TEDxCaltech
Leonard Susskind: My friend Richard Feynman
Leonard Susskind: Prietenul meu Richard Feynman
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Oare cum e să fii prieten cu un geniu? Pe scena de la TEDxCaltech fizicianul Leonard Susskind deapănă câteva poveşti despre prietenia lui cu legendarul Richard Feyman, discutând despre abordarea lui neconvenţională asupra problemelor serioase şi..mai puţin serioase.
Leonard Susskind - Physicist
Leonard Susskind works on string theory, quantum field theory, quantum statistical mechanics and quantum cosmology at Stanford. Full bio
Leonard Susskind works on string theory, quantum field theory, quantum statistical mechanics and quantum cosmology at Stanford. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
I decided when I was asked to do this
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Am decis, atunci când am fost rugat să fac asta,
00:17
that what I really wanted to talk about
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că despre ceea ce vreau cu adevărat să vorbesc
00:19
was my friend Richard Feynman.
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este prietenul meu Richard Feyman.
00:21
I was one of the fortunate few
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Am fost unul dintre puţinii norocoşi
00:23
that really did get to know him
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care l-au cunoscut cu adevărat
00:25
and enjoyed his presence.
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şi care s-a bucurat de prezenţa lui.
00:27
And I'm going to tell you the Richard Feynman that I knew.
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Şi vă voi spune despre Richard Feynman pe care l-am cunoscut eu.
00:30
I'm sure there are other people here
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Sunt sigur că sunt alte persoane aici
00:32
who could tell you about the Richard Feynman they knew,
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care vă pot spune despre Richard Feynman pe care l-au cunoscut ei,
00:34
and it would probably be a different Richard Feynman.
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şi probabil e un Richard Feynman diferit.
00:36
Richard Feynman was a very complex man.
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Richard Feynman a fost un bărbat foarte complex.
00:39
He was a man of many, many parts.
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A fost un bărbat cu multe, multe părţi.
00:41
He was, of course, foremost,
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A fost, bineînţeles înainte de toate
00:43
a very, very, very great scientist.
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un foarte, foarte, foarte mare om de ştiinţă.
00:46
He was an actor. You saw him act.
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A fost un actor. L-aţi văzut jucând.
00:49
I also had the good fortune to be in those lectures,
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Am avut de asemenea norocul să fiu în prelegerile acelea
00:52
up in the balcony.
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sus la balcon.
00:54
They were fantastic.
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Au fost fantastice.
00:56
He was a philosopher;
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A fost un filosof;
00:58
he was a drum player;
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a fost un cântăreţ la tobe;
01:00
he was a teacher par excellence.
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a fost un profesor prin excelenţă.
01:03
Richard Feynman was also a showman,
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Richard Feynman a fost de asemenea un showman,
01:05
an enormous showman.
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un mare showman.
01:07
He was brash, irreverent --
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Era dezaprobator, nerespectuos--
01:11
he was full of macho,
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era foarte masculin,
01:13
a kind of macho one-upmanship.
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un fel de masculinitate personala.
01:16
He loved intellectual battle.
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Iubea luptele intelectuale.
01:20
He had a gargantuan ego.
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A avut un ego gargantuesc.
01:24
But the man had somehow
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Dar bărbatul a avut cumva
01:27
a lot of room at the bottom.
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mult loc de sondare.
01:29
And what I mean by that
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Şi ce vreau să spun cu asta
01:31
is a lot of room, in my case --
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mult loc, în cazul meu--
01:34
I can't speak for anybody else --
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Nu pot vorbi pentru altcineva --
01:36
but in my case,
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dar în cazul meu,
01:38
a lot of room for another big ego.
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mult loc pentru un alt mare ego.
01:41
Well, not as big as his,
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Ei bine, nu atât de mare ca al lui,
01:43
but fairly big.
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dar suficient de mare.
01:45
I always felt good with Dick Feynman.
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Întotdeauna m-am simţit bine cu Dick Feynman.
01:48
It was always fun to be with him.
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Era întotdeauna distractiv să fii cu el.
01:50
He always made me feel smart.
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El întotdeauna m-a făcut să mă simt deştept.
01:52
How can somebody like that make you feel smart?
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Cum poate cineva ca el să te facă să te simţi deştept?
01:54
Somehow he did.
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Cumva a făcut-o.
01:56
He made me feel smart. He made me feel he was smart.
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El mă făcea să mă simt deştept. El mă făcea să simt că el era deştept.
01:58
He made me feel we were both smart,
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El mă făcea să simt că amândoi eram deştepţi,
02:00
and the two of us could solve any problem whatever.
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şi că amândoi puteam rezolva orice problemă oricare ar fi.
02:04
And in fact, we did sometimes do physics together.
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Şi de fapt, am făcut uneori fizică împreună.
02:07
We never published a paper together,
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Nu am publicat o lucrare împreună,
02:09
but we did have a lot of fun.
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dar ne-am distrat pe cinste.
02:13
He loved to win.
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El iubea să câştige.
02:15
With these little macho games we would sometimes play --
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Cu aceste mici jocuri macho ne jucam uneori--
02:18
and he didn't only play them with me, he played them with all sorts of people --
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şi nu le juca numai cu mine, le juca cu o mulţime de oameni--
02:21
he would almost always win.
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el aproape întodeauna câştiga.
02:23
But when he didn't win, when he lost,
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Dar când nu câştiga, când pierdea,
02:26
he would laugh and seem to have just as much fun
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râdea şi părea să se distreze la fel de mult
02:29
as if he had won.
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ca şi cum ar fi câştigat.
02:31
I remember once he told me a story
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Îmi amintesc că odată mi-a spus o poveste
02:33
about a joke that the students played on him.
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despre o glumă pe care i-au făcut-o studenţii.
02:36
They took him -- I think it was for his birthday --
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L-au dus-- cred că era de ziua lui--
02:38
they took him for lunch.
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l-au dus la un prânz.
02:40
They took him for lunch
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L-au dus la un prânz
02:42
to a sandwich place in Pasadena.
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într-un loc din Pasadena în care se fac sandvişuri.
02:44
It may still exist; I don't know.
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S-ar putea să mai existe; Nu ştiu.
02:46
Celebrity sandwiches was their thing.
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Sandvişurile denumite după celebrităţi erau specialitatea lor.
02:49
You could get a Marilyn Monroe sandwich.
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Puteai lua un sandviş Marilyn Monroe.
02:51
You could get a Humphrey Bogart sandwich.
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Puteai lua un sandviş Humphrey Bogart.
02:54
The students went there in advance,
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Studenţii au mers acolo înainte
02:56
and they arranged that they would all order Feynman sandwiches.
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şi au aranjat ca toţi să comande sandvişuri Feynman.
02:59
One after another, they came in and ordered Feynman sandwiches.
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Unul după altul, au intrat şi au comandat sandvisuri Feynman.
03:02
Feynman loved this story.
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Feynman iubea povestea asta.
03:04
He told me this story, and he was really happy and laughing.
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Mi-a spus povestea asta şi era chiar fericit şi râdea.
03:08
When he finished the story, I said to him,
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Când a terminat povestea i-am zis
03:11
"Dick, I wonder what would be the difference
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"Dick mă întreb care ar fi diferenţa
03:13
between a Feynman sandwich and a Susskind sandwich."
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dintre un sandviş Feynman şi un sandviş Susskind".
03:17
And without skipping a beat at all,
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Şi fără să-i scape nimic
03:19
he said, "Well, they'd be about the same.
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a spus: "Ei bine, ar fi cam la fel.
03:22
The only difference is a Susskind sandwich would have a lot more ham,"
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Singura diferenţă e că un sandviş Susskind ar avea mult mai multă şuncă",
03:25
ham, as in bad actor.
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şuncă, ca la un actor prost.
03:27
(Laughter)
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(Râsete)
03:29
Well, I happened to have been very quick that day,
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Ei bine, s-a întâmplat să fiu foarte rapid în ziua aia,
03:32
and I said, "Yeah, but a lot less baloney."
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şi am zis: "Mda, dar cu mult mai puţine tâmpenii."
03:35
(Laughter)
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(Râsete)
03:38
The truth of the matter
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Adevărul este că
03:42
is that a Feynman sandwich
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un sandviş Feynman
03:44
had a load of ham,
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avea o grămadă de şuncă,
03:46
but absolutely no baloney.
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dar nu avea absolut deloc tâmpenii.
03:50
What Feynman hated worse than anything else
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Ceea ce ura Feynman mai mult decât orice
03:52
was intellectual pretense --
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era prefacatoria intelectuală--
03:54
phoniness,
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falsitatea,
03:56
false sophistication, jargon.
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falsa sofisticare, jargonul.
03:59
I remember sometime during the '80s,
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Îmi amintesc că odată prin anii 80
04:02
the mid-'80s,
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la jumătatea anilor 80
04:04
Dick and I and Sidney Coleman
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Dick şi cu mine şi cu Sidney Coleman
04:06
would meet a couple of times
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ne-am întâlnit de câteva ori
04:08
up in San Francisco at some very rich guy's house --
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în San Francisco în casa unui tip foarte bogat--
04:11
up in San Francisco for dinner.
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în San Francisco la o cină.
04:13
And the last time the rich guy invited us,
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Şi ultima oară când tipul bogat ne-a invitat
04:16
he also invited a couple of philosophers.
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a invitat şi doi filosofi.
04:18
These guys were philosophers of mind.
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Tipii aceştia erau filosofi ai minţii.
04:21
Their specialty was the philosophy of consciousness.
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Specialitatea lor era filosofia conştiinţei.
04:24
And they were full of all kinds of jargon.
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Şi erau plini de jargoane de tot felul.
04:26
I'm trying to remember the words --
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Încerc să îmi amintesc cuvintele--
04:29
"monism," "dualism," categories all over the place.
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"monism", "dualism", categorii peste tot.
04:32
I didn't know what those things meant, neither did Dick --
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Nu ştiam ce înseamnă aceste cuvinte, nici Dick nu ştia--
04:34
neither did Sydney for that matter.
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nici Sidney, de fapt.
04:36
And what did we talk about?
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Şi despre ce am vorbit?
04:38
Well, what do you talk about when you talk about minds?
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Ei bine, despre ce vorbeşti când vorbeşti despre minţi?
04:41
One thing, there's one obvious thing to talk about --
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Un lucru, acest lucru evident despre care să vorbeşti--
04:43
can a machine become a mind?
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poate o maşină să devină o minte?
04:45
Can you build a machine
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Poţi construi o maşină
04:47
that thinks like a human being,
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care să gândească ca un om
04:49
that is conscious?
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care să fie conştientă?
04:51
We sat around and we talked about this -- we of course never resolved it.
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Am stat şi am discutat despre asta --noi desigur nu am rezolvat asta niciodată.
04:54
But the trouble with the philosophers
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Dar problema cu filosofii
04:56
is that they were philosophizing
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este că ei filozofau
04:58
when they should have been science-iphizing.
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când ar fi trebuit să "ştiinţifieze".
05:00
It's a scientific question after all.
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Este o întrebare ştiinţifică până la urmă.
05:03
And this was a very, very dangerous thing to do
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Şi lucru acesta era foarte, foarte periculos de făcut
05:05
around Dick Feynman.
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în preajma lui Dick Feynman.
05:10
Feynman let them have it -- both barrels, right between the eyes.
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Feynman i-a lăsat să se desfăşoare -- ţintindu-i chiar între ochi.
05:13
It was brutal; it was funny -- ooh, it was funny.
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A fost brutal, amuzant--oh, a fost amuzant.
05:16
But it was really brutal.
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Dar a fost cu adevărat brutal.
05:18
He really popped their balloon.
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Chiar le-a spart balonul.
05:20
But the amazing thing was --
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Dar lucrul extraordinar a fost că--
05:22
Feynman had to leave a little early.
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Feynman a trebuit să plece un pic mai devreme.
05:24
He wasn't feeling too well, so he left a little bit early.
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Nu se simţea prea bine aşa că a plecat un pic mai devreme.
05:27
And Sidney and I were left there with the two philosophers.
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Şi Sidney şi cu mine am rămas acolo cu cei 2 filosofi.
05:30
And the amazing thing is these guys were flying.
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Şi lucrul extraordinar e că tipii aceştia erau în culmea fericirii.
05:33
They were so happy.
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Erau foarte fericiti.
05:35
They had met the great man;
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Întâlniseră un mare om;
05:38
they had been instructed by the great man;
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fuseseră instruiţi de un mare om;
05:40
they had an enormous amount of fun
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s-au distrat enorm
05:42
having their faces shoved in the mud,
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având feţele băgate în noroi.
05:45
and it was something special.
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şi a fost ceva special.
05:48
I realized there was something just extraordinary about Feynman,
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Am realizat că era ceva extraordinar despre Feynman,
05:51
even when he did what he did.
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chiar şi când a făcut ceea ce a făcut.
05:58
Dick, he was my friend. I did call him Dick.
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Dick, a fost prietenul meu. Chiar îi spuneam Dick.
06:01
Dick and I had a certain, a little bit of a rapport.
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Dick şi cu mine am fost un pic mai apropiaţi.
06:03
I think it may have been a special rapport that he and I had.
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Cred că poate să fi fost o relaţie specială pe care el şi cu mine am avut-o.
06:06
We liked each other; we liked the same kind of things.
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Ne plăceam; ne plăceau aceleaşi lucruri.
06:09
I also liked the kind of intellectual macho games.
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De asemenea, îmi plăceau jocurile intelectuale macho.
06:13
Sometimes I would win, mostly he would win,
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Uneori câştigam eu, de cele mai multe ori câştiga el,
06:15
but we both enjoyed them.
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dar amândurora ne plăceau jocurile.
06:17
And Dick became convinced at some point
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Şi Dick era convins la un moment dat
06:19
that he and I had some kind of similarity of personality.
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că el şi cu mine aveam personaliăţi asemănătoare.
06:23
I don't think he was right.
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Nu cred că avea dreptate.
06:25
I think the only point of similarity between us
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Cred că singurul punct comun dintre noi
06:27
is we both like to talk about ourselves.
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era că amândurora ne plăcea să vorbim despre noi.
06:30
But he was convinced of this.
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Dar el era convins de asta.
06:32
And he was curious.
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Şi era curios.
06:34
The man was incredibly curious.
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Era incredibil de curios.
06:36
And he wanted to understand what it was and why it was
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Şi voia să înţeleagă ce a fost şi de ce a fost
06:39
that there was this funny connection.
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această conexiune amuzantă.
06:43
And one day we were walking. We were in France.
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Şi într-una din zile ne plimbam. Eram în Franţa.
06:45
We were in La Zouche.
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Eram în La Zouche.
06:47
We were up in the mountains, 1976.
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Eram în vârful munţilor, în 1976.
06:49
We were up in the mountains, and Feynman said to me,
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Eram în vârful munţilor şi Feynman mi-a spus,
06:52
he said, "Leonardo."
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a spus: "Leonardo."
06:54
The reason he called me Leonardo
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Motivul pentru care îmi spunea Leonardo
06:56
is because we were in Europe
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e că eram în Europa
06:58
and he was practicing his French.
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şi el îşi exersa franceza.
07:01
And he said, "Leonardo,
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Şi a spus: "Leonardo,
07:04
were you closer to your mother or to you father
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erai mai apropiat de mama ta sau de tatăl tău
07:07
when you were a kid?"
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când erai copil?"
07:09
And I said, "Well, my real hero was my father.
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Iar eu am spus: "Ei bine, eroul meu adevărat a fost tatăl meu.
07:12
He was a working man,
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Era muncitor,
07:14
had a fifth grade education.
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a terminat 5 clase.
07:17
He was a master mechanic, and he taught me how to use tools.
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Era mecanic şef şi m-a învăţat cum să folosesc uneltele.
07:20
He taught me all sorts of things about mechanical things.
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M-a învăţat o mulţime de chestii despre lucrurile mecanice.
07:24
He even taught me the Pythagorean theorem.
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M-a învăţat chiar teorema lui Pitagora.
07:26
He didn't call it the hypotenuse,
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El nu spunea ipotenuza,
07:28
he called it the shortcut distance."
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îi spunea scurtătura."
07:31
And Feynman's eyes just opened up.
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Şi ochii lui Feynman s-au deschis
07:33
He went off like a light bulb.
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S-au aprins ca un bec.
07:35
And he said he had had
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Şi a spus că el a avut
07:38
basically exactly the same relationship
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practic, exact aceeaşi relaţie
07:40
with his father.
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cu tatăl lui.
07:42
In fact, he had been convinced at one time
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De fapt, el a fost convins la un moment dat
07:45
that, to be a good physicist,
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că pentru a fi un bun fizician
07:48
that it was very important
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era foarte important
07:50
to have had that kind of relationship with your father.
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să fi avut o astfel de relaţie cu tatăl tău.
07:53
I apologize for the sexist conversation here,
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Îmi cer scuze pentru conversaţia sexistă de aici,
07:56
but this is the way it really happened.
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dar chiar aşa s-a întâmplat.
07:58
He said that he had been absolutely convinced that this was necessary --
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El a spus că a fost absolut convins că acest lucru a fost necesar--
08:02
the necessary part of the growing up of a young physicist.
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partea necesară din maturizarea unui tânar fizician.
08:06
Being Dick, he, of course, wanted to check this.
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Fiind Dick, el bineînţeles, a vrut să verifice asta.
08:09
He wanted to go out and do an experiment.
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El a vrut să iasă şi să facă un experiment.
08:11
So, well he did.
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Aşa că l-a făcut.
08:13
He went out and did an experiment.
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A ieşit afară şi a făcut un experiment.
08:15
He asked all his friends that he thought were good physicists,
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I-a întrebat pe toţi prietenii lui despre care credea că erau buni fizicieni,
08:18
"Was it your mom or your pop that influenced you?"
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"A fost mama ta sau tatăl tău cel care te-a influenţat mai mult?"
08:21
And to a man -- they were all men --
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Şi unui bărbat -- toţi erau bărbaţi --
08:23
to a man, every single one of them
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unui bărbat, fiecare dintre ei
08:25
said, "My mother."
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a spus: "Mama mea".
08:27
(Laughter)
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(Râsete)
08:30
There went that theory down the trashcan of history.
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A aruncat si acea teorie în lada de gunoi a istoriei.
08:35
But he was very excited that he had finally met somebody
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Dar el era foarte emotionat că în sfârşit întâlnise pe cineva
08:38
who had the same experience with my father
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care a avut aceeaşi experienţă cu tatăl meu
08:41
as he had with his father.
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cum a avut el cu tatăl lui.
08:43
And for some time, he was convinced
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Şi pentru un timp, era convins
08:45
this was the reason we got along so well.
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că acesta e motivul pentru care ne înţelegem aşa de bine.
08:47
I don't know. Maybe. Who knows?
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Nu ştiu. Poate. Cine ştie?
08:49
But let me tell you a little bit
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Dar să vă spun un pic
08:51
about Feynman the physicist.
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despre Feynman fizicianul.
08:55
Feynman's style --
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Stilul lui Feynman --
08:57
no, style is not the right word.
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nu, stil nu e cuvîntul potrivit
08:59
Style makes you think of the bow tie he might have worn
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Stil te face să te gândeşti la un papion pe care l-ar purta
09:01
or the suit he was wearing.
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sau la un costum pe care-l purta.
09:03
There's something much deeper than that,
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Este ceva mult mai adânc decât asta,
09:05
but I can't think of another word for it.
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dar nu mă pot gândi la alt cuvânt pentru asta.
09:07
Feynman's scientific style
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Stilul ştiinţific al lui Feynman
09:10
was always to look for the simplest,
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a fost întodeauna să cauţi cele mai simple,
09:12
most elementary solution to a problem that was possible.
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cele mai elementare soluţii posibile la o problemă.
09:17
If it wasn't possible, you had to use something fancier.
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Dacă asta nu era posibil, trebuia să foloseşti ceva mai elegant.
09:20
But no doubt part of this
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Dar fără îndoială că legat de asta
09:23
was his great joy and pleasure
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era marea lui bucurie şi plăcere
09:26
in showing people that he could think more simply than they could.
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în a arăta oamenilor că el putea gândi mult mai simplu decât puteau ei.
09:30
But he also deeply believed, he truly believed,
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Dar de asemenea el credea cu tărie, credea cu adevărat,
09:33
that if you couldn't explain something simply
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că dacă nu poţi explica ceva simplu
09:35
you didn't understand it.
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înseamna că nu ai înţeles acel lucru.
09:38
In the 1950s, people were trying to figure out
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În anii 1950 oamenii încercau să-şi dea seama
09:41
how superfluid helium worked.
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cum funcţionează heliumul superfluid.
09:43
There was a theory.
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Exista o teorie.
09:45
It was due to a Russian mathematical physicist,
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A apărut datorită unui fizician matematic rus
09:47
and it was a complicated theory.
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şi era o teorie complicată.
09:49
I'll tell you what that theory was soon enough.
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Vă voi spune despre ce era teoria imediat.
09:51
It was a terribly complicated theory
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Era o teorie teribil de complicată
09:53
full of very difficult integrals and formulas
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plină de integrale şi formule foarte dificile
09:56
and mathematics and so forth.
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şi matematici şi aşa mai departe.
09:58
And it sort of worked, but it didn't work very well.
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Şi a funcţionat oarecum, dar nu a funcţionat foarte bine.
10:01
The only way it worked
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Singurul mod în care a funcţionat
10:03
is when the helium atoms were very, very far apart.
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e atunci când atomii de heliu erau foarte, foarte depărtaţi unii de ceilalţi.
10:06
The helium atoms had to be very far apart.
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Atomii de heliu trebuia să fie foarte depărtaţi unii de ceilalţi.
10:08
And unfortunately, the helium atoms in liquid helium
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Şi din păcate, atomii de heliu în heliu lichid
10:10
are right on top of each other.
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sunt chiar unul deasupra altuia.
10:12
Feynman decided, as a sort of amateur helium physicist,
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Feynman a decis, ca un fel de fizician amator în subiectul heliu ,
10:15
that he would try to figure it out.
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că va încerca să desluşească problema.
10:18
He had an idea, a very clear idea.
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A avut o idee, o idee foarte clară.
10:20
He would try to figure out
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El a încercat să-şi dea seama
10:22
what the quantum wave function
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cum arată funcţia undei cuantice
10:24
of this huge number of atoms looked like.
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a acestui uriaş număr de atomi.
10:26
He would try to visualize it,
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El a încercat să o vizualizeze
10:28
guided by a small number of simple principles.
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ghidat de un număr mic de principii simple.
10:31
The small number of simple principles were very, very simple.
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Numărul mic al principiilor simple a fost foarte, foarte simplu.
10:34
The first one was
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Primul a fost că
10:36
that when helium atoms touch each other, they repel.
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atunci când atomii de heliu se ating între ei, se resping.
10:39
The implication of that is that the wave function has to go to zero,
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Implicaţia acestui fapt este că funcţia undei trebuia să tindă spre zero,
10:42
it has to vanish when the helium atoms touch each other.
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trebuia să dispară când atomii de heliu se ating.
10:45
The other fact
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Celălalt fapt e că
10:47
is that the ground state, the lowest energy state of a quantum system,
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starea de baza, cea mai joasă stare de energie a unui sistem cuantic,
10:50
the wave function is always very smooth --
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funcţia undei e intotdeauna foarte lină--
10:54
has the minimum number of wiggles.
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are numărul minim de fluctuatii.
10:56
So he sat down --
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Deci s-a aşezat--
10:58
and I imagine he had nothing more
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şi îmi imaginez că nu avea nimic mai mult
11:00
than a simple piece of paper and a pencil --
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decât o simplă foaie de hârtie şi un creion--
11:02
and he tried to write down, and did write down,
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şi a încercat să noteze, şi a notat,
11:04
the simplest function that he could think of
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cea mai simplă funcţie la care se putea gândi
11:07
which had the boundary conditions
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care avea condiţiile limită
11:09
that the wave function vanish when things touch
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în care funcţia undei dispărea când lucrurile se atingeau
11:11
and is smooth in between.
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şi care e lină în rest.
11:13
He wrote down a simple thing.
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El a notat un lucru simplu.
11:15
It was so simple, in fact,
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Era atât de simplu, de fapt,
11:17
that I suspect a really smart high school student,
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încât am bănuit că un elev cu adevărat deştept de liceu,
11:19
who didn't even have calculus,
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care nici măcar nu avea calculele,
11:21
could understand what he wrote down.
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putea înţelege ceea ce notase el.
11:24
The thing was that that simple thing that he wrote down
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Problema a fost că acel lucru simplu pe care l-a notat el
11:27
explained everything that was known at the time about liquid helium
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a explicat tot ce era cunoscut la momentul respectiv despre heliul lichid
11:30
and then some.
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şi mai mult.
11:32
I've always wondered
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Întotdeauna m-am întrebat
11:34
whether the professionals, the real professional helium physicists,
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dacă profesioniştii, fizicienii cu adevărat profesionişti în heliu
11:37
were just a little bit embarrassed by this.
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au fost un pic deranjaţi de lucrul acesta.
11:40
They had their super-powerful technique,
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Ei aveau tehnica lor super puternică,
11:42
and they couldn't do as well.
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şi nu puteau face la fel de bine.
11:44
Incidentally, I'll tell you what that super-powerful technique was.
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Întâmplător, vă voi spune eu care era tehnica aceea super-puternică.
11:48
It was the technique of Feynman diagrams.
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Era tehnica diagramelor lui Feynman.
11:51
(Laughter)
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(Râsete)
11:53
He did it again in 1968.
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A făcut-o din nou în 1968.
11:56
In 1968, in my own university --
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În 1968, în propria mea universitate --
11:58
I wasn't there at the time -- but in 1968,
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Nu am fost acolo la momentul respectiv-- dar în 1968,
12:01
they were exploring the structure of the proton.
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ei explorau structura protonului.
12:04
The proton is obviously made
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Protonul este făcut în mod evident
12:06
of a whole bunch of little particles.
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dintr-o mulţime de mici particule.
12:08
This was more or less known.
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Asta era mai mult sau mai puţin cunoscut.
12:10
And the way to analyze it was, of course, Feynman diagrams.
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Şi modul de a analiza asta au fost, bineînţeles, diagramele Feynman.
12:13
That's what Feynman diagrams were constructed for --
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Pentru asta au fost construite diagramele Feynman--
12:16
to understand particles.
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pentru a înţelege particulele.
12:18
The experiments that were going on were very simple.
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Experimentele care aveau loc erau foarte simple.
12:20
You simply take the proton,
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Luai pur şi simplu protonul
12:22
and you hit it really sharply with an electron.
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şi îl loveai într-adevăr puternic de un electron.
12:24
This was the thing the Feynman diagrams were for.
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Acesta era lucru pentru care existau diagramele Feynman.
12:27
The only problem
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Singura problemă
12:29
was that Feynman diagrams are complicated.
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a fost că diagramele Feynman sunt complicate.
12:31
They're difficult integrals.
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Sunt integrale dificile.
12:33
If you could do all of them, you would have a very precise theory.
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Dacă le-ai putea rezolva pe toate ai obţine o teorie foarte precisă.
12:36
But you couldn't; they were just too complicated.
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Dar nu poţi; erau mult prea complicate.
12:39
People were trying to do them.
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Oamenii încercau să le facă.
12:41
You could do a one loop diagram. Don't worry about one loop.
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Ai putea face o buclă dintr-o diagramă. Nu vă faceţi griji cu privire la o buclă.
12:44
One loop, two loops -- maybe you could do a three loop diagram,
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O buclă, două bucle-- poate vei putea face 3 bucle
12:47
but beyond that, you couldn't do anything.
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dar dincolo de asta nu poţi face nimic.
12:49
Feynman said, "Forget all of that.
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Feynman a spus: "Uită de toate astea.
12:51
Just think of the proton
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Gândeşte-te numai la proton
12:53
as an assemblage of little particles --
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ca la un ansamblu de mici particule--
12:55
a swarm of little particles."
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un roi de mici particule".
12:57
He called them partons. He called them partons.
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El i-a numit partoni.El i-a numit partoni.
13:00
He said, "Just think of it as a swarm of partons
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El spuena: "Gândeşte-te la ei numai ca la un roi de partoni
13:02
moving real fast."
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care se mişcă foarte repede."
13:04
Because they're moving real fast,
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Fiindcă se mişcă foarte repede,
13:08
relativity says the internal motions go very slow.
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relativitatea spune că mişcările interne devin mai lente.
13:12
The electron hits it suddenly.
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Electronul loveşte instantaneu.
13:14
It's like taking a very sudden snapshot of the proton.
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E ca şi cum ai face o fotografie fulger a protonului.
13:17
What do you see?
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Ce vezi?
13:19
You see a frozen bunch of partons.
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Vezi o mulţime de partoni îngheţaţi
13:24
They don't move, and because they don't move
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Ei nu se mişcă şi fiindcă nu se mişcă
13:26
during the course of the experiment,
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în timpul acestui experiment
13:28
you don't have to worry about how they're moving.
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nu trebuie să-ţi faci griji despre cum se mişcă.
13:30
You don't have to worry about the forces between them.
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Nu trebuie să-ţi faci griji despre forţele dintre ei.
13:32
You just get to think of it
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Tu doar trebuie să te gândeşti la ei
13:34
as a population
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ca la o populaţie
13:36
of frozen partons.
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de partoni îngheţaţi.
13:39
This was the key to analyzing these experiments.
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Aceasta a fost cheia analizării acestor experimente.
13:42
Extremely effective, it really did --
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Foarte eficiente, chiar au fost--
13:45
somebody said the word revolution is a bad word.
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cineva a spus despre cuvântul revoluţie ca e un cuvânt nepotrivit.
13:47
I suppose it is, so I won't say revolution --
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Presupun că este, aşa că nu voi spune revoluţie--
13:50
but it certainly evolved very, very deeply
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dar cu siguranţă a evoluat foarte, foarte profund
13:53
our understanding of the proton,
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înţelegerea noastră despre proton
13:56
and of particles beyond that.
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şi despre particulele din spatele lui.
13:58
Well, I had some more that I was going to tell you
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Ei bine, mai am multe despre care aş vrea să vă spun
14:00
about my connection with Feynman,
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despre relaţia mea cu Feynman
14:02
what he was like,
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despre cum era el,
14:04
but I see I have exactly half a minute.
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dar văd că mai am exact jumătate de minut.
14:06
So I think I'll just finish up
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Aşa că mă gândesc să închei
14:08
by saying I actually don't think Feynman would have liked this event.
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Spunand ca nu cred ca lui Feynman i-ar fi placut acest eveniment.
14:12
I think he would have said,
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Cred că ar fi spus:
14:15
"I don't need this."
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"Nu am nevoie de asta"
14:18
But how should we honor Feynman?
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Dar cum ar trebui să-l onorăm pe Feynman?
14:21
How should we really honor Feynman?
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Cum ar trebui să-l onorăm cu adevărat pe Feynman?
14:23
I think the answer is we should honor Feynman
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Cred că răspunsul e că ar trebui să-l onorăm pe Feynman
14:26
by getting as much baloney
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scoţând cât mai multe tâmpenii putem
14:28
out of our own sandwiches as we can.
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din propriile sandvişuri.
14:31
Thank you.
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Vă mulţumesc.
14:33
(Applause)
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(Aplauze)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Leonard Susskind - PhysicistLeonard Susskind works on string theory, quantum field theory, quantum statistical mechanics and quantum cosmology at Stanford.
Why you should listen
Leonard Susskind is the Felix Bloch Professor of Physics at Stanford University. His research interests include string theory, quantum field theory, quantum statistical mechanics, and quantum cosmology. He received the Pregel Award from the New York Academy of Science (1975), and the J. J. Sakurai Prize of the American Physical Society (1998) "for his pioneering contributions to hadronic string models, lattice gauge theories, quantum chromodynamics, and dynamical symmetry breaking." He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and, since 2009, has been serving as Director of the Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics.
He is a recent recipient of the Los Angeles Times Book Award in Science and Technology for The Black Hole War: My Battle with Stephen Hawking to Make the World Safe for Quantum Mechanics.
Leonard Susskind | Speaker | TED.com