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Elif Shafak: The revolutionary power of diverse thought
艾莉芙 · 夏法克: 多样化思想的革命性力量
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“从民粹主义煽动者那里，我们会学到民主的不可或缺性，”小说家艾莉芙 · 夏法克说。“从孤立主义者那里，我们会学到全球团结的必要性。而从部落主义者那里，我们会学到世界主义之美。”作为一个土生土长的土耳其人，夏法克切身经历了因多样性的缺失而带来的破坏——并且她了解多元化在应对威权主义时的革命性力量。在这场热情的个人演讲中，她提醒我们：在政治、情感和我们的身份上没有二元性。“我们永远不能仅仅因为对复杂感到畏惧而保持沉默。” 法夏克说到。
Elif Shafak - Novelist
Elif Shafak explicitly defies definition -- her writing blends East and West, feminism and tradition, the local and the global, Sufism and rationalism, creating one of today's most unique voices in literature. Full bio
Elif Shafak explicitly defies definition -- her writing blends East and West, feminism and tradition, the local and the global, Sufism and rationalism, creating one of today's most unique voices in literature. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
"Can you taste words?"
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“你能品尝词语的味道吗？”
00:15
It was a question
that caught me by surprise.
that caught me by surprise.
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这是一个让我措手不及的问题
00:19
This summer, I was giving a talk
at a literary festival,
at a literary festival,
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这个夏天，我在一个文学盛会上演讲
00:22
and afterwards, as I was signing books,
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之后在签售我的书时
00:24
a teenage girl came with her friend,
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一个小女孩和她的朋友走了过来
00:27
and this is what she asked me.
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问了我上述的问题
00:29
I told her that some people
experience an overlap in their senses
experience an overlap in their senses
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我告诉她有些人体会到感观上的重叠
00:34
so that they could hear colors
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所以他们能听到颜色
00:36
or see sounds,
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或看到声音
00:37
and many writers were fascinated
by this subject, myself included.
by this subject, myself included.
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而很多作家也为此痴迷，也包括我自己
00:43
But she cut me off, a bit impatiently,
and said, "Yeah, I know all of that.
and said, "Yeah, I know all of that.
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但是她有点不耐烦地打断了我，
并说到：“是的，我都知道。
并说到：“是的，我都知道。
00:48
It's called synesthesia.
We learned it at school.
We learned it at school.
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这叫做联觉，我们在学校学过。
00:51
But my mom is reading your book,
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但是我妈妈正在读你的书，
00:54
and she says there's lots
of food and ingredients
of food and ingredients
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她说书上有很多食物和佐料，
00:57
and a long dinner scene in it.
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以及一个长长的晚餐场景。
00:59
She gets hungry at every page.
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每一页都看得她很饥饿。
01:01
So I was thinking,
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所以我在想，
01:03
how come you don't
get hungry when you write?
get hungry when you write?
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你在写作的时候怎么会不饿呢？
01:05
And I thought maybe,
maybe you could taste words.
maybe you could taste words.
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我想也许，也许你可以品尝这些词语。
01:09
Does it make sense?"
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有道理吗？“
01:10
And, actually, it did make sense,
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事实上，它是合理的，
01:13
because ever since my childhood,
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因为从我小的时候
01:15
each letter in the alphabet
has a different color,
has a different color,
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字母表上的每个字母都有不同的颜色
01:18
and colors bring me flavors.
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而这些颜色带给我味道
01:21
So for instance, the color purple
is quite pungent, almost perfumed,
is quite pungent, almost perfumed,
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例如，紫色是很辛辣浓郁的，几乎香气逼人
01:27
and any words that I associate with purple
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任何能让我联想到紫色的词语
01:30
taste the same way,
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都是相同的味道
01:33
such as "sunset" -- a very spicy word.
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就像 ”日落“ ——一个非常辛辣的词语
01:37
But I was worried that if I tell
all of this to the teenager,
all of this to the teenager,
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但是我担心如果我将
这些都说给这个女孩听
这些都说给这个女孩听
01:42
it might sound either too abstract
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就会显得要么太抽象了
01:44
or perhaps too weird,
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或者要么太奇怪了
01:47
and there wasn't enough time anyhow,
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而且当时也没有太多时间
01:48
because people were waiting in the queue,
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因为人们还在排队等候
01:51
so it suddenly felt like
what I was trying to convey
what I was trying to convey
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所以突然间觉得，我想尝试去表达的东西
01:55
was more complicated and detailed
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要比这个环境允许我能说的
01:58
than what the circumstances
allowed me to say.
allowed me to say.
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要更加复杂和详细
02:03
And I did what I usually do
in similar situations:
in similar situations:
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于是我就像往常一样
02:07
I stammered, I shut down,
and I stopped talking.
and I stopped talking.
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我结巴起来了，然后闭嘴停止谈论
02:11
I stopped talking because
the truth was complicated,
the truth was complicated,
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我停止谈论是因为事实太复杂了
02:15
even though I knew, deep within,
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即使我深深地知道
02:18
that one should never, ever
remain silent for fear of complexity.
remain silent for fear of complexity.
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人们永不应该因为它太复杂了而感到
害怕，继而保持沉默
害怕，继而保持沉默
02:24
So I want to start my talk today
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所以今天，我想用在那天
我没能作出的回答
我没能作出的回答
02:26
with the answer that I was not able
to give on that day.
to give on that day.
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作为今天的演讲的引子
02:29
Yes, I can taste words --
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是的，我能品尝词语——
02:32
sometimes, that is, not always,
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有时能，有时不能
02:34
and happy words have
a different flavor than sad words.
a different flavor than sad words.
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快乐的词语跟悲伤的词语味道不同
02:38
I like to explore: What does
the word "creativity" taste like,
the word "creativity" taste like,
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我喜欢去探索：“创造力”这个词是什么味道
02:43
or "equality,"
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又或者 “平等”
02:45
"love," "revolution?"
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“爱”、“革命” 呢？
02:47
And what about "motherland?"
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以及 “祖国” 呢？
02:50
These days, it's particularly
this last word that troubles me.
this last word that troubles me.
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这些日子，这最后一个词语尤其困扰着我
02:54
It leaves a sweet taste on my tongue,
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它在我的舌头上留下了甘甜
02:57
like cinnamon, a bit of rose water
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就像是肉桂、一点玫瑰水
03:00
and golden apples.
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和金苹果
03:02
But underneath, there's a sharp tang,
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但是在深处，又有一种强烈的味道
03:05
like nettles and dandelion.
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像是荨麻和薄公英
03:07
The taste of my motherland, Turkey,
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我的祖国，土耳其的味道
03:11
is a mixture of sweet and bitter.
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是混合着甜和苦的
03:15
And the reason why I'm telling you this
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我之所以告诉你们这些，
03:17
is because I think
there's more and more people
there's more and more people
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是因为我想今天这个世界上
03:20
all around the world today
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有越来越多的人
03:21
who have similarly mixed emotions
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对他们的故土
03:24
about the lands they come from.
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怀有这种相似的混合情感
03:27
We love our native countries, yeah?
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我们热爱自己的祖国，对吧？
03:29
How can we not?
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我们怎能不爱？
03:31
We feel attached to the people,
the culture, the land, the food.
the culture, the land, the food.
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我们感觉自己与这里的人民、
文化、土地和食物紧密相连
文化、土地和食物紧密相连
03:35
And yet at the same time,
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然而与此同时
03:36
we feel increasingly frustrated
by its politics and politicians,
by its politics and politicians,
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我们对这里的政治和政客感到越来越失望
03:42
sometimes to the point
of despair or hurt or anger.
of despair or hurt or anger.
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有时甚至感到绝望、受伤和愤怒
03:48
I want to talk about emotions
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我想谈谈情感，
03:50
and the need to boost
our emotional intelligence.
our emotional intelligence.
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以及提升我们的情商的必要性
03:53
I think it's a pity
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我感到很遗憾的是
03:55
that mainstream political theory
pays very little attention to emotions.
pays very little attention to emotions.
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主流的政治理论甚少关注情感
04:01
Oftentimes, analysts and experts
are so busy with data and metrics
are so busy with data and metrics
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通常，分析师和专家都忙于关注
数据和度量指标
数据和度量指标
04:06
that they seem to forget
those things in life
those things in life
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以至于似乎忘了，有些东西
是很难被测量的
是很难被测量的
04:09
that are difficult to measure
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并且也许不可能用统计学模型来归类
04:11
and perhaps impossible to cluster
under statistical models.
under statistical models.
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04:16
But I think this is a mistake,
for two main reasons.
for two main reasons.
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我认为有两个主要的原由
可以说明这是错误的
可以说明这是错误的
04:20
Firstly, because we are emotional beings.
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首先，我们是富有情感的动物
04:23
As human beings,
I think we all are like that.
I think we all are like that.
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作为人类，我想我们都是如此
04:26
But secondly, and this is new,
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第二点，是一个新观点
04:29
we have entered
a new stage in world history
a new stage in world history
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我们已经进入一个历史新阶段
04:33
in which collective sentiments
guide and misguide politics
guide and misguide politics
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在这其中，众人的意见和观点比起以往
任何时候都能左右政治
任何时候都能左右政治
04:39
more than ever before.
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04:41
And through social media
and social networking,
and social networking,
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通过社交媒体和社交网络
04:45
these sentiments are further amplified,
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这些观点被进一步地放大
04:48
polarized, and they travel
around the world quite fast.
around the world quite fast.
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被极端化，并且被快速传播到各地
04:52
Ours is the age of anxiety, anger,
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我们还生活在一个
焦虑、愤怒、怀疑、怨恨
焦虑、愤怒、怀疑、怨恨
04:56
distrust, resentment
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以及我认为的，充满恐惧的时代
04:58
and, I think, lots of fear.
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05:01
But here's the thing:
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但是事情是这样的：
05:02
even though there's plenty of research
about economic factors,
about economic factors,
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虽然已经有很多关于经济要素的研究
05:07
there's relatively few studies
about emotional factors.
about emotional factors.
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但是关于情感要素的研究还是少之又少
05:12
Why is it that we underestimate
feelings and perceptions?
feelings and perceptions?
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我们为什么会低估情感和认知呢？
05:17
I think it's going to be one
of our biggest intellectual challenges,
of our biggest intellectual challenges,
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我想这将成为我们最大的智力挑战之一
05:21
because our political systems
are replete with emotions.
are replete with emotions.
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因为我们的政治制度里面充满了情感
05:26
In country after country,
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在一个又一个的国家里
05:28
we have seen illiberal politicians
exploiting these emotions.
exploiting these emotions.
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我们看到偏执的政客们利用这些情感
05:33
And yet within the academia
and among the intelligentsia,
and among the intelligentsia,
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但是在学术界和知识界
05:37
we are yet to take emotions seriously.
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我们还没有很认真地对待情感
05:41
I think we should.
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我觉得我们应该认真对待
05:42
And just like we should focus
on economic inequality worldwide,
on economic inequality worldwide,
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正如我们应当关注全球性的
经济不平等一样
经济不平等一样
05:46
we need to pay more attention
to emotional and cognitive gaps worldwide
to emotional and cognitive gaps worldwide
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我们需要更加关注全球性的
情感和认知鸿沟
情感和认知鸿沟
05:53
and how to bridge these gaps,
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并且想想如何消除这些鸿沟
05:54
because they do matter.
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因为它们的确重要
05:57
Years ago, when I was still
living in Istanbul,
living in Istanbul,
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几年前，当我还住在伊斯坦布尔的时候
06:00
an American scholar working on
women writers in the Middle East
women writers in the Middle East
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一个研究中东女性作家的美国学者
06:04
came to see me.
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跑过来拜访我
06:06
And at some point
in our exchange, she said,
in our exchange, she said,
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然后在我们交流中的某一刻，她说，
06:09
"I understand why you're a feminist,
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“我明白你为什么是一个女权主义者，
06:11
because, you know, you live in Turkey."
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因为，很显然的，你生活在土耳其。”
06:14
And I said to her,
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然后我对她说
06:15
"I don't understand
why you're not a feminist,
why you're not a feminist,
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“我不明白你为什么不是一个女权主义者，
06:17
because, you know, you live in America."
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因为，也很显然，你生活在美国。”
06:20
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
06:22
(Applause)
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（掌声）
06:25
And she laughed.
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然后她笑了
06:28
She took it as a joke,
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她将它当成了一个笑话
06:29
and the moment passed.
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就一笑而过了
06:31
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
06:33
But the way she had divided the world
into two imaginary camps,
into two imaginary camps,
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但是她那种将世界分成两个假想的阵营
06:38
into two opposite camps --
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两个对立的阵营的方式——
06:40
it bothered me and it stayed with me.
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困扰了我并一直留在我的脑海
06:43
According to this imaginary map,
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根据这张假想的地图
06:45
some parts of the world
were liquid countries.
were liquid countries.
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这个世界上某些部分都是 “液态” 的国家
06:49
They were like choppy waters
not yet settled.
not yet settled.
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它们就像波浪起伏的水面，
还没有平静下来
还没有平静下来
06:52
Some other parts of the world,
namely the West,
namely the West,
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而这个世界的其它部分，也就是西方国家
06:55
were solid, safe and stable.
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它们是固态、安全和稳定的
06:59
So it was the liquid lands
that needed feminism
that needed feminism
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所以这液态的土地上需要女权主义
07:02
and activism and human rights,
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行动主义和人权，
07:05
and those of us who were
unfortunate enough
unfortunate enough
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而我们这些来自这些地方的
人们，非常不幸地
人们，非常不幸地
07:07
to come from such places
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07:09
had to keep struggling
for these most essential values.
for these most essential values.
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需要继续为这些基本价值观去斗争
07:14
But there was hope.
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但是希望仍在
07:15
Since history moved forward,
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既然历史是向前发展的，
07:17
even the most unsteady lands
would someday catch up.
would someday catch up.
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即使是最不稳定的土地
也总有一天会变牢固
也总有一天会变牢固
07:21
And meanwhile, the citizens of solid lands
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同时，固态的土地上的公民
07:24
could take comfort
in the progress of history
in the progress of history
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也可以在历史的前进和
自由秩序的胜利中得到安慰
自由秩序的胜利中得到安慰
07:28
and in the triumph of the liberal order.
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07:32
They could support the struggles
of other people elsewhere,
of other people elsewhere,
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他们可以支持其他地方的人们的斗争
07:36
but they themselves
did not have to struggle
did not have to struggle
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但他们自己已经不需要再去
为基本的民主为斗争了
为基本的民主为斗争了
07:39
for the basics of democracy anymore,
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07:42
because they were beyond that stage.
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因为他们已经越过那个阶段了
07:46
I think in the year 2016,
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我想，在 2016 年
07:49
this hierarchical geography
was shattered to pieces.
was shattered to pieces.
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这种划分地域等级的观点已经破碎
07:54
Our world no longer follows
this dualistic pattern
this dualistic pattern
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我们的世界不再遵循这种
存在于这个学者脑海中的二元模式了
存在于这个学者脑海中的二元模式了
07:58
in the scholar's mind, if it ever did.
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08:02
Now we know that history
does not necessarily move forward.
does not necessarily move forward.
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现在我们知道历史未必就是前进的
08:06
Sometimes it draws circles,
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有时它会原地打转
08:08
even slides backwards,
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甚至倒退
08:10
and that generations
can make the same mistakes
can make the same mistakes
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一代又一代的人们都可能犯下
他们祖先曾经犯过的错误
他们祖先曾经犯过的错误
08:13
that their great-grandfathers had made.
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08:16
And now we know that there's no such thing
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现在我们知道，并没有所谓的
固态国家和与之相对的液态国家
固态国家和与之相对的液态国家
08:18
as solid countries
versus liquid countries.
versus liquid countries.
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08:22
In fact, we are all living
in liquid times,
in liquid times,
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事实上，我们都生活在液态的时代
08:27
just like the late Zygmunt Bauman told us.
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就像已故的齐格蒙特 · 鲍曼
告诉我们的那样
告诉我们的那样
08:30
And Bauman had another
definition for our age.
definition for our age.
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而鲍曼对我们的时代有另外一个定义
08:34
He used to say we are all going
to be walking on moving sands.
to be walking on moving sands.
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他曾经说过我们都将行走在流沙上
08:40
And if that's the case, I think,
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如果真是这样的话，我想
08:42
it should concern us women more than men,
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它对我们女人的影响要大于男人
08:45
because when societies
slide backwards into authoritarianism,
slide backwards into authoritarianism,
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因为当社会倒退到威权主义
08:49
nationalism or religious fanaticism,
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民族主义或宗教狂热主义时
08:52
women have much more to lose.
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女人失去的要更多
08:55
That is why this needs
to be a vital moment,
to be a vital moment,
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这也就是，为什么现在是一个关键时刻，
不仅仅是对全球的行动主义而言
不仅仅是对全球的行动主义而言
08:58
not only for global activism,
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09:00
but in my opinion,
for global sisterhood as well.
for global sisterhood as well.
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而且在我看来，对全球的妇女团体也是如此
09:04
(Applause)
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（掌声）
09:12
But I want to make a little confession
before I go any further.
before I go any further.
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但是我想在进一步阐述之前先坦白一点：
直到最近，每当参加国际会议或庆祝活动
直到最近，每当参加国际会议或庆祝活动
09:16
Until recently, whenever I took part in
an international conference or festival,
an international conference or festival,
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09:21
I would be usually one
of the more depressed speakers.
of the more depressed speakers.
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通常我都是比较沮丧的发言者之一
09:25
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
09:26
Having seen how our dreams of democracy
and how our dreams of coexistence
and how our dreams of coexistence
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眼看着我们的民主梦和共存梦如何逐步地、
以一种令人困惑的速度在土耳其破碎
以一种令人困惑的速度在土耳其破碎
09:32
were crushed in Turkey,
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09:34
both gradually but also
with a bewildering speed,
with a bewildering speed,
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09:38
over the years I've felt
quite demoralized.
quite demoralized.
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这些年来我感到非常的灰心丧气
09:41
And at these festivals there would be
some other gloomy writers,
some other gloomy writers,
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在这些庆祝活动里也还有
其他的一些沮丧的作家
其他的一些沮丧的作家
09:46
and they would come from places
such as Egypt, Nigeria, Pakistan,
such as Egypt, Nigeria, Pakistan,
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他们可能来自埃及、尼日利亚、巴基斯坦、
09:50
Bangladesh, Philippines,
China, Venezuela, Russia.
China, Venezuela, Russia.
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孟加拉国、菲律宾、中国、委内瑞拉、俄罗斯
09:56
And we would smile
at each other in sympathy,
at each other in sympathy,
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我们会出于同情而互相微笑
09:58
this camaraderie of the doomed.
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这种 “同是天涯沦落人” 之感
10:00
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
10:03
And you could call us WADWIC:
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你可以叫我们 WADWIC：
10:05
Worried and Depressed
Writers International Club.
Writers International Club.
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“担心和忧虑的国际性作家俱乐部” 的缩写
10:09
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
10:11
But then things began to change,
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然后事情开始转变
10:13
and suddenly our club became more popular,
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突然间我们的俱乐部变得越来越流行了
10:17
and we started to have new members.
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我们开始拥有新成员了
10:19
I remember --
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我记得——
10:21
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
10:23
I remember Greek writers and poets
joined first, came on board.
joined first, came on board.
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我记得希腊作家和诗人最先加入进来
10:28
And then writers from Hungary and Poland,
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然后是来自匈牙利和波兰的作家
10:32
and then, interestingly, writers
from Austria, the Netherlands, France,
from Austria, the Netherlands, France,
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再之后，有趣的是，
奥地利、荷兰和法国的作家也来了
奥地利、荷兰和法国的作家也来了
10:38
and then writers from the UK,
where I live and where I call my home,
where I live and where I call my home,
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然后英国的作家加入了；
我在那生活，并称之为家
我在那生活，并称之为家
10:42
and then writers from the USA.
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再就是来自美国的作家
10:46
Suddenly, there were more of us
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突然间，我们中有越来越多的人
10:48
feeling worried about
the fate of our nations
the fate of our nations
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为我们国家的命运
和世界的未来感到担忧
和世界的未来感到担忧
10:51
and the future of the world.
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2262
10:53
And maybe there were more of us now
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也许我们中有越来越多的人
10:56
feeling like strangers
in our own motherlands.
in our own motherlands.
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身在自己的祖国
却觉得自己像是陌生人
却觉得自己像是陌生人
11:00
And then this bizarre thing happened.
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然后很古怪的事情发生了
11:02
Those of us who used to be
very depressed for a long time,
very depressed for a long time,
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我们当中那些曾经忧虑了很长时间的人
11:06
we started to feel less depressed,
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开始感到没那么忧虑了
11:09
whereas the newcomers,
they were so not used to feeling this way
they were so not used to feeling this way
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然而这些新成员，
他们对这种感受十分不适应
他们对这种感受十分不适应
11:12
that they were now even more depressed.
203
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2052
现在甚至变得更加忧虑了
11:14
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
11:16
So you could see writers
from Bangladesh or Turkey or Egypt
from Bangladesh or Turkey or Egypt
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所以你可以看到来自
孟加拉国、土耳其或埃及的作家
孟加拉国、土耳其或埃及的作家
11:20
trying to console their colleagues
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在试着安慰他们那些来自
脱欧后的英国或大选后的美国的同行
脱欧后的英国或大选后的美国的同行
11:24
from Brexit Britain
or from post-election USA.
or from post-election USA.
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4459
11:28
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
11:31
But joking aside,
209
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但是笑话归笑话，
11:32
I think our world is full
of unprecedented challenges,
of unprecedented challenges,
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我想我们的世界正充满着前所未有的挑战
11:36
and this comes with an emotional backlash,
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而且伴随着强烈的情感碰撞
11:39
because in the face of high-speed change,
212
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因为在面对高速的变革时
11:42
many people wish to slow down,
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很多人希望能够放慢脚步
11:44
and when there's too much unfamiliarity,
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当面对太多的陌生事物时
11:46
people long for the familiar.
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人们会渴望熟悉的事物
11:49
And when things get too confusing,
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但事情变得太复杂而令人困惑时
11:51
many people crave simplicity.
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很多人渴求简单
11:54
This is a very dangerous crossroads,
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这是一个很危险的十字路口
11:57
because it's exactly where the demagogue
enters into the picture.
enters into the picture.
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因为这正是蛊惑民心的政客
粉墨登场的地方
粉墨登场的地方
12:03
The demagogue understands
how collective sentiments work
how collective sentiments work
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这些政客知道民意是如何起作用的
12:07
and how he -- it's usually a he --
can benefit from them.
can benefit from them.
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并且他——通常是男性——
如何能从中获利
如何能从中获利
12:11
He tells us that we all
belong in our tribes,
belong in our tribes,
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他会跟我们说：大家都属于同一个部落
12:15
and he tells us that we will be safer
if we are surrounded by sameness.
if we are surrounded by sameness.
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还劝诱道：如果我们周围
都是跟我们一样的人，我们就会更安全
都是跟我们一样的人，我们就会更安全
12:21
Demagogues come in all sizes
and in all shapes.
and in all shapes.
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蛊惑人心的政客们形态、外表各异
12:24
This could be the eccentric leader
of a marginal political party
of a marginal political party
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他可能是欧洲某个地方
一个小政党的古怪的领导人
一个小政党的古怪的领导人
12:28
somewhere in Europe,
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12:29
or an Islamist extremist imam
preaching dogma and hatred,
preaching dogma and hatred,
227
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5722
或者是一个宣扬教条和
仇恨的极端伊斯兰教阿訇
仇恨的极端伊斯兰教阿訇
12:35
or it could be a white supremacist
Nazi-admiring orator somewhere else.
Nazi-admiring orator somewhere else.
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又或者是一个崇拜纳粹的
白人至上主义者演说家
白人至上主义者演说家
12:41
All these figures, at first glance --
they seem disconnected.
they seem disconnected.
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所有这些人，乍看之下——
似乎没有什么联系
似乎没有什么联系
12:45
But I think they feed each other,
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但是我想他们是互为依靠的
12:47
and they need each other.
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他们彼此需要
在全世界来看
12:50
And all around the world,
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1216
12:51
when we look at how demagogues talk
and how they inspire movements,
and how they inspire movements,
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5765
当我们观察这些政客如何
交谈和鼓励那些运动时
交谈和鼓励那些运动时
12:57
I think they have one
unmistakable quality in common:
unmistakable quality in common:
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我想他们都有一个明显的特征：
13:02
they strongly, strongly dislike plurality.
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他们非常非常地厌恶多元化
13:06
They cannot deal with multiplicity.
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他们不能处理好多样性问题
13:09
Adorno used to say,
237
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阿多诺曾经说过，
13:11
"Intolerance of ambiguity is the sign
of an authoritarian personality."
of an authoritarian personality."
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“对歧义的不包容是专制型人格的标志。”
13:18
But I ask myself:
239
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1338
但是我问自己：
13:20
What if that same sign,
240
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1963
如果这样的标志，
13:22
that same intolerance of ambiguity --
241
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3153
这样的对歧义的不包容性——
13:25
what if it's the mark of our times,
of the age we're living in?
of the age we're living in?
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它也同样是我们所生活的
这个时代的标志怎么办？
这个时代的标志怎么办？
13:30
Because wherever I look,
I see nuances withering away.
I see nuances withering away.
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因为我看到不管是在哪里，
细微的差别都在渐渐消失
细微的差别都在渐渐消失
13:34
On TV shows, we have
one anti-something speaker
one anti-something speaker
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在电视节目里，我们会看到
反对某事的与拥护此事的发言者
会被安排到对立位置
会被安排到对立位置
13:38
situated against a pro-something speaker.
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13:41
Yeah? It's good ratings.
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对吧？而且收视率还不错
13:43
It's even better
if they shout at each other.
if they shout at each other.
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2748
如果他们冲着彼此大叫那就更好了
13:46
Even in academia, where our intellect
is supposed to be nourished,
is supposed to be nourished,
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4551
即便是在学术界，这个我们获取
智慧滋养的地方
智慧滋养的地方
13:50
you see one atheist scholar
competing with a firmly theist scholar,
competing with a firmly theist scholar,
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你可以看到无神论学者跟
坚定的有神论学者较劲，
坚定的有神论学者较劲，
13:56
but it's not a real intellectual exchange,
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但是这不是真正的学术交流
13:59
because it's a clash
between two certainties.
between two certainties.
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3440
因为这是两种 “必然” 之间的冲突
14:04
I think binary oppositions are everywhere.
252
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4512
我想二元对立是无处不在的
14:08
So slowly and systematically,
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2521
所以慢慢地、成体系地
14:11
we are being denied the right
to be complex.
to be complex.
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4562
我们失去了包容复杂性、多样性的权利
14:16
Istanbul, Berlin, Nice, Paris, Brussels,
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3603
从伊斯坦布尔、柏林、尼斯、巴黎、布鲁塞尔
14:20
Dhaka, Baghdad, Barcelona:
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2646
达卡、巴格达、巴塞罗那等国家：
14:22
we have seen one horrible
terror attack after another.
terror attack after another.
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3879
我们看到了一次又一次的恐怖袭击
14:26
And when you express your sorrow,
and when you react against the cruelty,
and when you react against the cruelty,
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当你表达悲伤、反抗这种残暴时
14:31
you get all kinds of reactions,
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你会得在社交媒体上
14:32
messages on social media.
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看到各种反应和信息
14:35
But one of them is quite disturbing,
261
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1836
其中的一个反应很令人不安：
14:36
only because it's so widespread.
262
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因为它如此普遍
14:39
They say, "Why do you feel sorry for them?
263
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3526
他们说，“为什么你会为他们感到难过？
14:43
Why do you feel sorry for them?
264
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为什么你会为他们感到难过？
14:45
Why don't you feel sorry
for civilians in Yemen
for civilians in Yemen
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2942
为什么你不为也门或者
叙利亚的民众感到难过？”
叙利亚的民众感到难过？”
14:48
or civilians in Syria?"
266
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2088
14:51
And I think the people
who write such messages
who write such messages
267
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2400
我想，写下这种信息的人
14:54
do not understand
268
882397
1456
他不明白
14:55
that we can feel sorry for
and stand in solidarity with
and stand in solidarity with
269
883877
5047
我们会为所有的恐怖主义和暴力活动的
受害者感到难过并坚定地站在他们一边
受害者感到难过并坚定地站在他们一边
15:00
victims of terrorism and violence
in the Middle East, in Europe,
in the Middle East, in Europe,
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4621
不管他们是来自中东、欧洲、
亚洲还是美洲，都平等相待
亚洲还是美洲，都平等相待
15:05
in Asia, in America, wherever, everywhere,
271
893593
2936
15:08
equally and simultaneously.
272
896553
2151
15:11
They don't seem to understand
that we don't have to pick one pain
that we don't have to pick one pain
273
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3734
他们似乎不明白为什么
我们不去挑选出哪一项痛苦
或者哪一个难区最为惨烈
或者哪一个难区最为惨烈
15:14
and one place over all others.
274
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3653
15:19
But I think this is what
tribalism does to us.
tribalism does to us.
275
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3583
但是我想这就是部落主义对我们的影响
15:22
It shrinks our minds, for sure,
276
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2309
它将我们的思想和灵魂萎缩到一定的程度，
使我们对其他人的痛苦变得麻木
使我们对其他人的痛苦变得麻木
15:24
but it also shrinks our hearts,
277
912980
2122
15:27
to such an extent that we become numb
to the suffering of other people.
to the suffering of other people.
278
915126
5802
15:33
And the sad truth is,
we weren't always like this.
we weren't always like this.
279
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2964
一个悲伤的事实是，
我们以前不总是这样的
我们以前不总是这样的
15:36
I had a children's book out in Turkey,
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4012
我在土耳其出版过一本少儿读物
15:40
and when the book was published,
I did lots of events.
I did lots of events.
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928724
2975
当这本书出版后，我举行了很多活动
15:43
I went to many primary schools,
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931723
1610
我走访很多小学
15:45
which gave me a chance to observe
younger kids in Turkey.
younger kids in Turkey.
283
933357
3892
这也就给了我一个观察
土耳其的小孩子的机会
土耳其的小孩子的机会
15:49
And it was always amazing to see
how much empathy, imagination
how much empathy, imagination
284
937273
4842
我总是很吃惊于他们表现出来的
同情心、想像力和敢作敢为
同情心、想像力和敢作敢为
15:54
and chutzpah they have.
285
942139
1440
15:55
These children are much more inclined
to become global citizens
to become global citizens
286
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4027
比起成为民族主义者，这些孩子
在那时更倾向成为世界公民
在那时更倾向成为世界公民
15:59
than nationalists at that age.
287
947654
2506
16:02
And it's wonderful to see,
when you ask them,
when you ask them,
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950184
2097
很奇妙的是，
如果问他们的志向
如果问他们的志向
16:04
so many of them want
to be poets and writers,
to be poets and writers,
289
952305
3091
他们中的很多人都回答说
想要成为诗人和作家
想要成为诗人和作家
16:07
and girls are just as confident as boys,
290
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3398
并且女孩子也像男孩子一样的自信，
甚至信心更足
甚至信心更足
16:10
if not even more.
291
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1386
16:12
But then I would go to high schools,
292
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2179
然后我又去了中学
16:15
and everything has changed.
293
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1815
发现所有的东西都变了
16:16
Now nobody wants to be a writer anymore,
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没有人再想成为作家了
16:19
now nobody wants to be a novelist anymore,
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也没有人想成为小说家
16:21
and girls have become timid,
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女孩子变得羞怯
16:24
they are cautious, guarded,
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她们很谨慎、有防备心
16:26
reluctant to speak up in the public space,
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不愿意在公共场合发言
16:29
because we have taught them --
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因为 “我们” 教会了她们——
16:31
the family, the school, the society --
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我们的家庭、学校、社会——
16:33
we have taught them
to erase their individuality.
to erase their individuality.
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教会了她们抹掉自己的个性
16:38
I think East and West,
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我想不管是东方还是西方
16:39
we are losing multiplicity,
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我们都在失去多样性
16:41
both within our societies
and within ourselves.
and within ourselves.
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包括我们的社会和我们自己本身
16:46
And coming from Turkey,
I do know that the loss of diversity
I do know that the loss of diversity
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因为我来自土耳其，所以我知道
失去多样性是一个很大很大的损失
失去多样性是一个很大很大的损失
16:50
is a major, major loss.
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2487
16:53
Today, my motherland became
the world's biggest jailer
the world's biggest jailer
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今天，对记者而言，我的祖国已经
成为了世界上最大的监狱
成为了世界上最大的监狱
16:56
for journalists,
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1340
16:57
surpassing even China's sad record.
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已经超过了中国可悲的记录
17:02
And I also believe that what happened
over there in Turkey
over there in Turkey
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而我也相信发生在土耳其的这些事情
17:07
can happen anywhere.
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可以发生在任何别的地方
17:09
It can even happen here.
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甚至是发生在这里
17:11
So just like solid countries
was an illusion,
was an illusion,
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就像固态国家是一个幻觉一样
17:15
singular identities is also an illusion,
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人特征的单一性也是一个幻觉
17:20
because we all have
a multiplicity of voices inside.
a multiplicity of voices inside.
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因为我们内心都拥有多种声音
17:26
The Iranian, the Persian poet, Hafiz,
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伊朗的波斯诗人哈菲兹曾经说过
17:29
used to say, "You carry in your soul
every ingredient necessary
every ingredient necessary
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5384
“为了将喜悦注入贫乏的生活，
你将所需的原料都放入灵魂中了。
你将所需的原料都放入灵魂中了。
17:34
to turn your existence into joy.
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2881
17:37
All you have to do
is to mix those ingredients."
is to mix those ingredients."
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你所要做的就是
将这些原料搅拌混合。”
将这些原料搅拌混合。”
17:41
And I think mix we can.
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1977
我想，我们都会混合
17:43
I am an Istanbulite,
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3112
我是一个伊斯坦布尔人
17:46
but I'm also attached to the Balkans,
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2163
但我也属于巴尔干
17:48
the Aegean, the Mediterranean,
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2400
爱琴海、地中海
17:51
the Middle East, the Levant.
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2300
中东、黎凡特
17:53
I am a European by birth, by choice,
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2771
根据我的出生地，我的选择，
我持有的价值观，我是一个欧洲人
我持有的价值观，我是一个欧洲人
17:56
the values that I uphold.
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2240
17:58
I have become a Londoner over the years.
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这些年来我成为了一个伦敦人
18:01
I would like to think of myself
as a global soul, as a world citizen,
as a global soul, as a world citizen,
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我认为自己是一个全球人、世界公民，
18:05
a nomad and an itinerant storyteller.
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一个流浪者以及流动巡回的说书人
18:10
I have multiple attachments,
just like all of us do.
just like all of us do.
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3757
跟所有的人一样，我也有多重依恋。
18:13
And multiple attachments
mean multiple stories.
mean multiple stories.
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多重依恋意味着多重故事
18:18
As writers, we always
chase stories, of course,
chase stories, of course,
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4709
作为作家，当然，
我们一直在追逐故事
我们一直在追逐故事
18:23
but I think we are also
interested in silences,
interested in silences,
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3094
但我想我们也对沉默、不允许谈论的
事物、政治禁忌和文化禁忌感兴趣
事物、政治禁忌和文化禁忌感兴趣
18:26
the things we cannot talk about,
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2059
18:28
political taboos, cultural taboos.
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2973
18:31
We're also interested in our own silences.
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我们也对自己的沉默感兴趣
18:35
I have always been very vocal
about and written extensively
about and written extensively
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我一直对少数族群权利、妇女权利、
LGBT性少数群体的权利问题直言不讳
LGBT性少数群体的权利问题直言不讳
18:39
about minority rights, women's rights,
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也写了很多相关的文章
18:42
LGBT rights.
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18:44
But as I was thinking about this TED Talk,
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当我在思考这一场 TED 演讲时
18:47
I realized one thing:
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我意识到一件事：
18:49
I have never had the courage
to say in a public space
to say in a public space
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4910
我从来都没有勇气在公共场合说出
我自己就是一个双性恋者的事实
我自己就是一个双性恋者的事实
18:54
that I was bisexual myself,
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3203
18:57
because I so feared the slander
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3127
因为我害怕诽谤、污名、嘲笑
以及仇恨会接踵而来
以及仇恨会接踵而来
19:00
and the stigma and the ridicule
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2508
19:03
and the hatred that was sure to follow.
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2881
19:06
But of course, one should never,
ever, remain silent
ever, remain silent
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4542
但是，当然，我们永远不能仅仅
因为对复杂感到畏惧而保持沉默
因为对复杂感到畏惧而保持沉默
19:11
for fear of complexity.
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2266
19:14
(Applause)
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4963
（掌声）
19:22
And although I am
no stranger to anxieties,
no stranger to anxieties,
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虽然我已经习惯了焦虑
19:25
and although I am talking here
about the power of emotions --
about the power of emotions --
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3746
虽然我在这里谈论着情感的力量——
19:29
I do know the power of emotions --
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2052
我也很清楚地知道情感的力量——
19:31
I have discovered over time
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1927
随着时间的过去，我发现
19:33
that emotions are not limitless.
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2150
情感也不是无限的
19:35
You know? They have a limit.
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1754
你知道吗？它们是有限的
19:37
There comes a moment --
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1275
会有那么一刻——
19:38
it's like a tipping point
or a threshold --
or a threshold --
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2123
像是一个临界点或者阈值——
19:41
when you get tired of feeling afraid,
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3123
你会厌倦那种害怕的感觉
19:44
when you get tired of feeling anxious.
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2672
你会厌倦那种焦虑的感觉
19:46
And I think not only individuals,
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1895
我想不仅是个人
19:48
but perhaps nations, too,
have their own tipping points.
have their own tipping points.
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4551
也许国家也是一样，有属于它们的临界点
19:53
So even stronger than my emotions
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2728
所以，比我的情绪更强大的，是我的感悟：
不仅仅是性别、身份，生命它本身，就是液态的
不仅仅是性别、身份，生命它本身，就是液态的
19:56
is my awareness
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1901
19:58
that not only gender, not only identity,
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3649
20:02
but life itself is fluid.
365
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2841
20:05
They want to divide us into tribes,
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2714
他们想把我们分离成部落
20:08
but we are connected across borders.
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2978
但我们都跨过边界连在一起
20:11
They preach certainty,
368
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1678
他们鼓吹天命
20:13
but we know that life has plenty of magic
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1201093
3601
但我们知道生命充满了魔力，
充满了不确定性
充满了不确定性
20:16
and plenty of ambiguity.
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2046
20:18
And they like to incite dualities,
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2791
他们喜欢煽动二元性
20:21
but we are far more nuanced than that.
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3428
但我们之间的微妙差异远多于此
20:25
So what can we do?
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1519
所以我们能做什么呢？
20:27
I think we need to go back to the basics,
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2318
我想我们需要回到最基本的的东西
20:29
back to the colors of the alphabet.
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2748
回到每个字母的颜色上
20:32
The Lebanese poet
Khalil Gibran used to say,
Khalil Gibran used to say,
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1220217
3760
黎巴嫩诗人哈利勒 · 纪伯伦曾说过
20:36
"I learned silence from the talkative
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2793
“我从健谈者那里学会了沉默，
20:38
and tolerance from the intolerant
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2440
从狭隘者那里学会了宽容，
20:41
and kindness from the unkind."
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2846
从残忍者那里学会了仁爱。”
20:44
I think it's a great motto for our times.
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2601
我想这是我们这个时代的
一个很好的座右铭
一个很好的座右铭
20:47
So from populist demagogues, we will learn
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1235274
3461
所以从民粹主义煽动者那里，
我们会学到民主的不可或缺性
我们会学到民主的不可或缺性
20:50
the indispensability of democracy.
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1238759
2716
20:53
And from isolationists, we will learn
the need for global solidarity.
the need for global solidarity.
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4734
从孤立主义者那里，我们
会学到全球团结的必要性
会学到全球团结的必要性
20:58
And from tribalists, we will learn
the beauty of cosmopolitanism
the beauty of cosmopolitanism
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1246257
5481
从部落主义者那里，我们会学到
世界主义之美以及多样性之美
世界主义之美以及多样性之美
21:03
and the beauty of diversity.
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2832
21:07
As I finish, I want to leave you
with one word, or one taste.
with one word, or one taste.
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5234
在结束演讲前，我想留给你
一个词，或者说一种味道
一个词，或者说一种味道
21:12
The word "yurt" in Turkish
means "motherland."
means "motherland."
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3685
“yurt” 这个词在土耳其语中的
意思是 “祖国”
意思是 “祖国”
21:16
It means "homeland."
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1671
它也是 “故乡” 的意思
21:18
But interestingly, the word also means
389
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2279
但有趣的是，这个词还有一个意思是
“一顶游牧部落所使用的帐篷 ”
“一顶游牧部落所使用的帐篷 ”
21:20
"a tent used by nomadic tribes."
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3269
21:24
And I like that combination,
because it makes me think
because it makes me think
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3058
我喜欢这种组合，因为它让我觉得
21:27
homelands do not need
to be rooted in one place.
to be rooted in one place.
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4076
故乡不一定非要是某个扎根的地方
21:31
They can be portable.
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1464
它们是可以转移的
21:32
We can take them with us everywhere.
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2709
我们可以将它们随身携带到任何地方
21:35
And I think for writers, for storytellers,
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我想对于作家，对于讲述者来说
21:38
at the end of the day,
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在一天结束的时候
21:39
there is one main homeland,
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会来到一个主要的故乡
21:42
and it's called "Storyland."
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2322
称作 “故事乡”
21:45
And the taste of that word
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2300
而这个词的味道，
21:47
is the taste of freedom.
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也是自由的味道
21:49
Thank you.
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谢谢
21:51
(Applause)
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6033
（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Elif Shafak - NovelistElif Shafak explicitly defies definition -- her writing blends East and West, feminism and tradition, the local and the global, Sufism and rationalism, creating one of today's most unique voices in literature.
Why you should listen
Elif Shafak is an award-winning novelist and the most widely read female writer in Turkey. She is also a political commentator and an inspirational public speaker.
She writes in both Turkish and English and has published 15 books, 10 of which are novels, including the bestselling The Bastard of Istanbul, The Forty Rules of Love and her most recent, Three Daughters of Eve. Her books have been published in 48 languages. She is published by Penguin in the UK and represented by Curtis Brown globally.
Shafak is a TEDGlobal speaker, a member of Weforum Global Agenda Council on Creative Economy in Davos and a founding member of ECFR (European Council on Foreign Relations). She has been awarded the title of Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres in 2010 by the French government.
She has been featured in and contributes to major newspapers and periodicals around the world, including the Financial Times, The Guardian, the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, Der Spiegel and La Repubblica.
Shafak has an academic background and has taught at various universities in Turkey, UK and USA. She holds a degree in International Relations, a masters degree in gender and women's studies and a PhD in political science. She is known as a women's rights, minority rights and LGBT rights advocate.
Shafak has been longlisted for the Orange Prize, MAN Asian Prize, the Baileys Prize and the IMPAC Dublin Award, and shortlisted for the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize and RSL Ondaatje Prize. She sat on the judging panel for the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize (2013); Sunday Times Short Story Award (2014, 2015), 10th Women of the Future Awards (2015); FT/Oppenheimer Funds Emerging Voices Awards (2015, 2016); Baileys Women’s Prize for Fiction (2016) and Man Booker International Prize (2017).
As a public speaker, Shafak is represented by The London Speaker Bureau and Chartwell Speakers and Penguin Speakers Bureau. She lives in London.
Elif Shafak | Speaker | TED.com