TEDGlobal 2012
James Stavridis: A Navy Admiral's thoughts on global security
James Stavridis: 北约的最高长官如何看待全球安全
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想象一个由合作——多部门，多政府，公私力量——组成的全球安全。这不仅是开放安全支持者的幻想，而是James Stavridis，北约最高长官的设想，他从分享了从现代军事史的生动瞬间到解释了为什么要靠修桥而不是修墙来构筑未来安全。
James Stavridis - Navy Admiral
What will 21st-century security look like? Navy Admiral James Stavridis suggests that dialogue and openness will be the game-changers. Full bio
What will 21st-century security look like? Navy Admiral James Stavridis suggests that dialogue and openness will be the game-changers. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
I'm gonna talk a little bit about open-source security,
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我将要介绍一些开放式安全性问题，
00:21
because we've got to get better at security
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因为我们在21世纪已经离安全
00:23
in this 21st century.
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越来越近了。
00:25
Let me start by saying, let's look back to the 20th century,
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我们先回顾一下20世纪吧，
00:29
and kind of get a sense of how that style of security
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然后我们就能了解安全这个概念是如何
00:33
worked for us.
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为我们而工作。
00:35
This is Verdun, a battlefield in France
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这里是Verdun,一个法国的战场，
00:38
just north of the NATO headquarters in Belgium.
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就在北约在比利时总部的北边。
00:41
At Verdun, in 1916, over a 300-day period,
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1916年，在Verdun这个战场上，
00:48
700,000 people were killed,
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700000人在300天内被杀了，
00:51
so about 2,000 a day.
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那就是差不多2000人一天。
00:53
If you roll it forward -- 20th-century security --
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咱们继续往前看--20世纪的安全--
00:57
into the Second World War,
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看到二战，
01:00
you see the Battle of Stalingrad,
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我们看得到在斯大林格勒保卫战，
01:03
300 days, 2 million people killed.
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300天内有二百万人战死。
01:06
We go into the Cold War, and we continue
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进入冷战，我们继续
01:09
to try and build walls.
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建造围墙。
01:12
We go from the trench warfare of the First World War
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我们从一战的壕沟，
01:16
to the Maginot Line of the Second World War,
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到二战的马其顿防线，
01:20
and then we go into the Cold War,
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再到冷战中的
01:22
the Iron Curtain, the Berlin Wall.
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铁幕，柏林墙。
01:25
Walls don't work.
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墙不管用。
01:27
My thesis for us today is, instead of building walls
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所以我今天的主题是为了完成“安全”这个目标，
01:31
to create security, we need to build bridges.
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我们不建造墙，而建造桥。
01:35
This is a famous bridge in Europe.
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在欧洲有一个很著名的桥。
01:38
It's in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
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它在波黑。
01:40
It's the bridge over the Drina River,
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它在Drina河上，
01:42
the subject of a novel by Ivo Andrić,
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是作家Ivo Andric的一个小说的主题，
01:45
and it talks about how,
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这部小说讲述了
01:46
in that very troubled part of Europe and the Balkans,
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如何在欧洲和巴尔干地区最动荡的部分
01:50
over time there's been enormous building of walls.
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大量的墙被筑起。
01:54
More recently, in the last decade, we begin to see
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而最近，也就是在近十年，我们开始看到
01:58
these communities start, hesitatingly,
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这些地区开始，尽管有些犹豫不决，
02:01
to come together.
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逐渐融合在一起。
02:03
I would argue, again, open-source security
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我想再次重申，开放式安全
02:07
is about connecting the international,
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是关于联系国际的不同地区的，
02:10
the interagency, the private-public,
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跨部门的，私人的和公共的，
02:14
and lashing it together with strategic communication,
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并且把它们通过战略性沟通，
02:17
largely in social networks.
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在社交网上联系在一起。
02:20
So let me talk a little bit about why we need to do that,
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所以，接下来我将说一些为什么我们需要那么做，
02:24
because our global commons is under attack
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因为我们的共同目标正在受到威胁，
02:28
in a variety of ways,
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而且是多方面的，
02:30
and none of the sources of threat to the global commons
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同时没有一种威胁
02:34
will be solved by building walls.
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能被通过筑墙隔离解决。
02:36
Now, I'm a sailor, obviously.
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现在，很明显我是一个水手。
02:39
This is a ship, a liner, clipping through the Indian Ocean.
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有一个船在印度洋上航行。
02:43
What's wrong with this picture?
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这个照片有什么问题吗？
02:46
It's got concertina wire along the sides of it.
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在这个船上有蛇网环绕。
02:50
That's to prevent pirates from attacking it.
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这是用来抵御海盗的。
02:52
Piracy is a very active threat today
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海盗现在是一个非常主要的全球威胁。
02:55
around the world. This is in the Indian Ocean.
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这是只是在印度洋。
02:59
Piracy is also very active in the Strait of Malacca.
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海盗依然在马六甲海峡很猖狂，
03:03
It's active in the Gulf of Guinea.
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也在几内亚湾，
03:05
We see it in the Caribbean.
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在加勒比海地区。
03:06
It's a $10-billion-a-year discontinuity
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它在全球交通运输中每年造成了一百亿美元的
03:09
in the global transport system.
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损失。
03:13
Last year, at this time, there were 20 vessels,
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在去年的此刻，有20艘船，
03:16
500 mariners held hostage.
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500名船员被绑架为人质。
03:19
This is an attack on the global commons.
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这是一个对全球共同利益的威胁。
03:22
We need to think about how to address it.
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我们需要想出解决办法。
03:25
Let's shift to a different kind of sea,
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现在让我们转到另一种海洋，
03:28
the cyber sea.
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网络的海洋。
03:30
Here are photographs of two young men.
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这里有两个年轻人的照片。
03:33
At the moment, they're incarcerated.
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在此刻，他们被监禁着。
03:36
They conducted a credit card fraud that netted them
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他们做了一个信用卡诈骗案，
03:41
over 10 billion dollars.
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并且牟利超过一百亿美元。
03:44
This is part of cybercrime which is a $2-trillion-a-year
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这只是对全球经济造成两万亿美元损失的
03:49
discontinuity in the global economy.
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网络犯罪的一部分。
03:52
Two trillion a year.
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两万亿每年。
03:54
That's just under the GDP of Great Britain.
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这仅低于英国的国民生产总值(GDP).
03:57
So this cyber sea, which we know endlessly
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所以网络世界，一个我们深知
04:00
is the fundamental piece of radical openness,
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是由最根本的开放组成的地方，
04:04
is very much under threat as well.
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正在受到威胁。
04:09
Another thing I worry about in the global commons
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另一个我要担心的是
04:12
is the threat posed by trafficking,
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由于物流造成的威胁，
04:15
by the movement of narcotics, opium,
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也就是麻醉剂，鸦片等毒品
04:19
here coming out of Afghanistan through Europe
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从阿富汗穿过欧洲
04:22
over to the United States.
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到达美国的整个一条运输线。
04:24
We worry about cocaine
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我们担心从Andean Ridge（地名）北部
04:26
coming from the Andean Ridge north.
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运过来的可卡因。
04:28
We worry about the movement of illegal weapons
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我们担心非法武器的运输。
04:32
and trafficking. Above all, perhaps,
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但最重要的是，
04:34
we worry about human trafficking, and the awful cost of it.
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我们担心人力的运输，以及它的成本。
04:38
Trafficking moves largely at sea
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大多数运输是通过海洋的
04:41
but in other parts of the global commons.
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但也通过我们的共同利益。
04:43
This is a photograph, and I wish I could tell you
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这是一张照片，
04:48
that this is a very high-tech piece of US Navy gear
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通过它我想告诉你这是一个非常高科技的美国海军武器
04:53
that we're using to stop the trafficking.
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用来阻止物流的发生。
04:55
The bad news is,
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但坏消息是，
04:57
this is a semi-submersible run by drug cartels.
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这是一个贩毒组织的半潜水的设备。
05:03
It was built in the jungles of South America.
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它在南美热带雨林中被建造，
05:07
We caught it with that low-tech raft — (Laughter) —
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我们通过没有科技含量的筏子逮捕了它，
（笑声）
（笑声）
05:12
and it was carrying six tons of cocaine.
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而它正装载着六吨的可卡因，
05:16
Crew of four. Sophisticated communications sweep.
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四个船员，精良的设备。
05:20
This kind of trafficking, in narcotics, in humans, in weapons,
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这种运送麻醉剂，人和武器
05:25
God forbid, in weapons of mass destruction,
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上帝禁止的，大规模杀伤性武器
05:28
is part of the threat to the global commons.
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就是我们共同利益的威胁的一部分。
05:31
And let's pull it together in Afghanistan today.
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现在让我们完整的看一下阿富汗的今天。
05:35
This is a field of poppies in Afghanistan.
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在阿富汗有一片罂粟花的，
05:38
Eighty to 90 percent of the world's poppy,
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全世界80%到90%的罂粟花，
05:41
opium and heroin, comes out of Afghanistan.
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鸦片和海洛因来自阿富汗。
05:44
We also see there, of course, terrorism.
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当然，我们也看到了恐怖组织。
05:47
This is where al Qaeda is staged from.
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这就是基地组织建立的地方。
05:50
We also see a very strong insurgency embedded there.
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我们看到了这里有一个很不稳定的局势。
05:54
So this terrorism concern is also part
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所以恐怖组织也是我们
05:58
of the global commons, and what we must address.
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面临的威胁的一部分，也是我们必须解决的。
06:02
So here we are, 21st century.
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所以，在21世纪，
06:05
We know our 20th-century tools are not going to work.
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我们知道我们20世纪的方法不管用。
06:09
What should we do?
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我们该怎么办？
06:12
I would argue that we will not deliver security
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我想说我们不能仅仅通过
06:16
solely from the barrel of a gun.
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枪支来保障安全。
06:19
We will not deliver security solely from the barrel of a gun.
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我们不能仅仅依靠枪支，
06:23
We will need the application of military force.
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我们需要军事力量的综合应用。
06:26
When we do it, we must do it well, and competently.
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当我们使用时，我们就必须使用好。
06:29
But my thesis is, open-source security is about international,
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但我所要说的是，开放式安全是关于国际的，
06:35
interagency, private-public connection pulled together
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跨部门的，私人和公共的联系，
06:40
by this idea of strategic communication on the Internet.
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通过互联网沟通而建立的。
06:46
Let me give you a couple of examples of how this works in a positive way.
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让我讲一个例子。
06:50
This is Afghanistan. These are Afghan soldiers.
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我们有阿富汗，有阿富汗的士兵，
06:54
They are all holding books.
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他们都拿着书。
06:56
You should say, "That's odd. I thought I read that
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你可能会说“这真奇怪，我想我曾读到过
07:01
this demographic, young men and women
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在这个地区绝大多数20,30多岁的年轻人
07:05
in their 20s and 30s, is largely illiterate in Afghanistan."
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都是不识字的。”
07:10
You would be correct.
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你也许是对的。
07:11
Eighty-five percent cannot read
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当他们进入安全部队的时候，
07:14
when they enter the security forces of Afghanistan.
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85%是不识字的。
07:17
Why? Because the Taliban withheld education
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为什么？因为塔利班
07:20
during the period of time in which these men and women
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在这些人该学习的时候不提供
07:23
would have learned to read.
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教育。
07:24
So the question is, so,
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所以问题是，
07:26
why are they all standing there holding books?
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为什么他们手里拿着书站在那里？
07:30
The answer is, we are teaching them to read
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答案是，我们在叫他们阅读，
07:33
in literacy courses by NATO
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通过北约组织的课程，
07:37
in partnership with private sector entities,
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通过和私人组织的合作，
07:40
in partnership with development agencies.
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通过和发展署的合作。
07:43
We've taught well over 200,000 Afghan Security Forces
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我们已经教了超过200000的阿富汗安全部队士兵
07:48
to read and write at a basic level.
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来进行最基本的读写。
07:50
When you can read and write in Afghanistan,
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当你能读和写的时候，
07:53
you will typically put a pen in your pocket.
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你就会在你的口袋里放一支笔。
07:56
At the ceremonies, when these young men and women
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在毕业典礼上，当这些人毕业时，
07:59
graduate, they take that pen with great pride,
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他们很骄傲的拿出笔，
08:03
and put it in their pocket.
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并放在他们的口袋里。
08:05
This is bringing together international
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这个举动把全世界
08:08
— there are 50 nations involved in this mission —
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——有五十个国家——
08:10
interagency — these development agencies —
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跨部门的力量
08:13
and private-public, to take on this kind of security.
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私人和公共资源都联系到了一起，来进行这种安全的建立。
08:17
Now, we are also teaching them combat skills, of course,
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现在，我们当然也教他们格斗技巧，
08:21
but I would argue, open-source security
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但我想说，开放式安全
08:24
means connecting in ways that create
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意味着为创造更持久的安全
08:26
longer lasting security effect.
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而联系各个力量。
08:29
Here's another example.
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这里是另一个例子。
08:32
This is a US Navy warship.
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这是一个美国海军战舰。
08:35
It's called the Comfort.
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叫做Comfort（安慰）号。
08:37
There's a sister ship called the Mercy.
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他有一个姊妹舰，叫做Mercy（仁慈）号。
08:40
They are hospital ships.
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他们是友好的战舰。
08:42
This one, the Comfort, operates throughout
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安慰号在
08:44
the Caribbean and the coast of South America
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加勒比海和南美洲的海岸
08:47
conducting patient treatments.
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进行病人的治疗。
08:49
On a typical cruise, they'll do 400,000 patient treatments.
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通常，他会进行400000个治疗，
08:54
It is crewed not strictly by military
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船员不是严格的部队人员，
08:58
but by a combination of humanitarian organizations:
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而是很多人道主义组织，
09:02
Operation Hope, Project Smile.
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比如“希望项目”，“微笑工程”。
09:05
Other organizations send volunteers.
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其他组织送来志愿者。
09:09
Interagency physicians come out.
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其他部门的医生也来了。
09:11
They're all part of this.
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他们都是这个项目的一部分。
09:13
To give you one example of the impact this can have,
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举个例子来说明这个项目的影响力，
09:16
this little boy, eight years old,
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这个小孩，8岁，
09:19
walked with his mother two days
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和他的妈妈走了两天
09:23
to come to the eye clinic put on by the Comfort.
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来到安慰号上的眼科诊所。
09:26
When he was fitted, over his extremely myopic eyes,
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当他被治好他的重度近视是，
09:31
he suddenly looked up and said,
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他突然抬头，然后说：
09:34
"Mama, veo el mundo."
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“Mama, veo el mundo.（当地语言）”
09:37
"Mom, I see the world."
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“妈妈，我看到世界了。”
09:40
Multiply this by 400,000 patient treatments,
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把这个乘以400000，也就是治疗数目，
09:44
this private-public collaboration with security forces,
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这个私人和公共的合作，同时融合了安全力量的项目，
09:48
and you begin to see the power
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开始显现它的力量，
09:50
of creating security in a very different way.
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来以一个很不同的方式创造安全。
09:54
Here you see baseball players.
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这张照片是棒球运动员。
09:59
Can you pick out the two US Army soldiers
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你能在其中找出
10:02
in this photograph?
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两名美国部队的士兵吗？
10:04
They are the two young men on either side
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他们是每侧最边上的两位。
10:07
of these young boys. This is part of a series
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这是棒球诊所的一部分，
10:10
of baseball clinics, where we have explored collaboration
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在这里我们尝试
10:13
between Major League Baseball,
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棒球联赛，
10:15
the Department of State,
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国务院，
10:17
who sets up the diplomatic piece of this,
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（它建起了外交基础）
10:19
military baseball players, who are real soldiers
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在军队中的棒球运动员，
10:23
with real skills but participate in this mission,
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也就是那些能真正上战场的人，之间的合作，
10:27
and they put on clinics
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并且他们把这种诊所
10:29
throughout Latin America and the Caribbean,
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开到了拉丁美洲和加勒比地区，
10:31
in Honduras, in Nicaragua,
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开到了洪都拉斯，开到了尼加拉瓜，
10:35
in all of the Central American and Caribbean nations
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开到了所有中美洲和加勒比的
10:40
where baseball is so popular,
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棒球很流行国家，
10:41
and it creates security.
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而且它创造了安全感。
10:44
It shows role models to young men and women
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他为年轻人建立了关于健身和生活的榜样，
10:46
about fitness and about life that I would argue
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而且我想说
10:50
help create security for us.
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这些理念帮助创造了安全。
10:54
Another aspect of this partnership
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这个合作的另一部分是
10:56
is in disaster relief.
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灾后救援与后续工作。
10:58
This is a US Air Force helicopter participating
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这是一个美国空军的直升机，
11:02
after the tsunami in 2004 which killed 250,000 people.
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它参加了2004年一个杀死250000人的海啸的救援。
11:09
In each of these major disasters — the tsunami in 2004,
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在所有的大灾难中——2004年海啸，250000死，
11:14
250,000 dead, the Kashmiri earthquake in Pakistan, 2005,
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2005年巴基斯坦地震，
11:20
85,000 dead,
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85000人死亡，
11:22
the Haitian earthquake, about 300,000 dead,
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海地地震，300000人死亡，
11:27
more recently the awful earthquake-tsunami combination
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还有最近的对于日本机器核工业的
11:32
which struck Japan and its nuclear industry —
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地震海啸双重打击——
11:35
in all of these instances, we see partnerships
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在所有这些例子中，我们看到了
11:38
between international actors,
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国际间，
11:42
interagency, private-public working with security forces
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跨部门，公私结合的合作，这个合作与安全力量同时
11:46
to respond to this kind of natural disaster.
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响应这种自然灾害。
11:50
So these are examples of this idea of open-source security.
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所以这些都是我们说的开放式安全的例子。
11:54
We tie it together, increasingly, by doing things like this.
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我们结合在一起，来共同完成这样的事情。
11:59
Now, you're looking at this thinking, "Ah, Admiral,
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现在你看到这个，应该在想，“啊，船长，
12:01
these must be sea lanes of communication,
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这些一定是通信电缆，
12:05
or these might be fiber optic cables."
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或者是光线。”
12:07
No. This is a graphic of the world according to Twitter.
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不，这是一个Twitter（国外微博网站）公司发的世界地图。
12:13
Purple are tweets. Green are geolocation.
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紫色是微博，绿色是地点，
12:19
White is the synthesis.
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白色是结合。
12:21
It's a perfect evocation of that great population survey,
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这很能让人想到人口普查，
12:25
the six largest nations in the world in descending order:
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六个人口最多的国家依次是：
12:29
China, India, Facebook, the United States,
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中国，印度，Facebook（国外社交网络），美国，
12:32
Twitter and Indonesia. (Laughter)
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Twitter，和印尼。
（笑声）
（笑声）
12:36
Why do we want to get in these nets?
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我们要这些网干什么？
12:38
Why do we want to be involved?
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我们为什么想要在其中？
12:40
We talked earlier about the Arab Spring,
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我们之前讨论过阿拉伯春天组织，
12:42
and the power of all this.
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以及它的力量。
12:43
I'll give you another example,
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我再举一个例子，
12:44
and it's how you move this message.
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是关于信息如何传播的。
12:47
I gave a talk like this in London a while back
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我在伦敦发表一个像这个的演讲。
12:49
about this point. I said, as I say to all of you,
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我说，我对你们说，
12:52
I'm on Facebook. Friend me.
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我在Facebook上，加我好友吧。
12:54
Got a little laugh from the audience.
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观众在笑。
12:56
There was an article which was run by AP, on the wire.
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这是AP（美联社）的一篇文章。
13:02
Got picked up in two places in the world:
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世界上有两个地方，
13:04
Finland and Indonesia.
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芬兰和印尼，
13:07
The headline was: NATO Admiral Needs Friends.
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标题是：北约舰队司令需要好友。
13:10
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
13:12
Thank you. (Applause)
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谢谢你们。
（掌声）
（掌声）
13:15
Which I do. (Laughter)
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我会做。
（笑声）
（笑声）
13:17
And the story was a catalyst,
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这个故事是一个催化剂，
13:20
and the next morning I had hundreds
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明天早上我就会有上百个
13:22
of Facebook friend requests
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Facebook好友请求，
13:24
from Indonesians and Finns,
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来自印尼和芬兰，
13:26
mostly saying, "Admiral, we heard you need a friend,
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大多数都会说：“司令，我们听说你需要好友，
13:29
and oh, by the way, what is NATO?" (Laughter)
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哦，还有，NATO（北约）是什么？”
（笑声）
（笑声）
13:33
So ... (Laughter)
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所以
（笑声）
（笑声）
13:35
Yeah, we laugh, but this is how we move the message,
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是的，我们笑了，但这就是我们如何传播信息，
13:39
and moving that message is how we connect
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也就是我们如何把
13:42
international, interagency, private-public,
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国际，不同部门，私人和公共，
13:44
and these social nets to help create security.
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以及那些社会网联系起来来创造安全。
13:48
Now, let me hit a somber note.
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现在，让我说一个严肃的消息。
13:52
This is a photograph of a brave British soldier.
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这是一个勇敢的英国士兵的照片。
13:55
He's in the Scots Guards.
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他在苏格兰卫队，
13:58
He's standing the watch in Helmand,
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正在Helmand站岗，
13:59
in southern Afghanistan.
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在阿富汗南部。
14:02
I put him here to remind us,
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我把他放出来就是想提醒我们，
14:04
I would not want anyone to leave the room thinking
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我不想让任何人离开这间屋子，抱着
14:08
that we do not need capable, competent militaries
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“我们不需要军事部队”
14:12
who can create real military effect.
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的想法。
14:15
That is the core of who we are and what we do,
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这正是我们在做的，
14:18
and we do it to protect freedom, freedom of speech,
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我们做这个事情来保障自由，言论自由，
14:22
all the things we treasure in our societies.
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和其他所有我们在社会中珍视的。
14:25
But, you know, life is not an on-and-off switch.
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但你知道，生活不是开关。
14:29
You don't have to have a military that is either
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我们没有要么在战争，要么在兵营的
14:32
in hard combat or is in the barracks.
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军事力量。
14:36
I would argue life is a rheostat.
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我认为生活是一个可变电阻器，
14:40
You have to dial it in,
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你需要调一个数值，
14:43
and as I think about how we create security
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并且正像我认为我们该如何在21世纪制造安全一样，
14:46
in this 21st century, there will be times
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我们会需要
14:49
when we will apply hard power in true war and crisis,
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在真正的战争和危机中使用真正强硬的力量，
14:54
but there will be many instances,
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但会有很多时候，
14:56
as we've talked about today,
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就像我们已经讨论的，
14:58
where our militaries can be part of creating
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我们的部队可以使
15:01
21st-century security, international,
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21世纪安全，也就是国际，
15:05
interagency, private-public,
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跨部门，公私结合，
15:07
connected with competent communication.
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的安全模式的一部分，通过沟通来结合起来。
15:12
I would close by saying that we heard earlier today
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在结束时，我想说在今天早些时候
15:16
about Wikipedia. I use Wikipedia all the time
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听到的关于维基百科的一些东西。
15:20
to look up facts, and as all of you appreciate,
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我经常用维基百科查一些东西，就像你所知道的，
15:24
Wikipedia is not created by 12 brilliant people
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维基百科不是靠12个聪明的人
15:28
locked in a room writing articles.
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把自己关在屋子里写文章建立的。
15:30
Wikipedia, every day, is tens of thousands of people
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维基百科是靠每天数万人
15:34
inputting information, and every day millions of people
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的更新，数百万人的提取信息
15:39
withdrawing that information.
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而建立的。
15:41
It's a perfect image for the fundamental point
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这完美的说明了
15:44
that no one of us is as smart as all of us thinking together.
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没有一个人能比共同思考更聪明。
15:49
No one person, no one alliance, no one nation,
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没有一个人，没有一个联盟，没有一个国家，
15:52
no one of us is as smart as all of us thinking together.
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能有我们共同思考更睿智。
15:57
The vision statement of Wikipedia is very simple:
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维基百科的宣言很简单：
16:02
a world in which every human being can freely share
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创建一个能人人自由共享
16:05
in the sum of all knowledge.
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所有知识的世界。
16:07
My thesis for you is that by combining international,
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所以，我想说，通过结合国际，
16:11
interagency, private-public, strategic communication,
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多部门，公私力量，战略通信在一起，
16:15
together, in this 21st century,
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在21世纪，
16:19
we can create the sum of all security.
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我们能创造共同的安全。
16:22
Thank you. (Applause)
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谢谢
（掌声）
（掌声）
16:24
Thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you. (Applause)
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非常感谢。
（掌声）
（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
James Stavridis - Navy AdmiralWhat will 21st-century security look like? Navy Admiral James Stavridis suggests that dialogue and openness will be the game-changers.
Why you should listen
In the world of security, says James Stavridis, "we are generally focused on risk. But I think we should spend a bit of our most precious resource — time — on thinking about and developing opportunities." The first US Navy officer to hold the positions of Commander of the US European Command (USEUCOM) and of NATO's Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR), Stavridis has been advocating the opportunities perspective for a long time. He sees dialogue and collaboration — between nations, and between public and private sectors — as key to the future of security. As a Navy officer, he thinks deeply about protecting the value of our "global commons." And he's a rare high-ranking military officer who tweets and blogs.
He has led the recent military effort in Lybia, among other NATO engagements. Previously Stavridis commanded US Southern Command in Miami, focused on Latin America and the Caribbean.
James Stavridis | Speaker | TED.com