TED Fellows Retreat 2013
Francis de los Reyes: Sanitation is a basic human right
Fransis de los Rejes (Francis de los Reyes): Kanalizacija je osnovno ljudsko pravo
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Upozorenje: u ovom govoru ćete možda saznati više o tome kako ljudi kake nego što ste ikada želeli da znate. Ali kao što pita aktivista za kanalizaciju (i član programa TED Fellows) - zar ne zaslužuju svi bezbedno mesto za takve aktivnosti?
Francis de los Reyes - Environmental engineer, sanitation activist
Francis de los Reyes works with cutting-edge microbiological techniques in environmental biotech. But his passion, both professionally and personally, is helping to improve the plight of the world’s 2.5 billion people living without adequate sanitation. Reyes is a TED Fellow. Full bio
Francis de los Reyes works with cutting-edge microbiological techniques in environmental biotech. But his passion, both professionally and personally, is helping to improve the plight of the world’s 2.5 billion people living without adequate sanitation. Reyes is a TED Fellow. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I am an engineering professor,
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Ja sam profesor inženjerstva,
00:14
and for the past 14 years
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i u poslednjih 14 godina
00:17
I've been teaching crap.
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predavao sam sranje.
00:18
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
00:20
Not that I'm a bad teacher,
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Nije da sam loš predavač,
00:22
but I've been studying and teaching
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ali učio sam i predavao
00:24
about human waste
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o ljudskom izmetu
00:26
and how waste is conveyed
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i kako se izmet prenosi
00:27
through these wastewater treatment plants,
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kroz ova postrojenja
za prečišćavanje otpadnih voda,
za prečišćavanje otpadnih voda,
00:30
and how we engineer and design
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i kako mi gradimo i dizajniramo
00:32
these treatment plants so that we can protect
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ova postrojenja za prečišćavanje,
kako bismo zaštitili
površinske vode, poput reka.
površinske vode, poput reka.
00:34
surface water like rivers.
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00:36
I've based my scientific career
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Zasnovao sam svoju naučnu karijeru
00:39
on using leading-edge molecular techniques,
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na korišćenju vrhunskih
molekularnih tehnika,
molekularnih tehnika,
00:42
DNA- and RNA-based methods
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zasnovane na DNK i RNK metodama
00:45
to look at microbial populations in biological reactors,
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da posmatram mikrobne populacije
u biološkim reaktorima,
u biološkim reaktorima,
00:48
and again to optimize these systems.
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i da opet unapredim ove sisteme.
00:50
And over the years,
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I tokom godina,
00:52
I have developed an unhealthy obsession with toilets,
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razvila se bolesna opsesija
prema toaletima,
prema toaletima,
00:56
and I've been known to sneak into toilets
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i znao sam da se uvučem u toalet
00:59
and take my camera phone
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i da ponesem telefon
01:01
all over the world.
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širom sveta.
01:03
But along the way, I've learned
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Ali usput sam naučio
01:05
that it's not just the technical side,
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da ne postoji samo ta tehnička strana,
01:08
but there's also this thing called the culture of crap.
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već i takozvana kultura sranja.
01:12
So for example,
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Tako na primer,
01:13
how many of you are washers
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koliko vas se pere
01:16
and how many of you are wipers?
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a koliko se briše?
01:18
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:22
If, well, I guess you know what I mean.
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Pa, pretpostavljam da znate na šta mislim.
01:26
If you're a washer, then you use water
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Ako se perete, onda koristite vodu
01:29
for anal cleansing. That's the technical term.
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za analnu higijenu. To je tehnički izraz.
01:31
And if you're a wiper,
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A ako se brišete,
01:34
then you use toilet paper
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onda koristite toalet papir
01:36
or, in some regions of the world
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ili, u nekim područjima sveta
01:38
where it's not available, newspaper
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gde to nije dostupno, novine
01:42
or rags or corncobs.
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ili krpe ili list kukuruza.
01:45
And this is not just a piece of trivia,
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Ovo nije samo puka trivijalnost,
01:48
but it's really important to understand
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već je veoma bitno da se razume
01:50
and solve the sanitation problem.
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i reši problem kanalizacije.
01:52
And it is a big problem:
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I to je veliki problem:
01:54
There are 2.5 billion people in the world
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Postoji 2,5 milijarde ljudi na svetu
01:56
who don't have access to adequate sanitation.
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koji nemaju pristup
adekvatnim higijenskim uslovima.
adekvatnim higijenskim uslovima.
01:59
For them, there's no modern toilet.
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Za njih, moderan toalet ne postoji.
02:01
And there are 1.1 billion people
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I postoji 1,1 milijarda ljudi
02:05
whose toilets are the streets
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čiji su toaleti ulice
02:08
or river banks or open spaces,
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ili rečne obale ili otvoreni prostor,
02:11
and again, the technical term for that is
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i opet, tehnički izraz za to je
02:13
open defecation,
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defekacija na otvorenom,
02:15
but that is really simply
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ali to je jednostavno
02:18
shitting in the open.
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vršenje nužde na otvorenom.
A ako zivite na fekalnom zemljištu
02:20
And if you're living in fecal material
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02:22
and it's surrounding you, you're going to get sick.
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koje vas okružuje, razbolećete se.
02:24
It's going to get into your drinking water,
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Ući će u vodu koju pijete,
02:26
into your food, into your immediate surroundings.
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u hranu, u blisku okolinu.
02:28
So the United Nations estimates
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Tako Ujedinene nacije procenjuju
02:30
that every year, there are
1.5 million child deaths
1.5 million child deaths
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da svake godine umire 1,5 miliona dece
02:35
because of inadequate sanitation.
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zbog neadekvatne kanalizacije.
02:37
That's one preventable death every 20 seconds,
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To je jedna sprečiva smrt
svakih 20 sekundi,
svakih 20 sekundi,
02:41
171 every hour,
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171 svaki sat,
02:44
4,100 every day.
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4,100 svaki dan.
Tako, da bi se izbegla
defekacija na otvorenom,
defekacija na otvorenom,
02:47
And so, to avoid open defecation,
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02:49
municipalities and cities
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opštine i gradovi
02:51
build infrastructure, for example, like pit latrines,
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grade infrastrukture, kao što su
na primer rupe za toalet
na primer rupe za toalet
02:56
in peri-urban and rural areas.
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u predgrađima i selima.
02:58
For example, in KwaZulu-Natal
province in South Africa,
province in South Africa,
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Na primer, u provinciji
Kvazul-natal u severnoj Africi,
Kvazul-natal u severnoj Africi,
03:01
they've built tens of thousands of these pit latrines.
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sagradili su na desetine hiljada
poljskih toaleta.
poljskih toaleta.
03:04
But there's a problem when you scale up
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Ali postoji problem kada se sagrade
03:06
to tens of thousands, and the problem is,
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na desetine hiljada, i problem je,
03:09
what happens when the pits are full?
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šta se događa kada se jame napune?
03:10
This is what happens.
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Ovo se događa.
03:13
People defecate around the toilet.
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Ljudi vrše nuždu oko toaleta.
03:15
In schools, children defecate on the floors
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U školama, deca vrše nuždu na podovima
03:18
and then leave a trail outside the building
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i ostavljaju trag do ispred zgrade
03:21
and start defecating around the building,
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i počinju da vrše nuždu oko škole,
03:23
and these pits have to be cleaned
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onda vanjski tolaeti moraju biti očišćeni
03:26
and manually emptied.
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i ručno ispražnjeni.
03:28
And who does the emptying?
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A ko vrši pražnjenje?
03:30
You've got these workers
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Postoje radnici
03:32
who have to sometimes go down into the pits
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koji nekada moraju da se spuste u jamu
03:35
and manually remove the contents.
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i ručno ih isprazne.
03:37
It's a dirty and dangerous business.
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To je prljav i opasan posao.
03:41
As you can see, there's no protective equipment,
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Kao što vidite,
ne postoji sigurnosna oprema,
ne postoji sigurnosna oprema,
03:43
no protective clothing.
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nema zaštitne odeće.
03:45
There's one worker down there.
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Dole je jedan radnik.
03:46
I hope you can see him.
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Nadam se da možete da ga vidite.
03:48
He's got a face mask on, but no shirt.
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Nosi masku, ali ne i majicu.
03:50
And in some countries, like India,
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U nekim zemljama, kao što je Indija,
03:53
the lower castes are condemned
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ljudi iz nižih klasa su osuđeni
03:55
to empty the pits,
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da čiste jame,
03:58
and they're further condemned by society.
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osuđeni su i od strane društva.
04:00
So you ask yourself, how can we solve this
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Tako se zapitate,
kako možemo ovo da rešimo
kako možemo ovo da rešimo
04:03
and why don't we just build Western-style flush toilets
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i zašto prosto ne sagradimo
toalete u zapadnjačkom stilu
toalete u zapadnjačkom stilu
04:06
for these two and a half billion?
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za ove dve ipo milijarde?
04:09
And the answer is, it's just not possible.
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A odgovor je da to prosto nije moguće.
04:11
In some of these areas, there's not enough water,
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U nekim od ovih područja,
nema dovoljno vode,
nema dovoljno vode,
04:14
there's no energy,
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nema energije,
04:15
it's going to cost tens of trillions of dollars
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i koštalo bi desetine biliona dolara
04:17
to lay out the sewer lines
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da se postave cevovodi,
04:19
and to build the facilities
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sagrade postrojenja
04:20
and to operate and maintain these systems,
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i za rad i održavanje ovih sistema,
04:22
and if you don't build it right,
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i ako se ispravno ne sagrade,
04:24
you're going to have flush toilets
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dogodiće se da voda iz klozeta
04:25
that basically go straight into the river,
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ide pravo u reku,
04:28
just like what's happening in many cities
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baš kao sto se desilo u mnogim gradovima
04:30
in the developing world.
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u zemljama u razvoju.
04:32
And is this really the solution?
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Da li je ovo stvarno rešenje?
04:34
Because essentially, what you're doing is
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Jer zapravo koristite
04:36
you're using clean water
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čistu vodu
04:38
and you're using it to flush your toilet,
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da biste pustili vodu u toaletu,
04:40
convey it to a wastewater treatment plant
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koja prolazi kroz
postrojenja za prečišćavanje vode
postrojenja za prečišćavanje vode
04:43
which then discharges to a river,
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koja se meša sa rekom
04:44
and that river, again, is a drinking water source.
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i onda je reka ponovo
izvor vode za piće.
izvor vode za piće.
04:47
So we've got to rethink sanitation,
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Tako da moramo da ponovo
osmislimo kanalizaciju,
osmislimo kanalizaciju,
04:49
and we've got to reinvent the sanitation infrastructure,
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moramo da unapredimo
infrastrukturu kanalizacije,
infrastrukturu kanalizacije,
04:54
and I'm going to argue that to do this,
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i tvrdim da bismo ovo uradili,
04:56
you have to employ systems thinking.
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moramo razmišljati sistematski.
04:58
We have to look at the whole sanitation chain.
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Moramo da sagledamo čitav
lanac kanalizacije.
lanac kanalizacije.
05:01
We start with a human interface,
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Počinjemo sa ljudskim interfejsom
05:03
and then we have to think about how feces
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i onda moramo da mislimo
o tome kako se izmet
o tome kako se izmet
05:05
are collected and stored,
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skuplja i skladišti,
05:08
transported, treated and reused —
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transportuje, obrađuje i ponovo koristi -
05:10
and not just disposal but reuse.
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ne samo deponuje već ponovo koristi.
05:13
So let's start with the human user interface.
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Počnimo sa ljudskim interfejsom.
05:15
I say, it doesn't matter if you're a washer or a wiper,
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Mislim da nije bitno
da li se brišete ili perete,
da li se brišete ili perete,
05:19
a sitter or a squatter,
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sedite ili čučite,
05:21
the human user interface should be clean
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ljudski interfejs mora da bude čist
05:23
and easy to use, because after all,
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i lak za korišćenje, jer čovek ipak
05:26
taking a dump should be pleasurable.
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treba da uživa kada kenja.
05:28
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:31
And when we open the possibilities
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I kada otvorimo mogućnosti
05:34
to understanding this sanitation chain,
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razumevanja lanca kanalizacije,
05:36
then the back-end technology,
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tehnologiju s kraja procesa,
05:38
the collection to the reuse, should not really matter,
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od skupljanja do ponovnog korišćenja,
zaista nije bitno,
zaista nije bitno,
05:42
and then we can apply
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i onda možemo primeniti
05:43
locally adoptable and context-sensitive solutions.
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lokalno prilagodljiva rešenja
koja su osetljiva na okruženje.
koja su osetljiva na okruženje.
05:47
So we can open ourselves to possibilities like,
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Tako sebe možemo otvoriti
mogućnostima poput,
mogućnostima poput,
05:50
for example, this urine-diverting toilet,
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na primer, ovog toaleta
koji preusmerava urin,
koji preusmerava urin,
05:53
and there's two holes in this toilet.
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gde postoje dve rupe.
05:55
There's the front and the back,
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Tu je prednji i zadnji deo,
05:56
and the front collects the urine,
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prednji skuplja urin
05:58
and the back collects the fecal material.
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a zadnji skuplja fekalije.
06:00
And so what you're doing is
you're separating the urine,
you're separating the urine,
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Vi zapravo odvajate urin,
06:02
which has 80 percent of the nitrogen
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koji ima 80% azota
06:04
and 50 percent of the phosphorus,
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i 50% fosfora,
06:06
and then that can then be treated
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i onda se to može obraditi
06:08
and precipitated to form things like struvite,
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i izvući talog kako bi se dobile
stvari poput struvita
stvari poput struvita
06:11
which is a high-value fertilizer,
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što je đubrivo visoke vrednosti
06:13
and then the fecal material can then be disinfected
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i onda se fekalne materije dezinficiraju
06:15
and again converted to high-value end products.
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i ponovo tranformišu
u krajnje proizvode visoke vrednosti.
u krajnje proizvode visoke vrednosti.
06:19
Or, for example, in some of our research,
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Ili na primer,
u nekim od naših istraživanja,
u nekim od naših istraživanja,
06:21
you can reuse the water by treating it
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možete ponovo koristiti vodu
tako što je obradite
tako što je obradite
06:24
in on-site sanitation systems
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u kanalizacionim sistemima
na samom licu mesta,
na samom licu mesta,
06:26
like planter boxes or constructed wetlands.
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poput kutija za sađenje
ili veštačkih močvara.
ili veštačkih močvara.
06:29
So we can open up all these possibilities
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Sve ove mogućnosti se otvaraju
06:31
if we take away the old paradigm of flush toilets
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ako ukinemo staru paradigmu
klozeta gde se pušta voda
klozeta gde se pušta voda
06:35
and treatment plants.
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i fabrika za obradu otpada.
06:37
So you might be asking, who's going to pay?
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Možda se pitate, ko će to da plati?
06:40
Well, I'm going to argue that governments
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Rekao bih da su vlade te
06:42
should fund sanitation infrastructure.
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koje treba da plate
kanalizacionu infrastrukturu.
kanalizacionu infrastrukturu.
06:45
NGOs and donor organizations,
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Nevladine organizacije i donatori
06:48
they can do their best, but it's not going to be enough.
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mogu da urade sve od sebe,
ali to neće biti dovoljno.
ali to neće biti dovoljno.
06:51
Governments should fund sanitation
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Vlade treba da finansiraju kanalizaciju
06:53
the same way they fund roads
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na isti način kao i puteve,
06:55
and schools and hospitals
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škole i bolnice
06:58
and other infrastructure like bridges,
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i druge infrastrukture poput mostova,
07:00
because we know, and the WHO has done this study,
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jer znamo sledeće,
a Svetska zdravstvena organizacija
a Svetska zdravstvena organizacija
je došla do ovoga -
za svaki uloženi dolar
za svaki uloženi dolar
07:03
that for every dollar that we invest
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07:05
in sanitation infrastructure,
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u infrastrukturu kanalizacije,
07:07
we get something like three to 34 dollars back.
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vraća nam se od 3 do 34 dolara.
07:11
Let's go back to the problem of pit emptying.
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Vratimo se problemu pražnjenja rupa.
07:13
So at North Carolina State University,
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Na Univerzitetu Severne Karoline,
07:15
we challenged our students to
come up with a simple solution,
come up with a simple solution,
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naše studente smo izazvali
da smisle jednostavno rešenje.
da smisle jednostavno rešenje.
07:18
and this is what they came up with:
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i došli su do ovoga -
07:19
a simple, modified screw auger
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jednostavna spirala
07:22
that can move the waste up
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koja može da prebaci otpad nagore
07:24
from the pit and into a collecting drum,
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iz rupe u rezervoar za skupljanje,
07:26
and now the pit worker
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i sada radnik u rupi
07:28
doesn't have to go down into the pit.
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ne mora da se spušta u rupu.
Isprobali smo ovo u Južnoj Africi,
i to funkcioniše.
i to funkcioniše.
07:30
We tested it in South Africa, and it works.
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07:32
We need to make it more robust,
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Moramo ga napraviti robusnijim
07:34
and we're going to do more testing
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i izvršićemo još testova
07:35
in Malawi and South Africa this coming year.
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u Malaviju i Južnoj Africi naredne godine.
07:37
And our idea is to make this
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Naša zamisao je da ovo napravimo
07:39
a professionalized pit-emptying service
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profesionalnom uslugom pražnjenja rupa
07:42
so that we can create a small business out of it,
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tako da se od ovoga
napravi mala kompanija,
napravi mala kompanija,
07:44
create profits and jobs,
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da se stvore zarada i poslovi,
07:46
and the hope is that,
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a nada je sledeća -
07:47
as we are rethinking sanitation,
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kako ponovo osmišljamo kanalizaciju,
07:49
we are extending the life of these pits
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produžavamo radni vek ovih rupa
07:53
so that we don't have to resort
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tako da ne moramo da pribegavamo
07:55
to quick solutions
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brzim rešenjima
07:56
that don't really make sense.
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koja zaista nemaju smisla.
07:58
I believe that access to adequate sanitation
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Verujem da je pristup
adekvatnoj kanalizaciji
adekvatnoj kanalizaciji
08:02
is a basic human right.
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osnovno ljudsko pravo.
08:04
We need to stop the practice
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Moramo da zaustavimo običaj
08:06
of lower castes and lower-status people
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da se ljudi iz nižih kasti
i nižeg statusa
i nižeg statusa
08:08
going down and being condemned to empty pits.
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spuštaju u rupe i budu osuđivani
da ih prazne.
da ih prazne.
08:12
It is our moral, it is our social
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To je naša moralna, društvena
08:14
and our environmental obligation.
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i ekološka dužnost.
08:16
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
08:18
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Francis de los Reyes - Environmental engineer, sanitation activistFrancis de los Reyes works with cutting-edge microbiological techniques in environmental biotech. But his passion, both professionally and personally, is helping to improve the plight of the world’s 2.5 billion people living without adequate sanitation. Reyes is a TED Fellow.
Why you should listen
Dr. Francis L. de los Reyes III is a Professor of Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Associate Faculty of Microbiology, and Training Faculty of Biotechnology at North Carolina State University. His research focuses on biological processes and combines modeling, bioreactor experiments, and molecular microbial ecology tools in addressing fundamental and practical issues in environmental biotechnology and environmental engineering. An important area of his research and teaching is water and sanitation in developing countries.
Current and past research projects (funding of ~ $4.5 M in last 10 years) include: quantitative microbial risk assessment of graywater reuse (WRRI), molecular analysis and modeling of the competition between filaments and floc-formers in activated sludge (NSF), analysis of the ecophysiology of nitrifiers and denitrifiers in microbial floc (NSF), optimization of a swine waste treatment system for nitrogen removal (US Department of Agriculture), analysis of the fate of bioagents in landfills (EPA), microbial characterization of landfills (Waste Management, Inc.), molecular techniques for groundwater remedation sites (US DOE/DOD), investigation of foam control methods (Hazen and Sawyer), development of probes for environmentally versatile Bacillus strains (Novozymes Biochemicals, Inc.), improvement of sludge dewatering (NC WRRI), microbial ecology of grease interceptors (CSPA) and the system-wide optimization of wastewater treatment plants using genetic algorithms.
Francis de los Reyes | Speaker | TED.com