ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Adam de la Zerda - Biologist, electrical engineer
Adam de la Zerda develops new medical imaging technologies to detect and destroy cancer.

Why you should listen

Adam de la Zerda is an assistant professor at the Departments of Structural Biology and Electrical Engineering (courtesy) at Stanford University – School of Medicine. He completed his undergraduate degree in computer engineering and physics from the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in 2005 Summa Cum Laude. He received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University in 2011, where he developed the Photoacoustic Molecular Imaging technique with Sanjiv Sam Gambhir. He was then a postdoctoral fellow at the lab of Carolyn Bertozzi at UC Berkeley – Chemistry Department, before joining the Stanford faculty in 2012.

de la Zerda's research interests span the broad field of molecular imaging. His lab focuses on developing new optical imaging instrumentation and chemistry tools to study the complex spatiotemporal behavior of biomolecules in living subjects. The lab uses animal models for cancer and ophthalmic diseases such as age-related macular degeneration. His research efforts span both basic science and clinically translatable work.

de la Zerda has received many awards and honors for his work, including the Pew-Stewart Scholar for Cancer Research, the AFOSR Young Investigator Award, Baxter Faculty Scholar Award, Dale F. Frey Award, Forbes Magazine 30 Under 30 in Science and Healthcare for 2012 and 2014, NIH Director’s Early Independence Award, Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship, Era of Hope Distinguished Predoctoral Poster Award, Best Poster Presentation at SPIE Photonics West, the Young Investigator Award at the World Molecular Imaging Congress, the Department of Defense Breast Cancer Research Program Award for Predoctoral researchers, the Bio-X Graduate Student Fellowship and first place at the Bay Area Entrepreneurship Contest. He has published papers in leading journals including Nature Medicine, Nature Nanotechnology and PNAS. He holds a number of patents and is the founder of a medical device company, Click Diagnostics.

More profile about the speaker
Adam de la Zerda | Speaker | TED.com
TEDxStanford

Adam de la Zerda: We can start winning the war against cancer

Adam de la Zerda: Podemos começar a ganhar a guerra contra o câncer

Filmed:
1,133,485 views

Saiba mais sobre os mais recentes avanços na guerra contra o câncer com o pesquisador da Stanford, Adam de la Zerda, que está trabalhando em algumas técnicas de ponta de sua autoria. Usando uma notável tecnologia de imagem que ilumina partículas de ouro injetadas no corpo à procura de câncer, o laboratório de la Zerda espera iluminar o caminho para que os cirurgiões possam remover até mesmo o traço mais ínfimo de tumores mortais.
- Biologist, electrical engineer
Adam de la Zerda develops new medical imaging technologies to detect and destroy cancer. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
"We're declaring war against cancer,
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"Estamos declarando
guerra contra o câncer,
00:14
and we will win this war by 2015."
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e vamos vencer essa guerra até 2015."
00:18
This is what the US Congress
and the National Cancer Institute declared
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Isto foi o que o Congresso dos EUA
e o Instituto Nacional do Câncer
declararam há alguns anos, em 2003.
00:22
just a few years ago, in 2003.
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00:25
Now, I don't know about you,
but I don't buy that.
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Não sei quanto a vocês,
mas eu não caio nessa.
Não acho que tenhamos vencido
essa guerra ainda,
00:28
I don't think we quite won this war yet,
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00:30
and I don't think
anyone here will question that.
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e não acho que alguém aqui
vá questionar isso.
00:33
Now, I will argue that a primary reason
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Vou argumentar que a principal razão
por não estarmos vencendo
essa guerra contra o câncer
00:36
why we're not winning
this war against cancer
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00:38
is because we're fighting blindly.
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é que estamos lutando às cegas.
Começarei compartilhando uma história
sobre um grande amigo meu, o Ehud.
00:40
I'm going to start by sharing with you
a story about a good friend of mine.
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00:44
His name is Ehud,
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Há alguns anos, ele foi diagnosticado
com câncer cerebral.
00:45
and a few years ago,
Ehud was diagnosed with brain cancer.
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E não apenas qualquer tipo.
00:48
And not just any type of brain cancer:
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Foi diagnosticado com uma das formas
mais mortais de câncer cerebral.
00:50
he was diagnosed with one
of the most deadly forms of brain cancer.
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00:53
In fact, it was so deadly
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Tão mortal que os médicos lhe disseram
que eles só teriam 12 meses,
00:55
that the doctors told him
that they only have 12 months,
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e, durante esse período, eles tinham
que encontrar um tratamento, uma cura.
00:57
and during those 12 months,
they have to find a treatment.
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01:01
They have to find a cure,
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E, se não fosse possível, ele morreria.
01:02
and if they cannot
find a cure, he will die.
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A boa notícia, segundo eles,
01:05
Now, the good news, they said,
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01:07
is that there are tons
of different treatments to choose from,
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é que há diversos tratamentos a escolher.
Mas a má notícia
01:10
but the bad news is
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01:11
that in order for them to tell
if a treatment is even working or not,
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é que, pra que possam dizer
se um tratamento está funcionando,
01:15
well, that takes them
about three months or so.
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eles precisariam de cerca de três meses.
01:17
So they cannot try that many things.
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Então, não poderiam tentar muitas coisas.
01:19
Well, Ehud is now going
into his first treatment,
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Bem, Ehud estava passando
pelo seu primeiro tratamento,
e, durante aquele tratamento,
alguns dias após o seu início,
01:23
and during that first treatment,
just a few days into that treatment,
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01:26
I'm meeting with him, and he tells me,
"Adam, I think this is working.
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nos encontramos e ele me disse:
"Adam, acho que está dando certo.
01:29
I think we really lucked out here.
Something is happening."
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Tivemos sorte. Algo está acontecendo".
E perguntei: "É mesmo?
Como sabe disso, Ehud?"
01:32
And I ask him, "Really?
How do you know that, Ehud?"
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E ele disse: "Bem, eu me sinto
tão terrível por dentro.
01:35
And he says, "Well,
I feel so terrible inside.
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Algo deve estar funcionando
lá em cima. Tem que estar".
01:37
Something's gotta be working up there.
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01:39
It just has to."
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Bem, infelizmente, três meses depois,
recebemos a notícia: não funcionou.
01:40
Well, unfortunately, three months later,
we got the news, it didn't work.
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Então, Ehud foi para o segundo tratamento.
01:45
And so Ehud goes
into his second treatment.
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E, novamente, a mesma história:
01:47
And again, the same story.
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"É uma sensação tão ruim.
Algo tem que estar funcionando".
01:48
"It feels so bad, something's
gotta be working there."
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E, três meses depois,
novamente, temos más notícias.
01:51
And then three months later,
again we get bad news.
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Ehud entrou no terceiro,
e, depois, no quarto tratamento.
01:54
Ehud is going into his third treatment,
and then his fourth treatment.
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01:58
And then, as predicted, Ehud dies.
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E então, como previsto, Ehud morreu.
Quando alguém realmente próximo a você
está passando por uma enorme luta assim,
02:01
Now, when someone really close to you
is going through such a huge struggle,
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você fica inundado de emoções.
02:06
you get really swamped with emotions.
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02:08
A lot of things
are going through your head.
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Muita coisa passa por sua cabeça.
02:10
For me, it was mostly outrage.
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Para mim, foi principalmente indignação.
02:11
I was just outraged that, how come
this is the best that we can offer?
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Fiquei indignado: "Como pode isto ser
o melhor que podemos oferecer?"
02:16
And I started looking
more and more into this.
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E comecei a investigar isso cada vez mais.
02:18
As it turns out, this is not just
the best that doctors could offer Ehud.
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E descobrimos que não era o melhor
que os médicos podiam oferecer a Ehud.
02:22
It's not just the best doctors could offer
patients with brain cancer generally.
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Nem o que os médicos podiam oferecer
a pacientes com câncer cerebral em geral.
02:26
We're actually not doing that well
all across the board with cancer.
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Na verdade, não estamos nos saindo bem
de maneira geral com o câncer.
Peguei uma dessas estatísticas,
02:30
I picked up one of those statistics,
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02:32
and I'm sure some of you
have seen those statistics before.
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e tenho certeza de que alguns
de vocês já as viram antes.
02:34
This is going to show you here
how many patients actually died of cancer,
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Vocês verão aqui quantos pacientes
realmente morreram de câncer:
neste caso, mulheres nos EUA, desde 1930.
02:38
in this case females in the United States,
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02:40
ever since the 1930s.
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Notarão que não houve muitas mudanças.
02:41
You'll notice that there aren't
that many things that have changed.
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Ainda é um enorme problema.
02:44
It's still a huge issue.
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Mas vemos algumas mudanças.
02:46
You'll see a few changes, though.
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02:48
You'll see lung cancer,
for example, on the rise.
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Vemos o câncer de pulmão,
por exemplo, aumentar.
Obrigado, cigarros.
02:50
Thank you, cigarettes.
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E vemos também que, por exemplo,
o câncer de estômago
02:52
And you'll also see that,
for example, stomach cancer
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que costumava ser um dos maiores
assassinos de todos os cânceres,
02:54
once used to be one
of the biggest killers of all cancers,
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foi essencialmente eliminado.
02:58
is essentially eliminated.
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Então, por que isto?
Alguém sabe, por acaso?
03:00
Now, why is that?
Anyone knows, by the way?
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Por que a humanidade não é mais
atingida pelo câncer de estômago?
03:02
Why is it that humanity is no longer
struck by stomach cancer?
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03:05
What was the huge, huge
medical technology breakthrough
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Qual foi o enorme avanço
da tecnologia médica
que veio ao nosso mundo e salvou
a humanidade do câncer de estômago?
03:10
that came to our world
that saved humanity from stomach cancer?
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Foi talvez uma nova droga,
ou um melhor diagnóstico?
03:15
Was it maybe a new drug,
or a better diagnostic?
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03:19
You guys are right, yeah.
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Vocês estão certos, sim.
03:20
It's the invention of the refrigerator,
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Foi a invenção da geladeira,
e o fato de que não estamos mais
comendo carne estragada.
03:23
and the fact that we're
no longer eating spoiled meats.
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03:25
So the best thing
that happened to us so far
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Então, a melhor coisa
que nos aconteceu até agora,
03:28
in the medical arena in cancer research
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na área médica na pesquisa de câncer
foi a invenção da geladeira.
03:29
is the fact that
the refrigerator was invented.
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03:32
(Laughter)
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(Risos)
03:33
And so -- yeah, I know.
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Sim, pois é.
03:34
We're not doing so well here.
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Não estamos indo tão bem.
03:36
I don't want to miniaturize the progress
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Eu não quero menosprezar o progresso
03:38
and everything that's been done
in cancer research.
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e tudo o que foi feito
na pesquisa sobre o câncer.
Vejam, há mais de 50 anos
de boa pesquisa sobre o câncer
03:41
Look, there is like 50-plus years
of good cancer research
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que descobriu coisas importantes,
que nos ensinou sobre a doença.
03:45
that discovered major, major things
that taught us about cancer.
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Mas com tudo que eu disse,
03:48
But all that said,
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nós temos muito trabalho pesado
para fazer ainda a nossa frente.
03:50
we have a lot of heavy lifting
to still do ahead of us.
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03:54
Again, I will argue that the primary
reason why this is the case,
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Novamente, vou argumentar
que o principal motivo para isso,
03:58
why we have not done that remarkably well,
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por que não fizemos isso muito bem,
é que estamos lutando às cegas.
04:00
is really we're fighting blindly here.
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É aqui que as imagens médicas
e o meu trabalho entram em cena.
04:01
And this is where
medical imaging comes in.
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04:04
This is where my own work comes in.
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E, para dar a vocês uma ideia
das melhores imagens médicas
04:06
And so to give you a sense
of the best medical imaging
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04:09
that's offered today
to brain cancer patients,
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oferecidas hoje a pacientes
com câncer cerebral,
04:11
or actually generally
to all cancer patients,
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ou, em geral, a todos
os pacientes com câncer,
04:13
take a look at this PET scan right here.
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observem este PET scan aqui.
04:15
Let's see. There we go.
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Vejamos. Aqui está.
04:17
So this is a PET/CT scan,
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Este é um PET-CT scan,
04:19
and what you'll see in this PET/CT scan
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e o que vemos neste exame
04:21
is the CT scan will show you
where the bones are,
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é a posição dos ossos,
e onde os tumores estão.
04:25
and the PET scan will show you
where tumors are.
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O que podemos ver aqui
04:27
Now, what you can see here
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04:30
is essentially a sugar molecule
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é essencialmente uma molécula de açúcar
que recebeu um pequeno identificador
04:32
that was added a small little tag
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04:34
that is signaling to us
outside of the body,
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que está nos sinalizando
fora do corpo: "Ei, estou aqui!"
04:36
"Hey, I'm here."
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E essas moléculas de açúcar são injetadas
nestes pacientes aos bilhões,
04:37
And those sugar molecules are injected
into these patients by the billions,
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e elas viajam por todo o corpo
04:41
and they're going all over the body
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procurando por células
famintas pelo açúcar.
04:43
looking for cells
that are hungry for sugar.
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Vocês verão que o coração,
por exemplo, se acende ali.
04:46
You'll see that the heart,
for example, lights up there.
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04:49
That's because the heart
needs a lot of sugar.
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Isso porque ele precisa de muito açúcar.
04:51
You'll also see that the bladder
lights up there.
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Vejam também que a bexiga se acende.
04:53
That's because the bladder
is the thing that's clearing
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Isso porque a bexiga é o órgão
que elimina o açúcar do organismo.
04:56
the sugar away from our body.
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E aí vemos outros pontos vermelhos,
e estes são os tumores.
04:58
And then you'll see a few other hot spots,
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05:00
and these are in fact the tumors.
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É realmente uma tecnologia maravilhosa.
05:01
Now, this is a really
a wonderful technology.
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Pela primeira vez, nos permitiu
observar o corpo de alguém
05:03
For the first time it allowed us
to look into someone's body
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05:07
without picking up
each and every one of the cells
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sem considerar cada uma das células,
e colocá-las sob o microscópio,
05:09
and putting them under the microscope,
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mas de uma forma não invasiva,
nos permitindo observar um corpo
05:11
but in a noninvasive way
allowing us to look into someone's body
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e perguntar: "Há metástase do tumor?
05:14
and ask, "Hey,
has the cancer metastasized?
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05:16
Where is it?"
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Onde está?"
E as imagens do PET aqui
estão mostrando claramente
05:17
And the PET scans here
are showing you very clearly
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os pontos vermelhos, ou seja, o tumor.
05:20
where are these hot spots,
where is the tumor.
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05:23
So as miraculous as this might seem,
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Por mais milagroso que possa parecer,
05:26
unfortunately, well, it's not that great.
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infelizmente, não é tão bom assim.
05:30
You see, those
small little hot spots there.
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Veem os pequenos pontos vermelhos?
Podem imaginar quantas células cancerosas
se encontram em qualquer destes tumores?
05:33
Can anyone guess how many cancer cells
are in any one of these tumors?
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São cerca de 100 milhões
de células cancerosas,
05:38
So it's about 100 million cancer cells,
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05:40
and let me make sure
that this number sunk in.
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e vou garantir a vocês
que este número é real.
05:43
In each and every one
of these small little blips
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Em cada um destes pequenos pontos
que veem na imagem
05:46
that you're seeing on the image,
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precisa haver pelo menos
100 milhões de células cancerosas
05:47
there needs to be
at least 100 million cancer cells
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05:51
in order for it to be detected.
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para que o tumor seja detectado.
05:53
Now, if that seemed to you
like a very large number,
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Se esse pareceu um número
muito alto, é porque é.
05:55
it is a very large number.
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05:58
This is in fact
an incredibly large number,
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É incrivelmente alto,
pois, para detectar algo cedo o bastante
e fazermos algo significativo a respeito,
06:00
because what we really need
in order to pick up something early enough
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06:04
to do something about it,
to do something meaningful about it,
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precisamos detectar os tumores
com mil células em tamanho,
06:07
well, we need to pick up tumors
that are a thousand cells in size,
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e, idealmente, apenas
algumas células em tamanho.
06:10
and ideally just
a handful of cells in size.
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Então, estamos claramente bem longe disso.
06:12
So we're clearly
pretty far away from this.
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Então, faremos um pequeno experimento.
06:14
So we're going to play
a little experiment here.
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Vou pedir a vocês agora
que participem e imaginem
06:16
I'm going to ask each of you
to now play and imagine
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que são neurocirurgiões,
06:19
that you are brain surgeons.
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e estão numa sala de cirurgia,
06:21
And you guys are now at an operating room,
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e há um paciente na frente de vocês,
06:25
and there's a patient in front of you,
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e sua tarefa é garantir
que o tumor seja removido.
06:27
and your task is to make sure
that the tumor is out.
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Vocês estão observando o paciente,
06:31
So you're looking down at the patient,
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a pele e o crânio já foram removidos,
06:34
the skin and the skull
have already been removed,
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então estão olhando para o cérebro.
06:37
so you're looking at the brain.
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E tudo que sabem sobre este paciente
06:38
And all you know about this patient
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06:40
is that there's a tumor
about the size of a golf ball or so
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é que há um tumor do tamanho
de uma bola de golfe ou algo assim
06:43
in the right frontal lobe
of this person's brain.
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no lobo frontal direito do cérebro dele.
06:46
And that's more or less it.
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Então estão olhando para baixo,
e, infelizmente, tudo parece o mesmo,
06:47
So you're looking down, and unfortunately
everything looks the same,
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pois o tecido do câncer cerebral
e o saudável parecem o mesmo.
06:50
because brain cancer tissue
and healthy brain tissue
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06:53
really just look the same.
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06:55
And so you're going in with your thumb,
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E, assim, vocês pressionam o cérebro
um pouco com o polegar,
06:57
and you start to press
a little bit on the brain,
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pois tumores tendem a ser
um pouco mais rígidos,
06:59
because tumors tend to be
a little harder, stiffer,
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vocês continuam e dizem:
"Parece que o tumor está bem ali".
07:02
and so you go in and go
a little bit like this and say,
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07:04
"It seems like the tumor is right there."
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Pegam o bisturi
e começam a extrair o tumor,
07:06
Then you take out your knife
and start cutting the tumor
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cada pedacinho e, ao extrair o tumor,
07:09
piece by piece by piece.
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07:10
And as you're taking the tumor out,
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chegam a um ponto no qual pensam:
"Tudo bem, terminei. Extraí tudo".
07:12
then you're getting
to a stage where you think,
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07:14
"Alright, I'm done.
I took out everything."
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Se até agora tudo pareceu louco,
07:16
And at this stage, if that's --
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07:18
so far everything sounded,
like, pretty crazy --
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vocês estão prestes a enfrentar
a decisão mais desafiadora de suas vidas,
07:21
you're now about to face the most
challenging decision of your life here.
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pois precisam decidir
07:24
Because now you need to decide,
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se devem parar aqui
e deixar este paciente partir,
07:26
should I stop here
and let this patient go,
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07:29
risking that there might be
some leftover cancer cells behind
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correndo o risco de que algumas
células cancerosas possam ter ficado,
07:32
that I just couldn't see,
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que vocês não puderam ver,
07:33
or should I take away some extra margins,
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441960
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ou se devem tirar algumas margens extras,
cerca de uma polegada
ou algo assim em torno do tumor,
07:36
typically about an inch or so
around the tumor
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07:39
just to be sure that I removed everything?
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2200
só para ter certeza de que removeram tudo?
07:43
So this is not a simple decision to make,
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Não é uma decisão simples,
07:47
and unfortunately this is the decision
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e, infelizmente, essa é a decisão
07:49
that brain cancer surgeons
have to take every single day
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que os neurocirurgiões
têm que fazer todos os dias
07:53
as they're seeing their patients.
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quando veem seus pacientes.
07:55
And so I remember talking
to a few friends of mine in the lab,
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Lembro-me de falar para alguns
dos meus amigos no laboratório:
07:58
and we say, "Boy,
there's got to be a better way."
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"Deve haver uma maneira melhor".
Mas não como se diz a um amigo
que deve haver uma maneira melhor.
08:00
But not just like you tell a friend
that there's got to be a better way.
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"Tem que haver uma maneira melhor."
08:04
There's just got to be a better way here.
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Isto é simplesmente incrível.
08:06
This is just incredible.
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08:07
And so we looked back.
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Em retrocesso - lembrem-se dos exames
que mencionei, do açúcar e tudo mais...
08:09
Remember those PET scans I told you about,
the sugar and so on.
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08:12
We said, hey, how about
instead of using sugar molecules,
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nós dissemos: "Que tal se,
em vez de moléculas de açúcar,
08:15
let's maybe take tiny, tiny
little particles made of gold,
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usássemos partículas de ouro minúsculas
08:18
and let's program them with some
interesting chemistry around them.
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e as programássemos, com uma química
interessante em torno delas,
para procurar células cancerosas?
08:21
Let's program them
to look for cancer cells.
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08:24
And then we will inject
these gold particles
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492360
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E então injetamos estas partículas de ouro
nesses pacientes aos bilhões novamente,
08:26
into these patients by the billions again,
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e fazemos com que percorram
todo o corpo, como agentes secretos,
08:28
and we'll have them go all over the body,
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1976
08:30
and just like secret agents, if you will,
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1976
em cada célula do nosso corpo
e batam à porta daquela célula:
08:32
go and walk by
every single cell in our body
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08:35
and knock on the door of that cell,
195
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"Você é uma célula
cancerosa ou é saudável?
08:37
and ask, "Are you a cancer cell
or are you a healthy cell?
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505320
2736
Se for saudável, seguimos adiante.
08:40
If you're a healthy cell, we're moving on.
197
508080
2016
Se for cancerosa,
vamos nos grudar e brilhar
08:42
If you're a cancer cell,
we're sticking in and shining out
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510120
2736
e ela nos dirá:
'Olhem pra mim, estou aqui'".
08:44
and telling us,
"Hey, look at me, I'm here."
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E farão isso através de câmeras
que desenvolvemos no laboratório.
08:47
And they'll do it
through some interesting cameras
200
515000
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08:49
that we developed in the lab.
201
517400
1416
E, uma vez que vemos isso, talvez
possamos orientar neurocirurgiões
08:50
And once we see that,
maybe we can guide brain cancer surgeons
202
518840
2935
a extrair somente o tumor,
deixando o cérebro saudável.
08:53
towards taking only the tumor
and leaving the healthy brain alone.
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08:57
And so we've tested that,
and boy, this works well.
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3056
Testamos isso e funciona bem.
09:00
So I'm going to show you an example now.
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Vou lhes mostrar um exemplo.
09:02
What you're looking at here
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O que veem aqui é a imagem
09:04
is an image of a mouse's brain,
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do cérebro de um rato,
e implantamos no cérebro dele
um pequeno tumor,
09:08
and we've implanted
into this mouse's brain
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536560
3136
09:11
a small little tumor.
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539720
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que está agora crescendo
no cérebro deste rato.
09:13
And so this tumor is now
growing in this mouse's brain,
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2616
Depois, o levamos a um cirurgião
09:15
and then we've taken a doctor
and asked the doctor
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2656
e pedimos que ele opere o rato
como se fosse um paciente,
09:18
to please operate on the mouse
as if that was a patient,
212
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2816
e que extraia pedaço por pedaço do tumor.
09:21
and take out piece by piece
out of the tumor.
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2416
E, enquanto ele faz isso,
09:23
And while he's doing that,
214
551600
1776
09:25
we're going to take images
to see where the gold particles are.
215
553400
2976
fazemos imagens para ver
onde estão as partículas de ouro.
09:28
And so we're going to first start
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556400
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Assim começamos primeiro
injetando as partículas de ouro no rato,
09:30
by injecting these gold particles
into this mouse,
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2416
e vemos bem aqui, à esquerda,
aquela imagem ao fundo,
09:32
and we're going to see
right here at the very left there
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09:35
that image at the bottom
219
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1256
09:36
is the image that shows
where the gold particles are.
220
564680
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mostrando a localização
das partículas de ouro.
O legal é que essas partículas
chegaram ao tumor,
09:39
The nice thing
is that these gold particles
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09:41
actually made it all the way to the tumor,
222
569280
2016
e depois elas brilham e nos dizem:
"Chegamos! Aqui está o tumor".
09:43
and then they shine out and tell us,
"Hey, we're here. Here's the tumor."
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Agora podemos ver o tumor, mas
não o mostramos ao cirurgião ainda.
09:47
So now we can see the tumor,
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09:48
but we're not showing this
to the doctor yet.
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2136
Pedimos a ele que comece
a extrair o tumor,
09:50
We're asking the doctor,
now please start cutting away the tumor,
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3056
e verão aqui que ele só extraiu
o primeiro quadrante do tumor;
09:53
and you'll see here the doctor
just took the first quadrant of the tumor
227
581640
3416
podem ver que não está mais lá.
09:57
and you see that first quadrant
is now missing.
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585080
2216
O cirurgião então avança
para o segundo e terceiro quadrantes,
09:59
The doctor then took
the second quadrant, the third,
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587320
2456
e agora parece ter terminado.
10:01
and now it appears to be everything.
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589800
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Nesta fase, o cirurgião retornou
e nos disse: "Tudo bem, terminei.
10:03
And so at this stage,
the doctor came back to us and said,
231
591560
2736
10:06
"Alright, I'm done.
What do you want me to do?
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2256
O que querem que eu faça?
10:08
Should I keep things as they are
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596600
1576
Deixo como está, ou querem
que extraia margens extras ao redor?"
10:10
or do you want me to take
some extra margins around?"
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2496
E então dissemos: "Bem, espere.
Você se esqueceu desses dois pontos.
10:12
And then we said, "Well, hang on."
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10:14
We told the doctor,
"You've missed those two spots,
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602400
2416
Em vez de retirar
margens enormes ao redor,
10:16
so rather than taking huge margins around,
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2000
só retire essas pequenas áreas.
10:18
only take out those tiny little areas.
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1832
Retire-as e depois vamos observar".
10:20
Take them out,
and then let's take a look."
239
608720
2016
Então, o cirurgião as retirou e vejam só!
10:22
And so the doctor took them away,
and lo and behold,
240
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2856
O câncer desapareceu completamente.
10:25
the cancer is now completely gone.
241
613640
2016
10:27
Now, the important thing
242
615680
1376
O importante
não é apenas que o câncer
desapareceu completamente
10:29
is that it's not just
that the cancer is completely gone
243
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2620
10:31
from this person's brain,
244
619724
1332
do cérebro deste rato.
10:33
or from this mouse's brain.
245
621080
1320
10:35
The most important thing
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623160
1256
O mais importante
10:36
is that we did not have to take
huge amounts of healthy brain
247
624440
2896
é que não tivemos que extrair enormes
quantidades de cérebro saudável
10:39
in the process.
248
627360
1216
no processo.
10:40
And so now we can actually imagine a world
249
628600
2176
E agora podemos imaginar um mundo
onde cirurgiões, quando extraem um tumor,
10:42
where doctors and surgeons,
as they take away a tumor,
250
630800
3896
sabem o que extrair, e não precisam
adivinhar com o polegar.
10:46
they actually know what to take out,
251
634720
1420
10:48
and they no longer
have to guess with their thumb.
252
636170
2110
É por isso que é extremamente importante
extrair os minúsculos tumores restantes,
10:51
Now, here's why it's extremely important
to take those tiny little leftover tumors.
253
639520
3936
mesmo que sejam apenas algumas células,
10:55
Those leftover tumors,
even if it's just a handful of cells,
254
643480
2856
pois vão crescer para recorrer ao tumor,
10:58
they will grow to recur the tumor,
255
646360
3056
para que ele volte.
11:01
for the tumor to come back.
256
649440
1656
11:03
In fact, the reason why 80 to 90 percent
257
651120
1936
Na verdade, de 80 a 90% dessas cirurgias
de câncer cerebral acabam falhando
11:05
of those brain cancer surgeries
ultimately fail
258
653080
2216
devido àquelas pequenas
margens extras que restaram positivas,
11:07
is because of those small little
extra margins that were left positive,
259
655320
3776
11:11
those small little leftover tumors
that were left there.
260
659120
2680
aqueles pequenos tumores
que foram deixados lá.
11:15
So this is clearly very nice,
261
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2176
Isso é muito bom,
11:17
but what I really want to share with you
is where I think we're heading from here.
262
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4296
mas quero compartilhar com vocês
aonde acho que estamos indo daqui.
11:21
And so in my lab at Stanford,
263
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1656
No meu laboratório em Stanford,
11:23
my students and I are asking,
what should we be working on now?
264
671640
5520
meus alunos e eu estamos nos perguntando
no que deveríamos estar trabalhando agora.
E acho que a imagiologia médica
está caminhando para a habilidade
11:29
And I think where
medical imaging is heading to
265
677600
2856
11:32
is the ability to look into the human body
266
680480
2336
de observar o corpo humano
11:34
and actually see each and every one
of these cells separately.
267
682840
3440
e ver cada uma dessas
células separadamente.
11:39
The ability like this would allow us
268
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1736
Tal habilidade nos permitiria
11:40
to actually pick up tumors
way, way earlier in the process,
269
688760
2896
diagnosticar tumores
precocemente no processo,
muito antes de alcançarem
as 100 milhões de células,
11:43
way before it's 100 million cells inside,
so we can actually do something about it.
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3920
para que possamos fazer algo a respeito.
11:48
An ability to see each and every one
of the cells might also allow us
271
696200
3416
A capacidade de ver cada uma das células
pode também nos permitir
fazer perguntas perspicazes.
11:51
to ask insightful questions.
272
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1376
11:53
So in the lab,
we are now getting to a point
273
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2096
No laboratório, estamos
chegando a um ponto
11:55
where we can actually start asking
these cancer cells real questions,
274
703160
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em que podemos fazer perguntas
reais a essas células cancerosas
11:58
like, for example, are you responding
to the treatment we are giving you or not?
275
706440
3776
como: "O tratamento
está funcionando ou não?
Se não estiver, teremos que parar
o tratamento imediatamente,
12:02
So if you're not responding, we'll know
to stop the treatment right away,
276
710240
3456
dias após o início, não em três meses.
12:05
days into the treatment, not three months.
277
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2040
Também para pacientes como Ehud,
12:08
And so also for patients like Ehud
278
716480
2176
que estão usando drogas
quimioterápicas desagradáveis,
12:10
that are going through these
nasty, nasty chemotherapy drugs,
279
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4416
12:15
for them not to suffer
280
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1256
para que eles não sofram com aqueles
efeitos colaterais horríveis das drogas,
12:16
through those horrendous
side effects of the drugs
281
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2896
12:19
when the drugs are
in fact not even helping them.
282
727320
2656
quando elas nem estão, de fato, ajudando.
12:22
So to be frank here,
283
730000
2936
Para ser franco,
12:24
we're pretty far away
from winning the war against cancer,
284
732960
3456
estamos bem distantes
de "vencer a guerra contra o câncer",
12:28
just to be realistic.
285
736440
1256
sendo bem realista.
12:29
But at least I am hopeful
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1896
Mas, pelo menos, tenho esperança
12:31
that we should be able to fight this war
with better medical imaging techniques
287
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4136
de que poderemos lutar esta guerra
com melhores técnicas de imagem médica
12:35
in the way that is not blind.
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1856
de um modo que não seja às cegas.
Obrigado.
12:37
Thank you.
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(Aplausos)
12:38
(Applause)
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Translated by Maricene Crus
Reviewed by Sarah Tambur

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Adam de la Zerda - Biologist, electrical engineer
Adam de la Zerda develops new medical imaging technologies to detect and destroy cancer.

Why you should listen

Adam de la Zerda is an assistant professor at the Departments of Structural Biology and Electrical Engineering (courtesy) at Stanford University – School of Medicine. He completed his undergraduate degree in computer engineering and physics from the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in 2005 Summa Cum Laude. He received his Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Stanford University in 2011, where he developed the Photoacoustic Molecular Imaging technique with Sanjiv Sam Gambhir. He was then a postdoctoral fellow at the lab of Carolyn Bertozzi at UC Berkeley – Chemistry Department, before joining the Stanford faculty in 2012.

de la Zerda's research interests span the broad field of molecular imaging. His lab focuses on developing new optical imaging instrumentation and chemistry tools to study the complex spatiotemporal behavior of biomolecules in living subjects. The lab uses animal models for cancer and ophthalmic diseases such as age-related macular degeneration. His research efforts span both basic science and clinically translatable work.

de la Zerda has received many awards and honors for his work, including the Pew-Stewart Scholar for Cancer Research, the AFOSR Young Investigator Award, Baxter Faculty Scholar Award, Dale F. Frey Award, Forbes Magazine 30 Under 30 in Science and Healthcare for 2012 and 2014, NIH Director’s Early Independence Award, Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship, Era of Hope Distinguished Predoctoral Poster Award, Best Poster Presentation at SPIE Photonics West, the Young Investigator Award at the World Molecular Imaging Congress, the Department of Defense Breast Cancer Research Program Award for Predoctoral researchers, the Bio-X Graduate Student Fellowship and first place at the Bay Area Entrepreneurship Contest. He has published papers in leading journals including Nature Medicine, Nature Nanotechnology and PNAS. He holds a number of patents and is the founder of a medical device company, Click Diagnostics.

More profile about the speaker
Adam de la Zerda | Speaker | TED.com

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