my time."
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Vreme je."
00:41
The next day, she was dead.
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Sledećeg dana, umrla je.
00:46
Rebecca was 31 years old when she died.
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Rebeka je imala 31 godinu kada je umrla.
00:49
She had an eight-year struggle
with breast cancer.
with breast cancer.
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Vodila je osmogodišnju bitku
sa kancerom dojke.
sa kancerom dojke.
00:53
It came back three times.
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Tri puta se vraćao.
00:55
I failed her.
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Izneverila sam je.
00:58
The scientific community failed her.
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Naučna zajednica ju je izneverila.
01:01
And the medical community failed her.
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Medicinska zajednica ju je izneverila.
01:05
And she's not the only one.
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Ona nije jedina.
01:07
Every five seconds,
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Svakih pet sekundi,
neko umre od kancera.
neko umre od kancera.
01:09
someone dies of cancer.
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01:13
Today, we medical
researchers are committed
researchers are committed
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Danas, mi medicinski istraživači
smo posvećeni
smo posvećeni
01:17
to having Rebecca and people like her
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da Rebeka i ljudi poput nje
01:20
be one of the last patients that we fail.
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budu među poslednjim pacijentima
koje smo izneverili.
koje smo izneverili.
01:24
The US government alone has spent
over 100 billion on cancer research
over 100 billion on cancer research
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Američka vlada sama je uložila
preko 100 milijardi na istraživanja
kancera od 1970-ih,
kancera od 1970-ih,
01:30
since the 1970s,
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01:32
with limited progress
in regards to patient survival,
in regards to patient survival,
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sa ograničenim uspehom
u preživljavanju pacijenata,
u preživljavanju pacijenata,
01:36
especially for certain types
of very aggressive cancers.
of very aggressive cancers.
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pogotovo određenih vrsta
vrlo agresivnih kancera.
vrlo agresivnih kancera.
01:40
So we need a change because, clearly,
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Zato nam je potrebna promena,
jer, očigledno,
jer, očigledno,
01:43
what we've been doing so far
has not been working.
has not been working.
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sve što smo do sada radili ne uspeva.
01:48
And what we do in medicine
is to send out firefighters,
is to send out firefighters,
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Mi u medicini šaljemo vatrogasce,
01:51
because cancer is like a big fire.
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jer kancer je kao veliki požar.
01:54
And these firefighters
are the cancer drugs.
are the cancer drugs.
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Ovi vatrogasci su lekovi za kancer.
01:58
But we're sending them out
without a fire truck --
without a fire truck --
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Ali ih šaljemo bez vatrogasnog kamiona -
02:02
so without transportation, without ladders
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dakle bez transporta, bez merdevina,
02:05
and without emergency equipment.
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i bez opreme za hitnu pomoć.
02:08
And over 99 percent of these firefighters
never make it to the fire.
never make it to the fire.
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I preko 99 posto ovih vatrogasaca
ne stignu od požara.
ne stignu od požara.
02:15
Over 99 percent of cancer drugs
never make it to the tumor
never make it to the tumor
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Preko 99 posto lekova za kancer
ne stignu do tumora
ne stignu do tumora
02:20
because they lack transportation and tools
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jer im fali transport i oprema
02:24
to take them to the location
they're aiming for.
they're aiming for.
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da ih prenese do ciljane lokacije.
02:29
Turns out, it really is all about
location, location, location.
location, location, location.
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Ispade da je ipak sve
lokacija, lokacija, lokacija.
lokacija, lokacija, lokacija.
02:33
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
02:35
So we need a fire truck
to get to the right location.
to get to the right location.
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Dakle treba nam vatrogasni kamion
da stignemo na pravu lokaciju.
da stignemo na pravu lokaciju.
02:40
And I'm here to tell you
that nanoparticles are the fire trucks.
that nanoparticles are the fire trucks.
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Ovde sam da vam kažem
da su nanočestice kamioni.
da su nanočestice kamioni.
02:45
We can load cancer drugs
inside nanoparticles,
inside nanoparticles,
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Možemo da utovarimo lekove za kancer
unutar nanočestica,
unutar nanočestica,
02:49
and nanoparticles
can function as the carrier
can function as the carrier
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i nanočestice mogu
da funkcionišu kao prenosioci
da funkcionišu kao prenosioci
02:53
and necessary equipment
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i kao neophodna oprema
02:55
to bring the cancer drugs
to the heart of the tumor.
to the heart of the tumor.
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da prenesu lekove za kancer
do srca tumora.
do srca tumora.
03:00
So what are nanoparticles,
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Šta su to nanočestice,
03:01
and what does it really mean
to be nano-sized?
to be nano-sized?
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i šta zaista znači biti nano veličine?
03:05
Well, there are many different
types of nanoparticles
types of nanoparticles
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Pa, ima više različitih tipova nanočestica
03:09
made out of various materials,
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koje se prave od raznih materijala,
03:10
such as metal-based nanoparticles
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poput nanočestica sačinjenih od metala
03:14
or fat-based nanoparticles.
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ili nanočestica sačinjenih od masti.
03:17
But to really illustrate
what it means to be nano-sized,
what it means to be nano-sized,
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Ali da bih stvarno ilustrovala
šta znači biti nano veličine,
šta znači biti nano veličine,
03:20
I took one of my hair strands
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uzela sam jednu dlaku iz svoje kose
03:23
and placed it under the microscope.
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i stavila je pod mikroskop.
03:26
Now, I have very thin hair,
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Imam vrlo tanku kosu,
03:27
so my hair is approximately
40,000 nanometers in diameter.
40,000 nanometers in diameter.
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te mi je kosa otprilike
40.000 nanometara u prečniku.
40.000 nanometara u prečniku.
03:33
So this means, if we take
400 of our nanoparticles
400 of our nanoparticles
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To znači da kada bismo uzeli
400 nanočestica
400 nanočestica
03:36
and we stack them on top of each other,
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i posložili jednu na drugu,
03:39
we get the thickness
of a single hair strand.
of a single hair strand.
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dobili bismo debljinu jedne dlake.
03:43
I lead a nanoparticle laboratory
to fight cancer and other diseases
to fight cancer and other diseases
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Vodim laboratoriju nanočestica
u borbi protiv kancera i drugih bolesti
u borbi protiv kancera i drugih bolesti
03:49
at Mayo Clinic here in Jacksonville.
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ovde u Majo klinici u Džeksonvilu.
03:52
And at Mayo Clinic,
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U Majo klinici, imamo opremu
da učinimo sve za pacijenta,
da učinimo sve za pacijenta,
03:53
we really have the tools
to make a difference for patients,
to make a difference for patients,
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zahvaljujući izdašnim donacijama
03:57
thanks to the generous donations
and grants to fund our research.
and grants to fund our research.
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i grantovima koji finansiraju
naše istraživanje.
naše istraživanje.
04:03
And so, how do these nanoparticles
manage to transport cancer drugs
manage to transport cancer drugs
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Dakle, kako ove nanočestice
prenose lekove za kancer
prenose lekove za kancer
04:08
to the tumor?
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do tumora?
04:09
Well, they have an extensive toolbox.
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Imaju obimnu kutiju za alat.
04:13
Cancer drugs without nanoparticles
are quickly washed out of the body
are quickly washed out of the body
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Lekovi za kancer bez nanočestica
se brzo isperu iz tela
se brzo isperu iz tela
04:18
through the kidneys
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kroz bubrege
04:19
because they're so small.
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jer su premali.
04:21
So it's like water going through a sieve.
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Kao voda koja protiče kroz sito.
04:24
And so they don't really have time
to reach the tumor.
to reach the tumor.
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Tako da nemaju vremena
da stignu do tumora.
da stignu do tumora.
04:27
Here we see an illustration of this.
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Ovde vidimo ilustraciju toga.
04:30
We have the firefighters,
the cancer drugs.
the cancer drugs.
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Imamo vatrogasce, lekove za kancer.
04:32
They're circulating in the blood,
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Protiču krvotokom,
04:34
but they're quickly
washed out of the body
washed out of the body
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ali su brzo isprani iz tela
i ne završavaju u tumoru.
i ne završavaju u tumoru.
04:36
and they don't really end up
inside the tumor.
inside the tumor.
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04:40
But if we put these cancer drugs
inside nanoparticles,
inside nanoparticles,
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Ali ako stavimo ove lekove za kancer
unutar nanočestica,
unutar nanočestica,
04:45
they will not get washed out by the body
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neće se isprati iz tela
04:47
because the nanoparticles are too big.
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jer su nanočestice prevelike.
04:49
And they will continue
to circulate in the blood,
to circulate in the blood,
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I nastaviće da protiču kroz krvotok,
04:52
giving them more time to find the tumor.
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dajući im više vremena da pronađu tumor.
04:56
And here we see the cancer drug,
the firefighters,
the firefighters,
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Ovde vidimo lek za kancer, vatrogasce,
04:58
inside the fire truck, the nanoparticles.
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u vatrogasnom kamionu, nanočesticama.
05:02
They're circulating in the blood,
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Cirkulišu krvotokom,
05:04
they don't get washed out
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ne ispiraju se
05:05
and they actually end up
reaching the tumor.
reaching the tumor.
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i konačno dosegnu tumor.
05:11
And so what other tools
do nanoparticles have?
do nanoparticles have?
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Koje druge alatke poseduju nanočestice?
05:14
Well, they can protect cancer drugs
from getting destroyed inside the body.
from getting destroyed inside the body.
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Pa, mogu zaštititi lekove za kancer
da ih telo ne uništi.
da ih telo ne uništi.
05:20
There are certain very important
but sensitive drugs
but sensitive drugs
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Postoje izvesni veoma važni
ali osetljivi lekovi
ali osetljivi lekovi
05:24
that are easily degraded
by enzymes in the blood.
by enzymes in the blood.
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koji se lako rastvore enzimima u krvi.
05:27
So unless they have
this nanoparticle protection,
this nanoparticle protection,
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Tako da bez zaštite
koju pruža nanočestica,
koju pruža nanočestica,
05:30
they will not be able to function.
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ne mogu funkcionisati.
05:34
Another nanoparticle tool
are these surface extensions
are these surface extensions
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Druga alatka nanočestice
su ovi površinski produžeci
su ovi površinski produžeci
05:37
that are like tiny hands with fingers
that grab on to the tumor
that grab on to the tumor
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koji su kao malene ruke sa prstima
koji se hvataju za tumor
koji se hvataju za tumor
05:42
and fit exactly onto it,
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i odlično pasuju na njemu,
05:44
so that when the nanoparticles
are circulating,
are circulating,
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tako da kada nanočestice cirkulišu,
05:46
they can attach onto the cancer cells,
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mogu se zakačiti za ćelije kancera,
05:49
buying the cancer drugs
more time to do their job.
more time to do their job.
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dajući lekovima za kancer
vreme da odrade posao.
vreme da odrade posao.
05:53
And these are just some of the many tools
that nanoparticles can have.
that nanoparticles can have.
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Ovo su samo neke od brojnih alatki
koje nanočestice poseduju.
koje nanočestice poseduju.
05:58
And today,
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Danas,
05:59
we have more than 10 clinically approved
nanoparticles for cancer
nanoparticles for cancer
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imamo više od 10 klinički odobrenih
nanočestica za kancer
nanočestica za kancer
06:03
that are given to patients
all over the world.
all over the world.
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koje se daju pacijentima širom sveta.
06:08
Yet, we have patients,
like Rebecca, who die.
like Rebecca, who die.
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Ipak, imamo pacijente,
poput Rebeke, koji umru.
poput Rebeke, koji umru.
06:13
So what are the major
challenges and limitations
challenges and limitations
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Koji su najveći izazovi i ograničenja
06:17
with currently approved nanoparticles?
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kod do sada odobrenih nanočestica?
06:21
Well, a major challenge is the liver,
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Pa, glavni izazov predstavlja jetra,
06:24
because the liver is the body's
filtration system,
filtration system,
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jer je jetra sistem za filtraciju u telu,
06:28
and the liver recognizes
and destroys foreign objects,
and destroys foreign objects,
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i jetra prepoznaje i uništava
strane objekte,
strane objekte,
06:31
such as viruses, bacteria
and also nanoparticles.
and also nanoparticles.
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poput virusa, bakterija i nanočestica.
06:36
And the immune cells in the liver
eat the nanoparticles,
eat the nanoparticles,
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Imune ćelije jetre jedu nanočestice,
06:39
preventing them from reaching the tumor.
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sprečavajući ih da dosegnu tumor.
06:45
And here we see an illustration
where the kidney is no longer a problem,
where the kidney is no longer a problem,
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Ovde vidimo ilustraciju
gde bubreg više nije problem,
gde bubreg više nije problem,
06:49
but these fire trucks, the nanoparticles,
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ali ovi vatrogasni kamioni, nanočestice,
06:51
get stuck in the liver
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se zaglave u jetri
06:53
and, actually, less of them
end up reaching the tumor.
end up reaching the tumor.
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i, zapravo, manji broj njih
stiže do tumora.
stiže do tumora.
06:59
So a future strategy
to improve nanoparticles
to improve nanoparticles
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Buduća strategija
za poboljšanje nanočestica
za poboljšanje nanočestica
07:02
is to temporarily disarm
the immune cells in the liver.
the immune cells in the liver.
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je da se trenutno razoružaju
imune ćelije jetre.
imune ćelije jetre.
07:07
So how do we disarm these cells?
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Kako da razoružamo ove ćelije?
07:09
Well, we looked at drugs
that were already clinically approved
that were already clinically approved
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Razmotrili smo lekove
koji su već klinički odobreni
koji su već klinički odobreni
07:13
for other indications
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za druge bolesti
07:15
to see if any of them
could stop the immune cells
could stop the immune cells
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da proverimo da li neki
mogu obustaviti imune ćelije
mogu obustaviti imune ćelije
07:18
from eating the nanoparticles.
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da ne pojedu nanočestice.
07:21
And unexpectedly,
in one of our preclinical studies,
in one of our preclinical studies,
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I neočekivano,
u jednoj od predkliničkih studija,
u jednoj od predkliničkih studija,
07:25
we found that a 70-year-old malaria drug
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pronašli smo 70 godina star
lek za malariju
lek za malariju
07:30
was able to stop the immune cells
from internalizing the nanoparticles
from internalizing the nanoparticles
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koji može da zaustavi imune ćelije
u internalizaciji nanočestica
u internalizaciji nanočestica
07:34
so that they could escape the liver
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tako da one mogu izbeći jetru
07:37
and continue their journey
to their goal, the tumor.
to their goal, the tumor.
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i nastaviti put ka svom cilju, tumoru.
07:42
And here we see the illustration
of blocking the liver.
of blocking the liver.
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Ovde vidimo ilustraciju blokiranja jetre.
07:45
The nanoparticles don't go there,
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Nanočestice ne idu tamo,
07:47
and they instead end up in the tumor.
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i umesto toga završe u tumoru.
07:51
So, sometimes, unexpected connections
are made in science
are made in science
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Ponekad, neočekivane veze
se pojave u nauci
se pojave u nauci
07:55
that lead to new solutions.
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koje vode ka novim rešenjima.
07:59
Another strategy
for preventing nanoparticles
for preventing nanoparticles
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Druga strategija
za prevenciju nanočestica
za prevenciju nanočestica
08:03
from getting stuck in the liver
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da se ne zaglave u jetri
08:06
is to use the body's own nanoparticles.
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je korišćenje sopstvenih
nanočestica iz tela.
nanočestica iz tela.
08:09
Yes -- surprise, surprise.
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Da - iznenađenje, iznenađenje.
08:10
You, and you and you, and all of us
have a lot of nanoparticles
have a lot of nanoparticles
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Ti, i ti i ti, svi mi
imamo puno nanočestica
imamo puno nanočestica
08:16
circulating in our bodies.
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koje cirkulišu kroz naša tela.
08:18
And because they're part of our bodies,
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I pošto su deo naših tela,
08:21
the liver is less likely
to label them as foreign.
to label them as foreign.
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manje je verovatno da će ih jetra
označiti stranima.
označiti stranima.
08:26
And these biological nanoparticles
can be found in the saliva,
can be found in the saliva,
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Ove biološke nanočestice
se nalaze u pljuvačkoj,
se nalaze u pljuvačkoj,
08:30
in the blood, in the urine,
in pancreatic juice.
in pancreatic juice.
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u krvi, u urinu, u pankreatskom soku.
08:33
And we can collect them from the body
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Možemo ih sakupiti iz tela
08:35
and use them as fire trucks
for cancer drugs.
for cancer drugs.
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i koristiti kao vatrogasne kamione
za lekove za kancer.
za lekove za kancer.
08:40
And in this case,
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U ovom slučaju,
08:42
the immune cells in the liver
are less likely to eat
are less likely to eat
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manje je verovatno da će
imune ćelije jetre pojesti
imune ćelije jetre pojesti
08:45
the biological nanoparticles.
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biološke nanočestice.
08:47
So we're using
a Trojan-horse-based concept
a Trojan-horse-based concept
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Koristimo koncept Trojanskog konja
08:50
to fool the liver.
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da zavaramo jetru.
08:52
And here we see
the biological nanoparticles
the biological nanoparticles
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Ovde vidimo biološke nanočestice
08:55
circulating in the blood.
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kako cirkulišu kroz krv.
08:56
They don't get recognized by the liver,
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Jetra ih ne prepoznaje,
08:59
and they end up in the tumor.
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i one završavaju u tumoru.
09:02
And in the future,
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U budućnosti,
09:03
we want to exploit
nature's own nanoparticles
nature's own nanoparticles
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želimo da iskoristimo
prirodne nanočestice
prirodne nanočestice
09:07
for cancer drug delivery,
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za prenos lekova za kancer,
09:10
to reduce side effects and save lives
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kako bismo smanjili
neželjene efekte i sačuvali živote
neželjene efekte i sačuvali živote
09:13
by preventing the cancer drugs
from being in the wrong location.
from being in the wrong location.
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sprečavajući lekove za kancer
da dospeju na pogrešnu lokaciju.
da dospeju na pogrešnu lokaciju.
09:19
However, a major problem has been:
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Ipak, veliki problem je bio:
09:21
How do we isolate these biological
nanoparticles in large quantities
nanoparticles in large quantities
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kako izolovati ove biološke
nanočestice u velikim količinama
nanočestice u velikim količinama
09:27
without damaging them?
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a ne oštetiti ih?
09:30
My lab has developed
an efficient method for doing this.
an efficient method for doing this.
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Moja laboratorija je razvila
efikasan metod za ovo.
efikasan metod za ovo.
09:33
We can process large quantities
of liquids from the body
of liquids from the body
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Možemo da obradimo
velike količine tečnosti iz tela
velike količine tečnosti iz tela
09:38
to produce a highly concentrated,
high-quality formulation
high-quality formulation
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da proizvedemo visoko koncentrisanu,
visokokvalitetnu formulu
visokokvalitetnu formulu
09:43
of biological nanoparticles.
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bioloških nanočestica.
09:46
And these nanoparticles
are not yet in clinical use,
are not yet in clinical use,
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Ove nanočestice
nisu još uvek u kliničkoj upotrebi,
nisu još uvek u kliničkoj upotrebi,
09:50
because it takes an average of 12 years
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jer je potrebno u proseku 12 godina
09:53
to get something from the lab
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da nešto dospe iz laboratorije
09:55
to your medicine cabinet.
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do vaše police za lekove.
10:00
And this is the type of challenge
that requires teamwork
that requires teamwork
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Ovo je vrsta izazova
koji zahteva timski rad
koji zahteva timski rad
10:04
from scientists and physicians,
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naučnika i lekara,
10:07
who dedicate their lives to this battle.
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koji su posvetili život ovoj bitki.
10:12
And we keep going,
thanks to inspiration from patients.
thanks to inspiration from patients.
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Nastavljamo, inspirisani pacijentima.
10:17
And I believe that if we keep working
on these nanomedicines,
on these nanomedicines,
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Verujem da ako nastavimo sa radom
na ovim nanolekovima,
na ovim nanolekovima,
10:21
we will be able to reduce harm
to healthy organs,
to healthy organs,
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moći ćemo da smanjimo štetu
po zdrave organe,
po zdrave organe,
10:25
improve quality of life
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poboljšamo kvalitet života
10:27
and save future patients.
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i sačuvamo buduće pacijente.
10:32
I like to imagine
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Volim da zamislim
10:34
that if these treatments
had been available for Rebecca,
had been available for Rebecca,
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da, da su ovi tretmani
bili dostupni Rebeki,
bili dostupni Rebeki,
10:39
that call from her
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onaj poziv od nje
10:41
could have been an invitation
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je mogao biti pozivnica
10:44
not to her funeral,
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ne na njenu sahranu,
10:46
but her wedding.
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već na njeno venčanje.
10:47
Thank you.
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Hvala.
10:48
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Joy Wolfram - NanotechnologistJoy Wolfram leads a nanomedicine research lab with the goal of developing innovative nanoparticles that bring the next generation of treatments directly to the clinic.
Why you should listen
Dr. Joy Wolfram has designed many preclinical nanoparticles for treating cancer and other life-threatening diseases, and has authored more than 50 publications in the past five years. She is the director of the Nanomedicine and Extracellular Vesicles Laboratory at Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida, and holds affiliate faculty positions at the Houston Methodist Hospital, the University of North Florida and the Chinese Academy of Sciences. She is a board member and scientific advisor of several companies around the world with a cumulative customer base of more than 18 million.
Wolfram's mission is to inspire and support underrepresented minorities in science. She is actively involved in community outreach and scientific education, including serving as the chair of an education and outreach working group of the National Cancer Institute in the United States. She was included in the Amgen Scholars "ten to watch" list, which highlights the best and brightest up-and-comers in science and medicine across 42 countries.
A native of Finland, Wolfram was selected as one of 12 internationally accomplished Finns, alongside Nobel laureates. She was also listed on the Forbes "30 under 30" in healthcare in 2019. Additionally, she is part of the Global Young Academy, which represents 83 countries and is limited to 200 members who are selected based on scientific excellence and commitment to service.
Joy Wolfram | Speaker | TED.com