TEDxMonterey
Melissa Garren: The sea we've hardly seen
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An average teaspoon of ocean water contains five million bacteria and fifty million viruses – and yet we are just starting to discover how these "invisible engineers" control our ocean's chemistry. At TEDxMonterey, Melissa Garren sheds light on marine microbes that provide half the oxygen we breathe, maintain underwater ecosystems, and demonstrate surprising hunting skills. (Apologies for the small audio glitches in this video.)
(Filmed at TEDxMonterey.)
Melissa Garren - Marine biologist
Melissa Garren is a molecular and marine biologist with a passion for unlocking the mysteries of our ocean's ecosystems and finding new avenues for conservation. Full bio
Melissa Garren is a molecular and marine biologist with a passion for unlocking the mysteries of our ocean's ecosystems and finding new avenues for conservation. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
在接下来的十分钟内，我们将沉浸在
00:05
In the next ten minutes,
we will immerse ourselves
we will immerse ourselves
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神奇美丽的海洋世界中，
00:08
in an amazing and beautiful marine world
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一个常常被忽视的世界。
00:11
that's very often overlooked.
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00:13
I'd like to take you
on a journey into the sea,
on a journey into the sea,
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我想带大家踏上一段海洋之旅，
00:15
looking at it from the perspective
of its smallest inhabitants:
of its smallest inhabitants:
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从海洋中最小的居民的
角度来看大海：
角度来看大海：
微生物的角度。
00:19
the microbes.
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00:20
My goal is that after this short journey,
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我的目标是，
在这一短暂的旅程之后，
在这一短暂的旅程之后，
你们会和我一样惊讶于
我们的生命与这些海洋微生物
我们的生命与这些海洋微生物
00:23
you'll share my amazement
at how deeply connected our lives are
at how deeply connected our lives are
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如此紧密相连，
00:27
to these microscopic creatures
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或许也会和我一样担心，
00:29
and also perhaps my concern
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在对我们的海洋制定决策和政策时，
00:31
that these relationships
are often neglected
are often neglected
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00:34
when it comes to making decisions
and policies about our oceans.
and policies about our oceans.
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这些关联常常被忽略。
00:39
When you look out on a clear blue ocean,
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当你望着澄澈碧蓝的海洋，
00:42
you're actually gazing at
a microbial soup full of vibrant life.
a microbial soup full of vibrant life.
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你看到的其实是
充满活跃生命的微生物汤。
充满活跃生命的微生物汤。
你现在看到的是
海洋细菌正忙得四脚朝天，
海洋细菌正忙得四脚朝天，
00:46
What you see here
are marine bacteria buzzing about
are marine bacteria buzzing about
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探索着海洋食物网的其他成员。
00:50
and exploring other members
of the marine food web.
of the marine food web.
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为了强调它们的世界有多小，
00:53
To emphasize how small
this world really is,
this world really is,
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00:57
I've added a white line
to most of my slides
to most of my slides
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我在大多数幻灯片上加了一条白线，
01:01
that shows you the thickness
of a single strand of human hair --
of a single strand of human hair --
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这条线代表着一根人类头发的直径，
非常小。
01:04
very tiny.
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平均一茶匙的干净海水中
含有五百万的细菌
含有五百万的细菌
01:05
An average teaspoon of clean seawater
has five million bacteria
has five million bacteria
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和五千万的病毒。
01:10
and 50 million viruses in it.
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如果我舀起两加仑的海水，
01:13
If I were to scoop up
two gallons of seawater,
two gallons of seawater,
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其中包含的细菌数量
01:16
there would be more bacteria
in those two gallons
in those two gallons
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比地球上的人口还要多。
01:18
than there are people on this planet.
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01:21
Take just a moment and think about
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花点时间想想，
海洋里的海水会有多少加仑？
01:23
how many gallons might make up an ocean.
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01:26
Or maybe I've already made
your stomach turn,
your stomach turn,
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或许我已经让你反胃了，
因为你想到了这么多年
我们不小心喝下的
我们不小心喝下的
01:28
as you think of all of the seawater
we've each accidentally swallowed
we've each accidentally swallowed
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那些海水。
01:32
over the years.
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但幸运的是，我们很少
因为喝的这些海水生病。
因为喝的这些海水生病。
01:33
But luckily, we rarely get sick
from that seawater,
from that seawater,
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因为大多数的海洋微生物
都是对我们有益的，
都是对我们有益的，
01:36
because most marine microbes
are working for us,
are working for us,
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而不是有害的。
01:39
not against us.
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我最喜欢的例子之一是，
我们呼吸的氧气
我们呼吸的氧气
01:40
One of my favorite examples
is that they provide
is that they provide
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有一半是它们提供的。
01:43
half of the oxygen we breathe.
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在中学，我们都学过要感谢树木。
01:46
In middle school, we all learn
to thank the trees.
to thank the trees.
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不可否认，树木比微生物更容易拥抱。
01:48
And admittedly, they may be
more huggable than the microbes.
more huggable than the microbes.
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但事实是，陆地树木只创造了
01:52
But it turns out
that land plants only create
that land plants only create
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我们呼吸的氧气的四分之一。
01:55
a quarter of the oxygen we breathe.
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还有四分之一来自于海藻，像巨藻，
01:57
Another quarter comes
from macroalgae like kelp
from macroalgae like kelp
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而有整整一半是来自微生物的。
02:00
and a full 50% from the microbes.
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02:03
Take a deep breath in.
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深吸一口气，
02:05
Thank the trees.
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感谢树木。
02:07
Take another deep breath in.
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再深吸一口气，
02:10
Thank the macroalgae.
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感激海藻。
02:12
Your next two breaths --
tip your hats to the microbes.
tip your hats to the microbes.
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接下来吸两口气，向微生物致敬。
02:15
This picture is of a bacterium
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这张照片拍的是一种细菌，
它是我们地球上数量最庞大的
02:17
that happens to be the single most
abundant photosynthesizer
abundant photosynthesizer
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02:21
on our planet.
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光合作用生物。
它叫“原绿球藻”，
02:23
It's called, "Prochlorococcus,"
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02:25
and this is oceans' oxygen-producing
powerhouse and, I might argue,
powerhouse and, I might argue,
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它是海洋的制氧工厂，
我还得加一句，
我还得加一句，
它是近些年海洋微生物研究中
最惊人的发现之一。
最惊人的发现之一。
02:30
one of the most amazing discoveries
of recent marine microbiology.
of recent marine microbiology.
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02:35
We didn't know it existed until 1988.
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在1988年之前，我们甚至
不知道它的存在。
不知道它的存在。
02:37
All of human history has depended
on this little microbe
on this little microbe
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整个人类历史都依赖这个小微生物，
为人类提供每天呼吸的氧气，
无论何时何地。
无论何时何地。
02:41
for the oxygen they breathe every day,
no matter where or when they lived.
no matter where or when they lived.
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而我们知道这层关系
才刚刚24年。
才刚刚24年。
02:46
And we've only been aware
of that relationship for a mere 24 years.
of that relationship for a mere 24 years.
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我觉得很震惊。
02:50
I find that astounding.
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还有多少重要的关系
02:52
How many more critical
relationships are out there
relationships are out there
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是我们还没发现的？
02:54
that we have yet to discover?
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我认为，我们与海洋微生物的
关系在很多方面都类似于
关系在很多方面都类似于
02:56
I see our relationship with marine
microbes as parallel in many ways
microbes as parallel in many ways
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我们与肠道微生物的关系。
03:00
to the relationship we have
with microbes in our gut.
with microbes in our gut.
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03:04
We've all experienced the wrath
of unhappy gut microbes
of unhappy gut microbes
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我们都曾经在某一时刻体验过
肠道微生物不开心的后果，
03:07
at one point or another,
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也许是食物中毒，或者是
喝了污染了的水。
喝了污染了的水。
03:08
perhaps food poisoning or tainted water.
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但我们不太知道
我们与海洋微生物的关联，
我们与海洋微生物的关联，
03:11
But we may be less aware of the connection
we have with marine microbes
we have with marine microbes
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以及那些生物群改变时
我们会有怎样的不适。
我们会有怎样的不适。
03:15
and the physical discomforts we can feel
when those communities change.
when those communities change.
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举个极端的例子：
造成霍乱的细菌
造成霍乱的细菌
03:20
As an extreme example: the disease
cholera is caused by a bacterium
cholera is caused by a bacterium
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是在海洋中疯狂生长的。
03:24
that thrives in the ocean.
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所以，虽然大部分海洋微生物
确实对我们有帮助，
确实对我们有帮助，
03:26
So while most marine microbes
are indeed helping us,
are indeed helping us,
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也有很多微生物并非如此。
03:30
there do remain plenty that are not.
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03:32
Our relationship with the ocean,
much like our gut,
much like our gut,
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我们与海洋的关系，很像肠道，
03:35
is dependent on the right
balance of microbes.
balance of microbes.
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取决于微生物的正确平衡。
03:38
The old phrase, "You are what you eat"
applies to our ocean microbes as well.
applies to our ocean microbes as well.
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老话说，“人如其食”，
也适用于我们的海洋微生物。
也适用于我们的海洋微生物。
03:43
To give you a sense of what
an overfed ocean may look like,
an overfed ocean may look like,
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为了让大家对
过度喂食的海洋有个概念，
过度喂食的海洋有个概念，
请看我对海水取样的两个例子。
03:47
here are two examples
of me sampling seawater.
of me sampling seawater.
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左边是干净的珊瑚礁，
03:49
On your left, it's a clean coral reef,
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右边是几乎死亡的珊瑚礁，
03:52
and on your right is
a nearly dead coral reef
a nearly dead coral reef
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那里的水域有非常密集的渔业。
03:55
that has a very intense fish farming
operation in the waters there.
operation in the waters there.
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你能看到这两张照片中，
只有一张是我在笑，
只有一张是我在笑，
03:59
You'll notice I'm only smiling
in one of these two pictures,
in one of these two pictures,
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另一张里，我的潜水伙伴
要离我非常近
要离我非常近
04:03
and in the other one my dive buddy
had to be a whole lot closer
had to be a whole lot closer
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才能拍到画面。
04:07
to capture that image.
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04:09
So if we were to take a drop of seawater
from each of these samples
from each of these samples
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如果我从每个样本中取一滴海水，
04:14
and put it under the microscope,
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放到显微镜下，
这就是细菌和病毒群的样子。
04:15
this is what the bacteria and viral
communities would look like.
communities would look like.
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同样，左边是干净珊瑚礁，
右边是渔场珊瑚礁。
右边是渔场珊瑚礁。
04:19
So again, clean reef on your left,
fish farm reef on your right.
fish farm reef on your right.
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就像我们都体验过
04:22
As we all have had a feeling of discomfort
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肠道微生物不平衡的不适感觉，
04:26
from imbalanced gut microbes,
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当一条鱼游过海洋中
04:29
a fish swimming through
a part of the ocean
a part of the ocean
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这样过度喂食的区域时——
04:31
that has been overfed in this way --
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在这种情况下是密集水产养殖，
但也可能是污水溢洒
但也可能是污水溢洒
04:33
in this case, by intense aquaculture,
but it could be a sewage spill
but it could be a sewage spill
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或肥料外流等等任何其他来源——
04:36
or fertilizer runoff or any number
of other sources --
of other sources --
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那条鱼会感受到
04:39
that fish will feel
the physical discomforts
the physical discomforts
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海洋微生物系统紊乱
带来的身体不适。
带来的身体不适。
04:41
of the ocean microbes being out of whack.
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04:44
There may be less oxygen present,
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可能是缺少氧气，
04:46
there may be more pathogens there,
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可能病原体更多，
也可能某些微生物产生了毒素。
04:48
and there may be toxins
produced by some of these microbes.
produced by some of these microbes.
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04:52
The bottom line is that
from their tiny-scale existence,
from their tiny-scale existence,
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至少，从它们的微小尺寸的存在，
04:55
these tiny microbes have
a very large-scale power
a very large-scale power
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这些小小的微生物
具有非常大的力量
具有非常大的力量
去控制海洋闻起来如何，
04:58
to control how our ocean smells,
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尝起来如何，
05:01
how it tastes,
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感觉起来如何，
05:02
how it feels
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和看起来如何。
05:03
and how it looks.
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05:06
If you take one idea away
from my talk today, let it be this:
from my talk today, let it be this:
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如果你能从我今天的演讲中
吸收一个观念，那就应该是：
吸收一个观念，那就应该是：
05:10
we have an incredibly important
relationship with these marine microbes
relationship with these marine microbes
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我们与这些海洋微生物的
关系极其重要，
关系极其重要，
05:14
that have very large-scale consequences,
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它带来的后果也相当可观，
我们才刚刚开始理解
05:17
and we're just barely
beginning to understand
beginning to understand
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那是一种什么样的关系，
05:19
what that relationship looks like
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以及它会如何发生改变。
05:21
and how it may be changing.
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就像医生很难治愈不明原因的疾病，
05:23
Just as a physician will have trouble
curing a disease of unknown cause,
curing a disease of unknown cause,
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如果不进一步了解微生物，
05:27
we will have similar trouble
restoring ocean health
restoring ocean health
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05:30
without understanding the microbes better.
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我们也同样很难恢复海洋的健康。
它们是控制海洋化学的隐形工程师，
05:32
They are the invisible engineers
that control the chemistry of the ocean
that control the chemistry of the ocean
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也控制着哪种生物能在那生存，
05:35
and therefore, what creatures
can live there,
can live there,
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我们去那儿游泳是否安全，
05:38
whether or not it's safe
for us to swim there
for us to swim there
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以及我们用眼睛、鼻子和味蕾
05:40
and all of the other
characteristics we sense
characteristics we sense
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能感受到的所有其他特征。
05:43
with our eyes, noses and taste buds.
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我们越是关注
05:45
And the more we pay attention
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海洋中这些个头小但
数量庞大的成员，
数量庞大的成员，
05:46
to these small but very numerous
members of the ocean,
members of the ocean,
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我们就越明白，它们
真的会对人类的行为作出反应，
真的会对人类的行为作出反应，
05:49
the more we're learning
they do indeed respond to human actions,
they do indeed respond to human actions,
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比如这个养鱼场的例子。
05:53
such as in this fish farm example.
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就像前几张珊瑚礁
幻灯片展示的那样，
幻灯片展示的那样，
05:55
Now, as the past few slides
about coral reefs may have suggested,
about coral reefs may have suggested,
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作为研究人员，我花了大量时间
05:58
I do indeed spend much
of my time as a researcher
of my time as a researcher
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思考人类与微生物的互动，
06:01
thinking about human-microbe interactions,
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特别是关于珊瑚礁。
06:04
specifically on coral reefs.
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结果发现，
06:06
It turns out,
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不只是人类具有自己的
微生物保护群，
微生物保护群，
06:07
we're not alone in having
our own protective community of microbes.
our own protective community of microbes.
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珊瑚，以及这个星球上
大多数其他有机体
大多数其他有机体
06:10
Corals, along with most other
organisms on this planet,
organisms on this planet,
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也有自己的保护群。
06:14
have their own protective
communities as well.
communities as well.
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但是，不像我们把保护群放在肠道里，
06:17
However, rather than keeping theirs
on the inside as we do in our gut,
on the inside as we do in our gut,
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它们的保护群在体外，
保护它们免受周围环境伤害。
保护它们免受周围环境伤害。
06:21
they keep theirs on the outside,
to protect them from their surroundings
to protect them from their surroundings
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这里看到的是一颗活珊瑚和
06:25
So what you're seeing here
is a three-dimensional image
is a three-dimensional image
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它的所有活细菌的三维图像，
06:28
of a live spot on a living coral
with all of its living bacteria,
with all of its living bacteria,
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是我用超赞的技术拍的——
06:33
that I took with some
exciting technology --
exciting technology --
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高速激光扫描共焦显微镜。
06:35
a high-speed laser-scanning
confocal microscope.
confocal microscope.
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06:38
All of the red circles
are the symbiotic algae
are the symbiotic algae
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所有红圈是共生海藻，
它们住在珊瑚组织里面，
06:42
that live inside the coral tissue,
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把阳光转换成糖，与珊瑚共享，
06:44
turning sunlight and into sugars
they both can use,
they both can use,
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所有的小蓝点是保护性的细菌。
06:47
and all of the little blue dots
are the protective bacteria.
are the protective bacteria.
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06:53
So when I use image analysis software
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当我用图像分析软件
06:56
to highlight the outer layer
of the coral in white,
of the coral in white,
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把珊瑚的外层调亮成白色时，
你能看到还有些微小的小蓝点
06:59
you can see that there are still
some tiny little blue dots
some tiny little blue dots
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在那层的上面。
07:02
above that layer.
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那些细菌处于粘液层，
07:04
And those bacteria are sitting
in a mucus layer,
in a mucus layer,
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粘液层也是珊瑚的保护层的成员。
07:07
which is also part
of the coral's protective layer.
of the coral's protective layer.
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从更高的层面看，
07:11
From the bigger perspective,
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07:12
I spend my time thinking
about these relationships,
about these relationships,
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我花时间思考了这些关系，
是因为太多左图的珊瑚礁
07:14
because too many reefs are going
from looking like the picture on your left
from looking like the picture on your left
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正在变成右边的图片那样。
07:18
to the picture on your right.
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信不信由你，
07:20
Believe it or not,
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右边的图片仍然是
热门观光浮潜景点，
热门观光浮潜景点，
07:21
the picture on your right remains
a very popular tourist snorkeling spot
a very popular tourist snorkeling spot
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位于毛伊岛上，
07:24
on the island of Maui,
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尽管在过去十年左右，
它已经失去了大部分珊瑚覆盖。
它已经失去了大部分珊瑚覆盖。
07:26
even though it's lost most of its coral
cover over the past decade or so.
cover over the past decade or so.
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地球各处的珊瑚都在
以惊人的速度感染病菌，
以惊人的速度感染病菌，
07:29
Corals are getting sick
all around the globe at alarming rates,
all around the globe at alarming rates,
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而我们完全不知道
它们是怎样生病的，为什么生病。
它们是怎样生病的，为什么生病。
07:32
and we really don't know how or why.
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07:36
I see the microbes on the coral reefs,
both the good ones and the bad ones,
both the good ones and the bad ones,
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我看到了珊瑚礁上的微生物，
好的，以及坏的，
好的，以及坏的，
07:41
trying to link their micro-scale
behaviors to this big picture
behaviors to this big picture
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尝试把他们的微观行为
与整个现状联系起来：
与整个现状联系起来：
我们如何帮助右图的珊瑚礁
07:45
of: How do we help the reef
that looks like the right
that looks like the right
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回到更像左图的状态？
07:49
back towards something
that looks more like the left?
that looks more like the left?
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或者：我们如何阻止珊瑚疾病蔓延？
07:52
Or: How do we stop
coral disease from spreading?
coral disease from spreading?
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就在一年前，
还没有人见过这幅景象。
还没有人见过这幅景象。
07:54
Just over a year ago,
no one had ever seen a view like this.
no one had ever seen a view like this.
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07:58
This video is a prime example
of making the invisible visible.
of making the invisible visible.
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这个视频是把不可见
变成可见的最佳示例。
变成可见的最佳示例。
08:04
We're looking at a side view
of the same coral as before,
of the same coral as before,
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我们看到的是先前珊瑚的侧面，
08:06
where the protective layer
meets the seawater;
meets the seawater;
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保护层与海水衔接的地方；
那么，海水在右边
08:09
so, seawater on your right,
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珊瑚在左边。
08:10
coral on your left.
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08:12
It's incredibly exciting to me
that we can finally see these bacteria
that we can finally see these bacteria
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这非常令我兴奋，
我们终于可以看着这些细菌
我们终于可以看着这些细菌
08:16
in real life, in real time,
at their micro scale,
at their micro scale,
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活生生地，实时地，
以它们的微观尺度看，
以它们的微观尺度看，
并了解它们如何与周围世界互动。
08:20
and learn how they interact
with the world around them.
with the world around them.
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世界各地的生态学家都习惯了
08:23
Ecologists all over the world
are used to being able
are used to being able
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能拿起一副望远镜，
08:25
to grab a pair of binoculars
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出去观察他们的研究对象
每天在做什么。
每天在做什么。
08:27
and go out and observe
what their study creatures do each day.
what their study creatures do each day.
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但微生物生态学家一直急切盼望
08:30
But microbial ecologists
have desperately needed
have desperately needed
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技术的突破，
08:33
breakthroughs in technology,
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例如这种快速共焦显微镜，
08:35
such as with this fast confocal,
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来做同样的观察。
08:37
to make similar observations.
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08:40
I work to find ways that cutting-edge
technologies like this
technologies like this
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我的工作是寻找方法，
让这样的尖端科技
让这样的尖端科技
08:43
can help make the unseen seeable,
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能帮助不可见变成可见，
08:46
to see marine bacteria in action
and learn how they behave.
and learn how they behave.
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能看见行动中的海洋微生物，
了解它们如何行动。
了解它们如何行动。
08:51
In doing so, we can learn how they respond
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如此一来，我们就能
知道它们如何响应
知道它们如何响应
08:53
to our actions and our behaviors
and the environment around them
and the environment around them
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我们的动作和行为
以及它们周围环境，
以及它们周围环境，
通过各种方式帮助我们
更好地管理海洋。
更好地管理海洋。
08:57
in ways that will help us
better manage our oceans.
better manage our oceans.
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再举个例子说明我怎么做的，
我使用微流控，
我使用微流控，
09:00
Another example of how I'm doing this
is by using microfluidics
is by using microfluidics
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09:08
to study specifically how pathogens
behave in the ocean.
behave in the ocean.
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具体研究病原体
在海洋中的行为模式。
在海洋中的行为模式。
09:11
The basic idea behind microfluidics
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微流控背后的基本原理是
09:13
is that you can use
nanofabrication techniques
nanofabrication techniques
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用纳米制造技术
重现或模拟细菌
在海洋中以它们自身的
在海洋中以它们自身的
09:16
to recreate or mimic
the conditions bacteria experience
the conditions bacteria experience
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微小尺寸所经历的状况。
09:20
at their own tiny scale in the ocean.
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这里看到的是显微镜切片
上的微流控室，
上的微流控室，
09:23
What you see here is a microfluidic
chamber on a microscope slide
chamber on a microscope slide
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下面有显微镜的镜头。
09:28
with a microscope lens underneath it.
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我们用高速影像显微镜
记录细菌的行为。
记录细菌的行为。
09:31
We use high-speed video microscopy
to record bacteria behavior.
to record bacteria behavior.
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09:35
The colored tubing is where
bacteria and seawater flow
bacteria and seawater flow
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有色管道是细菌和海水
流入和流出这个设备。
09:38
in and out of the device.
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最近我用这样的设备发现了
09:40
And it's using a device like this
that I recently discovered
that I recently discovered
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一种已知的珊瑚病原体
真的有能力
真的有能力
09:44
that a known coral pathogen
actually has the ability
actually has the ability
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在海水中闻来闻去，寻找珊瑚。
09:47
to sniff around the seawater
and hunt for corals.
and hunt for corals.
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09:51
Here's the video of in action.
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这里是正在行动的视频。
09:53
You'll see all of the pathogens
which are the tiny green dots on the left
which are the tiny green dots on the left
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你能看到左边的小绿点
是所有病原体，
是所有病原体，
它们开始探测我放在
通道右边的珊瑚粘液，
通道右边的珊瑚粘液，
09:58
start detecting the coral mucus I put
on the right side of the channel,
on the right side of the channel,
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朝那个方向快速游过去并待在那儿。
10:02
and they swim quickly
over in that direction and stay there.
over in that direction and stay there.
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10:06
Up until now, it was thought
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直到现在，人们一直以为
10:08
that a pathogen would need some good luck
to find its host in the ocean.
to find its host in the ocean.
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病原体需要运气才能
在海洋中找到宿主。
在海洋中找到宿主。
10:13
But simply by watching
and observing, we can learn
and observing, we can learn
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但仅仅靠观察和追踪，我们知道了
10:16
that these bacteria are very well adapted
to seeking out their victims.
to seeking out their victims.
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这些细菌非常善于寻找受害目标。
10:21
These micro-channels are bringing
us closer than ever before
us closer than ever before
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这些微通道让我们比任何时候
都更理解细菌如何
在蓝色大海中航行。
在蓝色大海中航行。
10:24
to understanding how bacteria
navigate that big blue ocean.
navigate that big blue ocean.
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10:28
It turns out that this pathogen
can even detect the coral mucus
can even detect the coral mucus
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最后发现，这种病原体
甚至可以检测到
甚至可以检测到
被我稀释了2万倍的珊瑚粘液。
10:34
when I dilute it 20,000 fold.
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10:37
So these bacteria are very well adapted
to hunting down these corals.
to hunting down these corals.
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所以这些细菌非常善于
猎取这些珊瑚。
猎取这些珊瑚。
10:43
I'm currently testing
different environmental conditions
different environmental conditions
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目前我在测试不同的环境条件，
看看什么情况会让这些病原体
猎取珊瑚的能力
猎取珊瑚的能力
10:47
to see what scenarios make
this pathogen more or less capable
this pathogen more or less capable
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增强或减弱。
10:51
of hunting corals.
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通过对触发捕猎机制的深入了解，
10:52
By learning more
about what triggers the hunt,
about what triggers the hunt,
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我们应该能够找到方法
10:55
we should be able to find ways
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来帮助减缓或者防止这种疾病。
10:57
to help slow down or prevent this disease.
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11:00
There's also some evidence
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还有些证据显示，
珊瑚上的健康微生物
可以战胜病原体，
可以战胜病原体，
11:02
that the healthy microbes on the coral
can fight off the pathogen
can fight off the pathogen
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只要条件适当。
11:07
if the conditions are right.
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11:09
So, one final image of a coral
and its healthy bacteria.
and its healthy bacteria.
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最后是珊瑚及其健康细菌的图像。
11:13
I hope you've enjoyed this short journey
into our microbial oceans
into our microbial oceans
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我希望你们都喜欢
这趟了解微生物海洋的短暂旅程，
这趟了解微生物海洋的短暂旅程，
下次你望着大海，
11:16
and that the next time you
look out at the sea,
look out at the sea,
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会深深吸一口新鲜的
海洋空气，心里想着：
海洋空气，心里想着：
11:19
you'll take in a deep breath
of fresh ocean air and wonder:
of fresh ocean air and wonder:
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所有哪些看不见的微生物
还在做着别的什么能让
还在做着别的什么能让
11:22
What else are all
of the unseen microbes doing
of the unseen microbes doing
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人类和我们的海洋
维持健康的事情吗？
维持健康的事情吗？
11:25
to keep us and our oceans healthy?
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谢谢。
11:27
Thank you.
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Translated by Yan Gao
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Melissa Garren - Marine biologistMelissa Garren is a molecular and marine biologist with a passion for unlocking the mysteries of our ocean's ecosystems and finding new avenues for conservation.
Why you should listen
Melissa Garren studies marine microbes to better understand how pollution and climate change are destroying coral reefs and effecting our environment. Working under a fellowship from the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute she began using molecular techniques to study microbial life in the ocean. At the Costa Rican wildlife refuge, Melissa helped spearhead a long-term monitoring project as well as educational initiatives. After recently receiving her Ph.D. in Marine Biology from the Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, she is now using microfluidic technology to understand the living ecosystem of coral reefs in a postdoctoral position at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Melissa Garren | Speaker | TED.com