TEDGlobal 2014
Catherine Crump: The small and surprisingly dangerous detail the police track about you
凯瑟琳▪克龙普: 你知道警察在跟踪你吗
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Readability: 5.8
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一个听起来一点都不性感的机器能够让警察知道你在什么时候，和谁一起，去了什么地方，这就是自动抓拍相机。这些相机别安装在美国任何一个小镇的角落里，来监控犯罪。但是律师兼TED Fellow凯瑟琳▪克龙普证明，警察搜集的这些数据汇总起来，很可能会在全世界范围内产生灾难性的后果。
Catherine Crump - Attorney + privacy advocate
Catherine Crump is an assistant clinical professor at Berkeley Law School who focuses on the laws around data and surveillance. Full bio
Catherine Crump is an assistant clinical professor at Berkeley Law School who focuses on the laws around data and surveillance. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
The shocking police crackdown
on protestors in Ferguson, Missouri,
on protestors in Ferguson, Missouri,
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在密苏里州弗格森的一场
令人震惊的对抗议者的镇压中，
令人震惊的对抗议者的镇压中，
00:17
in the wake of the police
shooting of Michael Brown,
shooting of Michael Brown,
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警察开枪射杀了迈克尔▪布朗，
揭示了为作战而设计的
00:20
underscored the extent to which advanced
military weapons and equipment,
military weapons and equipment,
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军用高级武器，
00:24
designed for the battlefield,
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正向
00:26
are making their way
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全美国镇级警署渗透。
00:27
to small-town police departments
across the United States.
across the United States.
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00:32
Although much tougher to observe,
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虽然更加不易察觉，
00:34
this same thing is happening
with surveillance equipment.
with surveillance equipment.
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但军用监控设备也以同样方式来到了我们身边。
00:38
NSA-style mass
surveillance is enabling
surveillance is enabling
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美国国家安全局形制的大型监控系统，
00:40
local police departments
to gather vast quantities
to gather vast quantities
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让本地警察局能够收集超大量的
00:43
of sensitive information
about each and every one of us
about each and every one of us
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个人敏感信息，
00:47
in a way that was
never previously possible.
never previously possible.
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这是前所未有的。
00:51
Location information can
be very sensitive.
be very sensitive.
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位置信息可以是非常敏感的。
00:54
If you drive your car around
the United States,
the United States,
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如果你在美国范围内开车，
00:57
it can reveal if you go
to a therapist,
to a therapist,
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它能显示你是去看医生，
00:59
attend an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting,
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还是去参加匿名酗酒者会议
01:01
if you go to church
or if you don't go to church.
or if you don't go to church.
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去教堂，或者没去教堂。
01:04
And when that
information about you
information about you
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如果将你的信息
01:06
is combined with the same information
about everyone else,
about everyone else,
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和其他人的同类信息相结合，
政府就能详细地描绘出
01:09
the government can gain
a detailed portrait
a detailed portrait
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公民间的私人关系。
01:12
of how private citizens interact.
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01:15
This information used to be private.
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这样的信息曾经是私密的，
01:17
Thanks to modern technology,
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而因为现代科技，
01:19
the government knows far too much
about what happens behind closed doors.
about what happens behind closed doors.
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政府对家务事也知道的太多了。
地方警察局能根据这些信息，
01:23
And local police departments make
decisions about who they think you are
decisions about who they think you are
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对你的为人做出“官方”判断。
01:27
based on this information.
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01:31
One of the key technologies
driving mass location tracking
driving mass location tracking
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方位跟踪最常用的，
01:35
is the innocuous-sounding
Automatic License Plate Reader.
Automatic License Plate Reader.
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是一种利用无害声波
自动抓拍车牌的技术。
自动抓拍车牌的技术。
01:38
If you haven't seen one,
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如果你没见过这种监控，
01:40
it's probably because you didn't
know what to look for --
know what to look for --
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很可能是因为你不知道怎么去找，
01:43
they're everywhere.
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它无处不在。
01:45
Mounted on roads or
on police cars,
on police cars,
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有的装在马路上方，有的在警车上，
01:48
Automatic License Plate Readers
capture images of every passing car
capture images of every passing car
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自动抓拍车牌相机会拍下经过的每一辆车，
01:52
and convert the license plate
into machine-readable text
into machine-readable text
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然后把汽车牌照转换成可机读的文字，
这样就可以对照着黑名单
01:56
so that they can be checked
against hot lists
against hot lists
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查出可疑车辆。
01:59
of cars potentially wanted
for wrongdoing.
for wrongdoing.
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02:02
But more than that, increasingly,
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不仅如此，现在日益增多的情况是，
02:04
local police departments
are keeping records
are keeping records
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地方警察局不仅会
02:07
not just of people wanted for wrongdoing,
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查可疑车辆，
02:10
but of every plate that
passes them by,
passes them by,
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而是只要有车经过都查，
02:13
resulting in the collection
of mass quantities of data
of mass quantities of data
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收集每一个美国人的大量信息，
02:17
about where Americans have gone.
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了解他们的动态。
02:19
Did you know this
was happening?
was happening?
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这件事你知道吗？
02:21
When Mike Katz-Lacabe asked
his local police department
his local police department
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当迈克▪卡茨拉卡德向当地警局
02:25
for information about the plate
reader data they had on him,
reader data they had on him,
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询问他的拍照记录，
02:28
this is what they got:
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这是他得到的结果：
02:30
in addition to the date,
time and location,
time and location,
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除了日期，时间和地点
02:33
the police department had
photographs that captured
photographs that captured
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还有各种监控照片，
02:36
where he was going and
often who he was with.
often who he was with.
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显示他经常去哪、和谁在一起。
02:39
The second photo from the top
is a picture of Mike and his two daughters
is a picture of Mike and his two daughters
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上边数下来第二张照片是
迈克和他的两个女儿
迈克和他的两个女儿
02:43
getting out of their car
in their own driveway.
in their own driveway.
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在家门前一起下车的照片。
02:47
The government has
hundreds of photos like this
hundreds of photos like this
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政府有几百张这样的照片，
能知道迈克每天的行踪。
02:50
about Mike going about his daily life.
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如果你也在美国境内开车，
02:53
And if you drive a car
in the United States,
in the United States,
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02:55
I would bet money
that they have photographs
that they have photographs
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我打赌他们也有
关于你的各种生活照。
02:58
like this of you going
about your daily life.
about your daily life.
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迈克没做过任何错事
03:00
Mike hasn't done anything wrong.
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03:02
Why is it okay that the government
is keeping all of this information?
is keeping all of this information?
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为什么政府可以这样收集他的信息？
03:06
The reason it's happening is because,
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原因就是，
03:08
as the cost of storing
this data has plummeted,
this data has plummeted,
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由于储存信息的成本迅速下降，
03:12
the police departments
simply hang on to it,
simply hang on to it,
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警局就紧紧抓住它不放，
03:14
just in case it could be useful someday.
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以防有朝一日能用上。
03:18
The issue is not just that
one police department
one police department
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但问题是暗中搜集信息的
03:20
is gathering this information in isolation
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不是只有一家警局单干，
03:23
or even that multiple police
departments are doing it.
departments are doing it.
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或者只有几家各干各的。
03:26
At the same time, the federal government
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与此同时，政府也在
03:28
is collecting all of these
individual pots of data,
individual pots of data,
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将这数以亿计的各种个人信息，
03:32
and pooling them together
into one vast database
into one vast database
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都收录到一个
统一的数据库中，
03:35
with hundreds of millions of hits,
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03:37
showing where Americans have traveled.
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跟踪美国人都去过哪里。
03:39
This document from the
Federal Drug Enforcement Administration,
Federal Drug Enforcement Administration,
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联邦缉毒局的这个文件
03:42
which is one of the agencies
primarily interested in this,
primarily interested in this,
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是缉毒局的主要关注点之一，
03:45
is one of several that reveal
the existence of this database.
the existence of this database.
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证明了这样的数据库的存在。
03:50
Meanwhile, in New York City,
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同时，在纽约市，
03:52
the NYPD has driven police cars
equipped with license plate readers
equipped with license plate readers
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纽约市警局派出装有摄像头的警车
03:56
past mosques in order to
figure out who is attending.
figure out who is attending.
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开过清真寺，看有谁在里面。
04:00
The uses and abuses of this technology
aren't limited to the United States.
aren't limited to the United States.
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不是只有美国在滥用这项技术。
04:04
In the U.K., the police department
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在英国，警察局
04:07
put 80-year-old John Kat
on a plate reader watch list
on a plate reader watch list
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把80岁的约翰▪卡加入了黑名单
04:11
after he had attended dozens of
lawful political demonstrations
lawful political demonstrations
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因为他出现在很多次合法的政治游行当中，
04:16
where he liked to sit on a bench
and sketch the attendees.
and sketch the attendees.
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坐在一旁的长椅上，为游行者画素描。
04:20
License plate readers aren't the
only mass location tracking technology
only mass location tracking technology
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自动抓拍相机可不是执法机构
唯一使用的跟踪技术。
04:24
available to law enforcement agents today.
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04:26
Through a technique known as
a cell tower dump,
a cell tower dump,
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通过基站定位技术，
04:29
law enforcement agents can
uncover who was using
uncover who was using
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执法机构能够知道谁
在某一时刻正在使用哪些个基站，
04:32
one or more cell towers
at a particular time,
at a particular time,
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04:34
a technique which has been known to reveal
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这项技术能用来确定
04:37
the location of tens of thousands
and even hundreds of thousands of people.
and even hundreds of thousands of people.
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几万甚至几十万人的位置。
04:41
Also, using a device known as a StingRay,
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另外还有一种设备叫做“魟鱼”，（即“IMSI捕手”）
04:44
law enforcement agents
can send tracking signals
can send tracking signals
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执法机关能够在人们家里发送跟踪信号，
04:47
inside people's houses
to identify the cell phones located there.
to identify the cell phones located there.
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来确定家里都有哪些手机在工作。
04:51
And if they don't know
which house to target,
which house to target,
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如果他们没有明确的目标
04:53
they've been known
to drive this technology
to drive this technology
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据说就会
让这个设备在住宅区全部运行一遍。
04:55
around through whole neighborhoods.
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就像弗格森的警察配备了
高科技军用武器，
高科技军用武器，
04:59
Just as the police in Ferguson possess
high-tech military weapons and equipment,
high-tech military weapons and equipment,
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05:04
so too do police departments across
the United States
the United States
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全美国的警察也都配备了
高科技的监控设备。
05:07
possess high-tech surveillance gear.
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你看不到（那些监控）
05:09
Just because you don't see it,
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05:11
doesn't mean it's not there.
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不代表它们就不存在。
05:13
The question is, what should
we do about this?
we do about this?
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问题是，我们应对此该做些什么？
05:16
I think this poses a serious
civil liberties threat.
civil liberties threat.
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我认为已这严重威胁到了公民的自由。
05:19
History has shown that once the police
have massive quantities of data,
have massive quantities of data,
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历史表明，一旦警察有足够大量的数据，
05:24
tracking the movements of innocent people,
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跟踪无辜民众的行踪，
05:26
it gets abused, maybe for blackmail,
maybe for political advantage,
maybe for political advantage,
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数据就会被滥用，可能用于勒索、
政治获利，
政治获利，
05:30
or maybe for simple voyeurism.
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抑或是单纯的偷窥。
所幸的是，我们还是能采取一些措施。
05:32
Fortunately, there are steps we can take.
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05:35
Local police departments can
be governed by the city councils,
be governed by the city councils,
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地方警察局由市议会管理，
05:38
which can pass laws requiring the police
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议会可以通过法律，要求警察
05:41
to dispose of the data
about innocent people
about innocent people
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销毁无罪民众的数据，
05:44
while allowing the legitimate
uses of the technology to go forward.
uses of the technology to go forward.
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同时允许进一步的合法使用这些科技。
05:47
Thank you.
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谢谢。
05:49
(Applause).
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Catherine Crump - Attorney + privacy advocateCatherine Crump is an assistant clinical professor at Berkeley Law School who focuses on the laws around data and surveillance.
Why you should listen
Catherine Crump is a civil liberties lawyer whose work focuses on combating government surveillance and protecting the free speech rights of political protesters. She has filed cases challenging the NSA and the Department of Homeland Security. Crump is an assistant professor at Berkeley Law School; previously she was an attorney for ACLU for nine years.
In her writing for the ACLU, Crump warns against the dangers of national mass surveillance technology, which can all too easily end up as tools for local police forces. She writes, "Not only our country as a whole, but also the police, will be better off in the long run if we have an open debate about what today’s technology can do, versus what it should do."
Catherine Crump | Speaker | TED.com