TEDGlobal 2009
Stefana Broadbent: How the Internet enables intimacy
Stefana Brodbent: Kako internet omogućava intimnost
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Brinemo se da "IM" (instant messaging - brze poruke), dopisivanje, "Fejsbuk" kvare ljudsku intimnost, ali istraživanje Stefane Brodbent (Stefana Broadbent) pokazuje kako komunikacione tehnologije omogućuju stvaranje dubljih odnosa, donoseći ljubav preko barijera poput udaljenosti i pravila rada.
Stefana Broadbent - Tech anthropologist
Stefana Broadbent watches us while we communicate, work and go about our daily lives. She is one of a new class of ethnographers who study the way our social habits and relationships function and mutate in the digital age. Full bio
Stefana Broadbent watches us while we communicate, work and go about our daily lives. She is one of a new class of ethnographers who study the way our social habits and relationships function and mutate in the digital age. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I believe that there are new, hidden tensions
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Verujem da trenutno postoje nove, skrivene tenzije
00:19
that are actually happening between people and institutions --
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koje se javljaju između ljudi i institucija -
00:22
institutions that are the institutions that people
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onih institucija koje ljudi
00:24
inhabit in their daily life:
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nastanjuju svakodnevno:
00:26
schools, hospitals, workplaces,
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škola, bolnica, radnih okruženja,
00:29
factories, offices, etc.
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fabrika, kancelarija, itd.
00:32
And something that I see happening
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I vidim da se dešava nešto
00:35
is something that I would like to call
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što bih volela da nazovem
00:37
a sort of "democratization of intimacy."
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"demokratizacijom intime".
00:39
And what do I mean by that?
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Šta mislim pod tim?
00:41
I mean that what people are doing
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Mislim da ono što ljudi rade
00:43
is, in fact, they are sort of, with their communication channels,
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zapravo nekako, svojim komunikacionim kanalima,
00:47
they are breaking an imposed isolation
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probijaju nametnutu izolaciju
00:51
that these institutions are imposing on them.
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koju im ove institucije nameću.
00:55
How are they doing this? They're doing it
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Kako oni to rade? Na vrlo
00:57
in a very simple way, by calling their mom from work,
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jednostavan način, tako što zovu svoju mamu sa posla,
00:59
by IMing from their office to their friends,
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četuju sa prijateljima, iz kancelarije,
01:03
by texting under the desk.
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kucaju poruke ispod radnih stolova.
01:05
The pictures that you're seeing behind me
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Na slikama koje vidite iza mene
01:07
are people that I visited in the last few months.
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su ljudi koje sam posetila u poslednjih par meseci.
01:10
And I asked them to come along with the person they communicate with most.
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Zamolila sam ih da dođu sa osobom sa kojom najviše komuniciraju.
01:14
And somebody brought a boyfriend, somebody a father.
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I neko je doveo momka, a neko oca.
01:17
One young woman brought her grandfather.
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Jedna mlada žena je dovela svog dedu.
01:20
For 20 years, I've been looking at how people use
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20 godina posmatram kako ljudi koriste
01:22
channels such as email, the mobile phone, texting, etc.
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kanale poput imejla, mobilnog telefona, poruka, itd.
01:26
What we're actually going to see is that, fundamentally,
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Ono što ćemo zapravo videti je da u osnovi,
01:28
people are communicating on a regular basis
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ljudi redovno komuniciraju
01:31
with five, six, seven of their most intimate sphere.
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sa pet, šest, sedam svojih najintimnijih sfera.
01:35
Now, lets take some data. Facebook.
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Sada, hajde da predsatvimo neke podatke. "Fejsbuk".
01:37
Recently some sociologists from Facebook --
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Nedavno su neki sociolozi sa "Fejsbuka" -
01:39
Facebook is the channel that you would expect
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"Fejsbuk" je kanal za koji očekujete
01:41
is the most enlargening of all channels.
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da se od svih najviše širi.
01:44
And an average user,
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I prosečan korisnik "Fejsbuka",
01:46
said Cameron Marlow,
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prema Kameronu Marlou,
01:49
from Facebook, has about 120 friends.
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ima oko 120 prijatelja.
01:52
But he actually talks to,
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Ali zapravo razgovara,
01:54
has two-way exchanges with, about four to six people
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ima redovnu dvosmernu razmenu sa otprilike četiri do šest ljudi,
01:57
on a regular base, depending on his gender.
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u zavisnosti od pola.
01:59
Academic research on instant messaging
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Naučno istraživanje o trenutnim porukama
02:01
also shows 100 people on buddy lists,
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takođe pokazuje 100 ljudi na listi prijatelja,
02:04
but fundamentally people chat with two, three, four --
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ali u osnovi, ljudi četuju sa dvoje, troje, četvoro -
02:07
anyway, less than five.
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uglavnom, manje od petoro.
02:09
My own research on cellphones and voice calls
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Moje sopstveno istraživanje o mobilnim telefonima i govornim pozivima
02:13
shows that 80 percent of the calls
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pokazuje da 80 posto poziva
02:15
are actually made to four people. 80 percent.
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ide prema četiri osobe. 80 odsto.
02:18
And when you go to Skype, it's down to two people.
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I kada idete na "Skajp", svede se na dve osobe.
02:21
A lot of sociologists actually are quite disappointed.
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Mnogi sociolozi su prilično razočarani.
02:23
I mean, I've been a bit disappointed sometimes
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Mislim, ja sam bila povremeno razočarana
02:26
when I saw this data and all this deployment, just for five people.
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ovim činjenicama i i primenama, samo petoro ljudi.
02:30
And some sociologists actually feel that
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I neki sociolozi osećaju da je to
02:32
it's a closure, it's a cocooning,
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zatvaranje, učaurenje,
02:37
that we're disengaging from the public.
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da se isključujemo iz javnosti.
02:39
And I would actually, I would like to show you that
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I ja bih volela da vam pokažem da
02:41
if we actually look at who is doing it,
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ako zapravo pogledamo ko to radi,
02:43
and from where they're doing it,
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i odakle to čine,
02:45
actually there is an incredible social transformation.
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da postoji neverovatna socijalna transformacija.
02:48
There are three stories that I think are quite good examples.
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Postoje tri priče koje mislim da su dobri primeri.
02:50
The first gentleman, he's a baker.
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Prvi gospodin je pekar.
02:52
And so he starts working every morning at four o'clock in the morning.
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I on svakog jutra u četiri počinje sa radom.
02:55
And around eight o'clock he sort of sneaks away from his oven,
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I negde oko osam sati, on se odšunja od svoje pećnice,
02:58
cleans his hands from the flour
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očisti svoje brašnjave ruke
03:00
and calls his wife.
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i pozove svoju ženu.
03:02
He just wants to wish her a good day, because that's the start of her day.
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Samo želi da joj poželi dobar dan, jer je to početak njenog dana.
03:05
And I've heard this story a number of times.
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Čula sam ovu priču nebrojeno puta.
03:08
A young factory worker who works night shifts,
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Mladić radi u fabrici noćnu smenu,
03:11
who manages to sneak away from the factory floor,
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i uspeva da se izvuče sa radnog mesta,
03:14
where there is CCTV by the way,
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gde postoje i kamere,
03:16
and find a corner, where at 11 o'clock at night
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i da pronađe ćošak, gde u 11 sati noću
03:18
he can call his girlfriend and just say goodnight.
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zove svoju devojku da joj poželi laku noć.
03:21
Or a mother who, at four o'clock,
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Ili majka koja, u četiri sata,
03:23
suddenly manages to find a corner in the toilet
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iznenada uspeva da nađe mesto u toaletu
03:26
to check that her children are safely home.
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i proveri da li su joj deca sigurno stigla kući.
03:30
Then there is another couple, there is a Brazilian couple.
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Tu je još jedan par, brazilski par.
03:32
They've lived in Italy for a number of years.
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Dugi niz godina žive u Italiji.
03:34
They Skype with their families a few times a week.
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Preko "Skajpa" se čuju sa svojim porodicama nekoliko puta nedeljno.
03:37
But once a fortnight, they actually put the computer on their dining table,
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Ali jednom u dve nedelje stave svoj kompjuter na trpezarijski sto,
03:41
pull out the webcam and actually have dinner
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uključe web kameru i zapravo večeraju
03:43
with their family in Sao Paulo. And they have a big event of it.
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sa svojom porodicom u San Paolu. I naprave događaj od toga.
03:46
And I heard this story the first time a couple of years ago
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Prvi put sam čula ovu priču, pre nekoliko godina,
03:49
from a very modest family
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od veoma skromne porodice,
03:51
of immigrants from Kosovo in Switzerland.
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koja je izbegla sa Kosova u Švajcarsku.
03:54
They had set up a big screen in their living room,
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Postavili su veliki ekran u svojoj dnevnoj sobi.
03:57
and every morning they had breakfast with their grandmother.
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I svakoga jutra doručkovali su sa svojom bakom.
04:00
But Danny Miller, who is a very good anthropologist
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Ali Deni Miler, odličan antropolog
04:03
who is working on Filipina migrant women
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koji radi sa filipinskim migrantkinjama
04:08
who leave their children back in the Philippines,
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koje su ostavile svoju decu na Filipinima,
04:11
was telling me about how much parenting is going on
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rekao mi je koliko mnogo roditeljstva se odigrava
04:14
through Skype,
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preko "Skajpa",
04:16
and how much these mothers are engaged with their children through Skype.
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i koliko su ove majke povezane sa svojom decom preko "Skajpa".
04:20
And then there is the third couple. They are two friends.
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I tu je i treći par. Dvoje prijatelja.
04:23
They chat to each other every day, a few times a day actually.
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Svakodnevno četuju, zapravo više puta tokom dana.
04:27
And finally, finally, they've managed to put
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I konačno su uspeli da postave
04:29
instant messaging on their computers at work.
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opciju ćaskanja na svojim kompjuterima na poslu.
04:31
And now, obviously, they have it open.
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I očigledno, drže je otvorenom.
04:33
Whenever they have a moment they chat to each other.
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Kad god imaju vremena, četuju jedno s drugim.
04:35
And this is exactly what we've been seeing
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I upravo je ovo ono što viđamo
04:37
with teenagers and kids doing it in school, under the table,
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da tinejdžeri i deca rade u školi, ispod stola,
04:40
and texting under the table to their friends.
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kuckajući svojim prijateljima.
04:43
So, none of these cases are unique.
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Dakle, ni jedan od ovih slučajeva nije jedinstven.
04:45
I mean, I could tell you hundreds of them.
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Mislim, mogla bih da vam navedem stotine njih.
04:47
But what is really exceptional is the setting.
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Ali ono što je zaista izuzetno jeste okruženje.
04:50
So, think of the three settings I've talked to you about:
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Dakle, mislite o tri okruženja o kojima sam vam govorila:
04:53
factory, migration, office.
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fabrika, migracija, kancelarija.
04:56
But it could be in a school, it could be an administration,
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Ali može biti i škola, administracija,
04:59
it could be a hospital.
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može biti bolnica.
05:01
Three settings that, if we just step back 15 years,
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Tri okruženja koja, ukoliko se vratimo 15 godina unazad,
05:03
if you just think back 15 years,
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ako se samo vratite 15 godina unazad,
05:06
when you clocked in,
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kada ste ušli,
05:08
when you clocked in to an office,
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kad ste ušli u kancelariju,
05:10
when you clocked in to a factory,
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fabriku,
05:12
there was no contact for the whole duration of the time,
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nije postojao kontakt tokom čitavog radnog vremena,
05:15
there was no contact with your private sphere.
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nije postojao kontakt sa vašom privatnom sferom.
05:18
If you were lucky there was a public phone hanging in the corridor or somewhere.
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Ukoliko ste imali sreće, postojao je javni telefon u hodniku ili tako negde.
05:22
If you were in management, oh, that was a different story.
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Ukoliko ste bili u menadžmentu, o, to je bila druga priča.
05:25
Maybe you had a direct line.
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Možda ste imali direktnu liniju.
05:27
If you were not, you maybe had to go through an operator.
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Ako niste, možda ste morali da idete preko operatera.
05:30
But basically, when you walked into those buildings,
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Ali u osnovi, kada ste ušli u te zgrade,
05:33
the private sphere was left behind you.
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privatna sfera je ostajala iza vas.
05:36
And this has become such a norm of our professional lives,
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I ovo je postala norma naših profesionalnih života,
05:41
such a norm and such an expectation.
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važna norma i veliko očekivanje.
05:43
And it had nothing to do with technical capability.
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I nije imala veze sa tehničkim mogućnostima.
05:46
The phones were there. But the expectation was once you moved in there
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Postojali su telefoni. Ali očekivalo se da jednom kada uđete u organizaciju,
05:49
your commitment was fully to the task at hand,
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vaša posvećenost zadatku i ljudima oko vas
05:52
fully to the people around you.
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bude potpuna.
05:55
That was where the focus had to be.
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To je morao da bude fokus.
05:57
And this has become such a cultural norm
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I to je postala takva kulturološka norma
06:00
that we actually school our children for them to be capable to do this cleavage.
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da zapravo obučavamo našu decu da budu sposobna da naprave taj prelaz.
06:04
If you think nursery, kindergarten, first years of school
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Ako razmislite, jaslice, vrtić, prve godine u školi,
06:06
are just dedicated to take away the children,
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sve su posvećene odvajanju dece,
06:09
to make them used to staying long hours away from their family.
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da nauče da dugo budu odsutna od svoje porodice.
06:13
And then the school enacts perfectly well.
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A onda škola savršeno glumi,
06:15
It mimics perfectly all the rituals that we will find in offices:
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oponaša savršeno sve rituale koje ćemo usvojiti u kancelarijama,
06:18
rituals of entry, rituals of exit,
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rituale ulaska, izlaska,
06:21
the schedules, the uniforms in this country,
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rasporeda, uniformi u ovoj zemlji,
06:25
things that identify you, team-building activities,
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stvari koje vas identifikuju, aktivnosti za razvoj timova,
06:28
team building that will allow you to basically
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razvoj tima koji će vam omogućiti da
06:31
be with a random group of kids, or a random group of people
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budete sa nasumičnom grupom dece, ljudi
06:34
that you will have to be with for a number of time.
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sa kojima ćete morati da provodite vreme nebrojeno puta.
06:37
And of course, the major thing:
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I naravno, velika stvar:
06:39
learn to pay attention,
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naučiti da održite pažnju,
06:41
to concentrate and focus your attention.
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da se koncentrišete i usmerite svoju pažnju.
06:44
This only started about 150 years ago.
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Ovo je počelo pre samo 150 godina.
06:46
It only started with the birth of modern bureaucracy,
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Počelo je tek sa rođenjem moderne birokratije
06:49
and of industrial revolution.
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i industrijske revolucije.
06:51
When people basically had to go somewhere else to work
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Tek kada su ljudi morali da odlaze drugde da rade
06:54
and carry out the work.
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i da obavljaju posao.
06:56
And when with modern bureaucracy there was a very rational approach,
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A sa modernom birokratijom pojavio se i racionalan pristup,
06:59
where there was a clear distinction between the private sphere
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gde je postojala jasna razdvojenost privatne
07:01
and the public sphere.
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i javne oblasti.
07:03
So, until then, basically people were living on top of their trades.
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Dakle, do tog trenutka su ljudi živeli iznad svojih zanata.
07:07
They were living on top of the land they were laboring.
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Živeli su na imanju na kojem su radili.
07:10
They were living on top of the workshops where they were working.
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Iznad radionica u kojima su radili.
07:13
And if you think, it's permeated our whole culture,
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I ako razmislite, to se probilo na našu celokupnu kulturu,
07:15
even our cities.
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čak i naše gradove.
07:17
If you think of medieval cities, medieval cities the boroughs
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Ako se setite srednjevekovnih gradova i opština,
07:20
all have the names of the guilds and professions that lived there.
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svi imaju nazive esnafa i zanata koji su u njima postojali.
07:23
Now we have sprawling residential suburbias
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Sada imamo razuđena naseljena predgrađa
07:26
that are well distinct from production areas
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koja se dobro razlikuju od industrijske zone
07:29
and commercial areas.
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i komercijalnih područja.
07:32
And actually, over these 150 years,
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Ustvari, tokom tih 150 godina,
07:34
there has been a very clear class system that also has emerged.
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postojao je vrlo jasno razvijen klasni sistem.
07:37
So the lower the status of the job
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Dakle, što niži status u poslu
07:41
and of the person carrying out, the more removed
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jedna osoba ima, to više se sklanja
07:43
he would be from his personal sphere.
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iz svoje privatne oblasti.
07:46
People have taken this amazing possibility
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Ljudi su iskoristili ovu neverovatnu mogućnost
07:49
of actually being in contact all through the day
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da budu u kontaktu tokom čitavog dana
07:51
or in all types of situations.
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ili u bilo kojoj situaciji.
07:53
And they are doing it massively.
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I ljudi to čine masovno.
07:55
The Pew Institute, which produces good data
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"Pju" (Pew) Institut, koji obrađuje informacije
07:57
on a regular basis on, for instance, in the States,
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na dnevnoj bazi, na primer, u Americi,
08:00
says that -- and I think that this number is conservative --
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kaže da - i mislim da je ovaj broj konzervativan -
08:02
50 percent of anybody with email access at work
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50 posto svih koji imaju pristup imejlu na poslu,
08:06
is actually doing private email from his office.
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ustvari šalju privante mejlove iz svoje kancelarije.
08:09
I really think that the number is conservative.
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Stvarno mislim da je ovaj broj zastareo.
08:13
In my own research, we saw that the peak for private email
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U mom sopstvenom istraživanju, videli smo da je vrhunac slanja privatnih imejlova
08:15
is actually 11 o'clock in the morning, whatever the country.
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obično oko 11 sati ujutru, u bilo kojoj zemlji.
08:19
75 percent of people admit doing private
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75 odsto ljudi priznaje da ima privatne
08:22
conversations from work on their mobile phones.
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razgovore tokom radnog vremena preko svog mobilnog telefona.
08:25
100 percent are using text.
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100 posto ljudi koristi SMS.
08:28
The point is that this re-appropriation of the personal sphere
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Poenta je da ovo ponovno prisvajanje lične sfere
08:32
is not terribly successful with all institutions.
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nije toliko uspešno u svim institucijama.
08:35
I'm always surprised the U.S. Army
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Uvek se iznenadim kad sociolozi
08:37
sociologists are discussing of the impact
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američke vojske raspravljaju o uticaju,
08:39
for instance, of soldiers in Iraq
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na primer, vojnika u Iraku koji
08:41
having daily contact with their families.
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imaju svakodnevni kontakt sa svojim porodicama.
08:44
But there are many institutions that are actually blocking this access.
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Ali postoje mnoge institucije koje ustvari blokiraju ovakav pristup.
08:50
And every day, every single day,
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Svakog dana
08:52
I read news that makes me cringe,
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čitam vesti zbog kojih se trgnem,
08:54
like a $15 fine
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npr kažnjavanje dece sa 15 dolara
08:56
to kids in Texas,
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u Teksasu,
08:58
for using, every time they take out their mobile phone in school.
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za korićenje mobilnih, svaki put kad ih koriste u školi.
09:01
Immediate dismissal to bus drivers in New York,
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Trenutno otpuštanje vozača autobusa u Nju Jorku,
09:05
if seen with a mobile phone in a hand.
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ako su uhvaćeni sa mobilnim u ruci.
09:07
Companies blocking access to IM or to Facebook.
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Kompanije blokiraju pristup "IM-u" ili "Fejsbuku".
09:13
Behind issues of security and safety,
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Pored problema sigurnosti i bezbednosti,
09:16
which have always been the arguments for social control,
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koji su oduvek argumenti za socijlanu kontrolu,
09:19
in fact what is going on is that
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ustvari ono što se dešava je
09:21
these institutions are trying to decide
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da ove institucije pokušavaju da odluče
09:25
who, in fact, has a right to self determine their attention,
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ko, ustvari, ima pravo da odredi sopstvenu pažnju,
09:28
to decide, whether they should, or not, be isolated.
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da odluči, da li treba ili ne da bude izolovan.
09:32
And they are actually trying to block, in a certain sense,
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I ustvari pokušavaju da blokiraju, u određenom smislu,
09:38
this movement of a greater possibility of intimacy.
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ovaj pokret za veću mogućnost intimnosti.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Stefana Broadbent - Tech anthropologistStefana Broadbent watches us while we communicate, work and go about our daily lives. She is one of a new class of ethnographers who study the way our social habits and relationships function and mutate in the digital age.
Why you should listen
Stefana Broadbent, a cognitive scientist, has spent decades observing people as they use technology, both at home and at work and everything in between. She looks at the way we use digital channels to forge relationships, to perform our jobs, to engage as citizens, to learn and care for others.
Using traditional and evolving ethnographic practices in her research, now at If You Want To and formerly as Head of Collective Intelligence at NESTA and a Lecturer in Digital Anthropology at University College London, she has made some surprising findings. Did you know, for instance, that the majority of our digital interactions are still with 4 or 5 of our closest ties? Or that one the most significant transformation in our working life has been the possibility of keeping in touch with our loved ones from our workplace?
Stefana Broadbent | Speaker | TED.com