TED2011
David Christian: The history of our world in 18 minutes
David Christian: Zgodovina našega sveta v 18 minutah
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David Christian, ob neverjetnih ponazoritvah, pokaže celotno zgodovino vesolja, od Velikega poka, do Interneta, v navdušujočih 18 minutah. To je "Velika zgodovina": razsvetljujoč, širok pogled na zapletenost, življenje in človeštvo v primerjavi z našo tanko rezino iz kozmične časovnice.
David Christian - Historian
David Christian teaches an ambitious world history course that tells the tale of the entire universe -- from the Big Bang 13 billion years ago to present day. Full bio
David Christian teaches an ambitious world history course that tells the tale of the entire universe -- from the Big Bang 13 billion years ago to present day. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
First, a video.
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Najprej video.
00:24
(Video) Yes, it is a scrambled egg.
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Da, to so umešana jajca.
00:28
But as you look at it,
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Ampak ko to gledate,
00:30
I hope you'll begin to feel
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upam, da boste začutili rahlo nelagodje.
00:32
just slightly uneasy.
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00:36
Because you may notice that what's actually happening
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Kajti morda ste opazili,
da video v resnici prikazuje,
da video v resnici prikazuje,
00:39
is that the egg is unscrambling itself.
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da se jajce samo od-mešava.
00:42
And you'll now see the yolk and the white have separated.
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In zdaj vidite, da so se
rumenjaki in beljaki ločili.
rumenjaki in beljaki ločili.
00:44
And now they're going to be poured back into the egg.
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In zdaj se bodo zlili nazaj v lupino.
00:47
And we all know in our heart of hearts
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In vsi globoko v našem srcu vemo,
00:50
that this is not the way the universe works.
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da vesolje ne deluje tako.
00:54
A scrambled egg is mush -- tasty mush -- but it's mush.
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Umešano jajce je zmešnjava
– sicer okusna – ampak je zmešnjava.
– sicer okusna – ampak je zmešnjava.
00:57
An egg is a beautiful, sophisticated thing
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Jajce je lepa, prefinjena stvar,
01:00
that can create even more sophisticated things,
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ki lahko ustvari še bolj zapletene stvari,
01:02
such as chickens.
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denimo piščance.
01:04
And we know in our heart of hearts
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In globoko v našem srcu vemo,
01:06
that the universe does not travel
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da vesolje ne potuje
od zmešnjave k zapletenemu.
od zmešnjave k zapletenemu.
01:08
from mush to complexity.
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01:10
In fact, this gut instinct
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V resnici se ta instinkt
01:12
is reflected in one of the most fundamental laws of physics,
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odraža v enem izmed
najbolj temeljnih zakonov fizike,
najbolj temeljnih zakonov fizike,
01:15
the second law of thermodynamics, or the law of entropy.
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v drugem zakonu termodinamike,
ali zakonu o entropiji.
ali zakonu o entropiji.
01:18
What that says basically
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Kar pravi, je v bistvu,
01:20
is that the general tendency of the universe
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da je splošna težnja v vesolju
01:23
is to move from order
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prehajanje iz reda in strukture
01:25
and structure
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01:27
to lack of order, lack of structure --
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v pomanjkanje reda,
v pomanjkanje strukture
v pomanjkanje strukture
01:29
in fact, to mush.
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– v resnici, v zmešnjavo.
01:31
And that's why that video
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In to daje videu malce čuden občutek.
01:33
feels a bit strange.
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01:35
And yet,
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Pa vendar, poglejmo okrog sebe.
01:37
look around us.
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01:39
What we see around us
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Kar vidimo okoli nas,
je neverjetna zapletenost.
je neverjetna zapletenost.
01:41
is staggering complexity.
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01:43
Eric Beinhocker estimates that in New York City alone,
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Eric Beinhocker ocenjuje,
da se samo v New Yorku
da se samo v New Yorku
01:46
there are some 10 billion SKUs, or distinct commodities, being traded.
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trguje s približno 10 milijardami
vrst različnega blaga.
vrst različnega blaga.
01:50
That's hundreds of times as many species
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To je skoraj stokrat več,
kot je vrst živih organizmov na Zemlji.
kot je vrst živih organizmov na Zemlji.
01:53
as there are on Earth.
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01:55
And they're being traded by a species
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Trgovanje poteka zaradi vrste
skoraj sedem milijard posameznikov,
skoraj sedem milijard posameznikov,
01:57
of almost seven billion individuals,
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01:59
who are linked by trade, travel, and the Internet
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ki so povezani s trgovino,
potovanjem in internetom
potovanjem in internetom
02:02
into a global system
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v globalen sistem
gromozanske zapletenosti.
gromozanske zapletenosti.
02:04
of stupendous complexity.
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02:07
So here's a great puzzle:
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No, tukaj je velika uganka:
02:09
in a universe
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v vesolju, kjer vlada
drugi zakon termodinamike,
drugi zakon termodinamike,
02:11
ruled by the second law of thermodynamics,
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kako je mogoče
02:14
how is it possible
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02:16
to generate the sort of complexity I've described,
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porajati zapletenost take vrste,
kot sem jo opisal,
kot sem jo opisal,
02:19
the sort of complexity represented by you and me
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zapletenost, ki jo predstavljava ti in jaz
02:22
and the convention center?
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in kongresni center?
02:25
Well, the answer seems to be,
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No, zdi se, da je odgovor,
da vesolje lahko ustvari zapletenost,
02:28
the universe can create complexity,
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02:31
but with great difficulty.
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vendar z velikimi težavami.
02:33
In pockets,
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V žepih
se pojavijo, kar moj kolega Fred Spier
02:35
there appear what my colleague, Fred Spier,
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02:37
calls "Goldilocks conditions" --
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imenuje "Zlatolaskini pogoji" –
02:39
not too hot, not too cold,
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ne prevroče, ne premrzlo,
02:41
just right for the creation of complexity.
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ravno prav za ustvarjanje zapletenosti.
02:44
And slightly more complex things appear.
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In pojavijo se nekoliko
bolj zapletene stvari.
bolj zapletene stvari.
02:46
And where you have slightly more complex things,
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In kjer so nekoliko bolj zapletene stvari,
02:48
you can get slightly more complex things.
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lahko dobiš
nekoliko bolj zapletene stvari.
nekoliko bolj zapletene stvari.
02:50
And in this way, complexity builds
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In na ta način se zapletenost
gradi stopnja za stopnjo.
gradi stopnja za stopnjo.
02:53
stage by stage.
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02:55
Each stage is magical
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Vsaka stopnja je čarobna,
02:58
because it creates the impression of something utterly new
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ker naredi vtis nečesa popolnoma novega,
03:01
appearing almost out of nowhere in the universe.
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ki se v vesolju pojavi skoraj od nikoder.
03:04
We refer in big history to these moments
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V veliki zgodovini tem trenutkom
pravimo trenutki prehoda praga.
pravimo trenutki prehoda praga.
03:06
as threshold moments.
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03:08
And at each threshold,
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In pri vsakem pragu postane prehod težji.
03:10
the going gets tougher.
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03:12
The complex things get more fragile,
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Zapletene stvari postanejo bolj krhke,
03:15
more vulnerable;
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bolj ranljive;
03:17
the Goldilocks conditions get more stringent,
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Zlatolaskini pogoji postanejo bolj strogi,
03:20
and it's more difficult
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in težje je narediti zapletenost.
03:22
to create complexity.
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03:24
Now, we, as extremely complex creatures,
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Mi, kot skrajno zapletena bitja,
03:27
desperately need to know this story
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obupno potrebujemo poznati zgodbo
03:30
of how the universe creates complexity
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o tem, kako vesolje ustvarja zapletenost
kljub drugemu zakonu,
kljub drugemu zakonu,
03:32
despite the second law,
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03:34
and why complexity
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in zakaj zapletenost pomeni
ranljivost in krhkost.
ranljivost in krhkost.
03:36
means vulnerability
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03:38
and fragility.
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03:40
And that's the story that we tell in big history.
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In to zgodbo povemo v veliki zgodovini.
03:43
But to do it, you have do something
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A zato je treba narediti nekaj,
03:45
that may, at first sight, seem completely impossible.
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kar lahko na prvi pogled
izgleda popolnoma nemogoče.
izgleda popolnoma nemogoče.
03:47
You have to survey the whole history of the universe.
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Treba je pregledati vso zgodovino vesolja.
03:52
So let's do it.
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Pa dajmo.
03:54
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
Previjmo časovnico nazaj
03:56
Let's begin by winding the timeline back
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03:59
13.7 billion years,
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za 13,7 milijard let,
04:02
to the beginning of time.
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na začetek časa.
04:12
Around us, there's nothing.
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Okoli nas ni nič.
04:14
There's not even time or space.
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Ni niti časa niti prostora.
04:18
Imagine the darkest, emptiest thing you can
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Predstavljajte si najtemnejšo,
najbolj prazno reč, ki si jo morete,
najbolj prazno reč, ki si jo morete,
04:21
and cube it a gazillion times
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in jo dvignite na tretjo potenco gazilijon
krat in natanko tam smo.
krat in natanko tam smo.
04:23
and that's where we are.
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04:25
And then suddenly,
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In tedaj kar naenkrat
04:28
bang! A universe appears, an entire universe.
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pok!
Pojavi se vesolje, vse vesolje.
04:31
And we've crossed our first threshold.
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In prešli smo prvi prag.
04:33
The universe is tiny; it's smaller than an atom.
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Vesolje je majceno; manjše kot atom.
04:35
It's incredibly hot.
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Neverjetno vroče je.
04:37
It contains everything that's in today's universe,
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Vsebuje vse, kar je v vesolju danes,
04:39
so you can imagine, it's busting.
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lahko si predstavljate, da kipi.
04:41
And it's expanding at incredible speed.
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In veča se z neverjetno hitrostjo.
04:44
And at first, it's just a blur,
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In spočetka je vse nejasno,
a zelo hitro se v tej megli začenjajo
pojavljati različne stvari.
pojavljati različne stvari.
04:46
but very quickly distinct things begin to appear in that blur.
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04:49
Within the first second,
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V prvi sekundi
04:51
energy itself shatters into distinct forces
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se energija sama razbije na različne sile,
04:54
including electromagnetism and gravity.
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tudi na elektromagnetno in gravitacijsko.
04:56
And energy does something else quite magical:
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In energija naredi nekaj drugega,
kar je čisto čarobno:
kar je čisto čarobno:
04:59
it congeals to form matter --
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strdi se, da naredi snov –
05:02
quarks that will create protons
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kvarke, ki bodo naredili protone
05:04
and leptons that include electrons.
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in leptone, ki vključujejo elektrone.
05:07
And all of that happens in the first second.
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Vse to se zgodi v prvi sekundi.
05:09
Now we move forward 380,000 years.
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Gremo naprej 380.000 let.
05:14
That's twice as long as humans have been on this planet.
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To je dvakrat toliko, kot smo
ljudje bili na tem planetu.
ljudje bili na tem planetu.
05:17
And now simple atoms appear
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In zdaj se pojavijo preprosti atomi
vodika in helija.
vodika in helija.
05:20
of hydrogen and helium.
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05:23
Now I want to pause for a moment,
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Rad bi se ustavil za hip,
05:25
380,000 years after the origins of the universe,
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380.000 let po začetku vesolja,
05:28
because we actually know quite a lot
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ker o vesolju na tej
stopnji vemo kar precej.
stopnji vemo kar precej.
05:30
about the universe at this stage.
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05:32
We know above all that it was extremely simple.
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Predvsem vemo,
da je bilo skrajno preprosto.
da je bilo skrajno preprosto.
05:35
It consisted of huge clouds
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Sestavljali so ga orjaški oblaki
vodikovih in helijevih atomov,
vodikovih in helijevih atomov,
05:37
of hydrogen and helium atoms,
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05:39
and they have no structure.
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in so brez zgradbe.
05:41
They're really a sort of cosmic mush.
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V resnici so nekakšna kozmična zmešnjava.
05:44
But that's not completely true.
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Vendar to ni popolnoma res.
05:46
Recent studies
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Nedavne študije
05:48
by satellites such as the WMAP satellite
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s sateliti, kot je satelit WMAP
so pokazale, da so v resnici
05:51
have shown that, in fact, there are just tiny differences in that background.
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v tem ozadju majcene razlike.
05:55
What you see here,
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To vidite tu,
05:57
the blue areas are about a thousandth of a degree cooler
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modra področja so kakšno
tisočinko stopinje bolj hladna
tisočinko stopinje bolj hladna
06:00
than the red areas.
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od rdečih področij.
06:02
These are tiny differences,
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Te razlike so majcene,
06:04
but it was enough for the universe to move on
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a so dovolj, da je vesolje napredovalo
06:06
to the next stage of building complexity.
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k naslednji stopnji gradnje zapletenosti.
06:08
And this is how it works.
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In tako to gre.
06:10
Gravity is more powerful
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Gravitacija je močnejša,
kjer je več snovi.
kjer je več snovi.
06:13
where there's more stuff.
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06:15
So where you get slightly denser areas,
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V nekoliko gostejših področjih
06:17
gravity starts compacting clouds
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začne gravitacija zgoščati oblake
vodikovih in helijevih atomov.
vodikovih in helijevih atomov.
06:19
of hydrogen and helium atoms.
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06:21
So we can imagine the early universe breaking up
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Lahko si predstavljamo, da se je rano
vesolje razbilo na milijardo oblakov.
vesolje razbilo na milijardo oblakov.
06:23
into a billion clouds.
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06:25
And each cloud is compacted,
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Vsak oblak se zgošča,
06:27
gravity gets more powerful as density increases,
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gravitacija postane močnejša
in ko gostota narašča,
in ko gostota narašča,
06:30
the temperature begins to rise at the center of each cloud,
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narašča temperatura
v središču vsakega oblaka
v središču vsakega oblaka
06:32
and then, at the center of each cloud,
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in potem, v središču,
06:34
the temperature crosses the threshold temperature
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temperatura preseže toplotni prag
06:37
of 10 million degrees,
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10 milijonov stopinj,
06:39
protons start to fuse,
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protoni se začnejo zlivati,
06:41
there's a huge release of energy,
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sprošča se ogromno energije
06:44
and, bam!
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in –
bum!
06:46
We have our first stars.
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Imamo prve zvezde.
06:48
From about 200 million years after the Big Bang,
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Nekako 200 milijonov let po Velikem poku
06:52
stars begin to appear all through the universe,
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se začnejo zvezde
pojavljati po vsem vesolju,
pojavljati po vsem vesolju,
06:55
billions of them.
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na milijarde.
06:57
And the universe is now significantly more interesting
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Vesolje je zdaj občutno bolj zanimivo
07:00
and more complex.
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in bolj zapleteno.
Zvezde bodo ustvarile Zlatolaskine pogoje
07:03
Stars will create the Goldilocks conditions
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07:05
for crossing two new thresholds.
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za prehod dveh novih pragov.
07:08
When very large stars die,
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Ko velike zvezde umrejo,
07:10
they create temperatures so high
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dvignejo temperature tako visoko,
07:13
that protons begin to fuse in all sorts of exotic combinations,
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da se protoni začnejo zlivati
v vse vrste nenavadnih kombinacij,
v vse vrste nenavadnih kombinacij,
07:16
to form all the elements of the periodic table.
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in tvorijo vse elemente
periodnega sistema.
periodnega sistema.
07:19
If, like me, you're wearing a gold ring,
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Če tako kot jaz nosite zlat prstan,
07:22
it was forged in a supernova explosion.
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je bil skovan v eksploziji supernove.
07:25
So now the universe is chemically more complex.
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Zdaj je vesolje kemično bolj zapleteno.
07:28
And in a chemically more complex universe,
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In v kemično bolj zapletenem vesolju
07:31
it's possible to make more things.
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se da narediti več reči.
07:33
And what starts happening
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Kar se začne dogajati je,
da se okoli mladih sonc,
da se okoli mladih sonc,
07:35
is that, around young suns,
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mladih zvezd,
07:37
young stars,
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začnejo ti elementi združevati,
vrtijo se okoli,
vrtijo se okoli,
07:39
all these elements combine, they swirl around,
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07:41
the energy of the star stirs them around,
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energija zvezde jih meša,
07:43
they form particles, they form snowflakes,
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tvorijo delce, tvorijo snežinke,
tvorijo prašne drobce,
tvorijo prašne drobce,
07:46
they form little dust motes,
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07:48
they form rocks, they form asteroids,
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tvorijo kamne, tvorijo asteroide
07:50
and eventually, they form planets and moons.
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in na koncu tvorijo planete in lune.
07:53
And that is how our solar system was formed,
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Tako se je oblikovalo naše osončje
07:56
four and a half billion years ago.
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pred štirimi milijardami in pol let.
07:59
Rocky planets like our Earth
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Kamniti planeti, kot je naša Zemlja,
so bistveno bolj zapleteni kot zvezde,
so bistveno bolj zapleteni kot zvezde,
08:02
are significantly more complex than stars
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08:05
because they contain a much greater diversity of materials.
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ker vsebujejo
bistveno večjo raznolikost gradiva.
bistveno večjo raznolikost gradiva.
08:08
So we've crossed a fourth threshold of complexity.
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Tako smo prešli četrti prag zapletenosti.
08:12
Now, the going gets tougher.
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Napredovanje postane zdaj težavnejše.
08:16
The next stage introduces entities
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Naslednja stopnja uvede stvari,
ki so bistveno bolj krhke,
ki so bistveno bolj krhke,
08:18
that are significantly more fragile,
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08:20
significantly more vulnerable,
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bistveno bolj ranljive,
08:22
but they're also much more creative
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a so tudi veliko bolj ustvarjalne
08:25
and much more capable of generating further complexity.
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in veliko bolj sposobne
porajati nadaljnjo zapletenost.
porajati nadaljnjo zapletenost.
08:28
I'm talking, of course,
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Govorim seveda o živih organizmih.
08:30
about living organisms.
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08:32
Living organisms are created by chemistry.
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Žive organizme ustvarja kemija.
08:34
We are huge packages of chemicals.
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Smo ogromni svežnji kemikalij.
Kemijo obvladuje elektromagnetna sila.
08:38
So, chemistry is dominated by the electromagnetic force.
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08:41
That operates over smaller scales than gravity,
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Deluje na manjšem obsegu kot gravitacija,
08:43
which explains why you and I
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kar razloži, zakaj sva ti in jaz
manjša od zvezd in planetov.
manjša od zvezd in planetov.
08:45
are smaller than stars or planets.
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08:47
Now, what are the ideal conditions for chemistry?
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Kaj pa so popolni pogoji za kemijo?
08:50
What are the Goldilocks conditions?
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Kaj so Zlatolaskini pogoji?
08:52
Well, first, you need energy,
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Najprej potrebuješ energijo,
08:54
but not too much.
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a ne preveč.
08:56
In the center of a star, there's so much energy
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V središču zvezde je toliko energije,
08:58
that any atoms that combine will just get busted apart again.
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da so atomi, ki se združijo,
spet takoj raztrgani narazen.
spet takoj raztrgani narazen.
09:01
But not too little.
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Pa tudi ne premalo.
09:03
In intergalactic space, there's so little energy
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V prostoru med galaksijami
je energije tako malo, da se
atomi ne morejo združevati.
atomi ne morejo združevati.
09:05
that atoms can't combine.
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09:08
What you want is just the right amount,
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Potrebna je ravno prava količina
09:10
and planets, it turns out, are just right,
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in izkaže se, da so
planeti ravno pravšnji,
planeti ravno pravšnji,
09:12
because they're close to stars, but not too close.
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ker so blizu zvezd, a ne preblizu.
09:15
You also need a great diversity of chemical elements,
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Potrebna je velika raznolikost
kemičnih elementov
kemičnih elementov
09:18
and you need liquid such as water.
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in potrebne so tekočine, denimo voda.
09:21
Why?
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Zakaj?
No, v plinih se atomi tako hitro
gibljejo drug mimo drugega,
gibljejo drug mimo drugega,
09:23
Well, in gasses, atoms move past each other so fast
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09:26
that they can't hitch up.
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da se ne morejo zaplesti.
09:28
In solids,
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V trdnih snoveh
so atomi ujeti skupaj,
09:30
atoms are stuck together, they can't move.
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ne morejo se premikati.
09:33
In liquids,
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V tekočinah
lahko križarijo in se stiskajo
09:35
they can cruise and cuddle
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09:37
and link up to form molecules.
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in se zvežejo v molekule.
09:40
Now, where do you find such Goldilocks conditions?
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Kje najdeš take Zlatolaskine pogoje?
09:43
Well, planets are great,
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No, planeti so imenitni
09:45
and our early Earth
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in naša zgodnja Zemlja
je bila skoraj popolna.
je bila skoraj popolna.
09:47
was almost perfect.
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09:49
It was just the right distance from its star
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Ravno prav daleč od svoje zvezde,
09:51
to contain huge oceans of open water.
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da je imela velikanske oceane tekoče vode.
09:54
And deep beneath those oceans,
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In globoko pod temi oceani,
09:56
at cracks in the Earth's crust,
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pri razpokah v Zemljini skorji,
09:58
you've got heat seeping up from inside the Earth,
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je toplota uhajala iz notranjosti Zemlje,
10:01
and you've got a great diversity of elements.
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in raznolikost elementov je bila velika.
10:03
So at those deep oceanic vents,
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Ob teh oddušnikih globoko v oceanu
10:05
fantastic chemistry began to happen,
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se je začela dogajati fantastična kemija
10:08
and atoms combined in all sorts of exotic combinations.
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in atomi so se začeli združevati
v nenavadne kombinacije vseh vrst.
v nenavadne kombinacije vseh vrst.
10:12
But of course, life is more
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Vendar pa je življenje več,
kot le nenavadna kemija.
kot le nenavadna kemija.
10:14
than just exotic chemistry.
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10:16
How do you stabilize
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Kako ustališ te velike molekule,
10:18
those huge molecules
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10:20
that seem to be viable?
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ki, kot je videti, uspešno delujejo?
Tu življenje vpelje čisto novo zvijačo.
10:23
Well, it's here that life introduces
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10:25
an entirely new trick.
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Ne ustališ posameznika;
10:28
You don't stabilize the individual;
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10:30
you stabilize the template,
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ustališ vzorec,
10:32
the thing that carries information,
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tisto, kar nosi informacijo
10:34
and you allow the template to copy itself.
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in dovoliš, da se vzorec kopira sam.
10:36
And DNA, of course,
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Seveda je DNK čudovita molekula,
10:38
is the beautiful molecule
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10:40
that contains that information.
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ki vsebuje to informacijo.
10:42
You'll be familiar with the double helix of DNA.
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Saj poznaš dvojno vijačnico DNK.
10:45
Each rung contains information.
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Vsaka prečka vsebuje informacijo.
10:47
So, DNA contains information
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Torej DNK vsebuje informacijo o tem,
kako narediti živ organizem.
kako narediti živ organizem.
10:49
about how to make living organisms.
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10:52
And DNA also copies itself.
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In DNK se kopira,
10:54
So, it copies itself
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dela svoje kopije
10:56
and scatters the templates through the ocean.
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in sipa vzorce preko oceana.
10:58
So the information spreads.
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Tako se informacija širi.
11:00
Notice that information has become part of our story.
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Pazi, informacija
je postala del naše zgodbe.
je postala del naše zgodbe.
11:03
The real beauty of DNA though
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Resnična lepota DNK pa je
v njenih nepopolnostih.
v njenih nepopolnostih.
11:05
is in its imperfections.
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11:07
As it copies itself,
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Ko se kopira,
se na vsako milijardo prečk
rada zgodi napaka.
rada zgodi napaka.
11:09
once in every billion rungs,
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11:11
there tends to be an error.
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11:13
And what that means
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In to pravzaprav pomeni, da se DNK uči.
11:15
is that DNA is, in effect, learning.
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11:18
It's accumulating new ways of making living organisms
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Zbira nove načine,
kako delati žive organizme,
kako delati žive organizme,
11:20
because some of those errors work.
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kajti nekatere od teh napak se obnesejo.
11:22
So DNA's learning
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Ko se DNK uči,
11:24
and it's building greater diversity and greater complexity.
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gradi večjo raznolikost
in večjo zapletenost.
in večjo zapletenost.
11:27
And we can see this happening over the last four billion years.
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In to dogajanje lahko vidimo,
v zadnjih štirih milijardah let.
v zadnjih štirih milijardah let.
11:30
For most of that time of life on Earth,
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Večino tega časa
je bilo življenje na Zemlji,
je bilo življenje na Zemlji,
11:32
living organisms have been relatively simple --
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so bili živi organizmi
razmeroma preprosti –
razmeroma preprosti –
11:34
single cells.
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posamezne celice.
11:36
But they had great diversity,
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A bili so zelo raznoliki,
in v sebi, zelo zapleteni.
in v sebi, zelo zapleteni.
11:38
and, inside, great complexity.
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11:40
Then from about 600 to 800 million years ago,
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Potem, pred nekako
600 do 800 milijoni let,
600 do 800 milijoni let,
11:43
multi-celled organisms appear.
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so se pojavili mnogocelični organizmi.
11:45
You get fungi, you get fish,
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Imamo gobe, imamo ribe,
11:47
you get plants,
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imamo rastline,
11:49
you get amphibia, you get reptiles,
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imamo dvoživke, imamo plazilce,
11:52
and then, of course, you get the dinosaurs.
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in potem, seveda, imamo dinozavre.
11:55
And occasionally, there are disasters.
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In včasih se zgodijo katastrofe.
11:59
Sixty-five million years ago,
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Pred petinšestdesetimi milijoni let
12:01
an asteroid landed on Earth
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je na zemljo padel asteroid
12:03
near the Yucatan Peninsula,
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blizu polotoka Jukatan,
12:05
creating conditions equivalent to those of a nuclear war,
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kar je ustvarilo pogoje, enake tistim
v jedrski vojni,
v jedrski vojni,
12:08
and the dinosaurs were wiped out.
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in dinozavri so bili izbrisani.
12:10
Terrible news for the dinosaurs,
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Strašna novica za dinozavre,
12:14
but great news for our mammalian ancestors,
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a dobra za naše sesalske prednike,
12:17
who flourished
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ki so uspevali
12:19
in the niches left empty by the dinosaurs.
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v nišah, ki so ostale
prazne po dinozavrih.
prazne po dinozavrih.
12:22
And we human beings
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In mi, ljudje, smo del tega
ustvarjalnega impulza evolucije,
ustvarjalnega impulza evolucije,
12:24
are part of that creative evolutionary pulse
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12:27
that began 65 million years ago
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ki se je začel pred 65 milijoni let
12:30
with the landing of an asteroid.
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s padcem asteroida.
12:33
Humans appeared about 200,000 years ago.
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Ljudje smo se pojavili pred približno
200.000 leti.
200.000 leti.
12:36
And I believe we count
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In verjamem, da veljamo
kot prag v tej veliki zgodbi.
kot prag v tej veliki zgodbi.
12:38
as a threshold in this great story.
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12:40
Let me explain why.
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Naj razložim, zakaj.
12:42
We've seen that DNA learns in a sense,
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Videli smo, da se DNK na nek način uči,
12:45
it accumulates information.
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ko zbira informacijo.
12:47
But it is so slow.
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A to je tako počasno.
12:49
DNA accumulates information
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DNK zbira informacijo
z naključnimi napakami,
z naključnimi napakami,
12:51
through random errors,
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12:53
some of which just happen to work.
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od katerih so samo nekatere dobre.
12:56
But DNA had actually generated a faster way of learning:
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A DNK je dejansko porodila
hitrejši način za učenje:
hitrejši način za učenje:
12:58
it had produced organisms with brains,
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naredila je organizme z možgani,
13:01
and those organisms can learn in real time.
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in ti organizmi se lahko
učijo v realnem času.
učijo v realnem času.
13:04
They accumulate information, they learn.
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Nabirajo informacije, se učijo.
13:07
The sad thing is,
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Žalostno je, da ko umrejo,
13:09
when they die, the information dies with them.
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informacija umre z njimi.
13:12
Now what makes humans different
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To, kar naredi ljudi drugačne,
je človeški jezik.
je človeški jezik.
13:14
is human language.
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13:16
We are blessed with a language, a system of communication,
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Blagoslovljeni smo z jezikom,
sistemom za komuniciranje,
sistemom za komuniciranje,
13:18
so powerful and so precise
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ki je tako močan in tako natančen,
13:21
that we can share what we've learned with such precision
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da lahko tisto, kar smo se naučili,
delimo s tako natančnostjo,
delimo s tako natančnostjo,
13:24
that it can accumulate in the collective memory.
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da se lahko zbere v kolektivnem spominu.
13:27
And that means
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In to pomeni,
13:29
it can outlast the individuals who learned that information,
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da lahko preživi posameznike,
ki so prišli do te informacije,
ki so prišli do te informacije,
13:32
and it can accumulate from generation to generation.
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in se zbira iz generacije v generacijo.
13:36
And that's why, as a species, we're so creative
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In zato smo, kot vrsta,
tako ustvarjalni in tako močni,
tako ustvarjalni in tako močni,
13:38
and so powerful,
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13:40
and that's why we have a history.
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in zato imamo zgodovino.
13:42
We seem to be the only species in four billion years
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Zdi se, da smo edina vrsta
v štirih milijardah let,
v štirih milijardah let,
13:45
to have this gift.
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ki imamo ta dar.
13:47
I call this ability
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Tej sposobnosti pravim kolektivno učenje.
13:49
collective learning.
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13:51
It's what makes us different.
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To nas naredi drugačne.
13:53
We can see it at work
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To lahko opazimo pri delu v najbolj
zgodnjih stopnjah človeške zgodovine.
zgodnjih stopnjah človeške zgodovine.
13:55
in the earliest stages of human history.
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13:57
We evolved as a species
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Kot vrsta smo se razvili
v savanskih površinah Afrike,
v savanskih površinah Afrike,
13:59
in the savanna lands of Africa,
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14:01
but then you see humans migrating into new environments,
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potem pa opažamo,
da se ljudje selijo v nova okolja,
da se ljudje selijo v nova okolja,
14:04
into desert lands, into jungles,
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v puščave, v džungle,
14:06
into the ice age tundra of Siberia --
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v ledenodobno tundro v Sibiriji –
14:08
tough, tough environment --
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ostro, neizprosno okolje –
14:10
into the Americas, into Australasia.
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v obe Ameriki, v Avstralijo in Azijo.
14:12
Each migration involved learning --
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Vsaka selitev je zahtevala učenje –
14:14
learning new ways of exploiting the environment,
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učenje, kako na nove načine
izkoriščati okolje,
izkoriščati okolje,
14:17
new ways of dealing with their surroundings.
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nove načine,
kako se spoprijemati z okoljem.
kako se spoprijemati z okoljem.
14:19
Then 10,000 years ago,
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Potem, pred 10.000 leti,
14:21
exploiting a sudden change in global climate
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ko so izkoristili
nenadno spremembo v globalnem podnebju
nenadno spremembo v globalnem podnebju
14:23
with the end of the last ice age,
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ob koncu zadnje ledene dobe,
14:25
humans learned to farm.
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so se ljudje naučili kmetovanja.
14:28
Farming was an energy bonanza.
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Kmetovanje je bila energijska zlata jama.
14:30
And exploiting that energy,
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Ko so izkoristili to energijo,
so se človeške populacije namnožile.
so se človeške populacije namnožile.
14:32
human populations multiplied.
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14:34
Human societies got larger, denser,
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Človeške družbe so postale večje,
gostejše, bolj med seboj povezane.
gostejše, bolj med seboj povezane.
14:36
more interconnected.
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14:38
And then from about 500 years ago,
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Potem so se pred približno 500 leti
14:42
humans began to link up globally
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ljudje začeli povezovati globalno
14:44
through shipping, through trains,
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s plovbo, z vlaki,
14:46
through telegraph, through the Internet,
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s telegrafom, z internetom,
14:49
until now we seem to form
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dokler zdaj ne vidimo, da so ustvarili
enotne globalne možgane
enotne globalne možgane
14:51
a single global brain
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14:53
of almost seven billion individuals.
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iz skoraj sedem milijard posameznikov.
14:55
And that brain is learning at warp speed.
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In ti možgani se učijo
z nadsvetlobno hitrostjo.
z nadsvetlobno hitrostjo.
15:00
And in the last 200 years, something else has happened.
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In v zadnjih 200 letih
se je zgodilo še nekaj.
se je zgodilo še nekaj.
15:02
We've stumbled on another energy bonanza
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Naleteli smo na še eno
energijsko zlato jamo,
energijsko zlato jamo,
15:04
in fossil fuels.
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fosilna goriva.
15:06
So fossil fuels and collective learning together
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Tako fosilna goriva in kolektivno učenje
skupaj razložita
skupaj razložita
15:09
explain the staggering complexity
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neverjetno zapletenost,
ki jo vidimo okoli sebe.
ki jo vidimo okoli sebe.
15:11
we see around us.
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15:16
So, here we are,
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Tako –
pa smo tu,
15:19
back at the convention center.
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spet v kongresnem centru.
15:21
We've been on a journey, a return journey,
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Bili smo na potovanju, na potovanju
tja in nazaj, dolgem 13,7 milijard let.
tja in nazaj, dolgem 13,7 milijard let.
15:23
of 13.7 billion years.
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15:26
I hope you agree that this is a powerful story.
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Upam, da se strinjate,
da je to mogočna zgodba.
da je to mogočna zgodba.
15:29
And it's a story in which humans
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In je zgodba, v kateri ljudje igrajo
osupljivo in ustvarjalno vlogo.
osupljivo in ustvarjalno vlogo.
15:31
play an astonishing and creative role.
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15:34
But it also contains warnings.
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A vsebuje tudi opozorila.
15:37
Collective learning is a very, very powerful force,
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Kolektivno učenje je zelo,
zelo močna sila,
zelo močna sila,
15:41
and it's not clear
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in ni jasno, ali ljudje upravljamo z njo.
15:43
that we humans are in charge of it.
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15:46
I remember very vividly as a child growing up in England,
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Zelo živo se spominjam,
ko sem kot otrok rasel v Angliji,
ko sem kot otrok rasel v Angliji,
15:49
living through the Cuban Missile Crisis.
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in preživljal kubansko krizo z raketami.
15:52
For a few days,
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Nekaj dni je bilo videti,
da je celotna biosfera
da je celotna biosfera
15:54
the entire biosphere
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15:56
seemed to be on the verge of destruction.
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na robu uničenja.
15:59
And the same weapons are still here,
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In ista orožja so še tu,
16:02
and they are still armed.
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in še vedno so usposobljena.
16:04
If we avoid that trap,
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Če se izognemo tej pasti,
čakajo druge na nas.
čakajo druge na nas.
16:06
others are waiting for us.
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16:08
We're burning fossil fuels at such a rate
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Fosilna goriva kurimo tako hitro,
16:11
that we seem to be undermining the Goldilocks conditions
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da zgleda, da spodkupujemo
Zlatolaskine pogoje,
Zlatolaskine pogoje,
16:14
that made it possible for human civilizations
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ki so človeškim civilizacijam omogočili,
16:16
to flourish over the last 10,000 years.
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da so cvetele zadnjih 10.000 let.
16:20
So what big history can do
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Kar lahko velika zgodovina naredi je,
16:22
is show us the nature of our complexity and fragility
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da nam pokaže naravo
naše zapletenosti in krhkosti
naše zapletenosti in krhkosti
16:25
and the dangers that face us,
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in nevarnosti, ki nas čakajo,
16:27
but it can also show us
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a nam lahko pokaže
tudi našo moč s kolektivnim učenjem.
tudi našo moč s kolektivnim učenjem.
16:30
our power with collective learning.
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16:32
And now, finally,
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In zdaj, končno –
16:35
this is what I want.
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to je tisto, kar hočem.
16:39
I want my grandson, Daniel,
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Hočem, da moj vnuk Daniel
16:42
and his friends and his generation,
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in njegovi prijatelji
in njegova generacija
in njegova generacija
16:44
throughout the world,
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po vsem svetu
16:46
to know the story of big history,
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poznajo zgodbo o veliki zgodovini,
16:49
and to know it so well
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in jo poznajo tako dobro,
16:51
that they understand
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da bodo razumeli tako
izzive, ki nas čakajo,
izzive, ki nas čakajo,
16:53
both the challenges that face us
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16:55
and the opportunities that face us.
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kot priložnosti, ki nas čakajo.
16:58
And that's why a group of us
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In zato naša skupina
gradi brezplačen učni načrt na spletu
17:00
are building a free, online syllabus
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17:02
in big history
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o veliki zgodovini
17:04
for high school students throughout the world.
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za univerzitetne študente po vsem svetu.
17:06
We believe that big history
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Verjamemo, da bo velika zgodovina
17:09
will be a vital intellectual tool for them,
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važno umsko orodje zanje,
17:12
as Daniel and his generation
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kajti Daniel in njegova generacija
se soočajo z neznanskimi izzivi
17:15
face the huge challenges
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17:17
and also the huge opportunities
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in tudi neznanskimi priložnostmi,
17:19
ahead of them at this threshold moment
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ki jih čakajo v tem prelomnem trenutku
17:22
in the history of our beautiful planet.
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v zgodovini našega lepega planeta.
17:26
I thank you for your attention.
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Zahvaljujem se vam za pozornost.
17:28
(Applause)
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(Aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Christian - HistorianDavid Christian teaches an ambitious world history course that tells the tale of the entire universe -- from the Big Bang 13 billion years ago to present day.
Why you should listen
David Christian is by training a historian of Russia and the Soviet Union, but since the 1980s he has become interested in world history on very large scales. He has written on the social and material history of the 19th-century Russian peasantry, in particular on aspects of diet and the role of alcohol. In 1989, he began teaching courses on "Big History," surveying the past on the largest possible scales, including those of biology and astronomy.
Christian is a member of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. Over the next few years he will also be working with the support of Bill Gates to create an online course in "Big History" for high school students.
Watch the Big History series on H2 >>
David Christian | Speaker | TED.com