TED Salon Zebra Technologies
Nita Farahany: When technology can read minds, how will we protect our privacy?
尼塔 A.法拉赫尼: 科技读心时代的隐私保护
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Readability: 5.1
1,819,292 views
法律学者、伦理学家尼塔•法拉赫尼(Nita Farahany)表示，能够解码你大脑活动、揭示你所思所感的技术即将问世。这对我们已经被侵犯的隐私意味着什么?在一次令人警醒的谈话中，法拉赫尼警告说，在这样一个社会里，人们仅仅因为想犯罪就被逮捕(就像在《少数派报告》中那样)，而私人利益出卖了我们的大脑数据——并为保护我们的思想自由和自决的认知自由提出了理由。
Nita Farahany - Legal scholar, ethicist
Nita A. Farahany is a leading scholar on the ethical, legal, and social implications of biosciences and emerging technologies, particularly those related to neuroscience and behavioral genetics. Full bio
Nita A. Farahany is a leading scholar on the ethical, legal, and social implications of biosciences and emerging technologies, particularly those related to neuroscience and behavioral genetics. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
In the months following
the 2009 presidential election in Iran,
the 2009 presidential election in Iran,
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2009年伊朗总统大选结束后的几个月里，
00:17
protests erupted across the country.
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抗议活动席卷了伊朗全国。
00:21
The Iranian government
violently suppressed
violently suppressed
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伊朗政府暴力镇压了
00:24
what came to be known
as the Iranian Green Movement,
as the Iranian Green Movement,
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后来广为知的“伊朗绿色运动”。
政府甚至屏蔽了移动信号
00:28
even blocking mobile signals
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以切断抗议者间的联系。
00:30
to cut off communication
between the protesters.
between the protesters.
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00:34
My parents, who emigrated
to the United States in the late 1960s,
to the United States in the late 1960s,
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20世纪60年代末，
我的父母移民到了美国，
我的父母移民到了美国，
我们一大家子
00:39
spend substantial time there,
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在那住了很多年。
00:40
where all of my large,
extended family live.
extended family live.
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当我在镇压抗议活动
进行得如火如荼的时候
进行得如火如荼的时候
00:44
When I would call my family in Tehran
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00:47
during some of the most violent
crackdowns of the protest,
crackdowns of the protest,
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给德黑兰的家人打电话，
他们谁也不敢跟我说到底发生了什么。
00:51
none of them dared discuss
with me what was happening.
with me what was happening.
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我，或者他们会立刻转移话题。
00:55
They or I knew to quickly steer
the conversation to other topics.
the conversation to other topics.
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我们所有人都知道，
00:59
All of us understood
what the consequences could be
what the consequences could be
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持有不同政见这一行为
会带来什么样的后果。
会带来什么样的后果。
01:02
of a perceived dissident action.
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01:06
But I still wish I could have known
what they were thinking
what they were thinking
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但我还是希望能知道他们当时的想法，
或者他们的感受。
01:09
or what they were feeling.
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如果我真的可以做到呢?
01:12
What if I could have?
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01:14
Or more frighteningly,
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或者更骇人听闻的是，
01:15
what if the Iranian government could have?
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如果伊朗政府能做到呢?
01:18
Would they have arrested them
based on what their brains revealed?
based on what their brains revealed?
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他们会基于人民大脑所呈现出的
想法而逮捕他们吗？
想法而逮捕他们吗？
那一天或许没有你想象中的那么遥远。
01:22
That day may be closer than you think.
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01:26
With our growing capabilities
in neuroscience, artificial intelligence
in neuroscience, artificial intelligence
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随着我们在神经科学，人工智能，
01:30
and machine learning,
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以及在机器学习方面的进步，
我们可能很快就能对人类大脑中
所发生的事情有更多的了解。
所发生的事情有更多的了解。
01:32
we may soon know a lot more
of what's happening in the human brain.
of what's happening in the human brain.
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01:37
As a bioethicist, a lawyer, a philosopher
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作为一名生物伦理学家、
律师兼哲学家，
律师兼哲学家，
以及伊朗裔美国人，
01:40
and an Iranian-American,
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01:42
I'm deeply concerned
about what this means for our freedoms
about what this means for our freedoms
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我为这类行为对我们自由的威胁
01:46
and what kinds of protections we need.
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以及我们需要何种保护而深感担忧。
01:48
I believe we need
a right to cognitive liberty,
a right to cognitive liberty,
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我想我们需要认知自由的权利。
01:52
as a human right
that needs to be protected.
that needs to be protected.
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这是一种亟待保护的人权。
01:55
If not, our freedom of thought,
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如果没有它，我们的思想自由，
01:58
access and control over our own brains
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对自我大脑控制和访问的权力，
以及我们的精神隐私将受到威胁。
02:01
and our mental privacy will be threatened.
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02:05
Consider this:
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设想一下:
一个正常人每天会产生成千上万的想法。
02:06
the average person thinks
thousands of thoughts each day.
thousands of thoughts each day.
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当思想形成时，
02:10
As a thought takes form,
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就像数学计算，一个数字，
或一个单词一样，
或一个单词一样，
02:11
like a math calculation
or a number, a word,
or a number, a word,
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02:16
neurons are interacting in the brain,
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神经元在大脑中相互作用，
释放出微小的电量。
02:19
creating a miniscule electrical discharge.
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当你处于一种主要的
思想状态，比如放松时，
思想状态，比如放松时，
02:23
When you have a dominant
mental state, like relaxation,
mental state, like relaxation,
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成百上千的神经元
在大脑中不断释放信号，
在大脑中不断释放信号，
02:27
hundreds and thousands of neurons
are firing in the brain,
are firing in the brain,
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以特有的方式同时放电。
02:31
creating concurrent electrical discharges
in characteristic patterns
in characteristic patterns
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02:35
that can be measured
with electroencephalography, or EEG.
with electroencephalography, or EEG.
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这些电流可以由脑电图，
即EEG检测出来。
即EEG检测出来。
02:41
In fact, that's what
you're seeing right now.
you're seeing right now.
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事实上，正如你们所看到的那样。
02:43
You're seeing my brain activity
that was recorded in real time
that was recorded in real time
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你看到的是由我头上戴着的简单装置
02:47
with a simple device
that was worn on my head.
that was worn on my head.
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实时记录下来的我的脑部活动。
02:51
What you're seeing is my brain activity
when I was relaxed and curious.
when I was relaxed and curious.
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你们现在看到的是
当我放松和好奇时的脑部活动。
当我放松和好奇时的脑部活动。
02:58
To share this information with you,
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为了和你们分享这些信息，
我戴上了早期的面向
消费者的脑电图记录仪。
消费者的脑电图记录仪。
02:59
I wore one of the early
consumer-based EEG devices
consumer-based EEG devices
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03:02
like this one,
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就像这个，
03:04
which recorded the electrical
activity in my brain in real time.
activity in my brain in real time.
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它能实时记录我的脑电波活动。
03:08
It's not unlike the fitness trackers
that some of you may be wearing
that some of you may be wearing
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它和你们戴的可以测量心率和步数，
03:12
to measure your heart rate
or the steps that you've taken,
or the steps that you've taken,
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甚至你们的睡眠活动的
03:16
or even your sleep activity.
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健身追踪器差不多。
它并不是市场上最复杂的神经成像技术，
03:19
It's hardly the most sophisticated
neuroimaging technique on the market.
neuroimaging technique on the market.
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03:23
But it's already the most portable
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但它已经是最便携，
03:25
and the most likely to impact
our everyday lives.
our everyday lives.
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最有可能对我们日常生活产生影响的了。
03:29
This is extraordinary.
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这非常了不起。
通过一个简单的可穿戴设备
03:31
Through a simple, wearable device,
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我们可以窥测到人类大脑内部。
03:33
we can literally see
inside the human brain
inside the human brain
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03:37
and learn aspects of our mental landscape
without ever uttering a word.
without ever uttering a word.
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一语不发，就能了解到
我们精神状态的方方面面。
我们精神状态的方方面面。
03:44
While we can't reliably decode
complex thoughts just yet,
complex thoughts just yet,
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尽管我们还无法精确的
解码复杂的思想，
解码复杂的思想，
03:48
we can already gauge a person's mood,
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我们已经可以判断一个人的情绪如何。
03:51
and with the help
of artificial intelligence,
of artificial intelligence,
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并且在人工智能的帮助下，
03:53
we can even decode
some single-digit numbers
some single-digit numbers
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我们甚至可以洞悉一个人所想的，
03:58
or shapes or simple words
that a person is thinking
that a person is thinking
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所听到的，所看到的,
一些数字、形状或者简单的词汇。
04:03
or hearing, or seeing.
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04:06
Despite some inherent limitations in EEG,
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尽管脑电图技术还存在
一些固有的局限性，
一些固有的局限性，
但我敢肯定地说，随着科技的进步，
04:09
I think it's safe to say
that with our advances in technology,
that with our advances in technology,
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04:14
more and more of what's happening
in the human brain
in the human brain
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人类大脑中将会有越来越多的东西
04:18
can and will be decoded over time.
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随着时间的推移被破解出来。
04:21
Already, using one of these devices,
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现在已经可以使用这其中的一种设备
04:24
an epileptic can know
they're going to have an epileptic seizure
they're going to have an epileptic seizure
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让癫痫患者在发病之前，
就能够预先知道，
04:27
before it happens.
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截瘫患者仅凭思想就能在电脑上打字。
04:28
A paraplegic can type on a computer
with their thoughts alone.
with their thoughts alone.
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04:34
A US-based company has developed
a technology to embed these sensors
a technology to embed these sensors
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一家美国公司已经研发了
一种将这些传感器
一种将这些传感器
04:38
into the headrest of automobilies
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嵌入汽车头枕中的技术，
04:40
so they can track driver concentration,
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这样它们就可以追踪司机
在开车时的专注度，
在开车时的专注度，
04:43
distraction and cognitive load
while driving.
while driving.
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注意力分散和认知负荷，
东风日产公司、保险公司以及
美国汽车协会都注意到了这一点。
美国汽车协会都注意到了这一点。
04:46
Nissan, insurance companies
and AAA have all taken note.
and AAA have all taken note.
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04:51
You could even watch this
choose-your-own-adventure movie
choose-your-own-adventure movie
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你甚至可以看一场“自选冒险历程”的电影，
04:56
"The Moment," which, with an EEG headset,
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名叫《那一刻》，所佩戴的心电图耳机，
05:00
changes the movie
based on your brain-based reactions,
based on your brain-based reactions,
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可以根据你大脑的反应去改变电影的走向。
05:04
giving you a different ending
every time your attention wanes.
every time your attention wanes.
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每次当你走神，
就会给你一个不同的结局。
就会给你一个不同的结局。
05:11
This may all sound great,
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这听起来可能很棒。
05:13
and as a bioethicist,
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作为一个生物伦理学家，
05:16
I am a huge proponent of empowering people
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我强烈支持通过让人们
05:19
to take charge of their own
health and well-being
health and well-being
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运用包括这项惊人的大脑解悉技术在内的
05:22
by giving them access
to information about themselves,
to information about themselves,
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方式获取自身信息，
05:25
including this incredible
new brain-decoding technology.
new brain-decoding technology.
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来掌控自己的健康和幸福。
05:29
But I worry.
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但我还是担心。
05:31
I worry that we will voluntarily
or involuntarily give up
or involuntarily give up
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我担心我们会自觉或不自觉的放弃
05:36
our last bastion of freedom,
our mental privacy.
our mental privacy.
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我们最后的自由堡垒，我们的精神隐私。
05:41
That we will trade our brain activity
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我们会以我们大脑的活动数据，
05:44
for rebates or discounts on insurance,
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来换取保险折扣，
05:48
or free access
to social-media accounts ...
to social-media accounts ...
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或者社交媒体帐号的免费使用权限，
05:52
or even to keep our jobs.
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甚至以此来保住我们的工作。
05:54
In fact, in China,
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事实上，在中国，
那些在全世界最繁忙的高铁线路，
05:58
the train drivers on
the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed rail,
the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed rail,
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京沪高铁线上工作的司机，
06:04
the busiest of its kind in the world,
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06:06
are required to wear EEG devices
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都被要求佩戴脑电图设备，
06:09
to monitor their brain activity
while driving.
while driving.
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以此来监测他们在驾驶时的大脑活动。
06:12
According to some news sources,
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根据一些新闻报道，
06:14
in government-run factories in China,
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在中国的国营工厂中，
工人被要求穿戴脑电图设备
来监测他们的生产率，
来监测他们的生产率，
06:17
the workers are required to wear
EEG sensors to monitor their productivity
EEG sensors to monitor their productivity
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06:22
and their emotional state at work.
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以及工作时的情绪状态。
06:25
Workers are even sent home
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如果工人们的大脑显现出，
06:27
if their brains show less-than-stellar
concentration on their jobs,
concentration on their jobs,
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注意力不集中或者情绪激动，
06:31
or emotional agitation.
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他们甚至会被停工。
也许这不会马上就发生，
06:35
It's not going to happen tomorrow,
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06:36
but we're headed to a world
of brain transparency.
of brain transparency.
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但是我们已经向
一个大脑信息透明的世界走去。
一个大脑信息透明的世界走去。
06:40
And I don't think people understand
that that could change everything.
that that could change everything.
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而我并不认为人们能
领会到这将改变一切。
领会到这将改变一切。
06:44
Everything from our definitions
of data privacy to our laws,
of data privacy to our laws,
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从我们对数据隐私的定义到法律，
06:48
to our ideas about freedom.
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到我们对自由的看法。
06:50
In fact, in my lab at Duke University,
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事实上，我在杜克大学的实验室
06:53
we recently conducted a nationwide study
in the United States
in the United States
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最近进行了一项全国性的研究，
06:57
to see if people appreciated
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去看看人们是否会注意到
06:59
the sensitivity
of their brain information.
of their brain information.
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他们大脑信息数据的敏感性。
我们让他们对33种不同类型的信息
07:02
We asked people to rate
their perceived sensitivity
their perceived sensitivity
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按敏感性进行排名，
07:05
of 33 different kinds of information,
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07:07
from their social security numbers
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这些信息包括他们的社会保险号，
07:10
to the content
of their phone conversations,
of their phone conversations,
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电话通话内容，
07:12
their relationship history,
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他们的恋爱史，
还有他们的情绪、焦虑，
07:15
their emotions, their anxiety,
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07:17
the mental images in their mind
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他们脑海中的心理表象，
07:19
and the thoughts in their mind.
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他们脑海中的想法。
07:21
Shockingly, people rated their social
security number as far more sensitive
security number as far more sensitive
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令人震惊的是，
人们将社会保险号的敏感性，
人们将社会保险号的敏感性，
07:26
than any other kind of information,
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排在包括他们的大脑数据在内的，
07:28
including their brain data.
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任何其它信息的前面。
我想这可能是因为人们还不太了解，
07:32
I think this is because
people don't yet understand
people don't yet understand
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07:35
or believe the implications
of this new brain-decoding technology.
of this new brain-decoding technology.
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或者相信这个全新的
大脑解悉技术的影响。
大脑解悉技术的影响。
毕竟，如果我们能够知道
一个人大脑的内部运作情况，
一个人大脑的内部运作情况，
07:40
After all, if we can know
the inner workings of the human brain,
the inner workings of the human brain,
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07:43
our social security numbers
are the least of our worries.
are the least of our worries.
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那么我们的社会保险号就成为
最不需要我们担心的东西了。
最不需要我们担心的东西了。
（笑声）
07:46
(Laughter)
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想象一下。
07:47
Think about it.
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07:49
In a world of total brain transparency,
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在一个大脑信息完全透明的世界里，
谁还敢有持不同政见，
07:51
who would dare have
a politically dissident thought?
a politically dissident thought?
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07:55
Or a creative one?
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或者创造性的想法？
07:57
I worry that people will self-censor
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我担心人们会因为害怕被社会排斥
08:01
in fear of being ostracized by society,
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害怕因走神或情绪波动，
08:04
or that people will lose their jobs
because of their waning attention
because of their waning attention
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又或者因为他们想过要
采取反对老板的集体行动，
采取反对老板的集体行动，
08:08
or emotional instability,
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而失去他们的工作，
从而对自己进行审查。
08:10
or because they're contemplating
collective action against their employers.
collective action against their employers.
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08:14
That coming out
will no longer be an option,
will no longer be an option,
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这样的话“出柜”也就不再会是一个选择，
08:17
because people's brains will long ago
have revealed their sexual orientation,
have revealed their sexual orientation,
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因为在人们准备有意识地跟其他人
08:22
their political ideology
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分享信息前，
08:24
or their religious preferences,
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他们的大脑就已经
08:26
well before they were ready
to consciously share that information
to consciously share that information
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展露出他们的性取向、政治意识形态，
08:29
with other people.
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以及宗教观点。
08:31
I worry about the ability of our laws
to keep up with technological change.
to keep up with technological change.
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我担心我们的法律
能否跟得上技术的进步。
能否跟得上技术的进步。
08:36
Take the First Amendment
of the US Constitution,
of the US Constitution,
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就拿美国宪法第一修正案来说，
它是保护言论自由的。
08:39
which protects freedom of speech.
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那它是否也能保护思想自由呢？
08:41
Does it also protect freedom of thought?
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如果能的话，是否意味着
我们能随意改变自己的想法？
我们能随意改变自己的想法？
08:43
And if so, does that mean that we're free
to alter our thoughts however we want?
to alter our thoughts however we want?
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政府或社会能告诉我们
如何运用自己的大脑吗？
如何运用自己的大脑吗？
08:48
Or can the government or society tell us
what we can do with our own brains?
what we can do with our own brains?
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08:53
Can the NSA spy on our brains
using these new mobile devices?
using these new mobile devices?
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美国国家安全局能用
这些新设备监视我们的大脑吗？
这些新设备监视我们的大脑吗？
企业能通过它们的
应用程序收集大脑数据，
应用程序收集大脑数据，
08:58
Can the companies that collect
the brain data through their applications
the brain data through their applications
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09:02
sell this information to third parties?
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然后将这些信息卖给第三方吗？
现在还没有法律阻止它们这么做。
09:05
Right now, no laws prevent them
from doing so.
from doing so.
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09:09
It could be even more problematic
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而在那些还不能享受到
09:11
in countries that don't share
the same freedoms
the same freedoms
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与美国人民同样自由的国家，
09:13
enjoyed by people in the United States.
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可能会有更多的问题。
如果在“伊朗绿色运动”期间，
09:16
What would've happened during
the Iranian Green Movement
the Iranian Green Movement
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政府监视了我的家人的大脑活动，
09:20
if the government had been
monitoring my family's brain activity,
monitoring my family's brain activity,
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并且认为他们同情抗议者会怎样？
09:24
and had believed them
to be sympathetic to the protesters?
to be sympathetic to the protesters?
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09:30
Is it so far-fetched to imagine a society
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这样想象一个人们只是
因为有了犯罪的想法就会被逮捕的社会，
09:33
in which people are arrested
based on their thoughts
based on their thoughts
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09:36
of committing a crime,
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是否有点牵强？
09:37
like in the science-fiction
dystopian society in "Minority Report."
dystopian society in "Minority Report."
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它就像是科幻电影《少数派报告》
中的反乌托邦社会。
中的反乌托邦社会。
09:42
Already, in the United States, in Indiana,
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在美国的印地安那州，
已经有一个18岁的学生因为发布
09:46
an 18-year-old was charged
with attempting to intimidate his school
with attempting to intimidate his school
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在走廊上射击他人的视频
而被指控企图恐吓学校。
而被指控企图恐吓学校。
09:51
by posting a video of himself
shooting people in the hallways ...
shooting people in the hallways ...
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09:55
Except the people were zombies
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但是他射击的是僵尸，
而那个视频是他在
玩一款增强现实电子游戏。
玩一款增强现实电子游戏。
09:58
and the video was of him playing
an augmented-reality video game,
an augmented-reality video game,
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这一切都被解释为他的
主观意图的一个心理折射。
主观意图的一个心理折射。
10:03
all interpreted to be a mental projection
of his subjective intent.
of his subjective intent.
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10:10
This is exactly why our brains
need special protection.
need special protection.
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这就是为什么我们的大脑
需要特殊保护。
需要特殊保护。
10:15
If our brains are just as subject
to data tracking and aggregation
to data tracking and aggregation
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如果我们的大脑像我们的财务记录
和交易一样受制于数据跟踪和汇总，
10:18
as our financial records and transactions,
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10:21
if our brains can be hacked
and tracked like our online activities,
and tracked like our online activities,
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如果我们的大脑可以像在线活动，
10:25
our mobile phones and applications,
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手机和应用程序那样被侵入和跟踪，
10:27
then we're on the brink of a dangerous
threat to our collective humanity.
threat to our collective humanity.
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那么我们已经处在了
威胁到人类集体的危险边缘。
威胁到人类集体的危险边缘。
10:33
Before you panic,
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在你感到惊慌之前，
10:36
I believe that there are solutions
to these concerns,
to these concerns,
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我相信一定存在这些问题的解决方案，
但是我们必须得从聚焦于正确的事情开始。
10:39
but we have to start by focusing
on the right things.
on the right things.
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通常来说如果我们通过限制信息流动
10:42
When it comes to privacy
protections in general,
protections in general,
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10:45
I think we're fighting a losing battle
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来保护隐私，
10:47
by trying to restrict
the flow of information.
the flow of information.
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那么我们是在进行一场毫无希望的战斗。
相反，我们应该将重点放在权利保障和
10:50
Instead, we should be focusing
on securing rights and remedies
on securing rights and remedies
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对信息滥用的补救措施上面。
10:54
against the misuse of our information.
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10:57
If people had the right to decide
how their information was shared,
how their information was shared,
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比如说让人们拥有
决定如何分享自身信息的权利，
决定如何分享自身信息的权利，
11:00
and more importantly, have legal redress
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并且更重要的是，如果他们因信息被滥用
而遭受到诸如就业，
11:03
if their information
was misused against them,
was misused against them,
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11:05
say to discriminate against them
in an employment setting
in an employment setting
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卫生保健、教育方面的歧视时，
11:08
or in health care or education,
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能够得到法律援助。
这对于建立信任来说
可能还有很长的路要走。
可能还有很长的路要走。
11:11
this would go a long way to build trust.
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11:14
In fact, in some instances,
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事实上，在某些情况下，
我们反而愿意去分享更多的个人信息。
11:16
we want to be sharing more
of our personal information.
of our personal information.
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11:20
Studying aggregated information
can tell us so much
can tell us so much
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研究集体信息可以让我们对
健康和幸福有更多的了解，
11:23
about our health and our well-being,
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但是为了安全地分享我们的信息，
11:26
but to be able to safely share
our information,
our information,
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11:29
we need special protections
for mental privacy.
for mental privacy.
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我们需要对精神隐私进行特别保护。
11:33
This is why we need
a right to cognitive liberty.
a right to cognitive liberty.
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这就是为什么我们需要认知自由的权利。
这项权利保护我们思考和沉思的自由，
11:37
This right would secure for us
our freedom of thought and rumination,
our freedom of thought and rumination,
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自主决定的自由，
11:41
our freedom of self-determination,
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11:44
and it would insure that we have
the right to consent to or refuse
the right to consent to or refuse
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它还确保我们有权同意或拒绝
11:48
access and alteration
of our brains by others.
of our brains by others.
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他人获取或修改我们的大脑信息。
这项权利应当被公认为
11:51
This right could be recognized
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11:53
as part of the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights,
of Human Rights,
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世界人权宣言的一部分，
而后者已经建立了
11:56
which has established mechanisms
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执行这类社会权利的机构。
11:59
for the enforcement
of these kinds of social rights.
of these kinds of social rights.
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在“伊朗绿色运动”期间，
12:03
During the Iranian Green Movement,
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12:05
the protesters used the internet
and good old-fashioned word of mouth
and good old-fashioned word of mouth
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抗议者使用了互联网和
老式的口口相传的方式
老式的口口相传的方式
12:11
to coordinate their marches.
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来协调他们的游行队伍。
而最终的结果是一些最残暴的限制
12:14
And some of the most oppressive
restrictions in Iran
restrictions in Iran
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12:17
were lifted as a result.
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被取消了，
12:20
But what if the Iranian government
had used brain surveillance
had used brain surveillance
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但是如果伊朗政府采取了大脑监视的方法
来侦察和阻止抗议又会怎样呢？
12:24
to detect and prevent the protest?
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这个世界还能听到抗议者的呼声吗？
12:28
Would the world have ever heard
the protesters' cries?
the protesters' cries?
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12:33
The time has come for us to call
for a cognitive liberty revolution.
for a cognitive liberty revolution.
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是时候发动一场认知自由的革命了，
12:39
To make sure that we responsibly
advance technology
advance technology
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以确保我们值得信赖的先进技术
12:42
that could enable us to embrace the future
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能够使我们拥抱一个
强烈保护我们内心最深处不被任何个人，
12:45
while fiercely protecting all of us
from any person, company or government
from any person, company or government
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公司或政府非法侵入或改变的未来。
12:52
that attempts to unlawfully access
or alter our innermost lives.
or alter our innermost lives.
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12:58
Thank you.
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谢谢。
12:59
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Nita Farahany - Legal scholar, ethicistNita A. Farahany is a leading scholar on the ethical, legal, and social implications of biosciences and emerging technologies, particularly those related to neuroscience and behavioral genetics.
Why you should listen
Nita A. Farahany is a professor of law and philosophy, the founding director of the Duke Initiative for Science & Society and chair of the MA in Bioethics & Science Policy at Duke University. In 2010, Farahany was appointed by President Obama to the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, and she served as a member until 2017. She is a member of the Neuroethics Division of the Multi-Council Working Group for the BRAIN Initiative, on the President's Research Council of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), and past member of the Global Agenda Council for Privacy, Technology and Governance at the World Economic Forum.
Farahany presents her work to diverse audiences and is a frequent commentator for national media and radio shows. She is an elected member of the American Law Institute, the President-Elect of the International Neuroethics Society, serves on the Board of the International Neuroethics Society, a co-editor a co-editor-in-chief and co-founder of the Journal of Law and the Biosciences and an editorial board member of the American Journal of Bioethics (Neuroscience). She's on the Ethics Advisory Board for Illumina, Inc., the Scientific Advisory Board of Helix, and the Board of Advisors of Scientific American.
Farahany received her AB in genetics, cell and developmental biology at Dartmouth College, a JD and MA from Duke University, as well as a PhD in philosophy. She also holds an ALM in biology from Harvard University. In 2004-2005, Farahany clerked for Judge Judith W. Rogers of the US Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit, after which she joined the faculty at Vanderbilt University. In 2011, Farahany was the Leah Kaplan Visiting Professor of Human Rights at Stanford Law School.
Nita Farahany | Speaker | TED.com