TEDxWomen 2011
Lauren Hodge, Shree Bose + Naomi Shah: Award-winning teenage science in action
获奖青少年，科技在行动
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2011年，三个女孩包揽了第一届谷歌全球科学展的头奖。在TEDx女性大会上,劳伦·霍奇, 斯里·波色和内奥米·沙阿展示了她们无与伦比的项目--以及她们如何对科学产生了热情
Lauren Hodge - Science fair winner
Lauren Hodge won the 2011 Google Science Fair in the age 13-14 category. Full bioShree Bose - Science fair winner
Shree Bose was the grand prize winner at the 2011 Google Science Fair. Full bioNaomi Shah - Science fair winner
Naomi Shah won the 2011 Google Science Fair in the age 15-16 category. Full bio
Lauren Hodge won the 2011 Google Science Fair in the age 13-14 category. Full bioShree Bose - Science fair winner
Shree Bose was the grand prize winner at the 2011 Google Science Fair. Full bioNaomi Shah - Science fair winner
Naomi Shah won the 2011 Google Science Fair in the age 15-16 category. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
Lauren Hodge: If you were going to a restaurant and wanted a healthier option,
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劳伦·霍奇:如果你去饭店，你想吃得健康一点，
00:18
which would you choose, grilled or fried chicken?
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你会选择哪种食品呢，烤鸡还是炸鸡？
00:20
Now most people would answer grilled,
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多数人都会选择烤鸡，
00:22
and it's true that grilled chicken does contain less fat and fewer calories.
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的确，烤鸡含有较少的脂肪和卡路里。
00:25
However, grilled chicken poses a hidden danger.
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但是，烤鸡存在一个潜在的危险
00:27
The hidden danger is heterocyclic amines --
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这个潜在的危险是多环胺类--
00:29
specifically phenomethylimidazopyridine,
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具体的来讲，是phenomethylimidazopyridine,
00:31
or PhIP --
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或者简称为PhIP--
00:33
(laughter)
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(笑声)
00:35
which is the immunogenic or carcinogenic compound.
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是免疫原性或致癌物质的成分
00:38
A carcinogen is any substance or agent
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致癌物质是任何
00:40
that causes abnormal growth of cells,
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会导致细胞的异常增长，
00:42
which can also cause them to metastasize or spread.
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也会导致细胞的转移和扩张的介质
00:45
They are also organic compounds
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它们也是有机物
00:47
in which one or more of the hydrogens in ammonia
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氨中的一个或多个氢
00:50
is replaced with a more complex group.
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被替换成更复杂的组成
00:52
Studies show that antioxidants
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研究显示抗氧化剂
00:54
are known to decrease these heterocyclic amines.
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能减少这些杂胺环
00:56
However, no studies exist yet
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但是，现在还没有研究
00:58
that show how or why.
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显示通过如何方式或者为什么
01:00
These here are five different organizations that classify carcinogens.
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这是五个不同的组织对致癌物的分类
01:03
And as you can see, none of the organizations consider the compounds to be safe,
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如同你所看到的，没有任何一个组织认为该组成物是安全的，
01:06
which justifies the need to decrease them in our diet.
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就是说我们需要在饮食中减少对它们的摄入
01:09
Now you might wonder how a 13 year-old girl could come up with this idea.
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现在你可能会问一个13岁的女孩怎么会想到这一点
01:12
And I was led to it through a series of events.
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是一系列的事件将我引导至此的。
01:14
I first learned about it through a lawsuit I read about in my doctor's office --
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首先，是我在医生那里听到的一个诉讼案
01:17
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
01:20
which was between the Physician's Committee for Responsible Medicine
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是关于责任医学委员会
01:23
and seven different fast food restaurants.
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和七个不同的快餐店之间的诉讼
01:25
They weren't sued because there was carcinogens in the chicken,
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快餐店被告并不是因为在鸡肉中有致癌物质，
01:28
but they were sued because of California's Proposition 65,
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而是因为加利福尼亚州65号提案，
01:32
which stated that if there's anything dangerous in the products
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提案要求如果产品中有任何有害成分
01:35
then the companies had to give a clear warning.
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公司应该给出明确的警告
01:37
So I was very surprised about this.
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我对此很惊讶
01:39
And I was wondering why nobody knew more
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我很奇怪为什么没有人知道
01:41
about this dangerous grilled chicken,
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有害烤鸡，
01:43
which doesn't seem very harmful.
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虽然它们看起来不那么有害
01:45
But then one night, my mom was cooking grilled chicken for dinner,
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但是一天晚上，晚餐时我妈妈在烤鸡，
01:48
and I noticed that the edges of the chicken,
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我注意到鸡肉的边缘，
01:50
which had been marinated in lemon juice, turned white.
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经过柠檬汁的浸泡，变白了。
01:53
And later in biology class, I learned that it's due to a process called denaturing,
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后来在生物课上，我学到这是由于一种叫变性的过程，
01:56
which is where the proteins will change shape
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就是蛋白质会改变形态
01:58
and lose their ability to chemically function.
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失去它们化学性功能
02:01
So I combined these two ideas and I formulated a hypothesis,
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所以，我将两种想法综合在一起，创造了一个假说，
02:04
saying that, could possibly
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那就是，很可能的
02:06
the carcinogens be decreased due to a marinade
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致癌物因为腌泡汁的浸泡而降低
02:09
and could it be due to the differences in PH?
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是因为酸碱度的改变？
02:11
So my idea was born,
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这就是我的想法诞生的过程，
02:13
and I had the project set up and a hypothesis,
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然后，我就有了项目的开展和假说，
02:15
so what was my next step?
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那么我的下一步呢？
02:17
Well obviously I had to find a lab to work at
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很明显的，我要找到一家实验室
02:19
because I didn't have the equipment in my school.
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因为我在学校没有实验设备。
02:22
I thought this would be easy,
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我以为这会很容易，
02:24
but I emailed about 200 different people
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但是我给200多个人写邮件
02:26
within a five-hour radius of where I lived,
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离我居住的地方开车5个小时的范围内，
02:28
and I got one positive response that said that they could work with me.
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我只得到了一个正面的回复，说愿意帮助我。
02:31
Most of the others either never responded back,
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更多的人要么根本不回复，
02:33
said they didn't have the time
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说他们没时间
02:35
or didn't have the equipment and couldn't help me.
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要么就是没有设备，帮不了我。
02:37
So it was a big commitment
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所以说，这是一个很重的承诺
02:39
to drive to the lab to work multiple times.
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要多次开车去实验室开展实验
02:42
However, it was a great opportunity to work in a real lab --
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但是，这是一个可以在真正的实验室工作的绝好机会--
02:44
so I could finally start my project.
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我也得以最终开始我的项目
02:46
The first stage was completed at home,
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第一步是完全在家完成的，
02:48
which consisted of marinating the chicken,
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其中包括腌制鸡肉，
02:50
grilling the chicken, amassing it
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烤鸡，收集样本
02:52
and preparing it to be transported to the lab.
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以及准备送到实验室
02:55
The second stage was completed
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第二步的完成
02:57
at the Penn State University main campus lab,
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是在宾州大的主校园实验室，
02:59
which is where I extracted the chemicals,
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也就是我提取化学物质的地方，
03:01
changed the PH so I could run it through the equipment
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改变酸碱度，这样我就可以通过设备
03:03
and separated the compounds I needed
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从其余的鸡肉中
03:05
from the rest of the chicken.
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分离我所需的成分
03:07
The final stages, when I ran the samples
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最后一步是，当我把样本
03:09
through a high-pressure
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经过高压
03:11
liquid chromatography mass spectrometer,
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液相色谱质谱仪，
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which separated the compounds and analyzed the chemicals
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分开混和物质，并且分析其中的化学物质
03:17
and told me exactly how much carcinogens I had
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于是我能很准确得知道在鸡肉中
03:19
in my chicken.
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有多少致癌物
03:21
So when I went through the data, I had very surprising results,
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当分析数据时，我发现了很惊人的结果，
03:24
because I found that four out of the five marinating ingredients
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因为我发现五种腌制调料中有四种
03:27
actually inhibited the carcinogen formation.
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实际上能阻止致癌物的组成
03:29
When compared with the unmarinated chicken,
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当同没有经过腌制的鸡肉比较时，
03:31
which is what I used as my control,
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也就是我的控制样本，
03:34
I found that lemon juice worked by far the best,
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我发现柠檬汁目前是最有效的，
03:36
which decreased the carcinogens
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能降低致癌物
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by about 98 percent.
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达98%
03:40
The saltwater marinade and the brown sugar marinade
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盐水腌制和红糖腌制
03:43
also worked very well,
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也同样有效，
03:45
decreasing the carcinogens by about 60 percent.
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能降低致癌物达60%
03:47
Olive oil slightly decreased the PhIP formation,
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橄榄油只能轻微的降低PhIP的组成，
03:50
but it was nearly negligible.
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但是几乎是微不足道的
03:52
And the soy sauce results were inconclusive
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酱油的实验结果还是未知数
03:54
because of the large data range,
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这是由于广泛的数据范围，
03:56
but it seems like soy sauce
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但是看上去，酱油
03:58
actually increased the potential carcinogens.
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实际上增加了潜在的致癌物
04:00
Another important factor that I didn't take into account initially
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另一个我没有事先预计在内的重要因素就是
04:02
was the time cooked.
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烧烤时间
04:04
And I found that if you increase the time cooked,
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我发现如果增加烧烤时间，
04:06
the amount of carcinogens rapidly increases.
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致癌物将飞速的增长
04:09
So the best way to marinate chicken, based on this,
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所以最好的腌制方式，根据这些（实验结果）
04:12
is to, not under-cook,
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也就是，不要生煮，
04:14
but definitely don't over-cook and char the chicken,
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但是一定不要煮过头和烤过头，
04:16
and marinate in either lemon juice, brown sugar or saltwater.
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用柠檬汁，红糖或者盐水来腌制
04:21
(Applause)
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（掌声）
04:26
Based on these findings, I have a question for you.
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根据这些发现，我有个问题想问你们
04:29
Would you be willing to make a simple change in your diet
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你们会愿意在你的饮食上做个简单的改变
04:32
that could potentially save your life?
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由此可能会拯救你的生命？
04:34
Now I'm not saying that if you eat grilled chicken that's not marinated,
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我并不是说如果你吃没有经过腌制的烤鸡
04:36
you're definitely going to catch cancer and die.
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你就一定会得癌症然后死去
04:38
However, anything you can do
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但是，你所做的任何事情
04:40
to decrease the risk of potential carcinogens
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来降低潜在致癌物质的几率
04:42
can definitely increase the quality of lifestyle.
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一定会增加你生活方式的质量
04:45
Is it worth it to you?
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对你来说，这值得吗?
04:47
How will you cook your chicken now?
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现在你会怎么做鸡肉呢？
04:49
(Applause)
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（掌声）
05:05
Shree Bose: Hi everyone. I'm Shree Bose.
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斯里·波色: 大家好，我是斯里·波色
05:07
I was the 17-18 year-old age category winner
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我是17-18岁组的冠军
05:09
and then the grand prize winner.
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也是大奖得主
05:12
And I want all of you
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我希望你们所有人
05:14
to imagine a little girl
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想象一个小女孩
05:16
holding a dead blue spinach plant.
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拿着一个死亡的蓝色菠菜
05:19
And she's standing in front of you and she's explaining to you
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她就站在你面前，向你解释
05:22
that little kids will eat their vegetables
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小孩会吃蔬菜
05:24
if they're different colors.
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如果它们的颜色是不同的
05:26
Sounds ridiculous, right.
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这挺起来很不可思议，是吧
05:28
But that was me years ago.
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但这是几年前的我
05:30
And that was my first science fair project.
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那是我第一个科学展项目
05:33
It got a bit more complicated from there.
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从那以后就变得复杂了
05:36
My older brother Panaki Bose
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我的哥哥帕纳吉·波色
05:38
spent hours of his time explaining atoms to me
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花了很多时间跟我解释原子
05:41
when I barely understood basic algebra.
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当我还对基本代数没什么概念的时候
05:44
My parents suffered through many more of my science fair projects,
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我的科学展项目给我的父母带来了很多困扰，
05:47
including a remote controlled garbage can.
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包括了一个遥控移动垃圾箱
05:49
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
05:51
And then came the summer after my freshman year,
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然后就迎来了我高一的暑假，
05:54
when my grandfather passed away due to cancer.
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也是我爷爷因为癌症去世的时候
05:57
And I remember watching my family go through that
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我记得看着家人们承受这些痛苦，
05:59
and thinking that I never wanted another family
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想着我永远都不要别的家庭
06:02
to feel that kind of loss.
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也经受这种失去
06:05
So, armed with all the wisdom
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所以，用高一生物知识
06:07
of freshman year biology,
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来武装起来，
06:09
I decided I wanted to do cancer research
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在我15岁的时候
06:12
at 15.
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我决定研究癌症
06:14
Good plan.
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这是个很棒的计划
06:16
So I started emailing all of these professors in my area
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所以，我开始向这个领域的所有教授写信
06:18
asking to work under their supervision in a lab.
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询问能否在他们的监督下在实验室工作。
06:22
Got rejected by all except one.
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除了一位，其它的全都拒绝了我
06:24
And then went on, my next summer,
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就这样，在第二个暑假，
06:26
to work under Dr. Basu
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在位于得克萨斯州华兹堡市的UNT健康中心
06:28
at the UNT Health Center at Fort Worth, Texas.
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我开始了在巴苏博士的指导下工作
06:31
And that is where the research began.
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那里就是研究如何开始的
06:34
So ovarian cancer
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卵巢癌
06:36
is one of those cancers that most people don't know about,
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是大多数人所不了解的癌症之一，
06:39
or at least don't pay that much attention to.
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或者至少说没有怎么注意
06:42
But yet, it's the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths
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但是，它是导致全美女性
06:45
among women in the United States.
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死亡的第五大癌症
06:48
In fact, one in 70 women
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实际上，在70位女性中就有一位
06:50
will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer.
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会被确诊为卵巢癌
06:52
One in 100
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在100位中就有一位
06:54
will die from it.
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会因此而死亡
06:56
Chemotherapy, one of the most effective ways
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化疗，是现今治疗癌症
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used to treat cancer today,
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最有效的方式之一，
07:00
involves giving patients really high doses of chemicals
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包括给病患者高剂量的化学物质
07:02
to try and kill off cancer cells.
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意图杀死癌症细胞
07:05
Cisplatin is a relatively common
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顺铂是较常见的一种
07:07
ovarian cancer chemotherapy drug --
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治疗卵巢癌的药--
07:10
a relatively simple molecule made in the lab
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在实验室中能合成的较简单的分子
07:13
that messes with the DNA of cancer cells
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它能够捣毁癌症细胞的DNA
07:15
and causes them to kill themselves.
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促使它们杀死它们自己
07:17
Sounds great, right?
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挺起来很棒，是吧？
07:19
But here's the problem:
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但是有个问题:
07:21
sometimes patients become resistant to the drug,
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有些时候，病人们会对药产生抗药性，
07:24
and then years after they've been declared to be cancer free,
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许多年后，在癌症被除去之后
07:27
they come back.
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又重新患上
07:29
And this time, they no longer respond to the drug.
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但是这次，病人们不会再对药物产生反应
07:31
It's a huge problem.
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这是个大问题
07:33
In fact, it's one of the biggest problems
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实际上，这是现今化疗
07:35
with chemotherapy today.
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所面临的最大的问题之一
07:37
So we wanted to figure out
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我们想清楚的是
07:39
how these ovarian cancer cells are becoming resistant
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卵巢癌细胞是如何对这种叫顺铂的药
07:42
to this drug called Cisplatin.
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产生抗药性
07:44
And we wanted to figure this out,
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我们之所以想知道这个，
07:46
because if we could figure that out,
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是因为如果我们把这个搞清楚了，
07:48
then we might be able to prevent that resistance from ever happening.
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我们可能可以预防抗药性的发生。
07:51
So that's what we set out to do.
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所以这就是我们要做的
07:53
And we thought it had something to do with this protein called AMP kinase,
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我们认为跟一种叫做AMP的激酶蛋白有关，
07:56
an energy protein.
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一种能量蛋白
07:58
So we ran all of these tests blocking the protein,
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我们进行了很多实验来阻止这种蛋白，
08:01
and we saw this huge shift.
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我们发现了巨大的改变。
08:03
I mean, on the slide, you can see
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我的意思是，在幻灯片上，你可以看到
08:05
that on our sensitive side,
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在我们敏感细胞里，
08:07
these cells that are responding to the drug,
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这些对药产生反应的细胞，
08:09
when we start blocking the protein,
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当我们开始阻止这种蛋白，
08:11
the number of dying cells -- those colored dots --
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死亡细胞的数量--这些有颜色的点--
08:14
they're going down.
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开始下降
08:16
But then on this side, with the same treatment,
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但是，在这边，同样的治疗方式，
08:19
they're going up -- interesting.
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数量在上升--真有趣
08:22
But those are dots on a screen for you;
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但是那些你们看起来是屏幕上的点；
08:24
what exactly does that mean?
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到底有什么意义呢？
08:26
Well basically that means
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基本上，这意味着
08:28
that this protein is changing
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这种蛋白在改变
08:30
from the sensitive cell to the resistant cell.
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从敏感细胞变为抵抗性细胞
08:32
And in fact, it might be changing the cells themselves
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实际上，可能是细胞自身在改变
08:36
to make the cells resistant.
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让细胞自己变得具有抵抗性
08:39
And that's huge.
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巨大的（抵抗力）
08:41
In fact, it means that if a patient comes in
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实际上，这意味着如果病人来
08:43
and they're resistant to this drug,
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他们对这种药产生抗药性，
08:45
then if we give them a chemical to block this protein,
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如果我们给他们这种化学物质来阻止这种蛋白，
08:48
then we can treat them again
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那么我们又可以用同样的药
08:50
with the same drug.
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重新治疗他们
08:52
And that's huge for chemotherapy effectiveness --
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对于化疗的有效性来说这是巨大的改变--
08:55
possibly for many different types of cancer.
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很可能对多种不同的癌症有效
08:59
So that was my work,
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这就是我的工作，
09:01
and it was my way of reimagining the future
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这就是我对未来的畅想
09:04
for future research, with figuring out exactly what this protein does,
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对未来研究的畅想，要弄清楚这种蛋白到底是什么，
09:08
but also for the future of chemotherapy effectiveness --
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同时也是化疗有效性的未来--
09:11
so maybe all grandfathers with cancer
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或许所有患有癌症的爷爷
09:14
have a little bit more time to spend with their grandchildren.
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都能有更多的时间跟他们的孙子辈们在一起
09:17
But my work wasn't just about the research.
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但是，我的工作并不仅仅是研究
09:21
It was about finding my passion.
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还包括寻找我的梦想所在
09:24
That's why being the grand prize winner
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那就是为什么成为谷歌科技展
09:26
of the Google Global Science Fair --
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大奖的得主--
09:28
cute picture, right --
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很漂亮的照片，是吧--
09:30
it was so exciting to me and it was such an amazing honor.
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对于我来说是无比的兴奋，无比的荣耀
09:33
And ever since then,
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从那以后，
09:35
I've gotten to do some pretty cool stuff --
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我能开始做很多很酷的东西--
09:37
from getting to meet the president
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从能够见到总统
09:39
to getting to be on this stage
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到能站在这个演讲台上
09:41
to talk to all of you guys.
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跟大家讲话
09:43
But like I said, my journey wasn't just about the research,
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但是就像我说过的，我的旅行并不仅仅是关于研究，
09:46
it was about finding my passion,
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也是关于我的梦想，
09:48
and it was about making my own opportunities
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当我都还不知道我在做什么的时候
09:50
when I didn't even know what I was doing.
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我如何制造机会
09:53
It was about inspiration
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这就是灵感
09:55
and determination
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和决心
09:57
and never giving up on my interest
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以及从不放弃我
09:59
for science and learning and growing.
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对自然科学，学习，以及成长的兴趣
10:02
After all, my story begins
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不管怎样，我的故事始于
10:05
with a dried, withered spinach plant
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一颗干枯的，凋萎的菠菜
10:07
and it's only getting better from there.
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从那以后就开始变得越来越好
10:09
Thank you.
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谢谢大家
10:11
(Applause)
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（掌声）
10:23
Naomi Shah: Hi everyone. I'm Naomi Shah,
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劳伦·霍奇:大家好，我是劳伦·霍奇，
10:26
and today I'll be talking to you about my research
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今天我要跟你们讲讲我
10:28
involving indoor air quality
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关于室内空气质量的研究
10:30
and asthmatic patients.
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和哮喘病人
10:32
1.6 million deaths worldwide.
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在世界范围内有160万，
10:35
One death every 20 seconds.
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每20秒就有一例死亡
10:38
People spend over 90 percent of their lives indoors.
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人们90%的生活都在室内
10:42
And the economic burden of asthma
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哮喘带来的经济负担
10:44
exceeds that of HIV and tuberculosis combined.
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超过了HIV和肺结核的总合
10:47
Now these statistics had a huge impact on me,
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这些统计数据对我产生了重大的影响，
10:50
but what really sparked my interest in my research
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但是，真正点燃我研究兴趣的是
10:53
was watching both my dad and my brother
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看到我爸爸和弟弟
10:55
suffer from chronic allergies year-round.
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受到全年慢性过敏的困扰
10:57
It confused me;
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这让我很困惑；
10:59
why did these allergy symptoms persist
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为什么这些过敏症状
11:01
well past the pollen season?
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在花粉季节这么顽固？
11:03
With this question in mind, I started researching,
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带着这个问题，我开始了研究，
11:06
and I soon found that indoor air pollutants were the culprit.
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我很快发现室内空气污染物是罪魁祸首
11:09
As soon as I realized this,
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我一发现这一点，
11:11
I investigated the underlying relationship
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就调查了
11:13
between four prevalent air pollutants
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四种广布的空气污染物的关系
11:15
and their affect on the lung health of asthmatic patients.
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和他们对哮喘病人肺部健康的影响
11:18
At first, I just wanted to figure out
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起初，我只是想弄清楚
11:21
which of these four pollutants have the largest negative health impact
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这四种污染物中哪一种对于哮喘病人的肺部健康来说
11:24
on the lung health of asthmatic patients.
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是最有害的
11:27
But soon after, I developed a novel mathematical model
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但是很快，我建立了一个新型的数学模型
11:30
that essentially quantifies the effect
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从本质上量化了
11:32
of these environmental pollutants
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这些环境污染物
11:35
on the lung health of asthmatic patients.
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对哮喘病人肺部健康的影响
11:37
And it surprises me
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让我惊奇的是
11:39
that no model currently exists
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目前还没有模型
11:41
that quantifies the effect of environmental factors
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能量化环境因素对
11:43
on human lung health,
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人类肺部健康的影响，
11:45
because that relationship seems so important.
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因为这之间的关系看起来很重要
11:48
So with that in mind,
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带着这种想法，
11:50
I started researching more, I started investigating more,
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我开始了更多的研究，更多的调查，
11:52
and I became very passionate.
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变得激情澎湃
11:54
Because I realized
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因为，我发现
11:56
that if we could find a way to target remediation,
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如果我们能找到一个整治环境的方法，
11:58
we could also find a way
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我们也能找到一种方法
12:00
to treat asthmatic patients more effectively.
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来更有效的治疗哮喘病人
12:04
For example, volatile organic compounds
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比如，挥发性有机物
12:06
are chemical pollutants
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是化学性污染物
12:08
that are found in our schools, homes and workplaces.
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在我们的学校，家里以及办公室都能发现
12:10
They're everywhere.
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它们无处不在
12:12
These chemical pollutants
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这些化学污染物
12:14
are currently not a criteria air pollutant,
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据美国清洁空气法案定义
12:16
as defined by the U.S. Clean Air Act.
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目前还不在空气污染物的标准中
12:18
Which is surprising to me,
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这让我感到惊奇，
12:20
because these chemical pollutants, through my research,
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因为这些化学污染物，根据我的研究，
12:22
I show that they had a very large negative impact
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我发现他们对哮喘病人的健康
12:25
on the lung health of asthmatic patients
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有极其负面的影响
12:27
and thus should be regulated.
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因此应该被列入规范中
12:29
So today I want to show you
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所以今天我想向你们展示
12:31
my interactive software model that I created.
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我创造的互动软件
12:34
I'm going to show it to you on my laptop.
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我将用我的笔记本电脑向大家展示
12:36
And I have a volunteer subject in the audience today,
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在今天的观众中，我有一个志愿者
12:38
Julie.
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朱莉
12:40
And all of Julie's data has been pre-entered
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朱莉的所有数据都被事先输入
12:43
into my interactive software model.
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进我的交互软件模型中
12:45
And this can be used by anyone.
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这个模型可以用在任何人身上
12:47
So I want you to imagine that you're in Julie's shoes,
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现在我希望大家以朱莉的身份来想象，
12:49
or someone who's really close to you
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或者跟你最亲近
12:51
who suffers from asthma or another lung disorder.
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患有哮喘病或者其他肺部疾病的人
12:54
So Julie's going to her doctor's office
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朱莉现在去看医生
12:56
to get treated for her asthma.
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去治疗她的哮喘
12:58
And the doctor has her sit down,
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医生请她坐下，
13:00
and he takes her peak expiratory flow rate --
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给她测了呼气流量率峰值--
13:03
which is essentially her exhalation rate,
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实际上是她的呼气率，
13:05
or the amount of air that she can breathe out in one breath.
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或者说是她一口气所呼出的空气量
13:08
So that peak expiratory flow rate,
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所以说呼气流量率峰值，
13:10
I've entered it up into the interactive software model.
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我把这个值输入交互软件模型中
13:12
I've also entered in her age, her gender and her height.
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我也输入了她的年龄，性别和身高
13:15
I've assumed that she lives in an average household
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我还假设她住在一个普通环境
13:17
with average air pollutant levels.
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处于普通的空气污染程度
13:19
So any user can come in here
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任何用户可以用这个软件
13:21
and click on "lung function report"
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点击“肺部功能报告”
13:23
and it'll take them to this report that I created.
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它就能告诉他们我发明的这个报告
13:25
And this report really drives home the crux of my research.
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这个报告真真切切的促进了我研究中的症结
13:29
So what it shows -- if you want to focus on that top graph in the right-hand corner --
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它显示出--如果你只想关注右上角的图示--
13:33
it shows Julie's actual peak expiratory flow rate
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它显示出朱莉的实际呼气流量率峰值
13:35
in the yellow bar.
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就是那个黄色方块
13:37
This is the measurement that she took in her doctor's office.
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这个是她在医生那里的测量值
13:40
In the blue bar at the bottom of the graph,
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在图示下方的蓝色方块，
13:42
it shows what her peak expiratory flow rate,
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显示了她的呼气流量率峰值，
13:45
what her exhalation rate or lung health, should be
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她的析出率或者肺部健康，应该是
13:47
based on her age, gender and height.
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根据她的年龄，性别和身高
13:50
So the doctor sees this difference between the yellow bar and the blue bar,
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所以当医生看到黄色方块和蓝色方块的区别，
13:53
and he says, "Wow, we need to give her steroids,
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他会说，“哇，我们应该给她类固醇，
13:56
medication and inhalers."
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药品和气管喷雾。”
13:59
But I want everyone here to reimagine a world
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我希望大家重新想象一下一个世界
14:02
where instead of prescribing steroids,
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一个没有处方类固醇，
14:04
inhalers and medication,
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气管喷雾和药品，
14:06
the doctor turns to Julie and says,
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医生会对朱莉说，
14:08
"Why don't you go home and clean out your air filters.
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“为什么你不回家清理一下你家的空气过滤器呢
14:10
Clean out the air ducts in your home,
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清扫你家的灰尘，
14:12
in your workplace, in your school.
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在你办公室，以及你学校的灰尘。
14:14
Stop the use of incense and candles.
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不要用熏香和蜡烛
14:17
And if you're remodeling your house,
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如果你要重建你家，
14:19
take out all the carpeting and put in hardwood flooring."
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把所有的地毯都撤掉，换成木地板吧。”
14:22
Because these solutions are natural,
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因为这些解决方法都是天然的，
14:24
these solutions are sustainable,
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这些解决方法都是可持续的，
14:26
and these solutions are long-term investments --
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这些解决方法是种长期的投资--
14:29
long-term investments that we're making
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我们为了我们这一代人
14:31
for our generation and for future generations.
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以及未来的人做的长期投资
14:33
Because these environmental solutions
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因为这些环境的解决方法
14:36
that Julie can make in her home, her workplace and her school
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这些朱莉在她的家，她的工作室和她的学校就可以实施的解决方法
14:39
are impacting everyone that lives around her.
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对生活在他周围的每一个人产生了影响
14:42
So I'm very passionate about this research
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所以我对这项研究非常热情
14:44
and I really want to continue it
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我非常希望能够继续研究
14:46
and expand it to more disorders besides asthma,
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将它扩展到除了哮喘病之外的更多的疾病，
14:49
more respiratory disorders, as well as more pollutants.
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更多的呼吸系统疾病，以及更多的污染物
14:52
But before I end my talk today,
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在我结束今天的讲话之前，
14:54
I want to leave you with one saying.
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我想以一句话结束
14:56
And that saying is that genetics loads the gun,
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这句话就是遗传学将子弹装上，
14:59
but the environment pulls the trigger.
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但是环境扣下扳机
15:01
And that made a huge impact on me
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当我在进行研究的时候
15:03
when I was doing this research.
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那对我产生了巨大的影响
15:05
Because what I feel, is a lot of us think
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因为我感觉到的是，我们很多人都认为
15:07
that the environment is at a macro level,
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环境是一个很大的范围，
15:10
that we can't do anything to change our air quality
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对于改变空气质量，我们做不了什么
15:12
or to change the climate or anything.
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也无法改变气候或者其他任何事。
15:15
But if each one of us takes initiative in our own home,
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但是如果我们每个人在我们自己家里行动起来，
15:18
in our own school and in our own workplace,
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在我们的学校，我们的办公室，
15:21
we can make a huge difference in air quality.
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我们能极大得改变空气质量
15:23
Because remember, we spend 90 percent of our lives indoors.
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因为请记住，我们百分之九十的生活都是在室内
15:27
And air quality and air pollutants
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空气质量和空气污染物
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have a huge impact on the lung health of asthmatic patients,
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对哮喘病人的肺部健康有巨大的影响，
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anyone with a respiratory disorder
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以及任何患有呼吸系统紊乱的人
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and really all of us in general.
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和实际上我们所有人
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So I want you to reimagine a world
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我想让你们重新想象一个世界
15:39
with better air quality,
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充满更优质的空气，
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better quality of life
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更优质的生活
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and better quality of living for everyone
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和对于每个人来说都是更好的生活环境
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including our future generations.
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包括我们未来的后代们
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Thank you.
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谢谢
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(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
15:56
Lisa Ling: Right.
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丽莎 林:好
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Can I have Shree and Lauren come up really quickly?
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请允许我邀请斯里和劳伦一起上台来
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Your Google Science Fair champions.
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你们是谷歌全球科学展的胜利者
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Your winners.
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你们是冠军
16:07
(Applause)
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（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Lauren Hodge - Science fair winnerLauren Hodge won the 2011 Google Science Fair in the age 13-14 category.
Why you should listen
Lauren Hodge has been competing in science fair projects since she was 7 years old. For her latest project, she investigated the formation of carcinogens in different methods of preparing chicken -- and found a surprising result. That work won first prize in the Google Science Fair's age 13-14 category.
Lauren Hodge | Speaker | TED.com
Shree Bose - Science fair winner
Shree Bose was the grand prize winner at the 2011 Google Science Fair.
Why you should listen
Shree Bose's school system doesn't officially participate in science fairs, so for ten years she entered herself in as many fairs as she could. In 2011 she presented her latest project: determining the mechanism of chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer -- a breakthrough that could improve future treatments. That project earned her the grand prize at the inaugural Google Science Fair.
Shree Bose | Speaker | TED.com
Naomi Shah - Science fair winner
Naomi Shah won the 2011 Google Science Fair in the age 15-16 category.
Why you should listen
Naomi Shah's first word was "why." She went from pestering her parents with questions about organic chemistry and nuclear energy, to a resarch project that developed a novel mathematical model for the effects of air polution on asthmatics. That work won her first place in the Google Science Fair age 15-16 category.
Naomi Shah | Speaker | TED.com