TEDMED 2012
Robert Gupta: Between music and medicine
Robert Gupta: Medzi hudbou a medicínou
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Keď sa Robert Gupta ocitol na pomedzí kariéry lekára a huslistu, uvedomil si, že jeho miesto je niekde v strede, spolu so slákom v ruke a zmyslom pre sociálnu spravodlivosť v srdci. Rozpráva dojemný príbeh o marginalizovaných členoch spoločnosti a o sile terapie hudbou, ktorá môže uspieť tam, kde konvenčná medicína zlyháva.
Robert Gupta - Violinist
Violinist Robert Gupta joined the LA Philharmonic at the age of 19 -- and maintains a passionate parallel interest in neurobiology and mental health issues. He's a TED Senior Fellow. Full bio
Violinist Robert Gupta joined the LA Philharmonic at the age of 19 -- and maintains a passionate parallel interest in neurobiology and mental health issues. He's a TED Senior Fellow. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:23
(Music)
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(Hudba)
02:38
(Applause)
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(Potlesk)
02:41
Thank you very much. (Applause)
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Veľmi pekne ďakujem. (Potlesk)
02:47
Thank you. It's a distinct privilege to be here.
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Ďakujem. Je to veľká pocta, že tu môžem stáť.
02:50
A few weeks ago, I saw a video on YouTube
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Pred pár týždňami som na YouTube videl video
02:52
of Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords
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kongresmanky Gabrielle Giffordsovej
02:55
at the early stages of her recovery
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zo začiatkov jej zotavovania
02:57
from one of those awful bullets.
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po tých príšerných strelných ranách.
02:59
This one entered her left hemisphere, and
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Jedna zasiahla jej ľavú hemisféru
03:01
knocked out her Broca's area, the speech center of her brain.
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a poškodila Brockovu oblasť – rečové centrum mozgu.
03:05
And in this session, Gabby's working with a speech therapist,
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Na tom videu Gabby spolupracuje s logopédom
03:08
and she's struggling to produce
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a bojuje s tým,
03:10
some of the most basic words, and you can see her
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aby dokázala vysloviť najzákladnejšie slová. Je vidno,
03:13
growing more and more devastated, until she ultimately
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že ju to stále viac a viac ničí, až kým sa úplne
03:17
breaks down into sobbing tears, and she starts sobbing
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s plačom nezosype a začne nemo
03:19
wordlessly into the arms of her therapist.
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vzlykať v náručí svojho logopéda.
03:23
And after a few moments, her therapist tries a new tack,
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Po chvíli skúsi jej logopéd nový prístup
03:26
and they start singing together,
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a začnú spolu spievať.
03:27
and Gabby starts to sing through her tears,
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Gabby začne cez slzy spievať
03:29
and you can hear her clearly able to enunciate
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a môžete počuť, ako jasne artikuluje
03:32
the words to a song that describe the way she feels,
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slová piesne, ktorá opisuje jej pocity,
03:35
and she sings, in one descending scale, she sings,
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a ona spieva, na jednej klesavej stupnici spieva
03:38
"Let it shine, let it shine, let it shine."
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„Let it shine, let it shine, let it shine.“
03:41
And it's a very powerful and poignant reminder of how
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Je to veľmi silné a dojemné pripomenutie toho,
03:44
the beauty of music has the ability to speak
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ako krása hudby dokáže hovoriť tam,
03:48
where words fail, in this case literally speak.
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kde slová zlyhali. V tomto prípade doslova.
03:52
Seeing this video of Gabby Giffords reminded me
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Video Gabby Giffordsovej mi pripomenulo
03:54
of the work of Dr. Gottfried Schlaug,
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prácu Dr. Gottfrieda Schlauga,
03:57
one of the preeminent neuroscientists studying music and the brain at Harvard,
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ktorý je jedným z prominentných neurovedcov skúmajúcich na Harvarde hudbu a mozog.
04:01
and Schlaug is a proponent of a therapy called
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Schlaug je zástancom terapie
04:03
Melodic Intonation Therapy, which has become very popular in music therapy now.
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zvanej melodicko-intonačná terapia, ktorá sa stala veľmi populárnou terapiou hudbou.
04:08
Schlaug found that his stroke victims who were aphasic,
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Schalug zistil, že pacienti po mŕtvici, ktorí trpeli afáziou,
04:13
could not form sentences of three- or four-word sentences,
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nedokázali tvoriť troj- alebo štvorslovné vety,
04:17
but they could still sing the lyrics to a song,
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ale stále dokázali zaspievať slová piesne,
04:20
whether it was "Happy Birthday To You"
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či už to bolo „Veľa šťastia, zdravia“,
04:22
or their favorite song by the Eagles or the Rolling Stones.
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alebo ich obľúbená pieseň od Eagles alebo Rolling Stones.
04:25
And after 70 hours of intensive singing lessons,
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Po 70 hodinách intenzívnych hodín spevu zistil,
04:28
he found that the music was able to literally rewire
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že hudba dokázala doslova prerobiť prepojenia
04:32
the brains of his patients and create a homologous
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v mozgu pacientov a vytvoriť zhodné
04:34
speech center in their right hemisphere
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rečové centrum v ich pravej hemisfére
04:36
to compensate for the left hemisphere's damage.
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a nahradiť tak poškodenie ľavej hemisféry.
04:40
When I was 17, I visited Dr. Schlaug's lab, and in one afternoon
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Keď som mal 17, navštívil som laboratórium Dr. Schaluga a ten so mnou jedného dňa
04:43
he walked me through some of the leading research
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prešiel výsledky niektorých z popredných výskumov
04:46
on music and the brain -- how musicians had
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hudby a mozgu – ako majú hudobníci
04:50
fundamentally different brain structure than non-musicians,
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zásadne odlišnú štruktúru mozgu od „nehudobníkov“,
04:53
how music, and listening to music,
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ako hudba i jej počúvanie
04:54
could just light up the entire brain, from
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dokážu rozžiariť celý mozog, od
04:56
our prefrontal cortex all the way back to our cerebellum,
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prefrontálneho kortexu až po mozoček;
05:00
how music was becoming a neuropsychiatric modality
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ako sa hudba stáva neuropsychiatrickou metódou,
05:03
to help children with autism, to help people struggling
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ktorá pomáha autistickým deťom, pomáha ľuďom bojovať
05:06
with stress and anxiety and depression,
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so stresom, úzkosťou a depresiou;
05:09
how deeply Parkinsonian patients would find that their tremor
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do akej hĺbky si pacienti s Parkinsonom uvedomia,
05:13
and their gait would steady when they listened to music,
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že ich tras a chôdza sa ustália, keď počúvajú hudbu;
05:16
and how late-stage Alzheimer's patients, whose dementia
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a ako pacienti v neskorom štádiu Alzheimera, ktorých demencia
05:19
was so far progressed that they could no longer recognize
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už natoľko postúpila, že už nerozoznávajú
05:22
their family, could still pick out a tune by Chopin
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vlastnú rodinu, dokážu rozpoznať melódiu od Chopina,
05:25
at the piano that they had learned when they were children.
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zahranú na klavíri, ktorú sa učili ešte ako deti.
05:29
But I had an ulterior motive of visiting Gottfried Schlaug,
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Avšak za mojou návštevou Gottfrieda Schlauga bol skrytý úmysel,
05:32
and it was this: that I was at a crossroads in my life,
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a to taký, že som sa ocitol na životnej križovatke
05:35
trying to choose between music and medicine.
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snažiac sa rozhodnúť medzi hudbou a medicínou.
05:38
I had just completed my undergraduate, and I was working
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Práve som dokončil undergraduate a pracoval som
05:41
as a research assistant at the lab of Dennis Selkoe,
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ako výskumný asistent v laboratóriu Dennisa Selkoeho,
05:44
studying Parkinson's disease at Harvard, and I had fallen
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študoval som na Harvarde Parkinsona a zamiloval som sa
05:47
in love with neuroscience. I wanted to become a surgeon.
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do neurovied. Chcel som sa stať chirurgom.
05:50
I wanted to become a doctor like Paul Farmer or Rick Hodes,
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Chcel som sa stať doktorom ako Paul Farmer alebo Rick Hodes,
05:54
these kind of fearless men who go into places like Haiti or Ethiopia
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alebo ako podobní nebojácni muži, ktorí idú na miesta ako Haiti alebo do Etiópie,
05:58
and work with AIDS patients with multidrug-resistant
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kde pracujú s AIDS pacientmi trpiacimi multirezistentnou tuberkulózou,
06:01
tuberculosis, or with children with disfiguring cancers.
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prípadne s deťmi znetvorenými rakovinou.
06:04
I wanted to become that kind of Red Cross doctor,
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Chcel som sa stať takýmto doktorom Červeného kríža,
06:07
that doctor without borders.
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doktorom bez hraníc.
06:09
On the other hand, I had played the violin my entire life.
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Na druhej strane som však celý život hral na husle.
06:13
Music for me was more than a passion. It was obsession.
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Hudba nebola len mojou vášňou, ale posadnutím.
06:17
It was oxygen. I was lucky enough to have studied
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Bola mojím kyslíkom. Mal som to šťatie, že som mohol
06:20
at the Juilliard School in Manhattan, and to have played
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študovať na „Juilliard School“ na Manhattane a tiež
06:23
my debut with Zubin Mehta and the Israeli philharmonic orchestra in Tel Aviv,
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debutovať so Zubinom Mehtom a s Izraelským filharmonickým orchestrom v Tel Avive.
06:27
and it turned out that Gottfried Schlaug
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Ukázalo sa, že Gottfried Schlaug
06:29
had studied as an organist at the Vienna Conservatory,
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študoval organ na Viedenskom konzervatóriu,
06:32
but had given up his love for music to pursue a career
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ale vzdal sa svojej lásky k hudbe, aby mohol ísť za
06:35
in medicine. And that afternoon, I had to ask him,
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kariérou v medicíne. V to popoludnie som sa ho opýtal:
06:39
"How was it for you making that decision?"
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„Aké to bolo, urobiť také rozhodnutie?“
06:41
And he said that there were still times when he wished
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Odpovedal, že ešte dlho si prial,
06:43
he could go back and play the organ the way he used to,
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aby sa mohol vrátiť a zahrať si na organe, ako pred tým
06:46
and that for me, medical school could wait,
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a že medicína na mňa počká,
06:49
but that the violin simply would not.
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ale husle jednoducho nie.
06:52
And after two more years of studying music, I decided
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A po ďalších dvoch rokoch štúdia hudby som sa rozhodol
06:54
to shoot for the impossible before taking the MCAT
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pokúsiť o nemožné – ešte pred vstupným testom na medicínu (MCAT)
06:57
and applying to medical school like a good Indian son
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a prihlásením sa na lekársku fakultu, ako správny syn Inda,
07:00
to become the next Dr. Gupta. (Laughter)
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aby som sa stal ďalším Dr. Guptom. (Smiech)
07:03
And I decided to shoot for the impossible and I took
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Pokúsil som sa teda o nemožné a zúčastnil som sa
07:05
an audition for the esteemed Los Angeles Philharmonic.
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konkurzu do váženej Los Angeleskej filharmónie.
07:08
It was my first audition, and after three days of playing
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Bol to môj prvý konkurz a po troch dňoch hrania
07:11
behind a screen in a trial week, I was offered the position.
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za plátnom počas skúšobného týždňa mi ponúkli miesto.
07:14
And it was a dream. It was a wild dream to perform
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Bol to sen. Bol to divoký sen hrať
07:18
in an orchestra, to perform in the iconic Walt Disney Concert Hall
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v orchestri, hrať v kultovej Koncertnej sieni Walta Disneyho
07:22
in an orchestra conducted now by the famous Gustavo Dudamel,
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v orchestri, ktorý dirigoval slávny Gustavo Dudamel.
07:25
but much more importantly to me to be surrounded
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No najdôležitejšie pre mňa bolo, že som bol obklopený
07:28
by musicians and mentors that became my new family,
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hudobníkmi a mentormi, ktorí sa stali mojou novou rodinou,
07:32
my new musical home.
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mojím novým domovom.
07:35
But a year later, I met another musician who had also
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Ale o rok neskôr som stretol iného muzikanta,
07:39
studied at Juilliard, one who profoundly helped me
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ktorý tiež študoval na Julliard School a ktorý mi nesmierne
07:42
find my voice and shaped my identity as a musician.
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pomohol nájsť môj hlas a vyformovať moju hudobnú identitu.
07:46
Nathaniel Ayers was a double bassist at Juilliard, but
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Nathaniel Ayers bol na Julliarde kontrabasistom,
07:50
he suffered a series of psychotic episodes in his early 20s,
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ale v 20 rokoch ho postihlo niekoľko psychotických záchvatov,
07:54
was treated with thorazine at Bellevue,
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bol liečený Thorazinom v Bellevue,
07:56
and ended up living homeless on the streets of Skid Row
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a o 30 rokov neskôr skončil ako bezdomovec v uliciach Skid Row
07:59
in downtown Los Angeles 30 years later.
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v centre Los Angeles.
08:02
Nathaniel's story has become a beacon for homelessness
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Nathanielov príbeh sa stal symbolom pre obhajobu bezdomovcov
08:05
and mental health advocacy throughout the United States,
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a mentálneho zdravia v USA,
08:08
as told through the book and the movie "The Soloist,"
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ako je to zobrazené v knihe i vo filme „Sólista“.
08:10
but I became his friend, and I became his violin teacher,
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Stal som sa jeho priateľom i jeho učiteľom huslí
08:13
and I told him that wherever he had his violin,
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a povedal som mu, že kedykoľvek on bude mať svoje husle
08:16
and wherever I had mine, I would play a lesson with him.
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a kedykoľvek ja budem mať svoje, zahráme si spolu.
08:19
And on the many times I saw Nathaniel on Skid Row,
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A tak vždy, keď som Nathaniela uvidel v Skid Row,
08:22
I witnessed how music was able to bring him back
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mohol som sa stať svedkom toho, ako ho hudba dokázala vrátiť
08:24
from his very darkest moments, from what seemed to me
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z jeho najtemnejších chvíľ, ktoré sa môjmu
08:27
in my untrained eye to be
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laickému oku javili,
08:29
the beginnings of a schizophrenic episode.
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ako začiatky schizofrenických záchvatov.
08:33
Playing for Nathaniel, the music took on a deeper meaning,
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Hudba a hranie mali pre Nathaniela hlbší zmysel,
08:36
because now it was about communication,
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pretože teraz to bolo o komunikácii,
08:39
a communication where words failed, a communication
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o komunikácii, kde slová zlyhali, o komunikácii
08:42
of a message that went deeper than words, that registered
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niečoho, čo zašlo hlbšie, než slová a ktorá pôsobila
08:45
at a fundamentally primal level in Nathaniel's psyche,
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na úplne základnú prvotnú úrovneň Nathanielovej duše.
08:48
yet came as a true musical offering from me.
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Hranie preňho bolo z mojej strany ozajstnou obetou.
08:53
I found myself growing outraged that someone
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Pristihol som sa, že ma poburuje, ako niekto taký,
08:57
like Nathaniel could have ever been homeless on Skid Row
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ako Nathaniel, mohol vôbec skončiť ako bezdomovec v Skid Row
09:01
because of his mental illness, yet how many tens of thousands
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kvôli svojej mentálnej chorobe. Navyše, koľko desiatok tisíc
09:04
of others there were out there on Skid Row alone
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iných sa ocitlo v Skid Row osamote kvôli
09:07
who had stories as tragic as his, but were never going to have a book or a movie
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podobným tragickým príbehom, ale nikdy o nich nebude napísaná kniha alebo natočený film,
09:12
made about them that got them off the streets?
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ktorý by ich dostal preč z tých ulíc.
09:14
And at the very core of this crisis of mine, I felt somehow
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A v jadre tejto mojej krízy som ucítil,
09:18
the life of music had chosen me, where somehow,
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že si ma život hudby vybral, a kde som akoby,
09:22
perhaps possibly in a very naive sense, I felt what Skid Row
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a možno aj veľmi naivne, ucítil, že práve Skid Row
09:25
really needed was somebody like Paul Farmer
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potrebuje niekoho ako je Paul Farmer
09:28
and not another classical musician playing on Bunker Hill.
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a nie ďalšieho klasického muzikanta hrajúceho na Bunker Hill.
09:33
But in the end, it was Nathaniel who showed me
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Ale na konci to bol práve Nathaniel, kto mi ukázal,
09:35
that if I was truly passionate about change,
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že ak som naozaj túžil po zmene niečoho,
09:37
if I wanted to make a difference, I already had the perfect instrument to do it,
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ak som chcel, aby bola účinná, mal som na to perfektný nástroj,
09:42
that music was the bridge that connected my world and his.
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a že hudba bola mostom, ktorý prepájal naše svety.
09:46
There's a beautiful quote
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Romantický nemecký hudobný skladateľ
09:48
by the Romantic German composer Robert Schumann,
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Robert Schumann raz povedal:
09:51
who said, "To send light into the darkness of men's hearts,
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„Povinnosťou umelca je vyslať svetlo
09:56
such is the duty of the artist."
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do temnoty ľudských sŕdc.“
09:58
And this is a particularly poignant quote
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Je to veľmi hlboká myšlienka,
10:01
because Schumann himself suffered from schizophrenia
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pretože samotný Schumann trpel schizofréniou
10:03
and died in asylum.
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a zomrel v liečebni.
10:05
And inspired by what I learned from Nathaniel,
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Inšpirovaný tým, čo som sa od Nathaniela naučil,
10:08
I started an organization on Skid Row of musicians
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som v Skid Row založil organizáciu hudobníkov,
10:10
called Street Symphony, bringing the light of music
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ktorá sa volá „Street Symphony“ (Pouličný orchester) a prináša
10:13
into the very darkest places, performing
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svetlo hudby do najtemnejších miest tým,
10:16
for the homeless and mentally ill at shelters and clinics
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že hrá pre bezdomovcov a mentálne chorých v útulkoch a na klinikách
10:19
on Skid Row, performing for combat veterans
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v Skid Row, hrá pre vojnových veteránov
10:23
with post-traumatic stress disorder, and for the incarcerated
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s posttraumatickým stresovým syndrómom, pre uväznených
10:26
and those labeled as criminally insane.
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a pre označených ako potenciálne nebezpeční.
10:30
After one of our events at the Patton State Hospital
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Po jednom z vystúpení v nemocnici Patton State
10:32
in San Bernardino, a woman walked up to us
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v San Bernardine k nám prišla žena,
10:35
and she had tears streaming down her face,
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ktorej tiekli po lícach slzy,
10:37
and she had a palsy, she was shaking,
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bola ochrnutá, triasla sa,
10:40
and she had this gorgeous smile, and she said
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no mala úžasný úsmev a povedala nám,
10:43
that she had never heard classical music before,
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že pred tým nikdy nepočula klasickú hudbu,
10:45
she didn't think she was going to like it, she had never
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nemyslela si, že sa jej bude páčiť, nikdy
10:47
heard a violin before, but that hearing this music was like hearing the sunshine,
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pred tým nepočula husle, ale že počúvanie tejto hudby bolo ako počúvanie slnka,
10:51
and that nobody ever came to visit them, and that for the first time in six years,
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že ich nikto nikdy neprišiel navštíviť a že prvýkrát po 6 rokoch,
10:55
when she heard us play, she stopped shaking without medication.
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keď nás počula hrať, sa prestala triasť aj bez liekov.
10:59
Suddenly, what we're finding with these concerts,
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Zrazu sme zisťovali, že vďaka koncertom
11:02
away from the stage, away from the footlights, out
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mimo pódia, mimo reflektorov,
11:05
of the tuxedo tails, the musicians become the conduit
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mimo smokingov, sa muzikanti stali prostredníkmi
11:09
for delivering the tremendous therapeutic benefits
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ohromných terapeutických úspechov
11:12
of music on the brain to an audience that would never
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hudby pre mozog obecenstva, ktoré by nikdy
11:15
have access to this room,
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nemalo prístup do tejto miestnosti,
11:17
would never have access to the kind of music that we make.
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nikdy by nemalo prístup k hudbe, ktorú robíme.
11:23
Just as medicine serves to heal more
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Ako liek slúži na viac, ako len na liečenie
11:26
than the building blocks of the body alone,
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stavebných častí samotného tela,
11:30
the power and beauty of music transcends the "E"
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sila a krása hudby presahuje to „E“
11:33
in the middle of our beloved acronym.
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v strede nášho milovaného akronymu (TED).
11:36
Music transcends the aesthetic beauty alone.
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Hudba prekračuje samotnú estetickú krásu.
11:40
The synchrony of emotions that we experience when we
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Súlad emócií – ktoré pociťujeme,
11:43
hear an opera by Wagner, or a symphony by Brahms,
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keď počujeme Wagnerovu operu alebo Brahmsovu symfóniu,
11:46
or chamber music by Beethoven, compels us to remember
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či Beethovenovu komornú hudbu – nás núti pamätať na
11:50
our shared, common humanity, the deeply communal
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našu spoločnú, vzájomnú ľudskosť, hlboko prepojené
11:54
connected consciousness, the empathic consciousness
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spoločné vedomie, empatické vedomie,
11:57
that neuropsychiatrist Iain McGilchrist says is hard-wired
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ktoré je podľa neuropsychiatra Iana McGilchrista
12:01
into our brain's right hemisphere.
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pevne ukotvené v pravej hemisfére mozgu.
12:04
And for those living in the most dehumanizing conditions
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A tým, ktorí žijú v najneľudskejších podmienkach
12:07
of mental illness within homelessness
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mentálnych chorôb ako bezdomovci
12:09
and incarceration, the music and the beauty of music
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a uväznení, hudba a jej krása
12:12
offers a chance for them to transcend the world around them,
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ponúka možnosť prekročiť svet okolo nich,
12:17
to remember that they still have the capacity to experience
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aby si uvedomili, že stále majú schopnosť prežívať
12:20
something beautiful and that humanity has not forgotten them.
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niečo krásne a že ľudskosť na nich nezabudla.
12:24
And the spark of that beauty, the spark of that humanity
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A tá iskra krásy i tá iskra ľudskosti
12:27
transforms into hope,
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sa pretvárajú v nádej
12:30
and we know, whether we choose the path of music
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a my vieme, či už si zvolíme cestu hudby alebo
12:33
or of medicine, that's the very first thing we must instill
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medicíny, že to je tá úplne prvá vec, ktorú musíme
12:36
within our communities, within our audiences,
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vštepiť do našich spoločností, do nášho publika,
12:38
if we want to inspire healing from within.
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ak chceme podnietiť liečenie zvnútra.
12:42
I'd like to end with a quote by John Keats,
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Na koniec by som chcel citovať Johna Keatsa,
12:44
the Romantic English poet,
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anglického romantického básnika.
12:46
a very famous quote that I'm sure all of you know.
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Je to veľmi známy citát, ktorý iste všetci poznáte.
12:49
Keats himself had also given up a career in medicine
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Aj Keats sa vzdal kariéry v medicíne,
12:52
to pursue poetry, but he died when he was a year older than me.
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aby sa mohol venovať poézii, ale zomrel, keď mal o rok viac, ako ja teraz.
12:56
And Keats said, "Beauty is truth, and truth beauty.
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Keats povedal: „Krása je pravda a pravda je krása.
13:01
That is all ye know on Earth, and all ye need to know."
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To je všetko, čo viete a všetko, čo potrebujete vedieť.“
13:10
(Music)
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(Hudba)
15:54
(Applause)
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(Potlesk)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Robert Gupta - ViolinistViolinist Robert Gupta joined the LA Philharmonic at the age of 19 -- and maintains a passionate parallel interest in neurobiology and mental health issues. He's a TED Senior Fellow.
Why you should listen
Violinist Robert Vijay Gupta joined the Los Angeles Philharmonic at the age of 19. He made his solo debut, at age 11, with the Israel Philharmonic under Zubin Mehta. He has a Master's in music from Yale. But his undergraduate degree? Pre-med. As an undergrad, Gupta was part of several research projects in neuro- and neurodegenerative biology. He held Research Assistant positions at CUNY Hunter College in New York City, where he worked on spinal cord neuronal regeneration, and at the Harvard Institutes of Medicine Center for Neurologic Diseases, where he studied the biochemical pathology of Parkinson's disease.
Gupta is passionate about education and outreach, both as a musician and as an activist for mental health issues. He has the privilege of working with Nathaniel Ayers, the brilliant, schizophrenic musician featured in "The Soloist," as his violin teacher.
Robert Gupta | Speaker | TED.com