TEDSummit
Rebecca MacKinnon: We can fight terror without sacrificing our rights
瑞贝卡・麦金农: 不必牺牲我们的权利去对抗恐怖主义
Filmed:
Readability: 5.5
1,142,385 views
我们可以在不破坏民主的前提下反恐吗？互联网自由倡导者瑞贝卡・麦金农认为审查网络和社交媒体只会让我们在与极端主义和煽动主义的战斗中告负。在这场批判性的演讲中，她呼吁我们双倍加强加密系统，呼吁政府更好的去保护那些与极端主义分子斗争的记者和积极分子们，而非保持沉默。
Rebecca MacKinnon - Internet freedom activist
Rebecca MacKinnon looks at issues of free expression, governance and democracy (or lack of) in the digital networks, platforms and services on which we are all more and more dependent. Full bio
Rebecca MacKinnon looks at issues of free expression, governance and democracy (or lack of) in the digital networks, platforms and services on which we are all more and more dependent. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
There's a big question
at the center of life
at the center of life
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在当今的民主社会，
00:15
in our democracies today:
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我们正面临着一个严峻的问题，
那就是怎样才能在不损害民主、
00:16
How do we fight terror
without destroying democracies,
without destroying democracies,
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不践踏人权的前提下反恐？
00:20
without trampling human rights?
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00:23
I've spent much of my career
working with journalists,
working with journalists,
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我职业生涯中的很长时间
都在跟记者、
都在跟记者、
博客作者、
00:28
with bloggers,
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活动家、
00:29
with activists,
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和世界各地的人权研究者共事。
00:30
with human rights researchers
all around the world,
all around the world,
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我得出了一个结论：
00:33
and I've come to the conclusion
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如果我们的民主社会
不更加积极地推动
不更加积极地推动
00:35
that if our democratic societies
do not double down
do not double down
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保护和捍卫人权，
00:40
on protecting and defending human rights,
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维护新闻自由，
00:43
freedom of the press
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保护自由开放的互联网，
00:44
and a free and open internet,
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00:47
radical extremist ideologies
are much more likely to persist.
are much more likely to persist.
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那么激进的极端主义
很可能会继续肆虐全球。
很可能会继续肆虐全球。
00:54
(Applause)
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（掌声）
好吧，我讲完了。
非常感谢。
非常感谢。
00:57
OK, all done. Thank you very much.
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没有，我开个玩笑。
00:58
No, just joking.
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00:59
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
我其实想更深入地
探讨一下这个问题。
探讨一下这个问题。
01:01
I actually want to drill down
on this a little bit.
on this a little bit.
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01:04
So, one of the countries that has been
on the frontlines of this issue
on the frontlines of this issue
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问题最突出的国家之一便是
突尼斯。
01:10
is Tunisia,
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01:12
which was the only country
to come out of the Arab Spring
to come out of the Arab Spring
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它也是唯一一个
在“阿拉伯之春”运动中，
在“阿拉伯之春”运动中，
成功发展了民主革命的国家。
01:15
with a successful democratic revolution.
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01:18
Five years later,
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然而，五年后，
他们却整天挣扎于
严重的恐怖袭击，
严重的恐怖袭击，
01:20
they're struggling
with serious terror attacks
with serious terror attacks
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和猖獗的“伊斯兰国”增员当中。
01:23
and rampant ISIS recruitment.
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很多的突尼斯人呼吁政府，
01:25
And many Tunisians
are calling on their government
are calling on their government
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去采取一切手段来保护民众安全。
01:28
to do whatever it takes to keep them safe.
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01:32
Tunisian cartoonist Nadia Khiari
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突尼斯漫画家 Nadia Khiari ，
借一个动画人物，
描绘了国内的现状，
描绘了国内的现状，
01:35
has summed up the situation
with this character who says,
with this character who says,
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它说：“我不关心人权。
01:40
"I don't give a damn about human rights.
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我不关心革命。
01:42
I don't give a damn about the revolution.
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我不关心民主自由。
01:45
I don't give a damn
about democracy and liberty.
about democracy and liberty.
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01:49
I just want to be safe."
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我只想要安全。”
01:53
"Satisfied?" asked his jailer.
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“这下满意了吗？”
狱卒问关在监狱中的它。
狱卒问关在监狱中的它。
“你现在安全了。”
01:56
"You're safe now."
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01:58
If the Tunisian people can figure out
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如果突尼斯民众能够弄明白，
如何能既成功应对恐怖主义问题，
02:01
how to deal with their terrorism problem
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又不用在监狱里终其一生，
02:03
without ending up in this place,
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他们将成为标杆，不仅
是那片地区的，
是那片地区的，
02:06
they will be a model
not only for their region,
not only for their region,
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更是我们所有人的标杆。
02:09
but for all of us.
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02:12
The reality is that civil society,
journalists and activists
journalists and activists
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事实是，在很多国家，
02:16
are coming under attack
from extremist groups on the one hand,
from extremist groups on the one hand,
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民间团体、记者、活动家，
他们不但会受到
他们不但会受到
极端组织的袭击，
02:21
and, in many countries,
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还要受到他们政府的打击。
02:23
also from their own governments.
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02:25
We're seeing bloggers
and journalists being jailed,
and journalists being jailed,
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我们看到很多博客主、记者
被他们的政府关押起来，
02:28
charged and intimidated
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02:30
by their own governments,
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被起诉，被恐吓。
02:31
many of which are allies
with the West in the war on terror.
with the West in the war on terror.
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其中很多政府在反恐战争中
还与西方社会是同盟军。
还与西方社会是同盟军。
02:35
Just three examples.
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我举三个例子：
我的朋友兼前同事，
02:37
A friend and former colleague of mine,
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Hisham Almiraat,
02:39
Hisham Almiraat,
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02:40
has been charged
with threatening state security,
with threatening state security,
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被起诉，理由是威胁国家安全，
同时遭到起诉的，还有摩洛哥的
其他六位活动家。
其他六位活动家。
02:43
along with six other activists in Morocco.
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02:47
The Saudi blogger Raif Badawi
has been jailed and flogged
has been jailed and flogged
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沙特的博客作者 Raif Badawi，
被关押，遭受鞭打，
被关押，遭受鞭打，
原因是他在自己的博客上
侮辱伊斯兰教，批判沙特政权。
侮辱伊斯兰教，批判沙特政权。
02:51
for insulting Islam and criticizing
the Saudi regime on his blog.
the Saudi regime on his blog.
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最近，土耳其
“无国界记者组织”的代表，
“无国界记者组织”的代表，
02:57
More recently, the Turkish representative
for Reporters Without Borders,
for Reporters Without Borders,
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Erol Önderoglu,
03:02
Erol Önderoglu,
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03:04
has been detained and charged
with spreading terrorist propaganda,
with spreading terrorist propaganda,
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被拘留控诉，
理由是宣扬恐怖主义，
理由是宣扬恐怖主义，
只因为他和其他一些活动家，
一直在支持库尔德媒体。
一直在支持库尔德媒体。
03:09
because he and some other activists
have been supporting Kurdish media.
have been supporting Kurdish media.
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03:15
Anti-terror measures
quickly turn into state repression
quickly turn into state repression
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反恐措施快速转变为政府镇压，
而没有有效的保护其少数群体利益，
03:18
without strong protection
for minority communities
for minority communities
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03:22
and for peaceful debate;
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以及和平辩论；
03:24
this needs to be supported
by a robust, independent local media.
by a robust, independent local media.
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这时就需要一个稳健、
独立的地方媒介给予支持。
独立的地方媒介给予支持。
但是实际上，
并没有这样的媒介支持，
并没有这样的媒介支持，
03:29
But while that's not really happening,
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美国政府却与硅谷和好莱坞合作，
03:32
Washington is teaming up
with Silicon Valley and with Hollywood
with Silicon Valley and with Hollywood
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03:36
to pour millions -- hundreds
of millions of dollars --
of millions of dollars --
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投入百万甚至数以亿计美元，
进行所谓的 “反击信息”计划，
03:41
into what's called "counter-messaging,"
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其实就是宣传的花哨说法。
03:43
a fancy word for propaganda.
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03:46
To counter the terrorist propaganda
spreading all over the internet,
spreading all over the internet,
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为了对抗
恐怖主义在网络上的大肆宣扬，
恐怖主义在网络上的大肆宣扬，
03:52
in Europe, Internet Referral
Units are being set up,
Units are being set up,
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欧洲成立了互联网参照部，
这样民众就可以报告
他们发现的极端主义内容，
他们发现的极端主义内容，
03:56
so that people can report
on extremist content that they find
on extremist content that they find
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使这些内容经受审查。
04:00
and get it censored.
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04:02
The problem is,
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问题是，
所有的宣传、监控及审查，
04:03
that all of this propaganda,
monitoring and censorship
monitoring and censorship
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完全忽视了问题的关键，
04:08
completely fails to make up for the fact
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04:13
that the people who are
the most credible voices,
the most credible voices,
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那就是，
那些发出最可靠声音的人，
那些发出最可靠声音的人，
那些能够针对他们所在地区的
经济、社会及政治问题，
经济、社会及政治问题，
04:18
who can present credible ideas
and alternative solutions
and alternative solutions
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能针对人们变成
极端主义者的原因，
极端主义者的原因，
04:22
to real economic, social and political
problems in their community
problems in their community
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提出可信的观点和替代方案的人，
04:26
that are causing people to turn
to extremism in the first place,
to extremism in the first place,
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却被他们自己的政府禁言了。
04:30
are being silenced
by their own governments.
by their own governments.
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04:34
This is all adding up to a decrease
in freedom across the world.
in freedom across the world.
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这进一步降低了
世界范围内人们的自由度。
世界范围内人们的自由度。
04:39
Freedom House,
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“自由之家”，
04:41
the human rights organization,
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一个人权组织，
04:43
reports that 2015 marks
the 10th straight year in a row
the 10th straight year in a row
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曾报告称：2015年，
是世界范围内自由度
是世界范围内自由度
直线下滑的第十个年头。
04:47
of decline in freedom worldwide.
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究其原因，
04:50
And this is not just
because of the actions
because of the actions
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绝非仅仅是独裁政府的行为。
04:52
of authoritarian governments.
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04:54
It's also because democratic governments
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还因为民主政府
一直在加强镇压持异议者，
04:57
are increasingly cracking
down on dissenters,
down on dissenters,
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检举人，
05:01
whistle-blowers
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05:03
and investigative journalists.
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和调查记者。
05:04
UN Secretary General
Ban Ki-Moon has warned
Ban Ki-Moon has warned
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联合国秘书长潘基文曾提醒，
05:07
that "preventing extremism and promoting
human rights go hand-in-hand."
human rights go hand-in-hand."
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“避免极端主义
和推行人权密切相关。”
和推行人权密切相关。”
这并不是说政府
不应该保护我们的安全—
不应该保护我们的安全—
05:11
It's not to say that governments
shouldn't keep us safe --
shouldn't keep us safe --
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他们当然应该保护—
05:14
of course they should --
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但我们需要
公众监督，透明度，
公众监督，透明度，
05:15
but we need public oversight, transparency
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05:18
and accountability to the rule of law.
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以及问责制加诸于
法律条文之上。
法律条文之上。
05:20
Meanwhile,
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同时，
05:21
extremists are literally killing off
civil society in some countries.
civil society in some countries.
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极端主义者正在某些国家
逐渐消灭民间团体。
逐渐消灭民间团体。
05:26
Since 2013 in Bangladesh,
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孟加拉国自2013年来，
05:28
over a dozen secular bloggers
and community activists
and community activists
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已有超过12个非宗教博主
和社区积极分子，
和社区积极分子，
05:33
have been literally
slaughtered by extremists
slaughtered by extremists
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被激进分子所杀害，
05:36
while the government has done very little.
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而政府却几乎什么都没做。
05:39
From the city of Raqqa in Syria,
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在叙利亚的拉卡市，
05:41
people like Ruqia Hassan and Naji Jerf
have been assassinated
have been assassinated
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像 Ruqia Hassan 和 Naji Jerf
这样的人士被暗杀，
这样的人士被暗杀，
05:46
for their reporting
out of ISIS-controlled territory.
out of ISIS-controlled territory.
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因为他们曾在“伊斯兰国”（ISIS）
控制区域的外围进行报导。
控制区域的外围进行报导。
05:50
The citizen media group called
Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently
Raqqa is Being Slaughtered Silently
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名为“拉卡正被无声屠杀”的
民间媒体，
民间媒体，
05:55
relies on strong encryption
to send out their reports
to send out their reports
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通过强加密手段来发出报导，
并保护自己不被拦截和监视。
06:00
and shield themselves
from interception and surveillance.
from interception and surveillance.
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06:04
Yet authorities in countries
like the United States,
like the United States,
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然而很多诸如美国、英国
及其他民主主义国家的当局者们，
06:06
the United Kingdom
and many other democracies
and many other democracies
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正在探索如何使用法律，
06:09
are seeking to use the law
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来削弱或完全禁止强加密，
06:11
to either weaken or outright ban
strong encryption,
strong encryption,
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因为坏人也在使用它。
06:15
because the bad guys are using it, too.
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06:18
We have got to fight for the right
of citizens to use strong encryption.
of citizens to use strong encryption.
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我们必须争取
公众使用强加密的权利。
公众使用强加密的权利。
否则，意见相左的新闻和调查性报导
06:22
Otherwise, dissent
and investigative journalism
and investigative journalism
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将会在更多地方，
06:26
are going to become even more difficult
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变得更加困难。
06:28
in even more places.
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06:30
And the bad guys -- the criminals
and terrorists --
and terrorists --
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而坏人们——罪犯和恐怖分子，
仍然会寻找其它方法来交流。
06:33
are still going to find
ways to communicate.
ways to communicate.
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（我们要）向那些为了用户的权利
06:35
Kudos to the companies
that are standing up
that are standing up
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而坚持使用加密的公司致敬。
06:38
for their users' right to use encryption.
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06:41
But when it comes to censorship,
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但说到审查，
事情就更麻烦了。
06:43
the picture is much more troubling.
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06:46
Yes, there's a real problem
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是的，极端主义内容
在网络上广为传播，
在网络上广为传播，
06:48
of extremist content
spreading all over the internet.
spreading all over the internet.
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确实是个大问题。
Facebook, YouTube 和 Twitter
等等，很多这样的公司，
等等，很多这样的公司，
06:51
And Facebook, YouTube and Twitter
are among the many companies
are among the many companies
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都删除了涉及极端主义言论的
06:55
who report having taken down hundreds
of thousands of pieces of content
of thousands of pieces of content
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数十万条内容，
06:59
and deactivating accounts
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并关闭了很多账号。
07:01
that are connected
to the extremist's speech.
to the extremist's speech.
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但问题是他们的执行机制
完全属于暗箱操作，
完全属于暗箱操作，
07:03
The problem is their enforcement
mechanisms are a complete black box,
mechanisms are a complete black box,
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还附带额外损害。
07:08
and there is collateral damage.
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例如，Lyad el-Baghdadi，
07:10
Take, for example, Iyad el-Baghdadi,
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一个曾在Twitter上
取笑ISIS的活动家。
取笑ISIS的活动家。
07:13
an activist who makes fun
of ISIS on Twitter.
of ISIS on Twitter.
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他的账号就遭到了关闭，
07:16
He had his account deactivated,
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因为他跟一个有名的
ISIS头目姓氏一样。
ISIS头目姓氏一样。
07:18
because he shares a surname
with a prominent ISIS leader.
with a prominent ISIS leader.
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07:22
Last December,
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去年12月，
一群叫做Isis的女性，
07:23
a number of women named Isis,
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她们只是碰巧用了
埃及女神Isis的名字，
埃及女神Isis的名字，
07:25
which also happens to be
the name of an Egyptian goddess,
the name of an Egyptian goddess,
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而使得账号遭到关闭。
07:28
had their accounts deactivated.
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07:30
And this woman,
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还有这个女人，
她生活在美国，
是一个电脑程序员，
是一个电脑程序员，
07:32
who lives in the United States
and is a computer programmer,
and is a computer programmer,
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在Twitter上称她的
Facebook账号被关闭，
Facebook账号被关闭，
07:35
reported on Twitter
about her deactivation on Facebook,
about her deactivation on Facebook,
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直到吸引足够多的媒体关注，
最终得以恢复账号。
最终得以恢复账号。
07:39
managed to get enough media attention
to have her account reinstated.
to have her account reinstated.
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而关键就在于——
她需要获得足够的媒体关注。
她需要获得足够的媒体关注。
07:42
But that's the thing --
she had to get media attention.
she had to get media attention.
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07:46
And journalists aren't immune.
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记者们也不能幸免。
07:47
David Thomson,
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David Thomson,
一名反恐专家，
法国国际广播电台记者，
法国国际广播电台记者，
07:48
an expert on terrorism and reporter
for Radio France International,
for Radio France International,
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07:52
had reports deleted
from his Facebook account
from his Facebook account
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也曾报告他的
Facebook 账号遭到注销，
Facebook 账号遭到注销，
07:55
and had his account
deactivated for several days,
deactivated for several days,
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他的账号被关闭了好几天，
07:58
because they contained
pictures of ISIS flags,
pictures of ISIS flags,
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因为账户里包含ISIS旗帜图片，
08:02
even though he was just reporting on ISIS,
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虽然他当时只是报导ISIS，
而并非在宣传它。
08:04
not promoting it.
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也有诸如这个埃及人的故事，
08:06
And then we have stories from people
like this Egyptian man,
like this Egyptian man,
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08:09
Ahmed Abdellahy,
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他叫 Ahmed Abdellahy,
08:10
who reported recently in an event
in Washington DC
in Washington DC
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据报道，他最近
在华盛顿的一次活动中，
在华盛顿的一次活动中，
08:16
that some of his arguments
with extremists --
with extremists --
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与极端分子有过一些争执——
08:18
he now spends his time on social media
arguing with ISIS followers,
arguing with ISIS followers,
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他现在在社交媒体上
与ISIS的追随者们争论，
与ISIS的追随者们争论，
08:24
trying to get them to turn away --
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试图劝说他们远离ISIS——
08:27
some of his arguments
with these extremists get deleted,
with these extremists get deleted,
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他与这些极端分子的
某些争论就遭到了删除，
某些争论就遭到了删除，
他相信，这么做只会有
一个结果：保护了极端分子
一个结果：保护了极端分子
08:32
which he believes has the effect
of shielding them
of shielding them
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免于不同观点的打扰。
08:35
from alternative points of view.
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08:38
It's unclear whether Facebook
even knows the extent
even knows the extent
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我不清楚，
Facebook是否知晓
Facebook是否知晓
这些附带损害的程度，
08:42
of the collateral damage,
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以及其它公司是否知道。
08:44
or the other companies as well.
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08:46
But we do know that journalism,
activism and public debate
activism and public debate
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但我们知道，
为了消除极端主义言论，
为了消除极端主义言论，
新闻业、积极分子
以及公众舆论正在被禁声。
以及公众舆论正在被禁声。
08:50
are being silenced in the effort
to stamp out extremist speech.
to stamp out extremist speech.
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08:55
So with these companies having so much
power over the public discourse,
power over the public discourse,
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正因为这些公司对公众言论
有如此大的控制力，
有如此大的控制力，
他们需要对此负责。
08:59
they need to be held accountable.
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他们需要开展影响力评估，
09:01
They need to carry out impact assessment
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来识别和解决对我们
已经显而易见的问题。
已经显而易见的问题。
09:04
to identify and fix the problems
that we're clearly seeing.
that we're clearly seeing.
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他们需要在执行机制方面，
变得更加透明。
变得更加透明。
09:08
They need to be more transparent
about their enforcement mechanisms,
about their enforcement mechanisms,
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他们需要更清晰的
呼吁和申诉机制。
呼吁和申诉机制。
09:12
and they need to have clear
appeal and grievance mechanisms,
appeal and grievance mechanisms,
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这样公众就能恢复
他们的账户内容了。
他们的账户内容了。
09:15
so people can get
their content reinstated.
their content reinstated.
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09:18
Now, I've been talking
for the last 10 minutes
for the last 10 minutes
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我在刚才的十分钟里，
讨论了政府和公司
是如何使这些积极人士
是如何使这些积极人士
09:21
about how governments and companies
are making it more difficult
are making it more difficult
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变得步履维艰。
09:25
for people like these.
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09:27
This is a picture of members
of the citizen media network,
of the citizen media network,
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这是一张民间媒体网络“世界之声”的
成员合影，
09:30
Global Voices,
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这个网站是我和
我的朋友Ethan Zuckerman，
我的朋友Ethan Zuckerman，
09:32
that I helped to cofound over 10 years ago
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在十多年前共同建立的。
09:34
with my friend, Ethan Zuckerman.
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有趣的是，大概五年前，
“阿拉伯之春”刚结束的那段时间，
“阿拉伯之春”刚结束的那段时间，
09:36
Interestingly, about 5 years ago,
right after the Arab Spring,
right after the Arab Spring,
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数据学家Gilad Lotan
09:40
the data scientist Gilad Lotan
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创建了一个
“世界之声”成员的分布图，
“世界之声”成员的分布图，
09:43
created a network map
of the people in Global Voices
of the people in Global Voices
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这些成员中的很多在“阿拉伯之春”中
都是Twitter的高频用户。
都是Twitter的高频用户。
09:48
who were heavy users of Twitter
during the Arab Spring.
during the Arab Spring.
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他发现这些人中的很多都扮演着
09:51
And he found that many of these people
served as key information nodes
served as key information nodes
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积极分子和记者间的
重要信息节点。
重要信息节点。
09:56
between activists and journalists
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这些人贯穿着突尼斯
和埃及的改革当中。
和埃及的改革当中。
09:58
throughout the Tunisian
and Egyptian revolution.
and Egyptian revolution.
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我们不仅要确认这些人仍然活着，
10:01
We've got to make sure
that these people not only survive,
that these people not only survive,
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10:06
but are able to continue to thrive.
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也要帮助他们壮大他们的事业。
有些人还继续活跃，
10:09
Many of them are still active,
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有些被投进了监狱，
10:10
other than the ones who have gone to jail
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或者被迫躲藏和放逐。
10:12
or have been driven into hiding or exile.
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10:16
All around the world,
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在世界各地，
10:18
people who are sick and tired
of fear and oppression
of fear and oppression
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那些厌倦了恐惧和镇压的人们，
正在他们的社会内外团结起来。
10:21
are linking up in their communities
and across borders.
and across borders.
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我们必须尽我们所能
去督促政府和公司
去督促政府和公司
10:25
We've got to do everything we can
to push our governments and companies
to push our governments and companies
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更好地保护这些人的权利。
10:29
to do a better job
of protecting their rights.
of protecting their rights.
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我们也必须更加留意
10:32
We've also got to be more mindful
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去关注我们个人：我们的
政治选择，个人消费和商业选择，
政治选择，个人消费和商业选择，
10:34
about how our own personal, political,
consumer and business choices
consumer and business choices
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将为世界各地这样的
人群带来怎样的影响。
人群带来怎样的影响。
10:39
affect people like these around the world.
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10:43
Also, if you follow the news,
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而且，如果你留意新闻，
会知道一个人的力量显然是不够的。
10:45
it's pretty clear that that alone
isn't going to be enough.
isn't going to be enough.
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10:49
We've got to take personal
responsibility by joining --
responsibility by joining --
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我们必须承担个人责任，
加入，或者至少是积极的支持，
10:53
or at very least, actively supporting --
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这样一些，在世界各地
10:56
the growing ecosystem
of individuals and groups
of individuals and groups
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为社会正义，
11:00
who are fighting for social justice,
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为环境可持续性，
11:02
environmental sustainability,
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为政府问责，
11:04
government accountability,
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为人权，媒体自由，为自由而公开的
11:06
human rights, freedom of the press
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网络而拼搏的，日益强大的
11:08
and a free and open internet,
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个人和团体组织。
11:09
all around the world.
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我相信，我们最终可以战胜
11:11
I believe that, ultimately,
we can overcome
we can overcome
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那些寄生在网络上的
极端主义、煽动和仇恨。
极端主义、煽动和仇恨。
11:16
the digitally empowered networks
of extremism, demagoguery and hate.
of extremism, demagoguery and hate.
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11:23
But ...
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但是…
11:25
we've got to do this by really
beefing up the global networks
beefing up the global networks
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我们想要做到这一点，
就必须真正地加强
就必须真正地加强
世界各地的民间组织，
11:31
of citizens around the world,
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加强那些冒着人身危险
11:33
powered by people
who are working hard every day,
who are working hard every day,
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为了更和平、公正、
开放和自由的未来世界
开放和自由的未来世界
11:37
and taking personal risk
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11:39
for a future world that is more
peaceful, just, open and free.
peaceful, just, open and free.
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而终日奔走的人民组织。
11:45
Thanks very much for listening.
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感谢您的倾听。
（掌声）
11:47
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Rebecca MacKinnon - Internet freedom activistRebecca MacKinnon looks at issues of free expression, governance and democracy (or lack of) in the digital networks, platforms and services on which we are all more and more dependent.
Why you should listen
Rebecca MacKinnon is the director of the Ranking Digital Rights project at New America, which recently released its inaugural Corporate Accountability Index, ranking 16 Internet and telecommunications companies on their commitments, policies and practices affecting users’ freedom of expression and privacy. (An expanded Index will be released in 2017.) She is the author of Consent of the Networked, a book investigating the future of liberty in the Internet age, and has been engaging in the debate about how to fight global terrorism while keeping a free and open Internet. A former head of CNN's Beijing and Tokyo bureaus, MacKinnon is an expert on Chinese Internet censorship and is one of the founders (with Ethan Zuckerman) of the Global Voices Online blog network.
Rebecca MacKinnon | Speaker | TED.com