TEDSalon NY2013
Malcolm Gladwell: The unheard story of David and Goliath
Nikoli slišana zgodba o Davidu in Goljatu
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Readability: 3.8
7,134,861 views
Gre za klasično zgodbo o zmagi šibkejšega: David, mlad pastir, oborožen le s pračo, premaga Goljata, mogočnega vojščaka. Zgodba je presegla svetopisemski okvir in postala vsakdanja oznaka za malo verjetno zmago. Toda Malcolm Gladwell se sprašuje, ali je to res vse, kar nam ta zgodba pove.
Malcolm Gladwell - Writer
Detective of fads and emerging subcultures, chronicler of jobs-you-never-knew-existed, Malcolm Gladwell's work is toppling the popular understanding of bias, crime, food, marketing, race, consumers and intelligence. Full bio
Detective of fads and emerging subcultures, chronicler of jobs-you-never-knew-existed, Malcolm Gladwell's work is toppling the popular understanding of bias, crime, food, marketing, race, consumers and intelligence. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So I wanted to tell a story
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Hotel sem povedati zgodbo,
00:13
that really obsessed me when I was writing my new book,
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ki me je čisto obsedla, ko sem pisal novo knjigo,
00:17
and it's a story of something that happened
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gre pa za zgodbo o nečem, kar se je zgodilo
00:20
3,000 years ago,
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pred tri tisoč leti,
00:22
when the Kingdom of Israel was in its infancy.
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ko je bilo izraelsko kraljestvo še v povojih.
00:25
And it takes place in an area called the Shephelah
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Dogaja se na območju v Šefeli
00:28
in what is now Israel.
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v današnjem Izraelu.
00:30
And the reason the story obsessed me is that
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Zgodba me je obsedla zato,
00:32
I thought I understood it, and then I went back over it
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ker sem mislil, da jo razumem,
ko pa sem se vrnil k njej,
ko pa sem se vrnil k njej,
00:36
and I realized that I didn't understand it at all.
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sem ugotovil, da pravzaprav nimam pojma.
00:40
Ancient Palestine had a -- along its eastern border,
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Ob vzhodni meji stare Palestine je potekala
00:44
there's a mountain range.
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gorska veriga.
00:46
Still same is true of Israel today.
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Tako je danes v Izraelu.
00:48
And in the mountain range are all of the ancient cities
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Ob njej so vsa stara mesta
00:51
of that region, so Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Hebron.
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te regije: Jeruzalem, Betlehem, Hebron.
00:55
And then there's a coastal plain
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Na sredozemski strani,
00:57
along the Mediterranean, where Tel Aviv is now.
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na priobalnem območju, je sedaj Tel Aviv.
01:01
And connecting the mountain range with the coastal plain
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Med gorsko verigo in priobalnim območjem
01:04
is an area called the Shephelah,
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pa je Šefela,
01:06
which is a series of valleys and ridges that run east to west,
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serija dolin in grebenov, ki potekajo v smeri
vzhod - zahod.
vzhod - zahod.
01:10
and you can follow the Shephelah, go through the Shephelah
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Če sledite Šefeli in greste skoznjo,
01:14
to get from the coastal plain to the mountains.
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boste prišli od obale k goram.
01:16
And the Shephelah, if you've been to Israel, you'll know
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Če ste bili v Izraelu, veste, da je Šefela
01:18
it's just about the most beautiful part of Israel.
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morda najlepši del države.
01:20
It's gorgeous, with forests of oak
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Čudovita je, s hrastovimi gozdovi,
01:23
and wheat fields and vineyards.
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pšeničnimi polji in vinogradi.
01:26
But more importantly, though, in the history of that region,
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A kar je pomembneje, v zgodovini
01:29
it's served, it's had a real strategic function,
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je imela prav strateški pomen,
01:33
and that is, it is the means by which hostile armies
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namreč: preko nje so sovražne vojske
01:36
on the coastal plain find their way,
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našle pot z obale
01:38
get up into the mountains and threaten those living in the mountains.
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do gora in ogrozile njihove prebivalce.
01:42
And 3,000 years ago, that's exactly what happens.
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Točno to se je zgodilo pred tri tisoč leti.
01:45
The Philistines, who are the biggest of enemies
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Filistejci, največji sovražniki
01:49
of the Kingdom of Israel,
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izraelskega kraljestva,
01:51
are living in the coastal plain.
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so živeli na obalni strani.
01:53
They're originally from Crete. They're a seafaring people.
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Prišli so s Krete in so bili pomorsko ljudstvo.
01:56
And they may start to make their way
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Začeli so se prebijati
01:58
through one of the valleys of the Shephelah
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skozi eno od dolin Šefele
02:00
up into the mountains,
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proti goram,
02:02
because what they want to do is occupy the highland area
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saj so želeli zavzeti visokogorje
02:04
right by Bethlehem and split the Kingdom of Israel in two.
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poleg Betlehema in razdeliti Izrael na dva dela.
02:08
And the Kingdom of Israel, which is headed by King Saul,
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Kraljestvo, ki ga je vodil kralj Savel,
02:11
obviously catches wind of this,
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je to seveda ugotovilo
02:13
and Saul brings his army down from the mountains
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in Savel je prodrl z gora
02:16
and he confronts the Philistines in the Valley of Elah,
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ter se v dolini Ela spopadel s Filistejci;
02:19
one of the most beautiful of the valleys of the Shephelah.
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to je ena najlepših dolin v Šefeli.
02:22
And the Israelites dig in along the northern ridge,
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Izraelci so se vkopali ob severnem grebenu,
02:25
and the Philistines dig in along the southern ridge,
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Filistejci pa ob južnem
02:29
and the two armies just sit there for weeks
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in tako sta vojski obstali več tednov
02:32
and stare at each other, because they're deadlocked.
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ter se samo gledali, saj sta bili blokirani.
02:34
Neither can attack the other, because to attack the other side
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Nista mogli napasti ena druge, saj katerakoli
stran bi to hotela,
stran bi to hotela,
02:36
you've got to come down the mountain into the valley
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bi se morala spustiti v dolino
02:40
and then up the other side, and you're completely exposed.
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in se povzpeti po drugi strani, s čimer bi se
povsem izpostavila.
povsem izpostavila.
02:42
So finally, to break the deadlock,
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Da bi končali nerešljiv položaj,
02:44
the Philistines send their mightiest warrior
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so Filistejci svojega najmočnejšega vojaka
02:47
down into the valley floor, and he calls out
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poslali v dolino;
02:50
and he says to the Israelites,
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ta je proti Izraelcem zavpil:
02:51
"Send your mightiest warrior down,
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"Pošljite dol najmočnejšega med vami,
02:54
and we'll have this out, just the two of us."
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naj se samo midva spopadeva."
02:56
This was a tradition in ancient warfare called single combat.
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Ta tradicija se je v antičnem vojskovanju
imenovala boj eden na enega.
imenovala boj eden na enega.
03:00
It was a way of settling disputes
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Na ta način so reševali spore
03:02
without incurring the bloodshed of a major battle.
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brez velikih bitk z ogromno prelite krvi.
03:06
And the Philistine who is sent down,
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Filistejec, ki so ga poslali,
03:09
their mighty warrior, is a giant.
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je bil velikan.
03:11
He's 6 foot 9.
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Visok je bil dva metra.
03:13
He's outfitted head to toe in this glittering bronze armor,
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Od glave do peta je bil odet v svetleč bronast oklep.
03:17
and he's got a sword and he's got a javelin
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Imel je meč in kopje in sulico.
03:20
and he's got his spear. He is absolutely terrifying.
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Bil je strah vzbujajoč.
03:23
And he's so terrifying that none of the Israelite soldiers want to fight him.
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Tako zelo, da se noben izraelski vojak
ni hotel boriti proti njemu.
ni hotel boriti proti njemu.
03:28
It's a death wish, right? There's no way they think they can take him.
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To je vendar smrtna obsodba! Prepričani so bili,
da se ga ne morejo lotiti.
da se ga ne morejo lotiti.
03:32
And finally the only person who will come forward
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Končno se je kot edini javil
03:35
is this young shepherd boy,
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mladi pastir ovac,
03:37
and he goes up to Saul and he says, "I'll fight him."
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šel je k Savlu in rekel:
"Jaz se bom boril z njim."
"Jaz se bom boril z njim."
03:40
And Saul says, "You can't fight him. That's ridiculous.
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Savel je odgovoril:
"Tega ne moreš. To je noro.
"Tega ne moreš. To je noro.
03:43
You're this kid. This is this mighty warrior."
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Otrok si. On pa je mogočen vojščak."
03:45
But the shepherd is adamant. He says, "No, no, no,
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A pastir se ni dal. Dejal je:
"Ne, ne, ne,
"Ne, ne, ne,
03:48
you don't understand, I have been defending my flock
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ne razumeš. Svojo čredo sem leta branil
03:51
against lions and wolves for years. I think I can do it."
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pred levi in volkovi. Zmorem to."
03:55
And Saul has no choice. He's got no one else who's come forward.
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Savel ni imel izbire. Nihče drug se ni javil.
03:58
So he says, "All right."
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Tako je pristal.
03:59
And then he turns to the kid, and he says,
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Potem je dečku naročil:
04:01
"But you've got to wear this armor. You can't go as you are."
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"Nositi moraš ta oklep. Ne moreš iti kar tak."
04:04
So he tries to give the shepherd his armor,
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Hotel mu je nadeti oklep,
04:07
and the shepherd says, "No."
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a pastir je rekel ne.
04:08
He says, "I can't wear this stuff."
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Dejal je: "Tega ne morem nositi."
04:10
The Biblical verse is, "I cannot wear this for I have not proved it,"
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Sveto pismo pravi: "Ne morem nositi tega,
saj ga nisem preizkusil,"
saj ga nisem preizkusil,"
04:14
meaning, "I've never worn armor before. You've got to be crazy."
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kar pomeni: "Nikoli nisem nosil oklepa.
Ti si vendar nor."
Ti si vendar nor."
04:18
So he reaches down instead on the ground
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Namesto tega je s tal pobral
04:20
and picks up five stones
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pet kamnov
04:22
and puts them in his shepherd's bag
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in jih dal v pastirsko torbo
04:24
and starts to walk down the mountainside to meet the giant.
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ter se odpravil po bregu navzdol,
da bi se soočil z velikanom.
da bi se soočil z velikanom.
04:29
And the giant sees this figure approaching,
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Ko je velikan videl, kdo se približuje,
04:31
and calls out, "Come to me so I can feed your flesh
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je zavpil: "Pridi, da s tvojim mesom
04:34
to the birds of the heavens and the beasts of the field."
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nahranim ptice neba in živali polja."
04:38
He issues this kind of taunt towards this person
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Tako je dražil tega človeka,
04:42
coming to fight him.
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ki se je prihajal borit z njim.
04:43
And the shepherd draws closer and closer,
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Pastirček se je približeval
04:47
and the giant sees that he's carrying a staff.
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in velikan je opazil, da nosi palico.
04:50
That's all he's carrying.
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To je bilo vse, kar je imel s sabo.
04:51
Instead of a weapon, just this shepherd's staff,
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Namesto orožja je imel samo pastirsko palico
04:53
and he says -- he's insulted --
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in velikan je užaljeno dejal:
04:55
"Am I a dog that you would come to me with sticks?"
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"Sem mar pes, da prihajaš name s palicama?"
04:59
And the shepherd boy takes one of his stones
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Pastirček pa je iz žepa vzel kamen,
05:02
out of his pocket, puts it in his sling
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ga napel v pračo,
05:05
and rolls it around and lets it fly
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jo zavrtel in izstrelil
05:07
and it hits the giant right between the eyes --
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ter zadel velikana med oči,
05:10
right here, in his most vulnerable spot --
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prav na najbolj občutljivo mesto,
05:12
and he falls down either dead or unconscious,
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ta je omahnil, nezavesten ali mrtev,
05:15
and the shepherd boy runs up and takes his sword
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pastirček je stekel k njemu, vzel njegov meč
05:18
and cuts off his head,
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in mu odsekal glavo.
05:19
and the Philistines see this and they turn and they just run.
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Ko so Filistejci to videli,
so se obrnili in zbežali.
so se obrnili in zbežali.
05:25
And of course, the name of the giant is Goliath
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Seveda je bilo velikanu ime Goljat,
05:29
and the name of the shepherd boy is David,
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pastirčku pa David,
05:32
and the reason that story has obsessed me
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zgodba pa me je
05:35
over the course of writing my book
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med pisanjem knjige obsedla zato,
05:36
is that everything I thought I knew about that story
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ker je bilo vse, kar sem dotlej vedel o njej,
05:39
turned out to be wrong.
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napačno.
05:42
So David, in that story, is supposed to be the underdog, right?
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David je v tej zgodbi šibkejši, ne?
05:46
In fact, that term, David and Goliath,
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Celo fraza David in Goljat
05:48
has entered our language as a metaphor for
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je postala metafora
05:51
improbable victories
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za neverjetne zmage,
05:53
by some weak party over someone far stronger.
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kjer šibkejši premaga mnogo močnejšega.
05:56
Now why do we call David an underdog?
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Zakaj pravimo, da je David šibkejši?
05:58
Well, we call him an underdog because he's a kid,
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Ker je otrok,
06:01
a little kid, and Goliath is this big, strong giant.
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majhen deček je, Goljat pa je močan velikan.
06:05
We also call him an underdog
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Šibkejši mu pravimo tudi zato,
06:07
because Goliath is an experienced warrior,
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ker je Goljat izkušen vojščak,
06:11
and David is just a shepherd.
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David pa le pastir.
06:12
But most importantly, we call him an underdog
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A najpomembneje: šibkejši se zdi zato,
06:15
because all he has is -- it's that Goliath is outfitted with
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ker je Goljat opremljen
06:20
all of this modern weaponry,
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z modernim orožjem,
06:22
this glittering coat of armor
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s svetlečim oklepom,
06:24
and a sword and a javelin and a spear,
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mečem in kopjem in sulico,
06:27
and all David has is this sling.
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David pa ima samo pračo.
06:31
Well, let's start there with the phrase
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No, začnimo kar tu:
06:33
"All David has is this sling,"
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"David ima samo pračo."
06:35
because that's the first mistake that we make.
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To je prva napaka, ki jo napravimo.
06:38
In ancient warfare, there are three kinds of warriors.
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V antičnem vojskovanju so poznali tri vrste vojakov.
06:42
There's cavalry, men on horseback and with chariots.
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Konjenica so bili možje na konjih in
s kočijami.
s kočijami.
06:45
There's heavy infantry, which are foot soldiers,
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Težka pehota so bili vojaki pešaki,
06:48
armed foot soldiers with swords and shields
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oboroženi z meči in ščiti
06:51
and some kind of armor.
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in neke vrste oklepi.
06:53
And there's artillery, and artillery are archers,
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Potem je tu artilerija, to so lokostrelci,
06:56
but, more importantly, slingers.
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in še pomembneje, vojaki s pračami.
06:58
And a slinger is someone who has a leather pouch
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To so tisti, ki so imeli usnjene pasove
07:01
with two long cords attached to it,
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z dvema vrvema, pripetima nanje,
07:04
and they put a projectile, either a rock or a lead ball,
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izstrelek - kamen ali svinčeno kroglo -
07:07
inside the pouch, and they whirl it around like this
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so položili v pas, ga takole zavrteli,
07:10
and they let one of the cords go,
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in izpustili eno od vrvi,
07:13
and the effect is to send the projectile forward
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kar je izstrelek pognalo
07:17
towards its target.
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proti tarči.
07:20
That's what David has, and it's important to understand
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To je imel David in razumeti moramo,
07:23
that that sling is not a slingshot.
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da prača ni fisto kot frača.
07:26
It's not this, right? It's not a child's toy.
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To ni eno in isto. Ni otroška igrača.
07:28
It's in fact an incredibly devastating weapon.
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Pravzaprav je neverjetno uničujoče orožje.
07:32
When David rolls it around like this,
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Ko jo David takole zavrti,
07:35
he's turning the sling around probably
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to počne verjetno
07:38
at six or seven revolutions per second,
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s šestimi ali sedmimi vrtljaji na sekundo.
07:41
and that means that when the rock is released,
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To pomeni, da ko se kamen sproži,
07:45
it's going forward really fast,
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potuje izjemno hitro,
07:47
probably 35 meters per second.
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kakih 35 metrov na sekundo.
07:49
That's substantially faster than a baseball
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To je dosti hitreje od baseballske žogice,
07:52
thrown by even the finest of baseball pitchers.
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tudi ko jo vrže najboljši igralec.
07:56
More than that, the stones in the Valley of Elah
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Še več, kamni v dolini Ela
08:00
were not normal rocks. They were barium sulphate,
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niso bili običajni. Šlo je za barijev sulfat,
08:03
which are rocks twice the density of normal stones.
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ki ima dvakrat večjo gostoto od običajnih kamnov.
08:06
If you do the calculations on the ballistics,
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Če preračunate balistiko,
08:09
on the stopping power of the rock fired from David's sling,
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je ustavitvena moč kamna, ki ga je izstrelil David,
08:13
it's roughly equal to the stopping power
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približno enaka ustavitveni moči
08:15
of a [.45 caliber] handgun.
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pištole kalibra .45.
08:18
This is an incredibly devastating weapon.
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To je neverjetno uničujoče orožje.
08:21
Accuracy, we know from historical records
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Natančnost, kot vemo iz zgodovinskih zapisov,
08:26
that slingers -- experienced slingers could hit
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ki so jo imeli tisti, ki so znali upravljati s pračo,
08:30
and maim or even kill a target at distances of up to 200 yards.
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je lahko pohabila ali celo ubila tarčo,
oddaljeno do 180 metrov.
oddaljeno do 180 metrov.
08:36
From medieval tapestries, we know that slingers
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Srednjeveške tapiserije prikazujejo,
da so strelci s pračami
da so strelci s pračami
08:39
were capable of hitting birds in flight.
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lahko zadeli ptico v letu.
08:42
They were incredibly accurate.
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Bili so izjemno natančni.
08:44
When David lines up -- and he's not 200 yards away from Goliath,
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Ko je David nameril - in ni bil 180 metrov stran od Goljata,
08:48
he's quite close to Goliath --
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pravzaprav je bil kar blizu -
08:49
when he lines up and fires that thing at Goliath,
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ko je nameril in ustrelil proti Goljatu,
08:53
he has every intention and every expectation
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je imel namen in pričakovanje,
08:56
of being able to hit Goliath at his most vulnerable spot
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da bo Goljata zadel na najbolj občutljivo mesto,
08:59
between his eyes.
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med oči.
09:00
If you go back over the history of ancient warfare,
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Če se vrnemo k zgodovini antičnega vojskovanja,
09:02
you will find time and time again
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bomo vedno znova ugotovili,
09:05
that slingers were the decisive factor against infantry
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da so bili strelci s pračo
odločilni v boju proti pehoti
odločilni v boju proti pehoti
09:09
in one kind of battle or another.
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v vseh vrstah bitk.
09:14
So what's Goliath? He's heavy infantry,
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Kaj je potem Goljat? On je težka pehota
09:18
and his expectation when he challenges the Israelites to a duel
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in ko izzove Izraelce na boj,
09:23
is that he's going to be fighting another heavy infantryman.
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pričakuje, da se bo boril z nekom iz njihove
težke pehote.
težke pehote.
09:27
When he says, "Come to me that I might
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Ko reče: "Pridi, da bom
09:29
feed your flesh to the birds of the heavens and the beasts of the field,"
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s teboj nahranil ptice neba in živali polja,"
09:32
the key phrase is "Come to me."
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je poudarek na "Pridi."
09:34
Come up to me because we're going to fight,
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Pridi, saj se bova borila
09:36
hand to hand, like this.
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mož na moža, takole.
09:38
Saul has the same expectation.
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Savel pričakuje isto.
09:40
David says, "I want to fight Goliath,"
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David pravi: "Hočem se boriti z Goljatom,"
09:42
and Saul tries to give him his armor,
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in Savel mu hoče dati oklep,
09:44
because Saul is thinking, "Oh, when you say 'fight Goliath,'
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saj misli: "Oh, ko praviš 'boriti',
09:47
you mean 'fight him in hand-to-hand combat,'
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misliš na 'rokoborbo',
09:50
infantry on infantry."
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pehoto proti pehoti."
09:52
But David has absolutely no expectation.
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A David sploh nima nobenih pričakovanj.
09:55
He's not going to fight him that way. Why would he?
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Ne bo se boril na tak način. Zakaj bi se le?
09:58
He's a shepherd. He's spent his entire career
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On je pastir. Ves čas je s pračo
10:01
using a sling to defend his flock against lions and wolves.
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ščitil čredo pred levi in volkovi.
10:05
That's where his strength lies.
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V tem je njegova moč.
10:07
So here he is, this shepherd, experienced
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Tu imamo torej pastirja,
10:09
in the use of a devastating weapon,
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ki ima izkušnje z morilskim orožjem,
10:11
up against this lumbering giant
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ki se zoperstavi okornemu velikanu,
10:14
weighed down by a hundred pounds of armor
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katerega k tlom pritiska
petdesetkilogramski oklep
petdesetkilogramski oklep
10:17
and these incredibly heavy weapons
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ter neverjetno težko orožje,
10:18
that are useful only in short-range combat.
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uporabno samo v boju na kratki razdalji.
10:22
Goliath is a sitting duck. He doesn't have a chance.
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Goljat je lahka tarča. Nobene možnosti nima.
10:26
So why do we keep calling David an underdog,
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Zakaj torej Davida označujemo za šibkejši člen
10:29
and why do we keep referring to his victory as improbable?
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in zakaj imamo to zmago za neverjetno?
10:35
There's a second piece of this that's important.
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Pomembna je še ena stvar.
10:38
It's not just that we misunderstand David
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Ni to, da narobe razumemo Davida
10:41
and his choice of weaponry.
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in njegov izbor orožja.
10:43
It's also that we profoundly misunderstand Goliath.
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V temelju narobe razumemo tudi Goljata.
10:46
Goliath is not what he seems to be.
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Goljat ni to, za kar se izdaja.
10:50
There's all kinds of hints of this in the Biblical text,
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Svetopisemsko besedilo ponuja vse vrste namigov,
10:54
things that are in retrospect quite puzzling
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ki nas, če se ozremo nazaj, precej zmedejo,
10:56
and don't square with his image as this mighty warrior.
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in se ne skladajo s predstavo o mogočnem vojaku.
11:00
So to begin with, the Bible says that Goliath
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Najprej: Sveto pismo pravi, da Goljata
11:04
is led onto the valley floor by an attendant.
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v dolino privede pomočnik.
11:08
Now that is weird, right?
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To je čudno, mar ne?
11:10
Here is this mighty warrior
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Ta mogočni vojak
11:12
challenging the Israelites to one-on-one combat.
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izziva Izraelce na boj eden na enega.
11:15
Why is he being led by the hand
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2712
Zakaj ga za roko drži
11:17
by some young boy, presumably,
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verjetno mlad fant,
11:20
to the point of combat?
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2462
vse do boja?
11:23
Secondly, the Bible story makes special note
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Potem, svetopisemska zgodba posebej omeni,
11:27
of how slowly Goliath moves,
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kako počasi se Goljat premika,
11:30
another odd thing to say when you're describing
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kar je spet čudno, če gre za
11:32
the mightiest warrior known to man at that point.
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najmogočnejšega vojaka, kar jih je kdaj bilo.
11:36
And then there's this whole weird thing
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1823
In potem je tu še ta čudna zadeva o tem,
11:38
about how long it takes Goliath to react
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kako dolgo potrebuje Goljat, da
11:42
to the sight of David.
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1996
sploh reagira, ko zagleda Davida.
11:44
So David's coming down the mountain,
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David prihaja po pobočju navzdol
11:47
and he's clearly not preparing for hand-to-hand combat.
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in se očitno ne pripravlja na boj
eden na enega.
eden na enega.
11:51
There is nothing about him that says,
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1968
Nič na njem ne nakazuje,
11:53
"I am about to fight you like this."
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da se ne bo boril na ta način.
11:55
He's not even carrying a sword.
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Saj niti meča ne nosi.
11:57
Why does Goliath not react to that?
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Zakaj Goljat na to ne reagira?
11:59
It's as if he's oblivious to what's going on that day.
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Kot da ne ve, kaj se tisti dan dogaja.
12:03
And then there's that strange comment he makes to David:
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Potem pa še tale njegov nenavadna izjava Davidu:
12:07
"Am I a dog that you should come to me with sticks?"
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4295
"Sem mar pes, da greš nad mene s palicama?"
12:12
Sticks? David only has one stick.
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Palicama? David ima vendar samo eno palico.
12:15
Well, it turns out that there's been a great deal
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Izkaže se, da je
12:18
of speculation within the medical community over the years
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medicinska skupnost veliko ugibala o tem,
12:21
about whether there is something
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2526
ali je bilo nekaj resno
12:23
fundamentally wrong with Goliath,
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narobe z Goljatom,
12:26
an attempt to make sense of all of those apparent anomalies.
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kar bi morda pojasnilo vse te
očitno nenavadne stvari.
očitno nenavadne stvari.
12:30
There have been many articles written.
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1162
Članke so pisali o tem.
12:31
The first one was in 1960 in the Indiana Medical Journal,
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3994
Prvi je bil leta 1960 v Indiana Medical Journalu,
12:35
and it started a chain of speculation
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2355
kar je sprožilo verigo ugibanj,
12:37
that starts with an explanation for Goliath's height.
256
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3123
ki se je začela z razlago za Goljatovo velikost.
12:40
So Goliath is head and shoulders above
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Goljat je bil za ramena in glavo
12:43
all of his peers in that era,
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višji od svojih sodobnikov,
12:45
and usually when someone is that far out of the norm,
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in ponavadi je za tako velika odstopanja
12:49
there's an explanation for it.
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vedno neka razlaga.
12:51
So the most common form of giantism
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3233
Najpogostejša oblika gigantizma
12:54
is a condition called acromegaly,
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2735
se imenuje akromegalija.
12:57
and acromegaly is caused by a benign tumor
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2903
To povzroči benigni tumor
13:00
on your pituitary gland
264
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2503
na hipofizi,
13:02
that causes an overproduction of human growth hormone.
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2716
kar povzroči pretirano izločanje rastnega hormona.
13:05
And throughout history, many of the most famous giants
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Skozi zgodovino je veliko znanih velikanov
13:09
have all had acromegaly.
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trpelo za akromegalijo.
13:10
So the tallest person of all time
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Najvišji človek vseh časov
13:12
was a guy named Robert Wadlow
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je bil Robert Wadlow,
13:14
who was still growing when he died at the age of 24
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3051
ki je ob do smrti v starosti 24 let še vedno rastel,
13:17
and he was 8 foot 11.
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visok je bil 244 cm.
13:20
He had acromegaly.
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1414
Imel je akromegalijo.
13:21
Do you remember the wrestler André the Giant?
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2535
Se spomnite rokoborca Andreja Velikana?
13:24
Famous. He had acromegaly.
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Bil je znan. Imel je akromegalijo.
13:26
There's even speculation that Abraham Lincoln had acromegaly.
275
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4539
Špekulira se celo, da jo je imel Abraham Lincoln.
13:30
Anyone who's unusually tall,
276
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Pri vsakomur, ki je neobičajno visok,
13:31
that's the first explanation we come up with.
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2753
ponavadi najprej pomislimo na to razlago.
13:34
And acromegaly has a very distinct set of side effects
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3995
Akromegalijo spremljajo posebni stranski učinki,
13:38
associated with it,
279
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povezani z njo,
13:39
principally having to do with vision.
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ki vplivajo predvsem na vid.
13:43
The pituitary tumor, as it grows,
281
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Ko tumor na hipofizi raste,
13:46
often starts to compress the visual nerves in your brain,
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pogosto začne pritiskati na živce vida v možganih,
13:50
with the result that people with acromegaly
283
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zato ljudje z akromegalijo
13:53
have either double vision or they are profoundly nearsighted.
284
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bodisi vidijo dvojno ali so zelo kratkovidni.
13:58
So when people have started to speculate
285
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Ko se je torej začelo ugibanje,
14:01
about what might have been wrong with Goliath,
286
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3231
kaj bi lahko bilo narobe z Goljatom,
14:04
they've said, "Wait a minute,
287
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911
so dejali: "Čakajte,
14:05
he looks and sounds an awful lot like someone
288
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3190
to se zdi precej podobno simptomom
14:08
who has acromegaly."
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1573
akromegalije."
14:10
And that would also explain so much of what was strange
290
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2984
To bi tudi pojasnilo veliko nenavadnih elementov
14:12
about his behavior that day.
291
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Goljatovega obnašanja tistega dne.
14:15
Why does he move so slowly
292
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Zakaj se premika tako počasi
14:16
and have to be escorted down into the valley floor
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3528
in ga mora v dolino pospremiti
14:20
by an attendant?
294
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1359
pomočnik?
14:21
Because he can't make his way on his own.
295
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Ker sam ne zmore poti.
14:24
Why is he so strangely oblivious to David
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Zakaj tako čudno ne opazi in ne razume,
14:28
that he doesn't understand that David's not going to fight him
297
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da se David ne namerava boriti z njim,
14:30
until the very last moment?
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2147
vse do zadnjega trenutka?
14:32
Because he can't see him.
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2509
Ker ga ne vidi.
14:35
When he says, "Come to me that I might feed your flesh
300
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Ko reče: "Pridi sem, da s tvojim mesom nahranim
14:38
to the birds of the heavens and the beasts of the field,"
301
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2496
ptice neba in živali polja,"
14:41
the phrase "come to me" is a hint also of his vulnerability.
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4644
je fraza "pridi sem" znak njegove ranljivosti.
14:45
Come to me because I can't see you.
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Pridi sem, saj te ne vidim.
14:48
And then there's, "Am I a dog that you should come to me with sticks?"
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5214
In potem je tu še: "Sem mar pes, da greš nad mene s palicama?"
14:54
He sees two sticks when David has only one.
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Vidi dve palici, David pa ima samo eno.
14:59
So the Israelites up on the mountain ridge
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Izraelci, opazujoč z vrha grebena,
15:02
looking down on him thought he was
307
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so mislili, da je
15:04
this extraordinarily powerful foe.
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3111
izjemno močan nasprotnik.
15:07
What they didn't understand was that
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1976
Niso razumeli,
15:09
the very thing that was the source of his apparent strength
310
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3297
da je bil vir njegove moči
15:12
was also the source of his greatest weakness.
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3755
tudi vir njegove največje slabosti.
15:16
And there is, I think, in that,
312
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1957
In v tem je po moje
15:18
a very important lesson for all of us.
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3205
za nas zelo pomembna lekcija.
15:21
Giants are not as strong and powerful as they seem.
314
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3862
Velikani niso tako močni kot se zdijo.
15:25
And sometimes the shepherd boy has a sling in his pocket.
315
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In včasih ima pastirček v žepu pračo.
15:29
Thank you.
316
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Hvala.
15:30
(Applause)
317
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(Aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Malcolm Gladwell - WriterDetective of fads and emerging subcultures, chronicler of jobs-you-never-knew-existed, Malcolm Gladwell's work is toppling the popular understanding of bias, crime, food, marketing, race, consumers and intelligence.
Why you should listen
Malcolm Gladwell searches for the counterintuitive in what we all take to be the mundane: cookies, sneakers, pasta sauce. A New Yorker staff writer since 1996, he visits obscure laboratories and infomercial set kitchens as often as the hangouts of freelance cool-hunters -- a sort of pop-R&D gumshoe -- and for that has become a star lecturer and bestselling author.
Sparkling with curiosity, undaunted by difficult research (yet an eloquent, accessible writer), his work uncovers truths hidden in strange data. His always-delightful blog tackles topics from serial killers to steroids in sports, while provocative recent work in the New Yorker sheds new light on the Flynn effect -- the decades-spanning rise in I.Q. scores.
Gladwell has written four books. The Tipping Point, which began as a New Yorker piece, applies the principles of epidemiology to crime (and sneaker sales), while Blink examines the unconscious processes that allow the mind to "thin slice" reality -- and make decisions in the blink of an eye. His third book, Outliers, questions the inevitabilities of success and identifies the relation of success to nature versus nurture. The newest work, What the Dog Saw and Other Adventures, is an anthology of his New Yorker contributions.
He says: "There is more going on beneath the surface than we think, and more going on in little, finite moments of time than we would guess."
Malcolm Gladwell | Speaker | TED.com