INK Conference
Susan Lim: Transplant cells, not organs
林苏珊：移植细胞，而不是器官
Filmed:
Readability: 5.3
695,997 views
外科先锋林苏珊完成了亚洲第一例肝脏移植手术。但是对于器官移植的道德忧虑（捐献的器官来自哪里...）让她看的更加长远，使她疑问到：我们时候能移植细胞，而不是完整的器官？在INK会议上，她讲述了她在细胞治疗的令人惊讶的新发现。
Susan Lim - Surgeon
A surgical pioneer in Singapore, Susan Lim is a researcher and entrepreneur. Full bio
A surgical pioneer in Singapore, Susan Lim is a researcher and entrepreneur. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
So I was privileged to train in transplantation
0
1000
4000
能在两位伟大的外科先驱者
00:20
under two great surgical pioneers:
1
5000
2000
手下学习移植手术，是我的荣幸。
00:22
Thomas Starzl,
2
7000
2000
一位是托马斯·斯达泽，
00:24
who performed the world's first successful liver transplant
3
9000
3000
世界上第一个成功完成肝脏移植手术的人
00:27
in 1967,
4
12000
2000
在1967年，
00:29
and Sir Roy Calne,
5
14000
2000
另一位是罗伊·卡恩爵士，
00:31
who performed the first liver transplant in the U.K.
6
16000
3000
在英国第一个完成肝脏移植手术的人
00:34
in the following year.
7
19000
3000
在世界首例肝脏手术完成之后的一年（1978）。
00:37
I returned to Singapore
8
22000
2000
我回到新加坡
00:39
and, in 1990,
9
24000
2000
然后，在1990年
00:41
performed Asia's first successful
10
26000
2000
完成了亚洲首例
00:43
cadaveric liver transplant procedure,
11
28000
3000
尸肝移植手术，
00:46
but against all odds.
12
31000
3000
尽管手术困难重重。
00:49
Now when I look back,
13
34000
2000
现在，当我回过头来看的时候，
00:51
the transplant was actually the easiest part.
14
36000
4000
手术部分其实是最简单的。
00:55
Next, raising the money to fund the procedure.
15
40000
4000
其次是，凑钱来准备手术的费用。
00:59
But perhaps the most challenging part
16
44000
4000
但最有难度的是
01:03
was to convince the regulators --
17
48000
2000
是让那些立法者明白一件事实--
01:05
a matter which was debated in the parliament --
18
50000
4000
这件事曾在议会辩论过--
01:09
that a young female surgeon
19
54000
2000
就是一个年轻女外科医生
01:11
be allowed the opportunity
20
56000
2000
有没有资格
01:13
to pioneer for her country.
21
58000
3000
获得国家外科先驱的称号。
01:16
But 20 years on,
22
61000
2000
20年过去了，
01:18
my patient, Surinder,
23
63000
2000
我的病人，萨伦德，
01:20
is Asia's longest surviving
24
65000
2000
是到目前为止的亚洲尸肝移植的
01:22
cadaveric liver transplant to date.
25
67000
3000
最长存活者。
01:25
(Applause)
26
70000
4000
（掌声）
01:29
And perhaps more important,
27
74000
3000
但更重要的是，
01:32
I am the proud godmother
28
77000
2000
我有幸成为她
01:34
to her 14 year-old son.
29
79000
2000
14岁儿子的教母。
01:36
(Applause)
30
81000
3000
（掌声）
01:40
But not all patients on the transplant wait list
31
85000
2000
但并不是所有在移植手术表单上排队等侯的病人
01:42
are so fortunate.
32
87000
2000
都是那么幸运。
01:44
The truth is,
33
89000
2000
现实是，
01:46
there are just simply not enough donor organs
34
91000
2000
捐献的器官根本不够
01:48
to go around.
35
93000
2000
用。
01:50
As the demand for donor organs
36
95000
2000
对捐献器官需求
01:52
continues to rise,
37
97000
2000
持续的增加，
01:54
in large part due to the aging population,
38
99000
3000
很大程度上是因为人口的老龄化，
01:57
the supply has remained relatively constant.
39
102000
4000
然而器官的供应还是相对的保持不变。
02:01
In the United States alone,
40
106000
2000
仅美国而言，
02:03
100,000 men, women and children
41
108000
4000
就有10万人，有男人，女人还有小孩
02:07
are on the waiting list for donor organs,
42
112000
3000
都在等待捐助的器官的名单之中，
02:10
and more than a dozen die each day
43
115000
3000
而且每天有十几人死亡
02:13
because of a lack of donor organs.
44
118000
3000
就因为缺少捐献的器官。
02:16
The transplant community
45
121000
2000
移植团体
02:18
has actively campaigned in organ donation.
46
123000
3000
活跃于器官捐献的活动中。
02:21
And the gift of life
47
126000
2000
而且器官（捐赠范围）
02:23
has been extended
48
128000
2000
已经被扩大化
02:25
from brain-dead donors
49
130000
2000
从脑死亡的捐献者
02:27
to living, related donors --
50
132000
2000
到还在世的有血缘关系的亲属捐献者
02:29
relatives who might donate an organ
51
134000
3000
这样的亲属捐献者可能会捐献整个器官
02:32
or a part of an organ,
52
137000
2000
或者部分器官，
02:34
like a split liver graft,
53
139000
2000
例如将肝脏部分移植
02:36
to a relative or loved one.
54
141000
3000
给亲属或者是所爱的人。
02:39
But as there was still a dire shortage of donor organs,
55
144000
3000
但是捐献器官还是非常紧缺，
02:42
the gift of life was then extended
56
147000
2000
接着器官（捐赠范围）再一次扩大
02:44
from living, related donors
57
149000
2000
从活着的有血缘关系的亲属捐献者
02:46
to now living, unrelated donors.
58
151000
3000
到现在活着的没有血缘关系的非亲属捐献者。
02:49
And this then has given rise
59
154000
3000
这样就引发了
02:52
to unprecedented and unexpected
60
157000
3000
前所未有的
02:55
moral controversy.
61
160000
2000
一场道德纷争。
02:58
How can one distinguish
62
163000
3000
怎么才能辨别出
03:01
a donation that is voluntary and altruistic
63
166000
3000
捐献者是出于自愿和无私
03:04
from one that is forced or coerced
64
169000
3000
而不是被迫或强制捐献器官
03:07
from, for example,
65
172000
2000
举个例子，在
03:09
a submissive spouse, an in-law,
66
174000
3000
顺从的伴侣，媳婿，
03:12
a servant, a slave,
67
177000
2000
仆人，奴隶，
03:14
an employee?
68
179000
2000
雇员这样的身份下我们如何分辨捐赠的自愿性？
03:16
Where and how can we draw the line?
69
181000
3000
这条界限我们如何以及怎样加以区分？
03:20
In my part of the world,
70
185000
3000
在我生活周围，
03:23
too many people live below the poverty line.
71
188000
3000
很多人都生活在贫困线之下。
03:26
And in some areas,
72
191000
2000
在有些地方，
03:28
the commercial gifting of an organ
73
193000
2000
用活体器官
03:30
in exchange for monetary reward
74
195000
3000
来换取金钱上的回报
03:33
has led to a flourishing trade
75
198000
2000
已经是非常盛行的
03:35
in living, unrelated donors.
76
200000
3000
的一种商业交易。
03:39
Shortly after I performed the first liver transplant,
77
204000
3000
在完成首例肝移植后不久，
03:42
I received my next assignment,
78
207000
2000
我接到的下一个任务
03:44
and that was to go to the prisons
79
209000
3000
就是去监狱里
03:47
to harvest organs
80
212000
2000
从执行死刑的犯人身上
03:49
from executed prisoners.
81
214000
3000
获取器官。
03:52
I was also pregnant at the time.
82
217000
3000
在那时我已经怀孕了。
03:55
Pregnancies are meant
83
220000
2000
孕期
03:57
to be happy and fulfilling moments
84
222000
3000
是个让人高兴和充满喜悦的时期
04:00
in any woman's life.
85
225000
2000
对每个女人来说都是这样。
04:02
But my joyful period
86
227000
2000
但是本该属于我的这段喜悦的时期
04:04
was marred by solemn and morbid thoughts --
87
229000
5000
却被一种幽暗的病态的境况所损坏。
04:09
thoughts of walking through
88
234000
2000
这种境况就是步行穿过
04:11
the prison's high-security death row,
89
236000
3000
监狱的最高安保的死囚区，
04:14
as this was the only route
90
239000
2000
因为这是到临时的手术室（从死刑犯身上移取器官）
04:16
to take me to the makeshift operating room.
91
241000
4000
的唯一的一条路。
04:20
And at each time,
92
245000
2000
每当这时，
04:22
I would feel the chilling stares
93
247000
3000
我就能感到那
04:25
of condemned prisoners' eyes follow me.
94
250000
4000
跟随我的死刑犯人眼中的令人毛骨悚然的目光。
04:29
And for two years,
95
254000
2000
之后的2年，
04:31
I struggled with the dilemma
96
256000
2000
我都挣扎在这样的困境中
04:33
of waking up at 4:30 am
97
258000
2000
每周五早上
04:35
on a Friday morning,
98
260000
2000
凌晨四点半醒来，
04:37
driving to the prison,
99
262000
2000
开车去到监狱，
04:39
getting down, gloved and scrubbed,
100
264000
2000
着手准备，戴上手套，消毒，
04:41
ready to receive the body
101
266000
3000
准备从
04:44
of an executed prisoner,
102
269000
2000
死刑犯人的尸体中
04:46
remove the organs
103
271000
2000
移出器官
04:48
and then transport these organs
104
273000
2000
然后将这些器官带回
04:50
to the recipient hospital
105
275000
2000
到接受者的医院
04:52
and then graft the gift of life
106
277000
3000
之后当天下午
04:55
to a recipient the same afternoon.
107
280000
3000
给接受者移植这些器官。
04:58
No doubt, I was informed,
108
283000
2000
毫无疑问，手术是
05:00
the consent had been obtained.
109
285000
3000
是获得了准许（捐赠器官）。
05:06
But, in my life,
110
291000
2000
但是我一生，
05:08
the one fulfilling skill that I had
111
293000
5000
我拥有的唯一在行的技术
05:13
was now invoking feelings of conflict --
112
298000
4000
使我产生了情感上的冲突
05:17
conflict ranging
113
302000
2000
这种感情上的冲突
05:19
from extreme sorrow and doubt at dawn
114
304000
4000
从清晨时的极度悲伤和疑虑一直延续
05:23
to celebratory joy
115
308000
2000
到黄昏时
05:25
at engrafting the gift of life at dusk.
116
310000
4000
庆祝移植器官成功的喜悦。
05:29
In my team,
117
314000
2000
在我的团队中，
05:31
the lives of one or two of my colleagues
118
316000
3000
有一两个同事的生活
05:34
were tainted by this experience.
119
319000
3000
也被这样的经历所困扰。
05:37
Some of us may have been sublimated,
120
322000
3000
我们中的一些人已经可以接受这样的状况，
05:40
but really none of us remained the same.
121
325000
4000
但是实际上没有人还是原来的自己。
05:44
I was troubled
122
329000
3000
我很担忧
05:47
that the retrieval of organs from executed prisoners
123
332000
4000
这种从死刑囚犯上得来器官的做法。
05:51
was at least as morally controversial
124
336000
3000
这种做法起码在道德上看来是有争议的
05:54
as the harvesting of stem cells
125
339000
2000
就像从人类胚胎中
05:56
from human embryos.
126
341000
3000
获取干细胞一样有争议。
05:59
And in my mind,
127
344000
2000
而且我认为，
06:01
I realized as a surgical pioneer
128
346000
3000
作为一名外科先锋人物
06:04
that the purpose of my position of influence
129
349000
3000
我拥有影响力的地位的目的
06:07
was surely to speak up
130
352000
2000
就是为了
06:09
for those who have no influence.
131
354000
3000
替那些没有影响力的人说话。
06:12
It made me wonder
132
357000
2000
这让我思考
06:14
if there could be a better way --
133
359000
2000
是否有更好的方法--
06:16
a way to circumvent death
134
361000
3000
即能绕过死亡
06:19
and yet deliver the gift of life
135
364000
2000
而又同时获得器官的方法。
06:21
that might exponentially impact
136
366000
3000
这样可能会以指数级的影响力影响到
06:24
millions of patients worldwide.
137
369000
3000
全世界成千上万的病人。
06:28
Now just about that time,
138
373000
2000
也就是在那个时候，
06:30
the practice of surgery evolved
139
375000
2000
外科手术
06:32
from big to small,
140
377000
2000
逐渐从宏观到微观
06:34
from wide open incisions
141
379000
2000
从大的开放性的切口
06:36
to keyhole procedures,
142
381000
2000
到孔洞式的
06:38
tiny incisions.
143
383000
2000
微创技术。
06:41
And in transplantation, concepts shifted
144
386000
3000
而且移植手术的概念已经转变成了
06:44
from whole organs to cells.
145
389000
3000
从完整的器官移植到细胞移植。
06:47
In 1988, at the University of Minnesota,
146
392000
3000
1988年，在明尼苏达大学，
06:50
I participated in a small series
147
395000
3000
我参与了一个小规模的
06:53
of whole organ pancreas transplants.
148
398000
3000
完整胰脏移植手术。
06:56
I witnessed the technical difficulty.
149
401000
3000
我亲眼目睹了此项技术的难度。
06:59
And this inspired in my mind
150
404000
2000
同时这激发了我
07:01
a shift from transplanting whole organs
151
406000
4000
关于从移植整个器官
07:05
to perhaps transplanting cells.
152
410000
2000
到移植细胞的思考。
07:07
I thought to myself,
153
412000
2000
我在想，
07:09
why not take the individual cells
154
414000
3000
为什么不能把那些能分泌出胰岛素治愈糖尿病的个体细胞
07:12
out of the pancreas --
155
417000
2000
移出
07:14
the cells that secrete insulin to cure diabetes --
156
419000
3000
胰腺
07:17
and transplant these cells? --
157
422000
3000
然后移植这些细胞呢？
07:20
technically a much simpler procedure
158
425000
2000
从技术的角度讲这更为简单
07:22
than having to grapple with the complexities
159
427000
3000
相比起进行整个器官移植
07:25
of transplanting a whole organ.
160
430000
3000
手术的复杂性。
07:28
And at that time,
161
433000
2000
当时，
07:30
stem cell research
162
435000
2000
干细胞研究
07:32
had gained momentum,
163
437000
2000
已经有了一定的进展，
07:34
following the isolation of the world's first
164
439000
3000
世界上首次分离出
07:37
human embryonic stem cells
165
442000
2000
人类胚胎干细胞
07:39
in the 1990s.
166
444000
3000
是在90年代。
07:42
The observation that stem cells, as master cells,
167
447000
3000
干细胞，也叫主细胞，
07:45
could give rise
168
450000
2000
能发育成
07:47
to a whole variety of different cell types --
169
452000
2000
完整的不同种类的细胞-
07:49
heart cells, liver cells,
170
454000
2000
像心肌细胞，肝细胞，
07:51
pancreatic islet cells --
171
456000
2000
胰岛细胞--
07:53
captured the attention of the media
172
458000
3000
这项发现引起了媒体的广泛关注
07:56
and the imagination of the public.
173
461000
3000
也激发了公众的想象力。
07:59
I too was fascinated
174
464000
2000
我也被这种全新的
08:01
by this new and disruptive cell technology,
175
466000
3000
分离细胞的技术所吸引，
08:04
and this inspired a shift in my mindset,
176
469000
3000
同时这激发了我思维上的转变，
08:07
from transplanting whole organs
177
472000
2000
从移植整个器官
08:09
to transplanting cells.
178
474000
3000
到移植细胞。
08:12
And I focused my research on stem cells
179
477000
3000
我把研究集中放在
08:15
as a possible source
180
480000
2000
可能会成为
08:17
for cell transplants.
181
482000
2000
细胞移植来源的干细胞中。
08:20
Today we realize
182
485000
2000
今天我们认识到
08:22
that there are many different types of stem cells.
183
487000
3000
有很多种不同种类的干细胞。
08:25
Embryonic stem cells
184
490000
2000
其中，胚胎干细胞
08:27
have occupied center stage,
185
492000
2000
占据了中心地位，
08:29
chiefly because of their pluripotency --
186
494000
4000
主要是因为它的多能性--
08:33
that is their ease in differentiating
187
498000
3000
就是胚胎干细胞能轻松的分化成
08:36
into a variety of different cell types.
188
501000
3000
不同种类的细胞。
08:40
But the moral controversy
189
505000
3000
但是之所以胚胎干细胞
08:43
surrounding embryonic stem cells --
190
508000
3000
在道德上备受非议是
08:46
the fact that these cells are derived
191
511000
2000
因为这些细胞来源于
08:48
from five-day old human embryos --
192
513000
3000
5天大的人类胚胎--
08:51
has encouraged research
193
516000
2000
正是因为这种争议才激励人们研究
08:53
into other types of stem cells.
194
518000
3000
其他类型的干细胞。
08:56
Now to the ridicule of my colleagues,
195
521000
4000
在同事的嘲讽声中，
09:00
I inspired my lab
196
525000
2000
我将实验放在
09:02
to focus on what I thought
197
527000
3000
集中研究
09:05
was the most non-controversial source of stem cells,
198
530000
4000
最没有争议的干细胞源
09:09
adipose tissue, or fat, yes fat --
199
534000
3000
那就是脂肪组织，或叫脂肪，对是肥肉
09:12
nowadays available in abundant supply --
200
537000
3000
现如今随处可以找到脂肪
09:16
you and I, I think, would be very happy to get rid of anyway.
201
541000
4000
我想你和我一样肯定很乐意摆脱它。
09:21
Fat-derived stem cells
202
546000
2000
脂肪源干细胞
09:23
are adult stem cells.
203
548000
2000
是一种成体干细胞。
09:25
And adult stem cells
204
550000
2000
成体干细胞在
09:27
are found in you and me --
205
552000
2000
你和我身上都能找到--
09:29
in our blood, in our bone marrow,
206
554000
2000
它存在于血液，骨髓，
09:31
in our fat, our skin and other organs.
207
556000
3000
脂肪，皮肤和其他器官中。
09:34
And as it turns out,
208
559000
2000
同时这也证明，
09:36
fat is one of the best sources
209
561000
2000
脂肪是成体干细胞的
09:38
of adult stem cells.
210
563000
2000
最优来源之一。
09:40
But adult stem cells
211
565000
2000
但是成体干细胞
09:42
are not embryonic stem cells.
212
567000
3000
并不是胚胎干细胞。
09:45
And here is the limitation:
213
570000
2000
它有其自身的局限性：
09:47
adult stem cells are mature cells,
214
572000
3000
成体干细胞是成熟的细胞，
09:50
and, like mature human beings,
215
575000
3000
就像成年人一样，
09:53
these cells are more restricted in their thought
216
578000
3000
较难改变它们的思维定势
09:56
and more restricted in their behavior
217
581000
3000
较难改变它们的行为方式
09:59
and are unable to give rise
218
584000
2000
同时它们也不能像胚胎干细胞一样
10:01
to the wide variety of specialized cell types,
219
586000
3000
分化成很多种
10:04
as embryonic stem cells [can].
220
589000
2000
特定的功能细胞。
10:06
But in 2007,
221
591000
3000
但是在2007年，
10:09
two remarkable individuals,
222
594000
3000
两位杰出人士，
10:12
Shinya Yamanaka of Japan
223
597000
2000
日本京都大学教授山中伸弥教授
10:14
and Jamie Thomson of the United States,
224
599000
3000
和美国的杰米·汤普逊，
10:17
made an astounding discovery.
225
602000
3000
有了一项令人震惊的发现。
10:20
They discovered
226
605000
2000
他们发现
10:22
that adult cells, taken from you and me,
227
607000
3000
那些从你我身上获取的成体细胞
10:25
could be reprogrammed
228
610000
3000
可以重组
10:28
back into embryonic-like cells,
229
613000
2000
变回到类似胚胎的干细胞，
10:30
which they termed IPS cells,
230
615000
3000
他们将这些细胞命名为IPS细胞，
10:33
or induced pluripotent stem cells.
231
618000
5000
或称为诱导性多潜能干细胞。
10:38
And so guess what,
232
623000
2000
你猜怎么着，
10:40
scientists around the world and in the labs
233
625000
3000
全世界科学家在实验室中
10:43
are racing
234
628000
2000
争先恐后的
10:45
to convert aging adult cells --
235
630000
3000
转变
10:48
aging adult cells from you and me --
236
633000
2000
从你我身上的得来的成体细胞，
10:50
they are racing to reprogram these cells
237
635000
3000
他们竞相重组这些细胞
10:53
back into more useful IPS cells.
238
638000
4000
使之成为更有用的IPS细胞。
10:58
And in our lab,
239
643000
2000
在实验室，
11:00
we are focused on taking fat
240
645000
2000
我们专注于提取脂肪
11:02
and reprogramming
241
647000
2000
并重新编辑,
11:04
mounds of fat
242
649000
2000
将成堆的脂肪
11:06
into fountains of youthful cells --
243
651000
4000
变成幼年细胞
11:10
cells that we may use
244
655000
2000
我们可以将这些幼年的细胞
11:12
to then form other,
245
657000
2000
转化为其他细胞，
11:14
more specialized, cells,
246
659000
2000
更为特定的细胞，
11:16
which one day may be used as cell transplants.
247
661000
3000
而转化后的这些细胞或许也可以用作细胞移植。
11:20
If this research is successful,
248
665000
3000
如果这项实验成功的话，
11:23
it may then reduce the need
249
668000
3000
它就能减少用于
11:26
to research and sacrifice
250
671000
2000
研究和
11:28
human embryos.
251
673000
3000
牺牲人类胚胎的需求数量。
11:32
Indeed, there is a lot of hype, but also hope
252
677000
3000
真的，这样说也许有些夸张，但是我们也希望
11:35
that the promise of stem cells
253
680000
2000
干细胞
11:37
will one day provide cures
254
682000
2000
能够在将来治愈
11:39
for a whole range of conditions.
255
684000
2000
下列一系列的病症，
11:41
Heart disease, stroke, diabetes,
256
686000
3000
心脏病，中风，糖尿病，
11:44
spinal cord injury, muscular dystrophy,
257
689000
2000
脊髓损伤，肌肉萎缩，
11:46
retinal eye diseases --
258
691000
3000
视网膜病症--
11:49
are any of these conditions
259
694000
2000
在以上病症中有与你
11:51
relevant, personally, to you?
260
696000
3000
有关的吗？
11:54
In May 2006,
261
699000
3000
2006年5月，
11:57
something horrible happened to me.
262
702000
3000
有件恐怖的事情发生在我身上。
12:00
I was about to start a robotic operation,
263
705000
2000
我在进行常规手术的准备，
12:02
but stepping out of the elevator
264
707000
2000
但是当我走出电梯
12:04
into the bright and glaring lights of the operating room,
265
709000
3000
来到手术室的明亮炫目的手术灯下的时候，
12:07
I realized
266
712000
2000
我感觉到
12:09
that my left visual field
267
714000
2000
左眼
12:11
was fast collapsing into darkness.
268
716000
3000
很快就看不到任何东西了。
12:14
Earlier that week,
269
719000
2000
那一周的早些时候，
12:16
I had taken a rather hard knock
270
721000
2000
我在春末滑雪时
12:18
during late spring skiing -- yes, I fell.
271
723000
3000
跌了蛮重的一跤--是的，我摔倒了。
12:21
And I started to see floaters and stars,
272
726000
2000
紧接着眼冒金星，
12:23
which I casually dismissed
273
728000
2000
当时我并没有重视这个现象
12:25
as too much high-altitude sun exposure.
274
730000
3000
只认为那是高海拔阳光照射过多的缘故。
12:28
What happened to me
275
733000
2000
这件事
12:30
might have been catastrophic,
276
735000
2000
发生以后，
12:32
if not for the fact
277
737000
2000
如果我没有
12:34
that I was in reach of good surgical access.
278
739000
2000
接受良好的手术治疗的话，我想现在对我来说，肯定是场大灾难。
12:36
And I had my vision restored,
279
741000
2000
经过了三个月（并不算长的时间）
12:38
but not before a prolonged period of convalescence --
280
743000
3000
一直保持头向下的状态的康复期
12:41
three months --
281
746000
2000
之后
12:43
in a head down position.
282
748000
2000
我的视力恢复了。
12:45
This experience
283
750000
2000
这次的经历
12:47
taught me to empathize more with my patients,
284
752000
3000
让我更加能体谅患者
12:50
and especially those with retinal diseases.
285
755000
3000
特别是有视觉疾病的患者。
12:54
37 million people worldwide
286
759000
2000
世界上3700万人
12:56
are blind,
287
761000
2000
是盲人，
12:58
and 127 million more
288
763000
3000
同时1亿2700万的人
13:01
suffer from impaired vision.
289
766000
3000
饱受视觉受损的困扰。
13:04
Stem cell-derived retinal transplants,
290
769000
3000
视网膜干细胞移植，
13:07
now in a research phase,
291
772000
2000
目前正处于研究的阶段，
13:09
may one day restore vision,
292
774000
2000
也许将来的某天它就能帮世界上成千上万
13:11
or part vision,
293
776000
2000
视觉障碍患者
13:13
to millions of patients with retinal diseases worldwide.
294
778000
4000
重现光明，或者恢复部分视力。
13:17
Indeed, we live
295
782000
2000
确实，我们生活在
13:19
in both challenging
296
784000
2000
一个即富有挑战
13:21
as well as exciting times.
297
786000
3000
又令人刺激的年代。
13:25
As the world population ages,
298
790000
3000
当全球人口出现老龄化，
13:28
scientists are racing
299
793000
2000
科学家们竞相
13:30
to discover new ways
300
795000
2000
去寻找新的方法：
13:32
to enhance the power of the body
301
797000
2000
通过干细胞治愈自身
13:34
to heal itself through stem cells.
302
799000
3000
来达到提高人体机能的目的。
13:37
It is a fact
303
802000
2000
事实上，
13:39
that when our organs or tissues are injured,
304
804000
3000
当器官或者组织受损时，
13:42
our bone marrow
305
807000
2000
我们的骨髓
13:44
releases stem cells
306
809000
2000
会通过血液循环向血液中
13:46
into our circulation.
307
811000
2000
释放干细胞。
13:48
And these stem cells
308
813000
2000
这些干细胞
13:50
then float in the bloodstream
309
815000
2000
漂浮在血液中
13:52
and hone in to damaged organs
310
817000
3000
找到受损的器官然后
13:55
to release growth factors
311
820000
2000
释放出生长因子
13:57
to repair the damaged tissue.
312
822000
2000
来修复受损组织。
13:59
Stem cells may be used as building blocks
313
824000
3000
干细胞就好比是砌墙用的砖块
14:02
to repair damaged scaffolds within our body,
314
827000
4000
修复身体中受损的支架，
14:06
or to provide new liver cells
315
831000
2000
或是变成新的肝细胞
14:08
to repair damaged liver.
316
833000
3000
来修复受损的肝脏。
14:11
As we speak, there are 117 or so clinical trials
317
836000
3000
在我们说话的时候，大约有117例用
14:14
researching the use of stem cells
318
839000
3000
干细胞来治疗肝脏疾病
14:17
for liver diseases.
319
842000
2000
的临床实验在进行。
14:19
What lies ahead?
320
844000
2000
那种病症是世界上的头号杀手？
14:21
Heart disease
321
846000
2000
心脏病
14:23
is the leading cause of death worldwide.
322
848000
2000
是世界上首要死亡原因。
14:25
1.1 million Americans
323
850000
2000
每年有110万美国人
14:27
suffer heart attacks yearly.
324
852000
3000
心脏病发作。
14:30
4.8 million
325
855000
2000
480万人
14:32
suffer cardiac failure.
326
857000
2000
患有心力衰竭。
14:34
Stem cells may be used
327
859000
2000
干细胞可以通过
14:36
to deliver growth factors
328
861000
2000
传递生长因子
14:38
to repair damaged heart muscle
329
863000
2000
来修复受损的心肌
14:40
or be differentiated
330
865000
2000
也可以分化成
14:42
into heart muscle cells
331
867000
2000
不同的心肌细胞
14:44
to restore heart function.
332
869000
2000
来恢复心脏机能。
14:46
There are 170 clinical trials
333
871000
3000
有170例临床实验
14:49
investigating the role of stem cells in heart disease.
334
874000
4000
正在研究干细胞在心脏疾病中所起的作用。
14:53
While still in a research phase,
335
878000
3000
这虽然尚在研发阶段，
14:56
stem cells may one day herald
336
881000
3000
但是干细胞就给我们预示了
14:59
a quantum leap in the field of cardiology.
337
884000
3000
以后会在心脏学领域会有巨大的突破。
15:03
Stem cells provide hope for new beginnings --
338
888000
3000
干细胞为新的起点带来了希望，
15:06
small, incremental steps,
339
891000
3000
这个希望是循序渐进的，
15:09
cells rather than organs,
340
894000
3000
是用细胞移植来代替是器官移植，
15:12
repair rather than replacement.
341
897000
3000
是用修复器官来代替是取代器官。
15:15
Stem cell therapies
342
900000
3000
干细胞疗法
15:18
may one day reduce the need for donor organs.
343
903000
4000
将来会减少对于捐献器官的需求。
15:22
Powerful new technologies
344
907000
2000
强有力的新科技
15:24
always present enigmas.
345
909000
2000
总是向人们展现它的神秘。
15:26
As we speak,
346
911000
2000
就在我们说话的时候，
15:28
the world's first human embryonic stem cell trial for spinal cord injury
347
913000
3000
世界上首例用人类胚胎干细胞治疗脊髓受损的实验
15:31
is currently underway
348
916000
2000
在美国食品药物管理局批准下
15:33
following the USFDA approval.
349
918000
3000
正在进行当中。
15:36
And in the U.K.,
350
921000
2000
同时在英国，
15:38
neural stem cells to treat stroke
351
923000
2000
用神经干细胞来治疗中风
15:40
are being investigated in a phase one trial.
352
925000
3000
也正处于临床阶段。
15:44
The research success that we celebrate today
353
929000
3000
我们今天所称赞的这些研究成果
15:47
has been made possible
354
932000
2000
之所以成为现实
15:49
by the curiosity and contribution and commitment
355
934000
4000
是要归功于那些具有探索和献身精神的
15:53
of individual scientists
356
938000
2000
科学家
15:55
and medical pioneers.
357
940000
2000
和医学界先锋们。
15:57
Each one has his story.
358
942000
3000
每个人都有属于自己的故事。
16:00
My story has been about my journey
359
945000
3000
而我的故事是我从器官移植
16:03
from organs to cells --
360
948000
2000
走到细胞移植的一段旅程，
16:05
a journey through controversy,
361
950000
2000
这其中即充满了争议，
16:07
inspired by hope --
362
952000
2000
同时又有希望的鼓舞。
16:09
hope that, as we age,
363
954000
3000
这个希望就是当我们老去的时候
16:12
you and I may one day celebrate longevity
364
957000
3000
你和我有一天能在良好的生活水平下
16:15
with an improved quality of life.
365
960000
2000
来庆祝人类的长寿。
16:17
Thank you.
366
962000
2000
谢谢。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Susan Lim - SurgeonA surgical pioneer in Singapore, Susan Lim is a researcher and entrepreneur.
Why you should listen
Dr Susan Lim is the current Co-chair of the Global Advisory Council of the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR). She performed the first successful cadaveric liver transplant for Singapore in 1990, the second woman in the world to have done so at the time .
Her academic recognitions include election as Fellow, Trinity College (2005), University of Melbourne, the Monash University Distinguished Alumnus Award (2006), and an Honorary Degree of Doctor of Medicine by The University of Newcastle, Australia (2007). In 2007, the American Academy of Continuing Medical Education (AACME) 28th award, was named the “Dr Susan Lim Award” for the advancement in Laparoscopic & Minimally Invasive Surgery. Her more recent public lectures include “Robotic Surgery - Engineering from a surgeon’s perspective”, as visiting scholar to UC Berkeley, and a 2016 TEDx Berkeley talk “The Dawn of a New Ecosystem in Organ Replacement.”
For her humanitarian work, she was recognized in the Australian House of Parliament (House of Representatives Official Hansard no. 17, 2005) for treating Australian victims of the second Bali bomb blast. In giving back to society, the family have established the Dr. Susan Lim Endowment for Education and Research, which supports medical and research scholarships at Trinity College, University of Melbourne, the University of Newcastle, Australia, and the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR).
Susan Lim | Speaker | TED.com