TEDGlobal 2013
Greg Asner: Ecology from the air
格雷格·阿斯纳: 俯瞰生态圈
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我们的森林到底是由什么组成的呢？生态学家·阿斯纳用光谱仪和高精度激光器，从空中对大自然进行了精细的3D描绘——他自己称之为“高科技的碳测量系统”。在这次有趣的演讲中，Asner明确的告诉我们：为了挽救我们的生态系统，我们需要新的手段、用于聚集更多的数据。
Greg Asner - Airborne ecologist
Greg Asner’s mapping technology produces detailed, complex pictures of how humans’ activities affect our ecosystems. Full bio
Greg Asner’s mapping technology produces detailed, complex pictures of how humans’ activities affect our ecosystems. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
科技可以改变我们对自然界的认识
00:12
Technology can change our understanding of nature.
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举个狮子的例子吧
00:16
Take for example the case of lions.
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几个世纪以来，人们都说
00:19
For centuries, it's been said that female lions
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雌狮子在热带草原上捕猎食物
00:22
do all of the hunting out in the open savanna,
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而雄狮子除了吃什么都不干
00:24
and male lions do nothing until it's time for dinner.
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00:28
You've heard this too, I can tell.
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我相信你一定也听说过这个
最近我带了一个在南非克鲁格国家公园的
00:31
Well recently, I led an airborne mapping campaign
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机载测绘活动
00:34
in the Kruger National Park in South Africa.
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同事们用GPS项圈
00:36
Our colleagues put GPS tracking collars
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跟踪公狮子和母狮子
00:39
on male and female lions,
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00:41
and we mapped their hunting behavior
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这样我们就可以从空中
测绘它们的捕猎活动
00:42
from the air.
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00:44
The lower left shows a lion sizing up
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左下是一只狮子
在对一群黑斑羚虎视眈眈
00:46
a herd of impala for a kill,
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00:48
and the right shows what I call
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右边是我所称之为
00:50
the lion viewshed.
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狮子视域范围
00:52
That's how far the lion can see in all directions
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在各个方向的可视距离
00:54
until his or her view is obstructed by vegetation.
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直到他或她的视觉受到植被的阻挡
我们发现
00:59
And what we found
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雄狮子其实并不是
01:00
is that male lions are not the lazy hunters
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我们以为的懒猎手
01:03
we thought them to be.
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01:04
They just use a different strategy.
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只是它们的策略不同罢了
雌狮子常常会在广阔的热带大草原上
01:06
Whereas the female lions hunt
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01:08
out in the open savanna
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远距离凶猛出击
01:09
over long distances, usually during the day,
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通常是在白天
01:12
male lions use an ambush strategy
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而雄狮子常常喜欢夜晚
在密林里伏击
01:15
in dense vegetation, and often at night.
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这个视频的左边和右边
01:19
This video shows the actual hunting viewsheds
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分别展示的是
01:22
of male lions on the left
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雄狮子和雌狮子狩猎时候的可视域
01:23
and females on the right.
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红色和更深一点的颜色表示的是比较茂密的丛林
01:25
Red and darker colors show more dense vegetation,
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01:28
and the white are wide open spaces.
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白色则是视野比较广阔的空间
01:30
And this is the viewshed right literally at the eye level
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这完全是捕猎中的雄狮子和雌狮子
与视线齐平的可视域
01:33
of hunting male and female lions.
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对于雄狮子捕猎时候
01:36
All of a sudden, you get a very clear understanding
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01:38
of the very spooky conditions under which
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那令人毛骨损然的场景
我想你应该会一下子有了一个清晰的认识
01:41
male lions do their hunting.
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01:43
I bring up this example to begin,
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我在一开始就拿出这个例子
01:44
because it emphasizes how little
we know about nature.
we know about nature.
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是想强调我们对于自然其实知之甚少
截至目前我们已经做了大量的努力
01:49
There's been a huge amount of work done so far
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试图减缓热带雨林的消失
01:52
to try to slow down our losses of tropical forests,
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而正如幻灯片上红色所标识的
01:55
and we are losing our forests at a rapid rate,
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01:57
as shown in red on the slide.
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我们的森林正在迅速失去
01:59
I find it ironic that we're doing so much,
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我觉得很讽刺的是我们做了很多
02:01
yet these areas are fairly unknown to science.
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但对这些区域科学界却是完全未知的
而我们又如何能够挽救自己完全未知的东西呢？
02:05
So how can we save what we don't understand?
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现在我是一名地球生态学者也是一名地球探索者
02:08
Now I'm a global ecologist and an Earth explorer
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我有着物理、化学、生物
02:10
with a background in physics and chemistry
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02:12
and biology and a lot of other boring subjects,
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以及许多其它枯燥学科的背景
而最重要的是，我对这个星球上的未知事物
02:15
but above all, I'm obsessed with what we don't know
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02:18
about our planet.
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非常之着迷
02:20
So I created this,
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所以我创建了这个
02:22
the Carnegie Airborne Observatory, or CAO.
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卡内基机载天文台（Carnegie Airborne Observatory），或者可以简称为CAO
它看起来只像是一架漆得很花哨的飞机
02:25
It may look like a plane with a fancy paint job,
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但其实装载着1,000公斤的
02:27
but I packed it with over 1,000 kilos
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02:30
of high-tech sensors, computers,
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高科技传感器、计算机
以及一支由许多地球科学家和飞行员
02:32
and a very motivated staff
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组成的充满活力的队伍
02:34
of Earth scientists and pilots.
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我们有两台很稀罕的设备
02:37
Two of our instruments are very unique:
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02:39
one is called an imaging spectrometer
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一台被叫作成像光谱仪
02:40
that can actually measure the chemical composition
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当我们在高空飞行时，它可以测量那些
02:42
of plants as we fly over them.
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从我们身下掠过的植物的化学成分
02:45
Another one is a set of lasers,
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另一个是一套
02:47
very high-powered lasers,
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绝对高性能的激光器
从飞机底部放射激光
02:49
that fire out of the bottom of the plane,
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迅速扫过整个生态系统
02:51
sweeping across the ecosystem
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02:53
and measuring it at nearly 500,000 times per second
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并以接近每秒500,000次采样的速度
进行高精度的3D测量
02:57
in high-resolution 3D.
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这是旧金山金门大桥的图片
02:59
Here's an image of the Golden Gate Bridge
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03:01
in San Francisco, not far from where I live.
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离我住的地方不远
03:04
Although we flew straight over this bridge,
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虽然我们从桥上直接飞过
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we imaged it in 3D, captured its color
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我们对它做了3D影像
03:07
in just a few seconds.
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在几秒钟的时间就捕捉到了它的颜色
03:09
But the real power of the CAO
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但实际上CAO真正的实力
03:11
is its ability to capture the actual building blocks
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在于它捕捉生态系统
实际构造的能力
03:13
of ecosystems.
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03:15
This is a small town in the Amazon,
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这是CAO为亚马逊一个小镇
03:17
imaged with the CAO.
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做的影像
通过我们的数据切片我们可以看到
03:18
We can slice through our data
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03:20
and see, for example, the 3D structure
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比如像是
植被和建筑物的3D结构
03:22
of the vegetation and the buildings,
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甚至我们可以用一些化学信息
03:25
or we can use the chemical information
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在我们飞过那些植物的时候
03:27
to actually figure out how fast the plants are growing
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计算出它们的生长速度
03:29
as we fly over them.
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这些最热烈的粉色也就是生长最快的那些植物
03:31
The hottest pinks are the fastest-growing plants.
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我们可以用超出你想象的方式
03:34
And we can see biodiversity in ways
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that you never could have imagined.
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看到生物的多样性
这是你乘着热气球飞过热带雨林时候
03:38
This is what a rainforest might look like
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as you fly over it in a hot air balloon.
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看到的它的样子
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This is how we see a rainforest,
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它用斑斓的色彩
03:44
in kaleidoscopic color that tells us
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告诉我们
03:46
that there are many species living with one another.
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有许许多多的生物生活在一起
但你必须认识到
03:49
But you have to remember that these trees
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这些树的确是比鲸鱼还要巨大的
03:51
are literally bigger than whales,
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这就意味着仅仅是从它们下面走过
03:54
and what that means is that
they're impossible to understand
they're impossible to understand
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是无法认识它们的
03:57
just by walking on the ground below them.
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我们所呈现的图像是3D的,带有化学和生物学的信息,
03:59
So our imagery is 3D, it's chemical, it's biological,
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告诉我们在这苍穹下生活的
04:04
and this tells us not only the species
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不仅仅只有我们人类
04:06
that are living in the canopy,
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04:08
but it tells us a lot of information
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它为我们提供了很多新的信息
04:10
about the rest of the species
that occupy the rainforest.
that occupy the rainforest.
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有关在这热带雨林中生活着的其它生物
04:13
Now I created the CAO
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现在我创建了CAO
04:15
in order to answer questions that have proven
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就是为了回答那些被证明是
04:18
extremely challenging to answer
from any other vantage point,
from any other vantage point,
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要从诸如地面、卫星传感器的任何其它位置来回答
都极具挑战的问题
04:21
such as from the ground, or from satellite sensors.
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今天我想和大家分享其中的三个
04:24
I want to share three of those
questions with you today.
questions with you today.
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第一个问题是
04:27
The first questions is,
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如何管理我们在热带雨林中的
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how do we manage our carbon reserves
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04:30
in tropical forests?
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碳储量？
04:33
Tropical forests contain a huge
amount of carbon in the trees,
amount of carbon in the trees,
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热带雨林中的数目储存了大量的碳资源
如果我们想要避免全球继续变暖
04:37
and we need to keep that carbon in those forests
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04:39
if we're going to avoid any further global warming.
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就必须让这些碳存在树木中
而不幸的是：全球由于滥伐森林所导致的
04:43
Unfortunately, global carbon emissions
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04:45
from deforestation
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碳排放量
04:47
now equals the global transportation sector.
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目前已经赶得上全球运输行业
04:50
That's all ships, airplanes, trains
and automobiles combined.
and automobiles combined.
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这可是所有船只、飞机、或者和汽车排放量的总和
04:54
So it's understandable that policy negotiators
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所以可以理解那些政策谈判代表
04:57
have been working hard to reduce deforestation,
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一直致力于减少森林砍伐量
05:00
but they're doing it on landscapes
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目前正在那些科学几乎未知的地域上
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that are hardly known to science.
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下功夫
05:04
If you don't know where the carbon is exactly,
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如果你不能确切并详细的知道碳存在哪里
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in detail, how can you know what you're losing?
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又怎么能知道你的损失？
05:09
Basically, we need a high-tech accounting system.
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最基本的，我们需要一个先进的会计系统
通过它我们可以非常细节的看到
05:13
With our system, we're able to see the carbon stocks
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05:15
of tropical forests in utter detail.
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热带雨林的碳存储量
05:18
The red shows, obviously,
closed-canopy tropical forest,
closed-canopy tropical forest,
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红色显示，明显的，成片的热带雨林
05:21
and then you see the cookie cutting,
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然后你看到整齐的切口
05:23
or the cutting of the forest in yellows and greens.
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黄色和绿色的森林切口
就像在切蛋糕
05:27
It's like cutting a cake except this cake
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只不过这些蛋糕有鲸鱼那么深
05:30
is about whale deep.
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不过我们可以放大
05:32
And yet, we can zoom in and see the forest
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同时看到森林和树木
05:34
and the trees at the same time.
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让我们非常惊奇的是
05:36
And what's amazing is, even though we flew
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即便我们在森林上面飞得很高
05:38
very high above this forest,
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但在后续分析中
05:40
later on in analysis, we can go in
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我们可以走进森林，体验那些树梢
05:42
and actually experience the treetrops,
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每一片叶子、每一根树枝
05:44
leaf by leaf, branch by branch,
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就像这个森林里的其它生物一样
05:47
just as the other species that live in this forest
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体验这些与之共存的树木
05:50
experience it along with the trees themselves.
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我们已经用这些技术进行过探索
05:53
We've been using the technology to explore
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用非常高的精度
05:55
and to actually put out the first carbon geographies
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实际刻画了第一片偏远地区的碳地貌
05:58
in high resolution
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06:00
in faraway places like the Amazon Basin
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像亚马逊盆地
06:02
and not-so-faraway places like the United States
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还有一些不是很偏远的地方，比如像
美国和中美洲
06:04
and Central America.
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下面我将带大家领略一下
06:06
What I'm going to do is I'm going to take you
on a high-resolution, first-time tour
on a high-resolution, first-time tour
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我们的首次秘鲁之行以及后来巴拿马的高精度碳地貌
06:09
of the carbon landscapes of Peru and then Panama.
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颜色从红色到蓝色
06:13
The colors are going to be going from red to blue.
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红色标识着极高的碳存储量
06:16
Red is extremely high carbon stocks,
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06:18
your largest cathedral forests you can imagine,
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你所能想象到的最大的森林
蓝色则是非常低的碳存储量
06:21
and blue are very low carbon stocks.
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我想告诉大家的是
06:23
And let me tell you, Peru alone is an amazing place,
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秘鲁真的是一个神奇的地方
06:25
totally unknown in terms of its carbon geography
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它的碳地貌直到今天才被发现
06:28
until today.
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我们飞到秘鲁北面的地区
06:29
We can fly to this area in northern Peru
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看到了红色的那些超高碳存储量的地方
06:31
and see super high carbon stocks in red,
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而亚马逊河和河漫滩
06:33
and the Amazon River and floodplain
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06:35
cutting right through it.
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正好从它中间穿过
06:37
We can go to an area of utter devastation
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我们可以去那片蓝色的
06:38
caused by deforestation in blue,
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因为过度砍伐而被彻底被毁坏的地区
06:40
and the virus of deforestation
spreading out in orange.
spreading out in orange.
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而砍伐的诟病也正在向橘色的区域蔓延
我们也可以飞过南安第斯山脉
06:44
We can also fly to the southern Andes
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上升到山系
06:46
to see the tree line and see exactly how
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去看林木线以及
06:48
the carbon geography ends
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碳地貌是如何终止的
06:50
as we go up into the mountain system.
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我们可以去亚马逊西部最大的湿地
06:53
And we can go to the biggest swamp
in the western Amazon.
in the western Amazon.
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这是一个奇妙的水世界
06:56
It's a watery dreamworld
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06:57
akin to Jim Cameron's "Avatar."
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就像吉姆-卡梅伦的“阿凡达”
07:00
We can go to one of the smallest tropical countries,
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我们可以去最小的热带国家巴拿马
07:03
Panama, and see also a huge range
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看看那片巨大的
07:05
of carbon variation,
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由红到蓝
07:07
from high in red to low in blue.
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的碳变化范围
不幸的是绝大多数碳都在地底处丢失了
07:09
Unfortunately, most of the carbon
is lost in the lowlands,
is lost in the lowlands,
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但是你可以看到余下的,
07:12
but what you see that's left,
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绿色和红色代表高碳储蓄,
07:13
in terms of high carbon stocks in greens and reds,
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是在山脉中
07:16
is the stuff that's up in the mountains.
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07:18
One interesting exception to this
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你可以看到屏幕正中间
有一个有趣的例外
07:20
is right in the middle of your screen.
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你可以看到巴拿马运河周围的缓冲带
07:22
You're seeing the buffer zone
around the Panama Canal.
around the Panama Canal.
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是红色和黄色的
07:25
That's in the reds and yellows.
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运河当局动用力量
07:27
The canal authorities are using force
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07:28
to protect their watershed and global commerce.
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保护他们的水域以及全球贸易
这种碳测绘图
07:31
This kind of carbon mapping
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07:33
has transformed conservation
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改变了
养护和资源政策的发展
07:35
and resource policy development.
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07:36
It's really advancing our ability to save forests
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它完全超出了我们
保护森林、抑制气候变化的能力
07:39
and to curb climate change.
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07:41
My second question: How do we
prepare for climate change
prepare for climate change
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我的第二个问题是
我们如何在一个类似亚马逊热带雨林的地方为应对气候变化做准备？
07:45
in a place like the Amazon rainforest?
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07:47
Let me tell you, I spend a lot of time
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我想告诉大家的是我花了很多时间在这些地方
07:48
in these places, and we're seeing
the climate changing already.
the climate changing already.
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并且我们看到气候已经正在发生变化
07:52
Temperatures are increasing,
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温度在升高
07:53
and what's really happening is
we're getting a lot of droughts,
we're getting a lot of droughts,
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我们看到干旱
正在反复发生
07:56
recurring droughts.
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这里用红色显示了2010的大旱灾区域
07:58
The 2010 mega-drought is shown here
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07:59
with red showing an area
about the size of Western Europe.
about the size of Western Europe.
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面积抵得上整个西欧
08:03
The Amazon was so dry in 2010
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2010年亚马逊非常干旱
08:05
that even the main stem of the Amazon river itself
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就连它的干流
也部分干涸了
08:08
dried up partially, as you see in the photo
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在幻灯片的下半部分你可以看到照片
08:10
in the lower portion of the slide.
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我们发现在非常偏远的地区
08:13
What we found is that in very remote areas,
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旱灾对热带雨林
08:16
these droughts are having a big negative impact
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造成了巨大的负面影响
08:19
on tropical forests.
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比如，那些红色的树木就是
08:21
For example, these are all of the dead trees in red
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继2010的大旱之后死亡的
08:23
that suffered mortality following the 2010 drought.
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这些区域是在
08:26
This area happens to be on the border
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秘鲁和巴西的边界
08:28
of Peru and Brazil,
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08:30
totally unexplored,
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完全没有开发过
08:31
almost totally unknown scientifically.
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科学上也几乎完全未知
作为地球学者，我们认为
08:34
So what we think, as Earth scientists,
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08:36
is species are going to have to migrate
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生物一定会随着气候变化而迁徙
08:38
with climate change from the east in Brazil
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从巴西东部一直向西
08:41
all the way west into the Andes
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到安第斯山脉
08:43
and up into the mountains
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一直沿着山向上
08:45
in order to minimize their
exposure to climate change.
exposure to climate change.
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这样才能减小他们所受的气候变化的影响
08:48
One of the problems with this is that humans
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而其中的问题是人们
08:50
are taking apart the western Amazon as we speak.
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对亚马逊西部地区的粗暴行为
08:53
Look at this 100-square-kilometer gash
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看看这个由黄金矿工们弄出的
08:55
in the forest created by gold miners.
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100平方千米的森林裂缝吧
你看这片3D的绿色森林
08:58
You see the forest in green in 3D,
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09:01
and you see the effects of gold mining
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以及黄金旷工在地面下
09:02
down below the soil surface.
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造成的破坏
显然，任何生物都不会迁徙到这样的生态系统中去
09:05
Species have nowhere to migrate
in a system like this, obviously.
in a system like this, obviously.
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如果你还没有去过亚马逊，你真的该去看看
09:09
If you haven't been to the Amazon, you should go.
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不管你去哪儿
09:12
It's an amazing experience every time,
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09:14
no matter where you go.
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每次都会有奇妙的经历
你可能会在河面上看它
09:16
You're going to probably see it this way, on a river.
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但事实上很多时候
09:19
But what happens is a lot of times
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河流会把事实
09:21
the rivers hide what's really going on
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隐藏在森林里面
09:23
back in the forest itself.
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我们飞过同一条河流
09:25
We flew over this same river,
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对这个生态系统进行3D成像
09:27
imaged the system in 3D.
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09:29
The forest is on the left.
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森林起初在左边
我们慢慢移动森林
09:31
And then we can digitally remove the forest
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观测天空下正在发生什么
09:33
and see what's going on below the canopy.
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我们看到了
09:35
And in this case, we found gold mining activity,
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有人在从事非法的挖金矿活动
09:38
all of it illegal,
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09:39
set back away from the river's edge,
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就在河边上
09:41
as you'll see in those strange pockmarks
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因为从右边的图中
09:43
coming up on your screen on the right.
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你能看到那些奇怪的凹坑
09:45
Don't worry, we're working with the authorities
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不同担心，我们会和当局一同合作
09:47
to deal with this and many, many other problems
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处理这个区域的
09:50
in the region.
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这个问题还有其他的一些问题
为了组成一个保护计划
09:52
So in order to put together a conservation plan
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针对这些重要的奇特的地方
09:55
for these unique, important corridors
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09:57
like the western Amazon
and the Andes Amazon corridor,
and the Andes Amazon corridor,
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比如像西亚马逊、安第斯山亚马逊走廊
我们必须现在就开始
10:00
we have to start making
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10:02
geographically explicit plans now.
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制定地理上的详细计划
而如果我们对这个区域的生物多样性地理图完全未知
10:05
How do we do that if we don't know
the geography of biodiversity in the region,
the geography of biodiversity in the region,
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10:09
if it's so unknown to science?
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我们怎么可能完成？
10:10
So what we've been doing is using
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所以我们一直在致力于
通过CAO的激光制导光谱仪
10:12
the laser-guided spectroscopy from the CAO
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完成对亚马逊热带雨林生物多样性的
10:15
to map for the first time the biodiversity
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首次成像
10:18
of the Amazon rainforest.
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你现在看到的是用不同颜色表示不同物种的实际数据
10:19
Here you see actual data showing
different species in different colors.
different species in different colors.
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红色是一种物种，蓝色也是一种
10:23
Reds are one type of species, blues are another,
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10:25
and greens are yet another.
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绿色是另一种
当我们把这些放在一起
10:27
And when we take this together and scale up
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扩展到区域级
10:29
to the regional level,
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就得到一个在这之前从未有过的
10:31
we get a completely new geography
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生物多样性地理图
10:34
of biodiversity unknown prior to this work.
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它告诉我们从一个栖息地到另一个栖息地之间
生物多样性的巨大变化发生在哪里
10:38
This tells us where the big biodiversity changes
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10:40
occur from habitat to habitat,
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2014
这个非常重要
10:42
and that's really important because it tells us
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因为它可以告诉我们当气候突变的时候
10:44
a lot about where species may migrate to
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生物迁徙的出发地和目的地
10:47
and migrate from as the climate shifts.
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这是在区域开发计划中
10:50
And this is the pivotal information that's needed
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决策者发展保护区时
10:53
by decision makers to develop protected areas
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所需的关键信息
10:57
in the context of their regional development plans.
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11:00
And third and final question is,
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第三个问题也是最后一个
11:02
how do we manage biodiversity on a planet
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在被保护的生态系统中
11:04
of protected ecosystems?
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1978
我们如何管理生物多样性？
11:06
The example I started out
with about lions hunting,
with about lions hunting,
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2751
一开始我提到的那个狮子捕猎的例子
11:09
that was a study we did
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1855
就是我们在南非
11:11
behind the fence line of a protected area
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1992
一块保护区域的围栏后
11:13
in South Africa.
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所做的研究工作
11:15
And the truth is, much of Africa's nature
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事实上，南非的大自然很大程度上
11:17
is going to persist into the future
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将在未来成为保护地
11:19
in protected areas like I show in blue on the screen.
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就像我在屏幕上用蓝色标识的那样
11:22
This puts incredible pressure and responsibility
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这将对公园的管理造成
难以置信的压力和责任
11:24
on park management.
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1619
11:26
They need to do and make decisions
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他们所做的决策必须保证
11:29
that will benefit all of the species
that they're protecting.
that they're protecting.
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对保护区内所有物种的保护
他们的一些决策的确会造成很大的影响
11:32
Some of their decisions have really big impacts.
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比如，用多大力度以及在哪里使用火力
11:35
For example, how much and where
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11:37
to use fire as a management tool?
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作为他们的管理工具？
11:40
Or, how to deal with a large species like elephants,
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比如，如何管理大象之类的大型物种
11:43
which may, if their populations get too large,
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如果它们的数目过于庞大
11:45
have a negative impact on the ecosystem
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2047
将会对生态系统和其它物种
11:47
and on other species.
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1602
造成负面的影响
11:49
And let me tell you, these types of dynamics
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我这么跟你说吧，这些不同的情况
11:51
really play out on the landscape.
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在这片土地上真的发生过
11:53
In the foreground is an area with lots of fire
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这是一片有着大量火力
11:56
and lots of elephants:
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同时也有很多大象的地方
11:57
wide open savanna in blue, and just a few trees.
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蓝色是一望无际的热带草原，树木很少
12:01
As we cross this fence line, now we're getting
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2181
越过围栏，我们进入一片
12:03
into an area that has had protection from fire
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有着火力保护
12:05
and zero elephants:
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1857
但没有大象的区域
12:07
dense vegetation, a radically different ecosystem.
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这里植被茂盛，是一个完全不同的生态系统
在克鲁格之类的地方
12:11
And in a place like Kruger,
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大象密度的攀升
12:14
the soaring elephant densities
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的确是个问题
12:15
are a real problem.
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12:17
I know it's a sensitive issue for many of you,
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这对你们当中的很多人是很敏感的话题
的确很难作答
12:20
and there are no easy answers with this.
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值得欣慰的是我们开发的那些用在南非的技术
12:22
But what's good is that
the technology we've developed
the technology we've developed
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2316
12:25
and we're working with in South Africa, for example,
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比如
可以使得我们对热带草原上的每一棵树进行成像
12:27
is allowing us to map every
single tree in the savanna,
single tree in the savanna,
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通过反反复复的飞行
12:30
and then through repeat flights
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12:32
we're able to see which trees
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我们能够
通过屏幕上的红色标识
12:34
are being pushed over by elephants,
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看到那些被大象推倒了的树
12:36
in the red as you see on the screen,
and how much that's happening
and how much that's happening
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以及这些在草原上的不同风景区发生到什么程度
12:39
in different types of landscapes in the savanna.
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这给公园管理员提供了
12:42
That's giving park managers
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12:43
a very first opportunity to use
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第一个制定精细化管理策略的机会
12:46
tactical management strategies
that are more nuanced
that are more nuanced
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避免了极端事件的发生
12:49
and don't lead to those extremes
that I just showed you.
that I just showed you.
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就像我刚才展示的那些一样
12:54
So really, the way we're looking
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12:56
at protected areas nowadays
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2041
事实上，我们今天看待
12:58
is to think of it as tending to a circle of life,
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保护区域的方式
13:01
where we have fire management,
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2048
是把它看作是一个生生不息的生命循环
13:03
elephant management, those impacts on
the structure of the ecosystem,
the structure of the ecosystem,
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4134
对火力进行管理、对大象进行管理
影响整个生态系统的结构
13:08
and then those impacts
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1990
进而影响到每一个物种
13:10
affecting everything from insects
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2306
从小小的昆虫
13:12
up to apex predators like lions.
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2800
一直到食物链顶端的狮子
13:15
Going forward, I plan to greatly expand
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1765
后续我在计划大力推广
13:16
the airborne observatory.
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这种空中天文台
13:18
I'm hoping to actually put the technology into orbit
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2167
我希望能把这项技术用到航天轨道中去
13:20
so we can manage the entire planet
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这样我们就可以
13:22
with technologies like this.
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1733
管理好整个地球
到那时你会发现我将在
13:24
Until then, you're going to find me flying
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13:26
in some remote place that you've never heard of.
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很多你不曾听过的偏远地区飞行
最后，我想说的是
13:28
I just want to end by saying that technology is
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这项技术对管理我们的地球来说非常之关键
13:31
absolutely critical to managing our planet,
332
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3739
但更为重要的是
13:34
but even more important is the understanding
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首先我们必须必须要有应用它的理解力和智慧
13:36
and wisdom to apply it.
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13:38
Thank you.
335
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谢谢
13:40
(Applause)
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(掌声)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Greg Asner - Airborne ecologistGreg Asner’s mapping technology produces detailed, complex pictures of how humans’ activities affect our ecosystems.
Why you should listen
The remote sensing techniques developed by Greg Asner and his team are viewed as among the most advanced in the world for exploring Earth’s changing ecosystems in unprecedented detail and richness. Using airborne and satellite technologies such as laser scanning and hyperspectral imaging, combined with field work and computer modeling, Asner measures and qualifies humans’ impact on regions from the American Southwest to the Brazilian Amazon.
“We’re able to see, if you will, the forest and the trees at the same time,” Asner says. “We’re able to now understand an image, map and measure huge expanses of the environment while maintaining the detail. Not just the spatial resolution, but the biological resolution—the actual organisms that live in these places.” For Asner, who is on the faculty at the Carnegie Institution and Stanford and leads the Carnegie Airborne Observatory project, this is science with a mission: to influence climate change treaties and save the forests he studies.
Greg Asner | Speaker | TED.com