Dan Gibson: How to build synthetic DNA and send it across the internet
丹 · 吉布森: 如何制造合成DNA,并通过互联网传送
Dan Gibson leads a new breed of bioengineers, called genome writers, who use DNA to design and build new products powering the next industrial revolution. Full bio
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about building synthetic cells
from an international health organization,
国际卫生组织的电邮,
the H7N9 bird flu.
moving across China.
to produce a flu vaccine
6个月的时间。
for at least six months.
flu vaccine manufacturing process
was the only option.
from infected patients,
the virus into chicken eggs,
for several weeks
for the start of a multistep,
多个步骤,耗时数月的
manufacturing process.
a biological printer,
一台生物打印机,
for the flu vaccine instructions
from the internet and printed.
in which flu vaccines are made,
our ability to read and write DNA
我们读写DNA的能力,
biological teleportation.
who builds stuff out of DNA.
生物学家和工程师。
one of my favorite things to do
and put it back together
better how it works.
just like coders programing a computer.
就如同码农编程计算机一样。
and things like vaccines and therapeutics
以及疫苗和疗法之类的东西,
that were previously impossible.
recipient Craig Venter
克雷格 · 文特尔(Craig Venter)
哈姆 · 史密斯(Ham Smith)。
of the functions and characteristics
including viruses and living cells,
that code of DNA,
in a distant location.
在千里之遥进行重建。
by biological teleportation.
of creating, for the first time,
在历史上首次,
from DNA code in the computer.
去制造合成细胞。
as a scientist looking for a job,
一个想养家糊口的科学家,
it doesn't get any better than this.
of DNA within an organism.
生物体完整的DNA集合。
Genome Project in 2003,
effort to identify
基因蓝图为目标的
of a human being,
the techniques for reading DNA.
of the As, Cs, Ts and Gs
所有的A,C,T和G碱基的
the techniques for writing DNA.
as writing short sentences,
writing paragraphs
for proteins and living cells.
做出重要的生物指示。
machines at making new products,
pharmaceutical market,
would drive this bioeconomy even more,
可以像电脑一样编程,
just like computers.
生物经济进一步发展。
would enable biological teleportation ...
可以增强生物传送…
biological material,
these promises to fruition,
for the first time,
订购到非常短的DNA片段,
from a number of companies,
bottles of chemicals that make up DNA,
从构成DNA的G, A, T 和 C
those very short pieces of DNA for you.
developing the technology
those short pieces of DNA
contained over one million letters.
包含100多万字母。
of your average novel,
of those letters in the correct order,
都按正确顺序排列,
by developing a procedure
来完成这个任务,
isothermal in vitro recombination method."
“一步体外等温重组法”。
didn't like this technically accurate name
这个技术上准确的名字,
is now the gold standard tool,
the complete bacterial genome,
合成了完整的细菌基因组,
self-replicating cell.
自我复制的细胞的方法。
as the operating system of the cell,
看作细胞的操作系统,
necessary to boot up the genome.
启动基因组所需的硬件。
可以重新编程细胞的程序,
where we could reprogram cells
bacterial species into another,
替换成另一个细胞的基因组,
with that of another.
转化为另一种细菌。
technology then paved the way
written by scientists
for reading and writing DNA
when we announced the creation
命名为“辛西娅”。
was sequenced, back in 1995,
细菌基因组被测序以来,
have been sequenced and stored
细菌基因组被测序和储存在
was the proof of concept
sequence out of the computer
完整的细菌基因组序列,
into a free-living, self-replicating cell,
带有其所构建物种所有预期特征的
of the species that we constructed.
why there may be concerns
为什么那么多人会有
of genetic manipulation.
安全性的担忧。
for great societal benefit,
带来巨大的社会效益,
carrying out the very first experiment,
早在进行第一次实验之前,
with the public and the government
与公众和政府合作,
and regulate this new technology.
was to screen every customer
是对每个客户
are not being made by bad guys,
不会被坏人利用,
are reported to the FBI
law-enforcement agencies.
will power the next industrial revolution
下一次工业革命提供动力,
global sustainability challenges.
biobased sources,
from engineered microbes,
printed at a patient's bedside.
就可以打印的定制疗法。
to create synthetic cells
we found ways to write DNA faster,
发现了书写DNA更快,
of these technologies,
readily automate the processes
将过程自动化,
out of the scientist's hands
从科学家的手中
第一台DNA打印机。
essential in writing DNA
around the world are working on.
有着绝对重要的地位。
about the H7N9 bird flu scare in China.
禽流感恐慌的电子邮件。
had already isolated the virus,
已经分离出了病毒,
the DNA sequence to the internet.
序列上传到了互联网。
we downloaded the DNA sequence
我们下载了DNA序列,
we printed it on the BioXp.
就在BioXp上打印了出来。
that synthetic DNA into a flu vaccine.
dating back to the 1940s,
20世纪40年代的疾病防控中心,
to arrive from China
their egg-based approach.
以鸡蛋为基础的方法。
developed ahead of time
针对这种具备新的
dangerous strain,
这里订购了一批药物。
to appreciate, more than ever,
比任何时候都更为欣赏
a biological teleporter.
digital-to-biological converter.
short pieces of DNA,
into biological entities,
proteins or even viruses.
as a DVD player,
(在线播放平台)。
software and instrumentation engineers
和仪器仪表工程师合作,
to predict what DNA to build,
预测要构建的DNA,
building blocks of DNA into short pieces,
构成的DNA片段连接成短链,
those short pieces into much longer ones,
拼接成更长的片段,
into other biological entities,
将DNA转化为像蛋白质
it was effective.
that once took weeks or months
需要耗时数周或数月的工作,
in just one to two days.
any human intervention
by the receipt of an email
from anywhere in the world.
全球任何地方。
the DBC to fax machines.
received images and documents,
fax machines have evolved.
is unrecognizable,
简直无法辨认。
still didn't know what a fax machine was,
仍然不知道传真机是什么,
to grasp the concept
on the other side of the world.
that a fax machine does
of digital information for granted.
快速交换视为理所当然。
in similar ways as fax machines have.
传真机的方式发展。
the size of the instrument,
the underlying technology
faster and more accurate.
when synthesizing DNA,
between a medicine working or not
for the distributed manufacturing
could use a DBC
for a patient at their bedside.
when it's routine for people to have a DBC
有一天可以实现人手一台DBC,
home computer or smart phone
their prescriptions,
in strategic areas around the world,
DBC也将会派上用场,
疾病防控中心,
to a DBC on the other side of the world,
发送到世界另一端的DBC,
right on the front lines.
specifically tailored to the flu strain
vaccines and shipping them out,
go as far as the imagination goes.
舞台就有多大。
placing a DBC on another planet.
放置这么一台DBC。
the digital instructions to that DBC
将数字指令发送到DBC,
or to make synthetic organisms
fuel or building materials,
燃料或建筑材料,
more habitable for humans.
变成适合人类居住的方法。
traveling at the speed of light,
to send those digital instructions
to physically deliver those same samples
运送这些实体样本
beaming new medicines across the globe,
完全自动化和根据需求
infectious diseases
for those who don't have time to wait.
癌症药物,就已经让我感到很满足了。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Dan Gibson - Genome writerDan Gibson leads a new breed of bioengineers, called genome writers, who use DNA to design and build new products powering the next industrial revolution.
Why you should listen
In 2004, Dan Gibson was drawn to a project at the J. Craig Venter Institute: to build a synthetic cell from scratch. Within days, he was on a path to creating synthetic life alongside genomics pioneers. But to build a whole genome from scratch, Gibson had to first invent new methods to assemble DNA. One method, dubbed the "Gibson Assembly," became a game changer, and a series of firsts followed: first synthetic bacterial genome, first synthetic cell, first minimal cell. Today, these discoveries inform the design of synthetic DNA used for new medicines.
Gibson's teams at SGI and SGI-DNA recently introduced the world's first biologic teleporter, called the Digital-to-Biological Converter (DBC), which turns digital code into functional biologics in the form of DNA, RNA and proteins without human intervention. Imagine a future where digital code is emailed to DBCs at hospitals around the world to deliver personalized medicine at a patient's bedside.
Dan Gibson | Speaker | TED.com