Robb Willer: How to have better political conversations
ロブ・ウィラー: 政治的な問題をうまく議論するには
Robb Willer's political research has investigated various topics, including economic inequality, racial prejudice, masculine overcompensation and Americans' views of climate change. Full bio
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as most people do,
こう感じられていることでしょう
is getting worse in our country,
between the left and the right
in really any of our lifetimes.
悪化していると
if research backs up your intuition.
と思われているかもしれません
the answer is sadly yes.
残念ながら あります
have grown further apart.
大きくなっていると示されています
in these ideological silos,
政治的イデオロギーの殻に閉じこもり
talking only to like-minded others
似た考えを持つ人とだけ付き合い
to live in different parts of the country.
選ぶようになっています
most alarming of all of it
animosity on both sides.
高まっていることです
don't like one another.
嫌いになってきている
目にされているでしょう
They don't want to date one another.
したくないとか
they find each other less attractive,
魅力を感じなくなるとか
their children to marry someone
the students that I work with,
some sort of social pattern --
話しているのですが
よくこう聞きます
with this pattern?
どんな映画だろう
with political polarization?
どんな映画がピッタリくるでしょう?
we're in a zombie apocalypse movie.
ゾンビによる世界の終末ものですね
うろうろする人々が出てきます
and destroy society.
社会を壊そうとしている人々です
in the zombie apocalypse movie,
思っていることでしょう
it's being propagated by the other people,
向こうの人々が広めたとお思いでしょう?
to what we hold dear,
としているだけであって
in the army of the undead.
歩兵ではありません
they think they're in?
考えているでしょう?
that they're the good guys
正義の味方だと
that they think that they're Brad Pitt
誰が言えますか?
that we're all a part of this.
皆が この一部になっている ということです
is that we can be a part of the solution.
問題解決の役割の一部を担えるのです
at polarization in everyday life?
どうすれば崩していけるのでしょう?
and communicate with
どのように繋がり
that I and my colleague, Matt Feinberg,
同僚のマット・フェインバーグが
数年前に強く関心を抱いたことでした
doing research on this topic.
研究を始めました
that we discovered
最初の発見は
for understanding polarization
is undergirded by a deeper moral divide.
裏付けられている ということです
in the history of political psychology
最も確固たる発見の一つに
by Jon Haidt and Jesse Graham,
という心理学者が発見した―
tend to endorse different values
さまざまな価値観を支持する度合いが
tend to endorse values like equality
平等や公平
and protection from harm
危害からの保護といった価値観を
values like loyalty, patriotism,
といった価値観を
that maybe this moral divide
for understanding how it is
考えたのです
talk to one another
seem to talk past one another
to write a persuasive essay
in support of same-sex marriage.
tended to make arguments
平等、公平といった―
of equality and fairness.
議論する傾向があることが分かりました
to love whoever they choose,"
愛することができる権利を持つ」とか
as other Americans."
と書いてありました
that 69 percent of liberals
moral values in constructing their essay,
one of the more conservative moral values,
論文を書いたのはたったの9%でした
to be trying to persuade conservatives.
かかわらずです
and had them make persuasive arguments
the official language of the US,
political position,
much better at this.
conservative moral values,
invoked a liberal moral value,
訴えるエッセイでした
to be targeting liberals for persuasion.
かかわらずです
why we're in trouble here. Right?
they're their most deeply held beliefs.
心に深く根付いている信念で
to fight and die for their values.
戦って死んでもいいとさえ思うものです
just to agree with you
思わないようなことのために
want to agree with you on anyway?
誰が思うでしょう
you're making to your Republican uncle
説得しようとする時
just have to change his view,
意見だけではなく
his underlying values, too,
言い方をしたら
that we call moral reframing,
手法が使えると考えています
in a series of experiments.
この手法を研究しました
and conservatives to a study
読んでもらいました
attitudes surveyed.
調査してみました
pro-environmental essay
環境保護重視の考え方で
of care and protection from harm.
リベラル派の価値観に訴えるものでした
"In many important ways
to the places we live in,"
自ら危害をもたらしている」とか
that we take steps now
守るためには
from being done to our Earth."
a really different essay
the conservative value of moral purity.
はまるように書かれた論文で
訴えるものでもありました
and skies pure is of vital importance."
維持することは とても重要なことです」
to be disgusting."
can help us preserve
about the places we live."
守ることができるのだ」など
to read just a nonpolitical essay.
so we could get a baseline.
データを比較するためです
attitudes afterwards,
どの論文を読んでも あまり影響はなく
it didn't matter what essay they read.
pro-environmental attitudes regardless.
環境保護を推進する立場なのです
for environmental protection.
of progressive environmental policies
支持する姿勢を
one of the other two essays.
顕著でした
who read the moral purity essay
that they believed in global warming
didn't even mention global warming.
触れておらず
this moral reframing effect was.
強く影響を及ぼしていました
of different political issues.
同じ調査研究を行いました
リベラルな問題について
or national health insurance,
political issues to conservative values
うまくいくでしょう
といった価値観です
to the right on conservative policy issues
保守派の政策問題
the official language of the US,
policy issues to liberal moral values
例えば
伝わるでしょう
have the same clear message:
同じで明確でした
someone on some policy,
to their underlying moral values.
結びつけると上手くいくということです
it's something we really struggle to do.
to persuade somebody on a political issue,
説得すると言いながら 結局は
話しかけているだけなのです
as we rehearse our own reasons
自分なりの理由を繰り返すだけで
some sort of political position.
いていないのです
these reframed moral arguments,
私たちは繰り返し言っているのは
empathy and respect."
somebody in this country.
変えることができるかもしれません
もしかしたら―
there's a white cop and a black cop,
白人と黒人の警官コンビで
to come together and they cooperate,
協力するようになり
that they had to cross. Right?
とても深かったから
than ever before.
離れていってしまいます
where we are in this country,
of a buddy cop movie --
to come back together.
また よりを戻すところまでいきます
is going to start with us.
と思うのです
all the things that divide us.
それは正しいことだから
because this hate and contempt
the very fabric of our society.
社会の土台までをも脅かすから
そしてこの国のために
理解し合わなければなりません
to let them hate us either.
しておくわけにはいきません
that we owe our fellow citizens.
するべきではないでしょうか?
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robb Willer - Social psychologistRobb Willer's political research has investigated various topics, including economic inequality, racial prejudice, masculine overcompensation and Americans' views of climate change.
Why you should listen
Robb Willer is a professor of sociology, psychology and organizational behavior at Stanford University. He studies the role of morality in politics. His research shows how moral values, typically a source of ideological division, can also be used to bring people together. His political research has investigated various topics, including economic inequality, racial prejudice, masculine overcompensation and Americans' views of climate change.
Willer has won numerous awards for his teaching and research, including the Golden Apple Teaching Award, the only award given by UC-Berkeley’s student body. Willer's class, "Self and Society," was the highest enrollment class at UC-Berkeley. His consulting clients have included the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Open Society Foundation, the Last Resort Exoneration Project and the Department of Justice.
Willer's writing has appeared in the New York Times and the Washington Post, including his op-eds "The Secret to Political Persuasion" and "Is the Environment a Moral Cause?"
Willer received a Ph.D from Cornell University and a BA from the University of Iowa. Before becoming a professor, he worked as a dishwasher, construction worker, mover, line cook and union organizer.
Robb Willer | Speaker | TED.com