TEDGlobal 2009
Stefana Broadbent: How the Internet enables intimacy
Stefana Broadbent: Bagaimana Internet memungkinkan terjalinnya keakraban
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Kita khawatir mengirim pesan instan, pesan singkat, atau Facebook merusak keakraban manusia, namun penelitian Stefana Broadbent menunjukkan bagaimana teknologi komunikasi mampu menumbuhkan hubungan yang lebih dalam, membawa rasa cinta melampaui batas seperti jarak dan peraturan di tempat kerja.
Stefana Broadbent - Tech anthropologist
Stefana Broadbent watches us while we communicate, work and go about our daily lives. She is one of a new class of ethnographers who study the way our social habits and relationships function and mutate in the digital age. Full bio
Stefana Broadbent watches us while we communicate, work and go about our daily lives. She is one of a new class of ethnographers who study the way our social habits and relationships function and mutate in the digital age. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I believe that there are new, hidden tensions
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Saya yakin ada ketegangan tersembunyi baru
00:19
that are actually happening between people and institutions --
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yang sebenarnya terjadi antara perorangan dan lembaga --
00:22
institutions that are the institutions that people
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lembaga di mana orang-orang
00:24
inhabit in their daily life:
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berada setiap hari
00:26
schools, hospitals, workplaces,
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sekolah, rumah sakit, tempat kerja,
00:29
factories, offices, etc.
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pabrik, kantor, dan sebagainya.
00:32
And something that I see happening
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Dan kadang-kadang yang saya lihat sedang terjadi
00:35
is something that I would like to call
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adalah sesuatu yang saya akan sebut
00:37
a sort of "democratization of intimacy."
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semacam "demokratisasi dari keakraban."
00:39
And what do I mean by that?
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Apa yang saya maksudkan?
00:41
I mean that what people are doing
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Maksud saya yang dilakukan orang-orang ini
00:43
is, in fact, they are sort of, with their communication channels,
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adalah, sebenarnya, dengan saluran komunikasi mereka
00:47
they are breaking an imposed isolation
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mereka menghancurkan isolasi yang ada
00:51
that these institutions are imposing on them.
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yang diberikan oleh lembaga ini kepada mereka.
00:55
How are they doing this? They're doing it
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Bagaimana mereka melakukannya? Mereka melakukannya
00:57
in a very simple way, by calling their mom from work,
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dengan cara yang sederhana, menelepon ibu mereka dari kantor
00:59
by IMing from their office to their friends,
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mengirim pesan instan dari kantor kepada teman mereka,
01:03
by texting under the desk.
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menulis pesan singkat di bawah meja.
01:05
The pictures that you're seeing behind me
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Gambar di belakang saya ini
01:07
are people that I visited in the last few months.
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adalah orang-orang yang saya kunjungi beberapa bulan terakhir.
01:10
And I asked them to come along with the person they communicate with most.
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Saya mengajak mereka untuk datang bersama orang yang paling sering diajak bicara.
01:14
And somebody brought a boyfriend, somebody a father.
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Ada yang membawa kekasihnya, ayahnya.
01:17
One young woman brought her grandfather.
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Seorang wanita muda membawa kakeknya.
01:20
For 20 years, I've been looking at how people use
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Selama 20 tahun, saya telah melihat bagaimana orang-orang
01:22
channels such as email, the mobile phone, texting, etc.
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menggunakan saluran seperti surat elektronik, ponsel, pesan singkat, dan sebagainya.
01:26
What we're actually going to see is that, fundamentally,
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Apa yang akan kita lihat adalah bahwa, pada dasarnya
01:28
people are communicating on a regular basis
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orang-orang berkomunikasi secara teratur
01:31
with five, six, seven of their most intimate sphere.
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dengan lima, enam, tujuh orang dalam lingkup yang paling akrab.
01:35
Now, lets take some data. Facebook.
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Sekarang, mari mengambil data, Facebook.
01:37
Recently some sociologists from Facebook --
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Baru-baru ini beberapa ahli sosial dari Facebook --
01:39
Facebook is the channel that you would expect
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Facebook adalah saluran yang akan Anda anggap
01:41
is the most enlargening of all channels.
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paling luas di antara semuanya.
01:44
And an average user,
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Dan rata-rata orang
01:46
said Cameron Marlow,
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menurut Cameron Marlow,
01:49
from Facebook, has about 120 friends.
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dari Facebook, memiliki sekitar 120 teman.
01:52
But he actually talks to,
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Namun dia sebenarnya saling bicara
01:54
has two-way exchanges with, about four to six people
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dengan sekitar empat hingga enam orang
01:57
on a regular base, depending on his gender.
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secara teratur, tergantung jenis kelaminnya.
01:59
Academic research on instant messaging
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Penelitian akademis pada pesan instan
02:01
also shows 100 people on buddy lists,
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juga menunjukkan, 100 orang pada daftar teman
02:04
but fundamentally people chat with two, three, four --
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namun orang-orang hanya mengobrol dengan dua, tiga, empat --
02:07
anyway, less than five.
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bagaimanapun, kurang dari lima.
02:09
My own research on cellphones and voice calls
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Penelitian saya sendiri tentang ponsel dan panggilan suara
02:13
shows that 80 percent of the calls
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menunjukkan bahwa 80 persen panggilan
02:15
are actually made to four people. 80 percent.
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ditujukan kepada empat orang, 80 persen.
02:18
And when you go to Skype, it's down to two people.
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Dan dengan Skype, angkanya turun menjadi dua orang.
02:21
A lot of sociologists actually are quite disappointed.
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Banyak ahli sosial sebenarnya cukup kecewa.
02:23
I mean, I've been a bit disappointed sometimes
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Maksud saya, kadang-kadang saya sedikit kecewa
02:26
when I saw this data and all this deployment, just for five people.
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saat saya melihat data penyebaran ini, hanya kepada lima orang.
02:30
And some sociologists actually feel that
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Dan beberapa ahli sosial sebenarnya merasa
02:32
it's a closure, it's a cocooning,
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ini adalah penutupan diri
02:37
that we're disengaging from the public.
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bahwa kita memisahkan diri dari publik.
02:39
And I would actually, I would like to show you that
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Dan sebenarnya saya ingin menunjukkan bahwa
02:41
if we actually look at who is doing it,
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jika kita benar-benar melihat siapa yang melakukannya
02:43
and from where they're doing it,
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dan dari mana mereka melakukannya
02:45
actually there is an incredible social transformation.
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sebenarnya ada perubahan sosial yang luar biasa.
02:48
There are three stories that I think are quite good examples.
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Ada tiga cerita yang saya pikir adalah contoh yang cukup baik.
02:50
The first gentleman, he's a baker.
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Pria pertama, seorang tukang roti.
02:52
And so he starts working every morning at four o'clock in the morning.
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Dia mulai bekerja jam empat setiap pagi.
02:55
And around eight o'clock he sort of sneaks away from his oven,
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Dan sekitar jam delapan dia menyelinap dari dapurnya
02:58
cleans his hands from the flour
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membersihkan tangannya dari tepung
03:00
and calls his wife.
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dan menelepon istrinya.
03:02
He just wants to wish her a good day, because that's the start of her day.
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Dia hanya ingin memberi salam kepada istrinya, karena itulah permulaan hari bagi istrinya.
03:05
And I've heard this story a number of times.
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Dan saya mendengar kisah ini berkali-kali.
03:08
A young factory worker who works night shifts,
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Seorang pekerja pabrik muda yang bekerja di malam hari
03:11
who manages to sneak away from the factory floor,
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berhasil menyelinap keluar dari pabrik
03:14
where there is CCTV by the way,
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walaupun ada CCTV,
03:16
and find a corner, where at 11 o'clock at night
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dan menemukan tempat, di mana pada jam 11 malam
03:18
he can call his girlfriend and just say goodnight.
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dia dapat menelepon kekasihnya dan mengucapkan selamat malam.
03:21
Or a mother who, at four o'clock,
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Atau seorang ibu yang pada jam empat pagi,
03:23
suddenly manages to find a corner in the toilet
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tiba-tiba berhasil menemukan sudut di toilet
03:26
to check that her children are safely home.
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untuk memeriksa apakah anak-anaknya ada di rumah.
03:30
Then there is another couple, there is a Brazilian couple.
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Lalu ada pasangan yang lain, mereka adalah pasangan Brazil.
03:32
They've lived in Italy for a number of years.
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Mereka tinggal di Italia selama beberapa tahun.
03:34
They Skype with their families a few times a week.
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Mereka berkomunikasi dengan keluarganya melalui Skype beberapa kali seminggu.
03:37
But once a fortnight, they actually put the computer on their dining table,
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Di suatu malam, mereka meletakkan komputer di atas meja makan
03:41
pull out the webcam and actually have dinner
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mengeluarkan webcam dan makan malam
03:43
with their family in Sao Paulo. And they have a big event of it.
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bersama keluarga mereka di Sao Paulo. Dan mereka menjadikannya kejadian besar.
03:46
And I heard this story the first time a couple of years ago
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Dan saya pertama kali mendengar kisah ini beberapa tahun lalu
03:49
from a very modest family
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dari keluarga imigran sederhana
03:51
of immigrants from Kosovo in Switzerland.
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dari Kosovo di Swiss.
03:54
They had set up a big screen in their living room,
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Mereka memasang layar besar di ruang keluarga
03:57
and every morning they had breakfast with their grandmother.
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dan setiap pagi mereka sarapan bersama nenek mereka.
04:00
But Danny Miller, who is a very good anthropologist
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Namun Danny Miler, seorang ahli antropologi yang hebat
04:03
who is working on Filipina migrant women
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yang bekerja bersama wanita imigran dari Filipina
04:08
who leave their children back in the Philippines,
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yang meninggalkan anak-anak mereka di Filipina,
04:11
was telling me about how much parenting is going on
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memberi tahu saya bagaimana mereka mengasuh anak
04:14
through Skype,
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melalui Skype,
04:16
and how much these mothers are engaged with their children through Skype.
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dan bagaimana ikatan ibu-ibu ini dengan anak-anak mereka melalui Skype.
04:20
And then there is the third couple. They are two friends.
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Lalu inilah pasangan ketiga. Mereka dua orang sahabat.
04:23
They chat to each other every day, a few times a day actually.
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Mereka mengobrol setiap hari, beberapa kali sehari.
04:27
And finally, finally, they've managed to put
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Dan akhirnya mereka dapat memasang
04:29
instant messaging on their computers at work.
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pengirim pesan instan di komputer kerja mereka.
04:31
And now, obviously, they have it open.
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Dan sekarang, sudah jelas, mereka membukanya.
04:33
Whenever they have a moment they chat to each other.
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Setiap mereka ada waktu mereka saling mengobrol.
04:35
And this is exactly what we've been seeing
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Dan inilah yang sebenarnya kita lihat
04:37
with teenagers and kids doing it in school, under the table,
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dengan para remaja dan anak-anak di sekolah, di bawah meja,
04:40
and texting under the table to their friends.
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mengirim pesan kepada teman-teman mereka.
04:43
So, none of these cases are unique.
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Tidak ada satupun kasus yang unik.
04:45
I mean, I could tell you hundreds of them.
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Maksud saya, saya dapat menceritakan ratusan kisah ini.
04:47
But what is really exceptional is the setting.
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Namun yang benar-benar luar biasa adalah keadaannya.
04:50
So, think of the three settings I've talked to you about:
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Pikirkan tentang tiga keadaan yang telah saya bicarakan:
04:53
factory, migration, office.
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pabrik, migrasi, kantor.
04:56
But it could be in a school, it could be an administration,
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Namun bisa juga di sekolah, bisa juga di tata usaha,
04:59
it could be a hospital.
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bisa juga di rumah sakit.
05:01
Three settings that, if we just step back 15 years,
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Tiga keadaan di mana, jika kita kembali ke 15 tahun yang lalu,
05:03
if you just think back 15 years,
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jika Anda berpikir 15 tahun yang lalu,
05:06
when you clocked in,
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saat Anda masuk,
05:08
when you clocked in to an office,
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saat Anda masuk ke kantor,
05:10
when you clocked in to a factory,
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saat Anda masuk ke pabrik,
05:12
there was no contact for the whole duration of the time,
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tidak ada hubungan keluar selama Anda bekerja
05:15
there was no contact with your private sphere.
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tidak ada hubungan dengan orang dalam lingkup pribadi Anda.
05:18
If you were lucky there was a public phone hanging in the corridor or somewhere.
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Jika Anda beruntung ada telepon umum di lorong atau suatu tempat lainnya.
05:22
If you were in management, oh, that was a different story.
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Jika Anda ada di level manajemen, itu lain cerita.
05:25
Maybe you had a direct line.
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Mungkin Anda memiliki saluran telepon langsung.
05:27
If you were not, you maybe had to go through an operator.
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Jika tidak, mungkin Anda harus melalui operator.
05:30
But basically, when you walked into those buildings,
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Namun pada dasarnya, saat Anda masuk ke gedung itu,
05:33
the private sphere was left behind you.
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Anda meninggalkan semua urusan pribadi Anda.
05:36
And this has become such a norm of our professional lives,
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Dan hal ini telah menjadi norma dalam kehidupan profesional
05:41
such a norm and such an expectation.
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norma dan harapan semacam ini.
05:43
And it had nothing to do with technical capability.
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Dan hal ini tidak ada hubungannya dengan kemampuan teknis.
05:46
The phones were there. But the expectation was once you moved in there
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Telepon itu ada di sana. Namun harapannya adalah saat Anda masuk ke sana
05:49
your commitment was fully to the task at hand,
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komitmen Anda sepenuhnya ada pada pekerjaan,
05:52
fully to the people around you.
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pada orang-orang di sekitar Anda.
05:55
That was where the focus had to be.
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Itulah di mana Anda harus fokus.
05:57
And this has become such a cultural norm
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Dan hal ini telah menjadi semacam norma budaya
06:00
that we actually school our children for them to be capable to do this cleavage.
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kita sebenarnya menyekolahkan anak-anak kita agar mereka dapat memisahkan diri.
06:04
If you think nursery, kindergarten, first years of school
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Jika Anda pikirkan, tempat penitipan, taman kanak-kanak, tahun pertama di sekolah
06:06
are just dedicated to take away the children,
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hanya dimaksudkan untuk memisahkan anak-anak
06:09
to make them used to staying long hours away from their family.
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membuat mereka terbiasa lama terpisah dari keluarga mereka.
06:13
And then the school enacts perfectly well.
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Dan sekolah-sekolah memainkan peran dengan baik,
06:15
It mimics perfectly all the rituals that we will find in offices:
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meniru dengan sempurna ritual yang akan kita mulai di kantor,
06:18
rituals of entry, rituals of exit,
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untuk masuk, keluar
06:21
the schedules, the uniforms in this country,
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jadwal, seragam di negara ini,
06:25
things that identify you, team-building activities,
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hal-hal yang mengenali Anda, kegiatan membangun tim,
06:28
team building that will allow you to basically
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membangun tim yang memungkinkan Anda untuk
06:31
be with a random group of kids, or a random group of people
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bekerja bersama anak yang berbeda, orang yang berbeda
06:34
that you will have to be with for a number of time.
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yang harus Anda lakukan beberapa kali.
06:37
And of course, the major thing:
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Dan tentu saja, hal yang utama
06:39
learn to pay attention,
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belajar untuk menaruh perhatian,
06:41
to concentrate and focus your attention.
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untuk berkonsentrasi dan memfokuskan perhatian.
06:44
This only started about 150 years ago.
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Hal ini baru dimulai sekitar 150 tahun yang lalu.
06:46
It only started with the birth of modern bureaucracy,
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Hal ini baru dimulai saat kelahiran birokrasi modern
06:49
and of industrial revolution.
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dan revolusi industri.
06:51
When people basically had to go somewhere else to work
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Saat orang-orang harus pergi ke tempat lain untuk bekerja
06:54
and carry out the work.
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dan melakukan tugasnya.
06:56
And when with modern bureaucracy there was a very rational approach,
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Dan dengan birokrasi modern ada pendekatan yang sangat rasional
06:59
where there was a clear distinction between the private sphere
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di mana ada perbedaan yang jelas antara lingkup pribadi
07:01
and the public sphere.
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dan lingkup publik.
07:03
So, until then, basically people were living on top of their trades.
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Hingga saat itu, orang-orang hidup dengan hasil dagangannya sendiri.
07:07
They were living on top of the land they were laboring.
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Mereka hidup dari tanah yang dikerjakannya sendiri.
07:10
They were living on top of the workshops where they were working.
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Mereka hidup dari tempat-tempat kerja yang mereka kerjakan sendiri.
07:13
And if you think, it's permeated our whole culture,
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Dan jika Anda pikirkan, hal ini menyerap seluruh budaya kita,
07:15
even our cities.
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bahkan kota-kota kita.
07:17
If you think of medieval cities, medieval cities the boroughs
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Jika Anda memikirkan tentang wilayah kota di abad pertengahan
07:20
all have the names of the guilds and professions that lived there.
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semua memiliki nama bagi serikat buruh dan profesi yang ada di sana.
07:23
Now we have sprawling residential suburbias
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Sekarang ada daerah perumahan di pinggiran kota yang luas
07:26
that are well distinct from production areas
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yang benar-benar terpisah dari daerah pabrik
07:29
and commercial areas.
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dan daerah komersial.
07:32
And actually, over these 150 years,
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Dan sebenarnya, selama 150 tahun terakhir,
07:34
there has been a very clear class system that also has emerged.
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ada sistem tingkatan yang sangat jelas yang berkembang.
07:37
So the lower the status of the job
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Jadi semakin rendah status pekerjaan Anda
07:41
and of the person carrying out, the more removed
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dan orang yang mengerjakannya, semakin dia tersisihkan
07:43
he would be from his personal sphere.
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dari lingkup pribadinya.
07:46
People have taken this amazing possibility
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Orang-orang telah mengambil kesempatan luar biasa ini
07:49
of actually being in contact all through the day
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untuk menjadi terhubung sepanjang hari
07:51
or in all types of situations.
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atau dalam situasi apapun.
07:53
And they are doing it massively.
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Dan mereka melakukannya secara besar-besaran.
07:55
The Pew Institute, which produces good data
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Institut Pew, yang menghasilkan data yang bagus
07:57
on a regular basis on, for instance, in the States,
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secara teratur, sebagai contoh, di Amerika Serikat,
08:00
says that -- and I think that this number is conservative --
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mengatakan -- dan saya rasa jumlahnya terlalu rendah --
08:02
50 percent of anybody with email access at work
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50 persen dari orang dengan akses surat elektronik di tempat kerja
08:06
is actually doing private email from his office.
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sebenarnya mengirimkan surat elektronik pribadi dari kantor.
08:09
I really think that the number is conservative.
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Saya benar-benar merasa jumlah itu terlalu rendah.
08:13
In my own research, we saw that the peak for private email
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Dalam penelitian saya sendiri, puncak dari pengiriman surat elektronik
08:15
is actually 11 o'clock in the morning, whatever the country.
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sebenarnya pada jam 11 pagi, di negara manapun
08:19
75 percent of people admit doing private
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75 persen orang mengaku melakukan percakapan
08:22
conversations from work on their mobile phones.
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pribadi dari tempat kerja melalui ponsel mereka.
08:25
100 percent are using text.
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100 persen mengirim pesan singkat.
08:28
The point is that this re-appropriation of the personal sphere
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Intinya adalah penyesuaian ulang lingkup pribadi ini
08:32
is not terribly successful with all institutions.
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tidak selalu berhasil di seluruh lembaga.
08:35
I'm always surprised the U.S. Army
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Saya selalu terkejut dengan Angkatan Darat A.S.
08:37
sociologists are discussing of the impact
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para ahli sosial mendiskusikan dampak
08:39
for instance, of soldiers in Iraq
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sebagai contoh, dari tentara di Irak
08:41
having daily contact with their families.
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yang melakukan hubungan dengan keluarga mereka setiap hari.
08:44
But there are many institutions that are actually blocking this access.
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Namun banyak lembaga yang memblokir akses ini.
08:50
And every day, every single day,
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Dan setiap hari,
08:52
I read news that makes me cringe,
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saya membaca berita yang membuat saya merasa jijik
08:54
like a $15 fine
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seperti denda 15 dolar
08:56
to kids in Texas,
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bagi anak-anak di Texas,
08:58
for using, every time they take out their mobile phone in school.
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yang menggunakan, setiap kali mereka mengeluarkan ponsel mereka di sekolah.
09:01
Immediate dismissal to bus drivers in New York,
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Pemecatan langsung pada supir bis di New York,
09:05
if seen with a mobile phone in a hand.
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jika terlihat menggunakan ponsel.
09:07
Companies blocking access to IM or to Facebook.
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Perusahaan yang memblokir akses ke pengirim pesan instan atau Facebook.
09:13
Behind issues of security and safety,
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Di belakang isu tentang keamanan dan keselamatan,
09:16
which have always been the arguments for social control,
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yang selalu menjadi argumen bagi pengendalian sosial,
09:19
in fact what is going on is that
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pada kenyataannya yang terjadi adalah
09:21
these institutions are trying to decide
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lembaga ini sebenarnya mencoba memutuskan
09:25
who, in fact, has a right to self determine their attention,
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siapa, yang memiliki hak untuk menentukan perhatian mereka sendiri,
09:28
to decide, whether they should, or not, be isolated.
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untuk memutuskan, apakah mereka harus diisolir atau tidak.
09:32
And they are actually trying to block, in a certain sense,
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Dan mereka sebenarnya mencoba memblokir, dalam beberapa hal
09:38
this movement of a greater possibility of intimacy.
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pergerakan untuk memperbesar peluang dari keakraban.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Stefana Broadbent - Tech anthropologistStefana Broadbent watches us while we communicate, work and go about our daily lives. She is one of a new class of ethnographers who study the way our social habits and relationships function and mutate in the digital age.
Why you should listen
Stefana Broadbent, a cognitive scientist, has spent decades observing people as they use technology, both at home and at work and everything in between. She looks at the way we use digital channels to forge relationships, to perform our jobs, to engage as citizens, to learn and care for others.
Using traditional and evolving ethnographic practices in her research, now at If You Want To and formerly as Head of Collective Intelligence at NESTA and a Lecturer in Digital Anthropology at University College London, she has made some surprising findings. Did you know, for instance, that the majority of our digital interactions are still with 4 or 5 of our closest ties? Or that one the most significant transformation in our working life has been the possibility of keeping in touch with our loved ones from our workplace?
Stefana Broadbent | Speaker | TED.com