Martin Ford: How we'll earn money in a future without jobs
マーティン・フォード: 職が無くなる未来社会でのお金の稼ぎ方
Martin Ford imagines what the accelerating progress in robotics and artificial intelligence may mean for the economy, job market and society of the future. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
a future without jobs?
向かっているのでしょうか?
of interest in this question,
何度も問われてきたので
that's been asked
might displace workers
生まれるのではないかという恐怖感は
to lots of unemployment
to the Luddite revolts in England.
ラッダイト運動に遡り
has come up again and again.
この不安は浮上してきました
heard of the Triple Revolution report,
ご存知ないでしょう
by a brilliant group of people --
two Nobel laureates --
to the President of the United States,
大統領に報告したものです
of economic and social upheaval
数百万人が失業することになるので
was going to put millions of people
動乱に瀕していると
to President Lyndon Johnson
リンドン・ジョンソン大統領に
hasn't really happened.
of thinking about this.
典型的な考え方が導かれました
丸ごと破壊するかもしれない
entire industries.
and types of work.
一掃するかもしれない
to entirely new things.
that will arise in the future,
will have to hire people.
that will appear,
we can't really even imagine.
できないものである
that have been created
a lot better than the old ones.
より良いものが多く
been more engaging.
more comfortable work environments,
have played out so far.
class of worker
ある特別な種類の労働者には
has been quite different.
待っていました
decimated their work,
any new opportunities at all.
point in the future,
人による労働力の大部分が
workforce is going to be made redundant
reflexive reaction to that.
こう答えるかもしれません
human beings to horses?"
比較できるわけがないじゃないか」
and tractors came along,
トラクターが出現した時
are intelligent;
always find something new to do,
見つけて
ずっと関わっていけるはずです
relevant to the future economy.
critical thing to understand.
理解しておくべきことがあります
workers in the future
and trucks and tractors
自動車やトラックやトラクターとは
of thinking, learning, adapting machines.
適応できるようになります
beginning to encroach
so different from horses,
重要な能力であり
of the march of progress
進歩に一足先んじることができ
to the economy.
経済に不可欠な存在でいられました
取り上げます
this ongoing process
指数関数的な加速を継続的に見てきたことです
broad-based than that;
for example, to software,
例えばソフトウェアや
bandwidth and so forth.
あてはまります
been going on for a really long time.
続いているということです
circuits were fabricated,
これまで30回も起きました
of 30 doublings in computational power
of times to double any quantity,
とてつもない増大率となります
where we're going to see
進歩を見ることになり
of absolute progress,
to continue to also accelerate
加速し続けていくということです
数年から数十年を見てみると
to the coming years and decades,
that we're going to see things
that astonish us.
in a limited sense, beginning to think.
思考し始めているということです
artificial intelligence;
人工知能を指してはいません
are making decisions.
意思決定することを言っているのです
and most importantly, they're learning.
さらに重要なのは 学習していることです
that is truly central to this
the driving force behind this,
1つあるとしたら
this incredibly powerful,
強力で破壊的で
なりつつあります
I've seen of that recently
最も良い例は
division was able to do
果たした快挙でしょう
to beat the best player in the world
世界最強の棋士を破ったシステムです
stand out about the game of Go.
要素があります
that the board can be in
than there are atoms in the universe.
宇宙に存在する原子の数より多いのです
a computer to win at the game of Go
力任せの計算能力を投入する取り組み方では
brute-force computational power at it.
thinking-like approach is needed.
洗練された手法が必要になります
that really stands out is that,
of the championship Go players,
話を聞いてみると
even really articulate what exactly it is
自分たちの思考過程を
as they play the game.
that's very intuitive,
about which move they should make.
ほぼ感覚的なものなのです
at a world champion level
囲碁を打つことは
that's safe from automation,
言いたくなるところです
raise a cautionary flag for us.
私たちは警告信号を発するべきなのです
to draw a very distinct line,
私たちは明確な線引きをしがちだからです
are all the jobs and tasks
予想しやすいと考えられる仕事や業務です
fundamentally routine and repetitive
might be in different industries,
and at different skill levels,
さまざまかもしれません
going to be susceptible
that's a lot of jobs.
あてはまることでしょう
on the order of roughly half
私たちが考える能力を
that require some capability
that we think are safe.
安全だと考えています
about the game of Go,
to be on the safe side of that line.
考えかねないところですが
Googleがその問題を解いている事からすると
and that Google solved this problem,
to be very dynamic.
自動化とは無縁と考える職業や業務の
that consumes more and more jobs and tasks
as being safe from automation.
low-wage jobs or blue-collar jobs,
低賃金の仕事や 肉体労働 つまり
low levels of education.
climbing the skills ladder.
急速に向上していて
on professional jobs --
見ているわけです
会計士や
行われてきました
and tasks and jobs
by automation in the future
challenged going forward.
very well end up in a future
or stagnant wages,
賃金の停滞に直面し
of inequality.
a terrific amount of stress
とてつもない負荷を
a fundamental economic problem,
are currently the primary mechanism
それによる購買力とを行き渡らせる―
and therefore purchasing power,
消費者が購入するからです
and services we're producing.
維持するためには
lots and lots of consumers
生産された商品やサービスを
the products and services
危機に陥ったり
then you run the risk
購入できる消費者が
customers out there
and services being produced.
市場経済へのアクセスに
on access to that market economy
具体的に想像できるでしょう
in terms of one really exceptional person.
say, Steve Jobs,
考えてみてください
on an island all by himself.
to be running around,
anything special,
is that there is no market
展開できる市場が存在しないからです
his incredible talents across.
is really critical to us as individuals,
個人にとって重要で
in terms of it being sustainable.
重要なのです
この問題をどう解決するべきかでしょう
What exactly could we do about this?
through a very utopian framework.
未来社会において
where we all have to work less,
genuinely rewarding
懸命に努力するべきです
absolutely strive to move toward.
we have to be realistic,
私たちは現実的でなくてはいけません
a significant income distribution problem.
認識しなければなりません
to be left behind.
to solve that problem,
収入を従来の仕事から分離する方法を
to have to find a way
way I know to do that
最良で簡単な方法として
or universal basic income.
a very important idea.
重要なアイデアになりつつあります
of traction and attention,
実行されていますし
pilot projects
throughout the world.
is not a panacea;
万能薬ではありません
a plug-and-play solution,
build on and refine.
改良するべきアイデアです
written quite a lot about
明確な報奨制度を取り入れることです
explicit incentives into a basic income.
悪戦苦闘している高校生だとします
high school student.
of dropping out of school.
中退の瀬戸際だとしましょう
that at some point in the future,
得られるとなったらどうでしょう
basic income as everyone else.
a very perverse incentive
簡単にあきらめて中退を選ばせる―
and drop out of school.
私は思います
structure things that way.
from high school somewhat more
中退者よりも
incentives into a basic income,
報奨制度を取り入れるというアイデアは
an incentive to work in the community
things for the environment,
into a basic income,
最低所得保障に取り入れることで
a couple of steps
going to face in the future,
従来の仕事への需要が減少する将来に
meaning and fulfillment,
人生の意味や充実感を得るかとか
there's less demand for traditional work?
問題だったりします
a basic income,
more politically and socially acceptable
実現性の高いものに
that it will actually come to be.
見通しが高まるのです
ほとんど直感的な異論は
to the idea of a basic income,
拡大することへの異論は
expansion of the safety net,
with too many people
不足してしまうことへの懸念です
I'm making here, of course,
能力をつけているはずで
to be capable of pulling that cart for us.
our society and our economy,
beyond simply being an option,
これらのすべてが
is that all of this is going to put
begins to erode in the future,
損なわれることになれば
置き換えていかなければなりません
it with something else
直面することになります
may not be sustainable.
is that I really think
私が本当に思っているのは
to build a future economy
成功できる方法を探していくことは
challenges that we all face
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Martin Ford - FuturistMartin Ford imagines what the accelerating progress in robotics and artificial intelligence may mean for the economy, job market and society of the future.
Why you should listen
Martin Ford was one of the first analysts to write compellingly about the future of work and economies in the face of the growing automation of everything. He sketches a future that's radically reshaped not just by robots but by the loss of the income-distributing power of human jobs. How will our economic systems need to adapt?
He's the author of two books: Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future (winner of the 2015 Financial Times/McKinsey Business Book of the Year Award ) and The Lights in the Tunnel: Automation, Accelerating Technology and the Economy of the Future, and he's the founder of a Silicon Valley-based software development firm. He has written about future technology and its implications for the New York Times, Fortune, Forbes, The Atlantic, The Washington Post, Harvard Business Review and The Financial Times.
Martin Ford | Speaker | TED.com