TEDGlobal 2014
Catherine Crump: The small and surprisingly dangerous detail the police track about you
凱瑟琳·克倫普: 小而令人驚訝的警察追蹤你的細節
Filmed:
Readability: 5.8
1,982,256 views
一項非常冠冕堂皇的技術可能意味著警察知道你去了哪裡，和誰一起，什麼時候：自動車牌閱讀器。這些攝影機被廣泛地裝在全美的小鎮以抓住已知罪犯。但是律師和TED研究會員凱瑟琳·克倫普表示，他們收集的總數據可能會給世界各地的每個人帶來災難性後果。
Catherine Crump - Attorney + privacy advocate
Catherine Crump is an assistant clinical professor at Berkeley Law School who focuses on the laws around data and surveillance. Full bio
Catherine Crump is an assistant clinical professor at Berkeley Law School who focuses on the laws around data and surveillance. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
The shocking police crackdown
on protestors in Ferguson, Missouri,
on protestors in Ferguson, Missouri,
0
1329
4388
在密蘇里州佛格森
警方鎮壓抗議者令人震驚，
警方鎮壓抗議者令人震驚，
00:17
in the wake of the police
shooting of Michael Brown,
shooting of Michael Brown,
1
5717
3012
這些人為了警方開槍
射擊邁克爾·布朗的事件抗議，
射擊邁克爾·布朗的事件抗議，
00:20
underscored the extent to which advanced
military weapons and equipment,
military weapons and equipment,
2
8729
4223
從事件中可看出
極為先進的軍事裝備
極為先進的軍事裝備
00:24
designed for the battlefield,
3
12952
1732
為戰場而設計的武器，
00:26
are making their way
4
14684
1309
正在慢慢進入
00:27
to small-town police departments
across the United States.
across the United States.
5
15993
3881
全美國縣城的警察局。
00:32
Although much tougher to observe,
6
20514
1986
雖然很難察覺到，
00:34
this same thing is happening
with surveillance equipment.
with surveillance equipment.
7
22500
3547
但是同樣的事情也發生在監控設備上，
00:38
NSA-style mass
surveillance is enabling
surveillance is enabling
8
26047
2660
國土安全局級別的大規模監控
00:40
local police departments
to gather vast quantities
to gather vast quantities
9
28707
2958
使得地方警察部門獲取大量
00:43
of sensitive information
about each and every one of us
about each and every one of us
10
31665
3567
關於我們每一個人的敏感訊息
00:47
in a way that was
never previously possible.
never previously possible.
11
35232
4052
以一種前所未有的方式。
00:51
Location information can
be very sensitive.
be very sensitive.
12
39284
3476
所在位置的訊息會非常敏感。
00:54
If you drive your car around
the United States,
the United States,
13
42760
2631
如果你在美國開著車，
00:57
it can reveal if you go
to a therapist,
to a therapist,
14
45391
1923
它可以揭露你去看了治療師，
00:59
attend an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting,
15
47314
2468
還是參加匿名戒酒會議，
01:01
if you go to church
or if you don't go to church.
or if you don't go to church.
16
49782
2821
你是否會上教堂。
01:04
And when that
information about you
information about you
17
52603
1726
如果這些關於你的訊息
01:06
is combined with the same information
about everyone else,
about everyone else,
18
54329
3495
和那些其他人的訊息整合到一起，
01:09
the government can gain
a detailed portrait
a detailed portrait
19
57824
2574
政府就得到了一份詳細的
01:12
of how private citizens interact.
20
60398
2716
關於每個普通公民如何相互交流的影像。
01:15
This information used to be private.
21
63114
2475
這些訊息曾經是隱私。
01:17
Thanks to modern technology,
22
65589
1693
由於現代科技，
01:19
the government knows far too much
about what happens behind closed doors.
about what happens behind closed doors.
23
67282
4328
政府知道了太多關著的門背後發生的事情。
01:23
And local police departments make
decisions about who they think you are
decisions about who they think you are
24
71610
4388
而且當地警察局也根據這些訊息
01:27
based on this information.
25
75998
3171
來判斷你是怎樣的人。
01:31
One of the key technologies
driving mass location tracking
driving mass location tracking
26
79169
4647
推動大量定位追蹤的一項關鍵技術是
01:35
is the innocuous-sounding
Automatic License Plate Reader.
Automatic License Plate Reader.
27
83816
2958
冠冕堂皇的車牌自動閱讀器。
01:38
If you haven't seen one,
28
86774
1695
如果你從未見過它，
01:40
it's probably because you didn't
know what to look for --
know what to look for --
29
88469
3188
很有可能是你不知道往哪裡看——
01:43
they're everywhere.
30
91657
1375
它們無處不在。
01:45
Mounted on roads or
on police cars,
on police cars,
31
93032
3072
裝在道路上或者警車上，
01:48
Automatic License Plate Readers
capture images of every passing car
capture images of every passing car
32
96104
4429
車牌自動閱讀器抓拍過往的每一輛車
01:52
and convert the license plate
into machine-readable text
into machine-readable text
33
100533
3615
然後把車牌轉化成機器辨識的文字
01:56
so that they can be checked
against hot lists
against hot lists
34
104158
3402
這樣就可以
和違規名單上的車牌對照。
01:59
of cars potentially wanted
for wrongdoing.
for wrongdoing.
35
107560
3285
02:02
But more than that, increasingly,
36
110845
2127
而且不止這些，大量增長的是，
02:04
local police departments
are keeping records
are keeping records
37
112972
2150
當地警察局保留了
02:07
not just of people wanted for wrongdoing,
38
115122
3160
不光是違法者的記錄，
02:10
but of every plate that
passes them by,
passes them by,
39
118282
2802
而且是每一輛經過的車的記錄，
02:13
resulting in the collection
of mass quantities of data
of mass quantities of data
40
121084
3969
導致得到大量關於
02:17
about where Americans have gone.
41
125053
2241
美國人去了哪裡的數據。
02:19
Did you know this
was happening?
was happening?
42
127294
1608
你們知道有這種事嗎？
02:21
When Mike Katz-Lacabe asked
his local police department
his local police department
43
129822
3406
當邁克·卡茨拉卡布問他當地的警察局
02:25
for information about the plate
reader data they had on him,
reader data they had on him,
44
133228
3429
要車牌閱讀器關於他的記錄時，
02:28
this is what they got:
45
136657
1678
這是警察得到的：
02:30
in addition to the date,
time and location,
time and location,
46
138335
3142
除了日期、時間、地點，
02:33
the police department had
photographs that captured
photographs that captured
47
141477
3031
警察局還有抓拍的照片
02:36
where he was going and
often who he was with.
often who he was with.
48
144508
3390
關於他去了哪裡，和誰在一起。
02:39
The second photo from the top
is a picture of Mike and his two daughters
is a picture of Mike and his two daughters
49
147898
3822
第二張照片是邁克和他的兩個女兒
02:43
getting out of their car
in their own driveway.
in their own driveway.
50
151720
3832
在他們家門口從車中下來時。
02:47
The government has
hundreds of photos like this
hundreds of photos like this
51
155552
2788
政府部門有數百張這樣的照片
02:50
about Mike going about his daily life.
52
158340
2771
關於邁克和他的日常生活。
02:53
And if you drive a car
in the United States,
in the United States,
53
161111
2184
如果你在美國開著車，
02:55
I would bet money
that they have photographs
that they have photographs
54
163295
2733
我敢用金錢打賭他們也有類似照片
02:58
like this of you going
about your daily life.
about your daily life.
55
166028
2918
關於你的日常生活。
03:00
Mike hasn't done anything wrong.
56
168946
2041
邁克並沒有做任何壞事。
03:02
Why is it okay that the government
is keeping all of this information?
is keeping all of this information?
57
170987
3955
為什麼政府可以保留這些訊息？
03:06
The reason it's happening is because,
58
174942
1779
原因是，
03:08
as the cost of storing
this data has plummeted,
this data has plummeted,
59
176721
3351
隨著儲蓄數據的成本下降
03:12
the police departments
simply hang on to it,
simply hang on to it,
60
180072
2512
警察局就簡單地保留下來，
03:14
just in case it could be useful someday.
61
182584
3782
以防有一天成為有用訊息。
03:18
The issue is not just that
one police department
one police department
62
186366
2500
這件事並不是一個警察局
03:20
is gathering this information in isolation
63
188866
2621
收集訊息，
03:23
or even that multiple police
departments are doing it.
departments are doing it.
64
191487
2759
或者幾個警察局收集訊息。
03:26
At the same time, the federal government
65
194246
2497
同時，聯邦政府
03:28
is collecting all of these
individual pots of data,
individual pots of data,
66
196743
3618
正在收集所有個人的點滴訊息，
03:32
and pooling them together
into one vast database
into one vast database
67
200361
3321
並且把它們同其他成百上千萬
03:35
with hundreds of millions of hits,
68
203682
1656
訊息一起放在一個大數據庫裡，
03:37
showing where Americans have traveled.
69
205338
2118
顯示出美國人都去了哪些地方。
03:39
This document from the
Federal Drug Enforcement Administration,
Federal Drug Enforcement Administration,
70
207806
3158
聯邦緝毒局，
03:42
which is one of the agencies
primarily interested in this,
primarily interested in this,
71
210964
2765
對此極有興趣的機構之一，
03:45
is one of several that reveal
the existence of this database.
the existence of this database.
72
213729
4437
裡頭的這份文件透漏了數據庫的存在。
03:50
Meanwhile, in New York City,
73
218166
2569
同時，在紐約，
03:52
the NYPD has driven police cars
equipped with license plate readers
equipped with license plate readers
74
220735
3942
紐約警察局開著裝有車牌閱讀器的警車
03:56
past mosques in order to
figure out who is attending.
figure out who is attending.
75
224677
4174
經過清真寺以搞清楚誰參加了。
04:00
The uses and abuses of this technology
aren't limited to the United States.
aren't limited to the United States.
76
228851
3838
這項技術的使用和濫用不僅限於美國。
04:04
In the U.K., the police department
77
232689
3035
在英國，警察局
04:07
put 80-year-old John Kat
on a plate reader watch list
on a plate reader watch list
78
235724
4144
把 80 歲的約翰·卡特放進了車牌讀取名單，
04:11
after he had attended dozens of
lawful political demonstrations
lawful political demonstrations
79
239868
4277
因為他先前參加
幾十個合法的政治示威活動時，
幾十個合法的政治示威活動時，
04:16
where he liked to sit on a bench
and sketch the attendees.
and sketch the attendees.
80
244145
4626
他喜歡坐在凳子上為參與者畫像。
04:20
License plate readers aren't the
only mass location tracking technology
only mass location tracking technology
81
248771
3522
車牌讀取器不是目前提供給執法機構的
04:24
available to law enforcement agents today.
82
252293
2156
唯一大規模追蹤技術。
04:26
Through a technique known as
a cell tower dump,
a cell tower dump,
83
254449
3012
通過一個名為小區塔轉儲的技術，
04:29
law enforcement agents can
uncover who was using
uncover who was using
84
257461
3252
執法人員可以破察誰在某個時刻
04:32
one or more cell towers
at a particular time,
at a particular time,
85
260713
2285
正在使用一個或者多個電話通信塔，
04:34
a technique which has been known to reveal
86
262998
2032
這是一項被大眾熟知的技術
04:37
the location of tens of thousands
and even hundreds of thousands of people.
and even hundreds of thousands of people.
87
265030
4279
被用來定位成千上百的人。
04:41
Also, using a device known as a StingRay,
88
269309
3240
同樣，使用一種名為黃貂魚的設備，
04:44
law enforcement agents
can send tracking signals
can send tracking signals
89
272549
2636
執法人員可以追蹤
04:47
inside people's houses
to identify the cell phones located there.
to identify the cell phones located there.
90
275185
4365
在人們家裡的信號
來確認手機就在那裡。
來確認手機就在那裡。
04:51
And if they don't know
which house to target,
which house to target,
91
279550
2262
而且如果他們不知道目標是哪棟房子，
04:53
they've been known
to drive this technology
to drive this technology
92
281812
2186
他們會在整個街區
04:55
around through whole neighborhoods.
93
283998
3426
使用這項技術。
04:59
Just as the police in Ferguson possess
high-tech military weapons and equipment,
high-tech military weapons and equipment,
94
287424
4636
正如弗格森警方
擁有高科技軍用武器裝備，
擁有高科技軍用武器裝備，
05:04
so too do police departments across
the United States
the United States
95
292060
2982
全美國的警察局同樣也有
05:07
possess high-tech surveillance gear.
96
295042
2335
高科技的監控設備。
05:09
Just because you don't see it,
97
297377
2031
你沒有看見它
05:11
doesn't mean it's not there.
98
299408
2385
並不意味著它不存在。
05:13
The question is, what should
we do about this?
we do about this?
99
301793
2551
問題是，我們應該對此做些什麼？
05:16
I think this poses a serious
civil liberties threat.
civil liberties threat.
100
304344
3310
我認為這嚴重的威脅了公民自由。
05:19
History has shown that once the police
have massive quantities of data,
have massive quantities of data,
101
307654
4362
歷史已經證明一旦警察有了大量的數據，
05:24
tracking the movements of innocent people,
102
312016
2079
追蹤無辜大眾的行動，
05:26
it gets abused, maybe for blackmail,
maybe for political advantage,
maybe for political advantage,
103
314095
4316
它就會被濫用，
或者用於勒索、政治目的，
或者用於勒索、政治目的，
05:30
or maybe for simple voyeurism.
104
318411
2259
或者簡單的偷窺。
05:32
Fortunately, there are steps we can take.
105
320670
2342
幸運的是，我們可以採取一些措施。
05:35
Local police departments can
be governed by the city councils,
be governed by the city councils,
106
323012
3730
當地警察部門可以被市議會管轄，
05:38
which can pass laws requiring the police
107
326742
2922
議會有權利通過法律要求警察
05:41
to dispose of the data
about innocent people
about innocent people
108
329664
2922
丟棄無辜人的數據，
05:44
while allowing the legitimate
uses of the technology to go forward.
uses of the technology to go forward.
109
332586
3162
同時允許合法的繼續使用這些科技。
05:47
Thank you.
110
335748
1675
謝謝。
05:49
(Applause).
111
337423
4001
（鼓掌）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Catherine Crump - Attorney + privacy advocateCatherine Crump is an assistant clinical professor at Berkeley Law School who focuses on the laws around data and surveillance.
Why you should listen
Catherine Crump is a civil liberties lawyer whose work focuses on combating government surveillance and protecting the free speech rights of political protesters. She has filed cases challenging the NSA and the Department of Homeland Security. Crump is an assistant professor at Berkeley Law School; previously she was an attorney for ACLU for nine years.
In her writing for the ACLU, Crump warns against the dangers of national mass surveillance technology, which can all too easily end up as tools for local police forces. She writes, "Not only our country as a whole, but also the police, will be better off in the long run if we have an open debate about what today’s technology can do, versus what it should do."
Catherine Crump | Speaker | TED.com