TEDMED 2016
Anjan Chatterjee: How your brain decides what is beautiful
Andžan Čaterdži (Anjan Chatterjee): Kako vaš mozak odlučuje šta je lepo
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Andžan Čaterdži koristi oruđa evolutivne psihologije i kognitivne neuronauke kako bi izučavao jedan od najopčinjavajućijih koncepata prirode: lepotu. U ovom fascinantnom, podrobnom pogledu unutar vašeg mozga, naučite više o nauci iza toga zašto nas određeni spojevi linija, boje i oblika uzbuđuju.
Anjan Chatterjee - Cognitive neuroscientist
Anjan Chatterjee seeks to answer a tantalizing question: Why is beauty so gripping? Full bio
Anjan Chatterjee seeks to answer a tantalizing question: Why is beauty so gripping? Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
It's 1878.
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Godina je 1878,
00:16
Sir Francis Galton
gives a remarkable talk.
gives a remarkable talk.
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ser Frensis Galton
je održao izvanredan govor.
je održao izvanredan govor.
00:21
He's speaking to the anthropologic
institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Govorio je pred antropološkim
institutom Velike Britanije i Irske.
institutom Velike Britanije i Irske.
00:26
Known for his pioneering work
in human intelligence,
in human intelligence,
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Poznat po njegovom pionirskom radu
na polju ljudske inteligencije,
na polju ljudske inteligencije,
00:30
Galton is a brilliant polymath.
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Galton je briljantna svestrana ličnost.
00:33
He's an explorer,
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On je istraživač,
00:35
an anthropologist,
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antropolog,
00:37
a sociologist,
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sociolog,
00:38
a psychologist
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psiholog
00:40
and a statistician.
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i statističar.
00:43
He's also a eugenist.
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Takođe je eugeničar.
00:46
In this talk,
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U ovom govoru
00:48
he presents a new technique
by which he can combine photographs
by which he can combine photographs
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je predstavio nove tehnike
kojima može da kombinuje fotografije
kojima može da kombinuje fotografije
00:53
and produce composite portraits.
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i da dobije kombinovane portrete.
00:56
This technique could be used
to characterize different types of people.
to characterize different types of people.
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Ova tehnika može da se koristi da
bi se kategorisali različiti tipovi ljudi.
bi se kategorisali različiti tipovi ljudi.
01:02
Galton thinks that if he combines
photographs of violent criminals,
photographs of violent criminals,
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Galton je smatrao da ako kombinuje
fotografije nasilnih kriminalaca,
fotografije nasilnih kriminalaca,
01:08
he will discover the face of criminality.
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otkriće lik kriminala.
01:12
But to his surprise,
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No, na njegovo zaprepašćenje,
01:14
the composite portrait that he produces
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kombinovani portret koji je stvorio
01:17
is beautiful.
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je lep.
01:22
Galton's surprising finding
raises deep questions:
raises deep questions:
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Galtonovo iznenađujuće otkriće
povlači ozbiljna pitanja:
povlači ozbiljna pitanja:
01:25
What is beauty?
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šta je lepota?
01:28
Why do certain configurations of line
and color and form excite us so?
and color and form excite us so?
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Zašto nas određene konfiguracije linija,
boje i oblika toliko uzbuđuju?
boje i oblika toliko uzbuđuju?
01:36
For most of human history,
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Većim delom ljudske istorije
01:37
these questions have been approached
using logic and speculation.
using logic and speculation.
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ovim pitanjima se prilazilo
upotrebom logike i nagađanja.
upotrebom logike i nagađanja.
No u poslednjih nekoliko decenija,
01:44
But in the last few decades,
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01:45
scientists have addressed
the question of beauty
the question of beauty
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naučnici su se bavili pitanjem lepote
01:48
using ideas from evolutionary psychology
and tools of neuroscience.
and tools of neuroscience.
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koristeći ideje iz evolutivne psihologije,
kao i oruđa neuronauke.
kao i oruđa neuronauke.
01:54
We're beginning to glimpse
the why and the how of beauty,
the why and the how of beauty,
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Počinjemo da vidimo obrise
uzroka i načina lepote,
uzroka i načina lepote,
01:58
at least in terms of what it means
for the human face and form.
for the human face and form.
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bar u smislu toga šta ona znači
u slučaju ljudskog lica i oblika.
u slučaju ljudskog lica i oblika.
02:03
And in the process,
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A usput,
02:04
we're stumbling upon some surprises.
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nailazimo na neka iznenađenja.
02:08
When it comes to seeing
beauty in each other,
beauty in each other,
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Kada se radi o prepoznavanju
naše međusobne lepote,
naše međusobne lepote,
02:11
while this decision is certainly
subjective for the individual,
subjective for the individual,
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iako je ova odluka svakako
subjektivna za pojedinca,
subjektivna za pojedinca,
02:16
it's sculpted by factors that contribute
to the survival of the group.
to the survival of the group.
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oblikuju je faktori
koji doprinose opstanku grupe.
koji doprinose opstanku grupe.
02:20
Many experiments have shown
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Mnogi eksperimenti su pokazali
02:23
that a few basic parameters contribute
to what makes a face attractive.
to what makes a face attractive.
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da nekoliko osnovnih parametara doprinosi
onome što lice čini privlačnim.
onome što lice čini privlačnim.
02:28
These include averaging, symmetry
and the effects of hormones.
and the effects of hormones.
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Oni uključuju prosečnu vrednost,
simetriju i uticaj hormona.
simetriju i uticaj hormona.
02:34
Let's take each one of these in turn.
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Pozabavimo se svakim ponaosob.
02:38
Galton's finding
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Galtonovo otkriće
02:40
that composite or average faces
are typically more attractive
are typically more attractive
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da su kombinovana ili prosečna lica
tipično privlačnija
tipično privlačnija
02:45
than each individual face
that contributes to the average
that contributes to the average
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od svakog pojedinačnog lica
koje tvori prosečno,
koje tvori prosečno,
02:48
has been replicated many times.
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ponovljen je više puta.
02:51
This laboratory finding fits
with many people's intuitions.
with many people's intuitions.
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Ovo laboratorijsko otkriće
se uklapa sa intuicijom mnogih ljudi.
se uklapa sa intuicijom mnogih ljudi.
02:56
Average faces represent
the central tendencies of a group.
the central tendencies of a group.
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Prosečna lica predstavljaju
centralne težnje grupe.
centralne težnje grupe.
03:01
People with mixed features
represent different populations,
represent different populations,
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Ljudi mešanih crta lica
predstavljaju različite narode
predstavljaju različite narode
03:06
and presumably harbor
greater genetic diversity
greater genetic diversity
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i, navodno, gaje
veću genetsku raznovrsnost
veću genetsku raznovrsnost
03:09
and adaptability to the environment.
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i adaptiranost na sredinu.
03:12
Many people find mixed-race
individuals attractive
individuals attractive
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Mnogim ljudima su pojedinci
mešovitih rasa privlačni,
mešovitih rasa privlačni,
03:16
and inbred families less so.
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a oni iz unutarporodičnih
brakova nisu toliko.
brakova nisu toliko.
03:20
The second factor that contributes
to beauty is symmetry.
to beauty is symmetry.
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Drugi faktor
koji doprinosi lepoti je simetrija.
koji doprinosi lepoti je simetrija.
03:25
People generally find symmetric faces
more attractive than asymmetric ones.
more attractive than asymmetric ones.
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Ljudi uopšteno smatraju simetrična lica
privlačnijim od asimetričnih.
privlačnijim od asimetričnih.
03:30
Developmental abnormalities
are often associated with asymmetries.
are often associated with asymmetries.
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Razvojne anomalije
se često povezuju sa asimetrijom.
se često povezuju sa asimetrijom.
03:36
And in plants, animals and humans,
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A kod biljaka, životinja i ljudi,
03:39
asymmetries often arise
from parasitic infections.
from parasitic infections.
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asimetrije često proističu
iz parazitskih infekcija.
iz parazitskih infekcija.
03:43
Symmetry, it turns out,
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Simetrija, ispostavlja se,
03:45
is also an indicator of health.
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da je i indikator zdravlja.
03:50
In the 1930s,
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Tokom 1930-ih,
03:52
a man named Maksymilian Faktorowicz
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čovek po imenu Maksimilijan Faktorovič
03:55
recognized the importance
of symmetry for beauty
of symmetry for beauty
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je prepoznao važnost simetrije za lepotu
03:58
when he designed the beauty micrometer.
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kada je dizajnirao mikrometar lepote.
04:02
With this device,
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Ovom spravom
04:03
he could measure minor asymmetric flaws
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je mogao da izmeri manje asimetrične mane
04:06
which he could then make up for
with products he sold from his company,
with products he sold from his company,
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koje je onda mogao da prikrije proizvodima
koje je prodavala njegova firma,
koje je prodavala njegova firma,
04:11
named brilliantly
after himself, Max Factor,
after himself, Max Factor,
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koju je briljantno
nazvao po sebi, Maks Faktor,
nazvao po sebi, Maks Faktor,
a koja je, kao što znate,
jedan od najpoznatijih svetskih brendova
jedan od najpoznatijih svetskih brendova
04:14
which, as you know,
is one of the world's most famous brands
is one of the world's most famous brands
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04:18
for "make up."
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"šminke".
04:20
The third factor that contributes
to facial attractiveness
to facial attractiveness
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Treći faktor koji doprinosi
privlačnosti lica
privlačnosti lica
04:24
is the effect of hormones.
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je efekat hormona.
04:27
And here, I need to apologize
for confining my comments
for confining my comments
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A ovde, moram da se izvinim
što ću svoje komentare da ograničim
što ću svoje komentare da ograničim
04:32
to heterosexual norms.
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na heteroseksualne norme.
04:35
But estrogen and testosterone
play important roles
play important roles
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Međutim, estrogen i testosteron
igraju važne uloge
igraju važne uloge
04:40
in shaping features
that we find attractive.
that we find attractive.
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u oblikovanju crta
koje smatramo privlačnim.
koje smatramo privlačnim.
04:43
Estrogen produces features
that signal fertility.
that signal fertility.
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Estrogen proizvodi crte
koje signaliziraju plodnost.
koje signaliziraju plodnost.
04:48
Men typically find women attractive
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Muškarcima su obično privlačne žene
04:51
who have elements
of both youth and maturity.
of both youth and maturity.
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koje imaju elemente i mladosti i zrelosti.
04:56
A face that's too baby-like might
mean that the girl is not yet fertile,
mean that the girl is not yet fertile,
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Lice koje je suviše nalik bebećem
može da znači da devojka još nije plodna,
može da znači da devojka još nije plodna,
05:01
so men find women attractive
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te su muškarcima privlačne žene
05:03
who have large eyes,
full lips and narrow chins
full lips and narrow chins
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koje imaju krupne oči,
pune usne i uske brade,
pune usne i uske brade,
05:07
as indicators of youth,
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što su indikatori mladosti,
05:09
and high cheekbones
as an indicator of maturity.
as an indicator of maturity.
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a visoke jagodične kosti
su indikator zrelosti.
su indikator zrelosti.
05:14
Testosterone produces features
that we regard as typically masculine.
that we regard as typically masculine.
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Testosteron proizvodi crte
koje obično smatramo muževnim.
koje obično smatramo muževnim.
05:20
These include heavier brows,
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One uključuju gušće obrve,
05:22
thinner cheeks
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mršavije obraze
05:24
and bigger, squared-off jaws.
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i veću, četvrtastiju vilicu.
05:26
But here's a fascinating irony.
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Međutim, tu je očaravajuća ironija.
05:29
In many species,
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Kod mnogih vrsta,
05:30
if anything,
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ako ništa drugo,
05:32
testosterone suppresses the immune system.
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testosteron narušava imuni sistem.
05:37
So the idea that testosterone-infused
features are a fitness indicator
features are a fitness indicator
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Pa ideja da su crte koje tvori testosteron
indikatori dobre forme,
indikatori dobre forme,
05:41
doesn't really make a whole lot of sense.
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zaista nema mnogo smisla.
05:44
Here, the logic is turned on its head.
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Ovde je logika obrnuta naopačke.
05:47
Instead of a fitness indicator,
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Umesto indikatora dobre forme,
05:49
scientists invoke a handicap principle.
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naučnici prizivaju princip hendikepa.
05:54
The most commonly cited
example of a handicap
example of a handicap
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Najnavođeniji primer hendikepa
05:58
is the peacock's tail.
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je paunov rep.
06:00
This beautiful but cumbersome tail
doesn't exactly help the peacock
doesn't exactly help the peacock
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Ovaj lepi, ali nezgrapni rep
baš i ne pomaže paunu
baš i ne pomaže paunu
06:04
avoid predators
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da izbegne grabljivice
06:06
and approach peahens.
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i da priđe paunicama.
06:09
Why should such an extravagant
appendage evolve?
appendage evolve?
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Zašto bi tako ekstravagantan
dodatak evoluirao?
dodatak evoluirao?
06:13
Even Charles Darwin,
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Čak je i Čarls Darvin,
06:16
in an 1860 letter to Asa Gray wrote
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u pismu Asi Grej iz 1860. napisao
06:19
that the sight of the peacock's tail
made him physically ill.
made him physically ill.
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da mu od prizora paunovog repa
fizički pozli.
fizički pozli.
06:24
He couldn't explain it
with his theory of natural selection,
with his theory of natural selection,
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Nije mogao to da objasni
svojom teorijom prirodne selekcije,
svojom teorijom prirodne selekcije,
06:27
and out of this frustration,
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a iz ove frustracije
06:28
he developed the theory
of sexual selection.
of sexual selection.
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razvio je teoriju seksualne selekcije.
06:33
On this account,
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U tom slučaju,
06:34
the display of the peacock's tail
is about sexual enticement,
is about sexual enticement,
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kod izgleda paunovog repa
se radi o seksualnoj privlačnosti,
se radi o seksualnoj privlačnosti,
06:39
and this enticement means
it's more likely the peacock will mate
it's more likely the peacock will mate
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a ta privlačnost znači
da paun ima veće šanse da se pari
da paun ima veće šanse da se pari
06:45
and have offspring.
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i ima potomstvo.
06:47
Now, the modern twist
on this display argument
on this display argument
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Sad, savremeno viđenje
argumenta o paradiranju
argumenta o paradiranju
06:51
is that the peacock is also
advertising its health to the peahen.
advertising its health to the peahen.
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je to da paun takođe
reklamira paunicama svoje zdravlje.
reklamira paunicama svoje zdravlje.
06:58
Only especially fit organisms
can afford to divert resources
can afford to divert resources
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Samo naročito podobni organizmi
mogu da priušte prebacivanje resursa
mogu da priušte prebacivanje resursa
07:03
to maintaining such
an extravagant appendage.
an extravagant appendage.
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za održavanje
tako ekstravagantnog dodatka.
tako ekstravagantnog dodatka.
07:06
Only especially fit men can afford
the price that testosterone levies
the price that testosterone levies
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Samo naročito podobni muškarci mogu
da priušte cenu koju testosteron nameće
da priušte cenu koju testosteron nameće
07:11
on their immune system.
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njihovom imunom sistemu.
07:13
And by analogy, think of the fact
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I analogno tome, setite se činjenice
07:16
that only very rich men can afford
to pay more than $10,000 for a watch
to pay more than $10,000 for a watch
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da jedino veoma bogati muškarci mogu
da priušte više od 10.000 dolara za sat
da priušte više od 10.000 dolara za sat
07:23
as a display of their financial fitness.
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kao prikaz njihove finansijske podobnosti.
07:27
Now, many people hear these kinds
of evolutionary claims
of evolutionary claims
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Sad, mnogi ljudi čuju
slične tipove evolutivnih tvrdnji
slične tipove evolutivnih tvrdnji
07:29
and think they mean that we somehow
are unconsciously seeking mates
are unconsciously seeking mates
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i misle da to znači da mi nekako
podsvesno tražimo partnere
podsvesno tražimo partnere
07:35
who are healthy.
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koji su zdravi.
07:37
And I think this idea
is probably not right.
is probably not right.
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A ja mislim da ova zamisao
najverovatnije nije tačna.
najverovatnije nije tačna.
07:42
Teenagers and young adults are not exactly
known for making decisions
known for making decisions
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Tinejdžeri i mladi nisu baš čuveni
po donošenju odluka
po donošenju odluka
07:47
that are predicated on health concerns.
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koje su zasnovane na brizi o zdravlju.
07:50
But they don't have to be,
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Međutim, ne moraju da budu,
07:52
and let me explain why.
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a dozvolite da objasnim zašto.
07:55
Imagine a population
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Zamislite populaciju
07:57
in which people have three different
kinds of preferences:
kinds of preferences:
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u kojoj ljudi imaju
tri različita vida preferenci:
tri različita vida preferenci:
08:01
for green, for orange and for red.
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za zeleno, narandžasto i crveno.
08:05
From their point of view,
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S njihove tačke gledišta,
08:07
these preferences have
nothing to do with health;
nothing to do with health;
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ovi prioriteti nemaju
nikakve veze sa zdravljem;
nikakve veze sa zdravljem;
08:09
they just like what they like.
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prosto im se to nešto sviđa.
08:12
But if it were also the case
that these preferences are associated
that these preferences are associated
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Ali ako bi bio slučaj
da su ovi prioriteti povezani
da su ovi prioriteti povezani
08:16
with the different likelihood
of producing offspring --
of producing offspring --
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sa različitom verovatnoćom
dobijanja potomstva -
dobijanja potomstva -
08:19
let's say in a ratio of 3:2:1 --
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recimo u razmeri 3:2:1 -
08:23
then in the first generation,
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onda će u prvoj generaciji
08:24
there would be 3 greens
to 2 oranges to 1 red,
to 2 oranges to 1 red,
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da bude 3 zelena, 2 narandžasta, 1 crveni,
08:27
and in each subsequent generation,
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a u svakoj sledećoj generaciji,
08:30
the proportion of greens increase,
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udeo zelenih će da se poveća,
08:34
so that in 10 generations,
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pa će za deset generacija,
08:35
98 percent of this population
has a green preference.
has a green preference.
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98 procenata populacije
da ima preference prema zelenom.
da ima preference prema zelenom.
08:39
Now, a scientist coming in
and sampling this population
and sampling this population
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Sad, naučnik koji dođe
i napravi uzorak ove populacije
i napravi uzorak ove populacije
08:43
discovers that green
preferences are universal.
preferences are universal.
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će da otkrije da su zelene
preference univerzalne.
preference univerzalne.
08:47
So the point about this little
abstract example
abstract example
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Dakle, poenta ovog kratkog,
apstraktnog primera
apstraktnog primera
08:51
is that while preferences
for specific physical features
for specific physical features
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je da, iako preference
prema određenim fizičkim crtama
prema određenim fizičkim crtama
08:56
can be arbitrary for the individual,
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mogu da budu arbitrarne za pojedinca,
09:00
if those features are heritable
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ako su te crte nasledne
09:05
and they are associated
with a reproductive advantage,
with a reproductive advantage,
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i u vezi su sa reproduktivnom prednošću,
09:09
over time,
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vremenom
09:10
they become universal for the group.
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će da postanu univerzalne za grupu.
09:15
So what happens in the brain
when we see beautiful people?
when we see beautiful people?
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Dakle, šta se dešava u mozgu
kad ugledamo lepe ljude?
kad ugledamo lepe ljude?
09:22
Attractive faces activate
parts of our visual cortex
parts of our visual cortex
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Privlačna lica aktiviraju
delove našeg vizuelnog korteksa
delove našeg vizuelnog korteksa
09:26
in the back of the brain,
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u pozadini našeg mozga,
09:28
an area called the fusiform gyrus,
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u oblasti nazvanoj fuziformni girus,
09:30
that is especially tuned
to processing faces,
to processing faces,
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koji je naročito podešen da obrađuje lica,
09:33
and an adjacent area called
the lateral occipital complex,
the lateral occipital complex,
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a susedna oblast nazvana
bočni potiljačni kompleks,
bočni potiljačni kompleks,
09:37
that is especially attuned
to processing objects.
to processing objects.
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koji je naročito podešen
za obradu predmeta.
za obradu predmeta.
09:40
In addition,
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Uz to,
09:42
attractive faces activate parts
of our reward and pleasure centers
of our reward and pleasure centers
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privlačna lica aktiviraju delove
naših centara za nagradu i zadovoljstvo
naših centara za nagradu i zadovoljstvo
09:47
in the front and deep in the brain,
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spreda i duboko u mozgu,
09:50
and these include areas
that have complicated names,
that have complicated names,
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a to uključuje oblasti
koje imaju komplikovana imena,
koje imaju komplikovana imena,
09:53
like the ventral striatum,
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poput ventralnog strijatuma,
09:55
the orbitofrontal cortex
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orbitofrontalnog korteksa
09:57
and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.
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i ventromedijalnog prefrontalnog korteksa.
10:00
Our visual brain that is tuned
to processing faces
to processing faces
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Naš vizuelni mozak
koji je podešen da obrađuje lica
koji je podešen da obrađuje lica
10:04
interacts with our pleasure centers
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interaguje sa našim centrima
za zadovoljstvo
za zadovoljstvo
10:07
to underpin the experience of beauty.
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kako bi potkrepio iskustvo lepote.
10:11
Amazingly, while we all
engage with beauty,
engage with beauty,
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Začudo, dok smo svi angažovani oko lepote,
10:15
without our knowledge,
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bez našeg znanja,
10:17
beauty also engages us.
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i lepota angažuje nas.
10:20
Our brains respond to attractive faces
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Naši mozgovi reaguju na privlačna lica,
10:23
even when we're not thinking about beauty.
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čak i kad ne razmišljamo o lepoti.
10:26
We conducted an experiment
in which people saw a series of faces,
in which people saw a series of faces,
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Sproveli smo eksperiment
u kome su ljudi videli niz lica,
u kome su ljudi videli niz lica,
10:30
and in one condition,
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a pod jednim uslovom,
10:32
they had to decide if a pair of faces
were the same or a different person.
were the same or a different person.
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morali su da odluče da li par lica
pripada istoj ili različitoj osobi.
pripada istoj ili različitoj osobi.
10:39
Even in this condition,
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Čak i pod ovim uslovom,
10:42
attractive faces drove neural activity
robustly in their visual cortex,
robustly in their visual cortex,
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privlačna lica su pokretala snažnu
nervnu aktivnost u vizuelnom korteksu,
nervnu aktivnost u vizuelnom korteksu,
10:48
despite the fact that they were thinking
about a person's identity
about a person's identity
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uprkos činjenici da su razmišljali
o identitetu osobe,
o identitetu osobe,
10:52
and not their beauty.
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a ne o njenoj lepoti.
10:55
Another group similarly found
automatic responses to beauty
automatic responses to beauty
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Druga grupa je slično otkrila
automatsku reakciju na lepotu
automatsku reakciju na lepotu
10:59
within our pleasure centers.
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unutar naših centara za zadovoljstvo.
11:02
Taken together, these studies suggest
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Uzeta zajedno,
ova istraživanja nagoveštavaju
ova istraživanja nagoveštavaju
11:06
that our brain automatically
responds to beauty
responds to beauty
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da naš mozak automatski
reaguje na lepotu
reaguje na lepotu
11:10
by linking vision and pleasure.
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povezujući vid i zadovoljstvo.
11:13
These beauty detectors, it seems,
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Čini se da ovi detektori lepote
11:16
ping every time we see beauty,
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zablešte svaki put kad vidimo lepotu,
11:18
regardless of whatever else
we might be thinking.
we might be thinking.
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bez obzira na bilo šta drugo
o čemu budemo razmišljali.
o čemu budemo razmišljali.
11:23
We also have a "beauty is good"
stereotype embedded in the brain.
stereotype embedded in the brain.
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Takođe u mozgu imamo ugrađen
stereotip "lepota je dobra".
stereotip "lepota je dobra".
11:29
Within the orbitofrontal cortex,
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Unutar orbitofrontalnog korteksa,
11:31
there's overlapping neural activity
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imamo preklapajuću nervnu aktivnost
11:33
in response to beauty and to goodness,
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kao odgovor na lepotu i dobrotu,
11:39
and this happens even when people
aren't explicitly thinking
aren't explicitly thinking
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a to se dešava čak i kad ljudi
eksplicitno ne razmišljaju
eksplicitno ne razmišljaju
11:42
about beauty or goodness.
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o lepoti ili dobroti.
11:45
Our brains seem to reflexively
associate beauty and good.
associate beauty and good.
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Čini se da naši mozgovi refleksivno
povezuju lepotu i dobrotu.
povezuju lepotu i dobrotu.
11:50
And this reflexive association
may be the biologic trigger
may be the biologic trigger
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A ova refleksivna asocijacija
bi mogla da bude biološki okidač
bi mogla da bude biološki okidač
11:54
for the many social effects of beauty.
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za mnoge društvene efekte lepote.
11:58
Attractive people receive
all kinds of advantages in life.
all kinds of advantages in life.
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Privlačni ljudi imaju
razne vidove prednosti u životu.
razne vidove prednosti u životu.
12:03
They're regarded as more intelligent,
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Smatraju ih inteligentnijim,
12:06
more trustworthy,
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pouzdanijim,
12:07
they're given higher pay
and lesser punishments,
and lesser punishments,
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imaju veće plate i ređe ih kažnjavaju,
12:11
even when such judgments
are not warranted.
are not warranted.
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čak i kad su slični sudovi neosnovani.
12:15
These kinds of observations
reveal beauty's ugly side.
reveal beauty's ugly side.
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Ovakva zapažanja
otkrivaju ružnu stranu lepote.
otkrivaju ružnu stranu lepote.
12:19
In my lab, we recently found
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Nedavno smo u mojoj laboratoriji otkrili
12:21
that people with minor facial
anomalies and disfigurements
anomalies and disfigurements
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da ljude sa manjim anomalijama
i deformitetima lica
i deformitetima lica
12:26
are regarded as less good, less kind,
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smatraju manje dobrim, manje plemenitim,
12:30
less intelligent, less competent
and less hardworking.
and less hardworking.
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manje inteligentnim, manje kompetentnim
i manje vrednim.
i manje vrednim.
12:35
Unfortunately, we also have
a "disfigured is bad" stereotype.
a "disfigured is bad" stereotype.
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Nažalost, takođe imamo
stereotip "deformisanost znači zlo".
stereotip "deformisanost znači zlo".
12:42
This stereotype is probably
exploited and magnified
exploited and magnified
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Ovaj stereotip je verovatno
eksploatisan i uveličan
eksploatisan i uveličan
12:49
by images in popular media,
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prizorima iz popularnih medija,
12:51
in which facial disfigurement
is often used as a shorthand
is often used as a shorthand
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u kojima se deformitet lica
često koristi kao prečica
često koristi kao prečica
12:55
to depict someone of villainous character.
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za prikazivanje nekoga
ko ima karakter negativca.
ko ima karakter negativca.
12:59
We need to understand
these kinds of implicit biases
these kinds of implicit biases
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Moramo da razumemo
ove vidove implicitne pristrasnosti,
ove vidove implicitne pristrasnosti,
13:02
if we are to overcome them
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ako želimo da ih prevaziđemo
13:04
and aim for a society
in which we treat people fairly,
in which we treat people fairly,
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i da težimo društvu
u kom se prema ljudima odnosimo pošteno,
u kom se prema ljudima odnosimo pošteno,
13:08
based on their behavior and not
on the happenstance of their looks.
on the happenstance of their looks.
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zasnovano na njihovom ponašanju,
a ne zbog slučajnosti kako izgledaju.
a ne zbog slučajnosti kako izgledaju.
13:16
Let me leave you with one final thought.
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Dozvolite da završim finalnim zapažanjem.
13:21
Beauty is a work in progress.
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Lepota je delo u nastajanju.
13:24
The so-called universal
attributes of beauty
attributes of beauty
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Takozvani univerzalni atributi lepote
13:27
were selected for during the almost
two million years of the Pleistocene.
two million years of the Pleistocene.
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su odabrani tokom skoro
dva miliona godina pleistocena.
dva miliona godina pleistocena.
13:33
Life was nasty, brutish
and a very long time ago.
and a very long time ago.
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Život je bio gadan, nasilan
i veoma veoma dalek.
i veoma veoma dalek.
13:40
The selection criteria
for reproductive success from that time
for reproductive success from that time
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Tadašnji kriterijum selekcije
za reproduktivni uspeh,
za reproduktivni uspeh,
13:45
doesn't really apply today.
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danas je zaista neprimenjiv.
13:47
For example,
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Na primer,
13:49
death by parasite is not one
of the top ways that people die,
of the top ways that people die,
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smrt od parazita nije jedan
od najčešćih uzročnika smrti,
od najčešćih uzročnika smrti,
13:53
at least not in the technologically
developed world.
developed world.
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barem ne u tehnološki razvijenom svetu.
13:57
From antibiotics to surgery,
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Od antibiotika do operacije,
14:00
birth control to in vitro fertilization,
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kontracepcije i vantelesne oplodnje,
14:03
the filters for reproductive success
are being relaxed.
are being relaxed.
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filteri za reproduktivni uspeh popuštaju.
14:07
And under these relaxed conditions,
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A pod ovim labavijim uslovima,
14:10
preference and trait combinations
are free to drift
are free to drift
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preference i kombinacije osobina
mogu slobodno da se kreću
mogu slobodno da se kreću
14:14
and become more variable.
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i da postanu varijabilnije.
14:17
Even as we are profoundly
affecting our environment,
affecting our environment,
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Čak i dok suštinski utičemo na okolinu,
14:22
modern medicine
and technological innovation
and technological innovation
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savremena medicina i tehnološke inovacije
14:26
is profoundly affecting
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suštinski utiču
14:28
the very essence of what it means
to look beautiful.
to look beautiful.
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na samu srž toga šta znači izgledati lepo.
14:33
The universal nature of beauty is changing
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Univerzalna priroda lepote se menja,
14:35
even as we're changing the universe.
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čak i dok menjamo univerzum.
14:40
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
14:42
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anjan Chatterjee - Cognitive neuroscientistAnjan Chatterjee seeks to answer a tantalizing question: Why is beauty so gripping?
Why you should listen
In his recent book, The Aesthetic Brain: How We Evolved to Desire Beauty and Enjoy Art, cognitive neuroscientist Anjan Chatterjee investigates neural responses to beauty, explaining that the faces and places we find aesthetically pleasing may promote evolutionary success.
With numerous publications to his name in areas such as attention, spatial cognition and neuroethics, Chatterjee is the former president of the Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Society and the International Association of Empirical Aesthetics, and he is also a founding member of the Board of Governors of the Neuroethics Society. In 2016, Chatterjee was awarded the Rudolph Arnheim Award for contributions to psychology and the arts. Currently at the Center for Cognitive Neuroscience at the University of Pennsylvania, Chatterjee's cutting edge work in neuroaesthetics bridges art and neuroscience in complex and fascinating ways.
Anjan Chatterjee | Speaker | TED.com